Editing Cangin languages

{{Short description|Group of Senegambian languages spoken in Senegal}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox language family
| name          = Cangin
| region        = [[Senegal]], [[the Gambia]]
| ethnicity     = [[Serer people|Serer]]
| familycolor   = Niger-Congo
| fam2          = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
| fam3          = ([[Senegambian languages|Senegambian]])
| glotto        = cang1245
| glottorefname = Cangin
| child1        = [[Safen language|Saafi-Saafi]]
| child2        = [[Laalaa language|Lehar]]–[[Noon language|Noon]]
| child3        = Palor–Ndut
| protoname     = Proto-Cangin
}}

The '''Cangin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ae|ŋ|I|n}}) languages are spoken by 200,000 people (as of 2007) in a small area east of [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]]. They are the languages spoken by the [[Serer people]] who do not speak the [[Serer language]] (''Serer-Sine''). Because the people are ethnically Serer, the Cangin languages are commonly thought to be dialects of the Serer language. However, they are not closely related; Serer is closer to [[Fula languages|Fulani]] than it is to Cangin.

==Languages==
The Cangin languages are:

{{clade
|1={{clade
|1= [[Safen language|Safen]], or ''Saafi-Saafi'', the language of the [[Saafi people]]. Spoken inland from the Petite Côte, an area southeast of Dakar. The largest Cangin language, with over 100,000 speakers and growing (2007).
|2={{clade
|1=[[Laalaa language|Lehar]] (Laalaa), the language of the [[Serer-Laalaa]] (or Serer-Lehar), spoken in a small area north of [[Thiès]].
|2=[[Noon language|Noon]], the language of the [[Serer-Noon]], spoken around [[Thiès]].
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Palor language|Palor]], the language of the [[Palor people]], spoken in a small area between [[Rufisque]] and [[Thiès|Thies]].
|2=[[Ndut language|Ndut]], the language of the [[Serer-Ndut people]], spoken in the Mont-Roland, an area northwest of [[Thiès|Thies]] and in the [[Biffeche|Kingdom of Biffeche]] on the [[Senegal River]].
}}
}}

Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut.

==Reconstruction==
Merrill (2018: 451) reconstructs Proto-Cangin as follows.<ref>Merrill, John Thomas Mayfield. 2018. ''[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qn4m0bh The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages]''. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Cangin !! Noon !! Lehar !! Safen !! Ndut !! Palor
|-
| eye || *ɣi̟d/ɣad || has || kuu-koas || has || i̟l || ’i̟l
|-
| tongue || *pe-ɗem || peɗim p- || pi̟ri̟m || peɗem || pereem || pereem
|-
| eat || *ñam || ñam || ñam || ñaam || ñam || ñam
|-
| breast || *ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ || (w)ɓip || ɓi̟iɓ || ɓi̟iɓ
|-
| four || *nixiid || nikiis ||  || nikis || iniil || iniil
|-
| dog || *ɓuh ||  || ɓu̟u || ɓuh f- || ɓuh f- || ɓux f-
|-
| intestine || *loox || look || look || rook || loo || loo
|-
| wing || *paɓ || paɓ ||  || paɓ || (d)pab || pap
|-
| cow || *-noɣ || enoh f- || enoh || ’inoh || fana f- || fana’ f-
|-
| blow = nose || *ñii̟nd || ñii̟d-uk || ñii̟d-uk ||  ||  || ñii̟d~ñii̟n
|-
| pound || *hoɗ || oɗ || oɗ || ’oɗ ||  || xoɗ
|-
| jaw || *kaɓaɓ ? ||  || kaaɓ ‘cheek’ || kaɓaɓ k- ||  || kabaap
|-
| new || *has || as || as || ’as || has || xas
|-
| see || *ɣot || hot || hot || hot || ot~ol- || od~ol-
|-
| swallow || *hon || on || on || ’on || (d)hon || xon
|-
| bury || *hac || ac || ac || ’ac || hac || xac
|-
| bear child || *li̟m || li̟m || li̟m || (w)rim ||  || li̟m
|-
| dance || *ɣam || ham || ham ||  ||  || 
|-
| hold in teeth || *ŋaɓ || ŋaaɓ || ŋaɓ || ŋaɓ || ŋaɓ || 
|-
| year || *kV-(h)id̟ || kii̟s k- || kii̟s || kiis k- || kii̟l || kii̟l
|-
| tree || *ki-rik || kedik k- || kedek || kiɗig k- || kilik || kilik k-
|-
| bird || *sel || sel || sel || sel ||  || 
|-
| bury || *hu̟umb || u̟ub~u̟um ||  || uumb ||  || 
|-
| be able || *mi̟n || mi̟n ||  || min || mi̟n || min
|-
| resemble || *mand || mad~man || man ||  || mad~man || mad~man
|-
| be short || *luH- || looƴ (lohoƴ) || looƴ || (s)rohoƴ || (d)luh || lux
|-
| leaf/bark || *huɓ || to̟oɓ t-, oɓ || po̟o || (w)’op || huɓ || 
|-
| sun || *noɣ || noh || noh || noh || (d)na’ || na’
|-
| ear || *nuf || nof || nof || (w)noef || nuf || nuf
|-
| head || *ɣaf || haf || haf || haf || ’af || ’af
|-
| liver || *keeñ || keeñ || keeñ || keeñ k- || (d)keeñ || 
|-
| star || *Hul || hol || ol || hor || hul || xul
|-
| rain || *toɓ || toɓ || toɓ || toɓ || tooɓ || 
|-
| pestle || *kuɗ || koɗ k- || koɗ ||  || kuɗ k- || kuɗ k-
|-
| goat || *pe || pe’ f- || peɗ || peh f- || pe f- || pe f-
|-
| cloth/rag || *lii̟l || lii̟l || lii̟l ||  || lii̟l || lii̟l
|-
| baobab || *ɓoɣ || ɓoh || ɓoh || ɓoh || ɓa || ɓa’
|-
| finger || *kun || jokun j- || jokon || ndukun || kun || kun
|-
| sneeze || *ti̟s || tes || ti̟s || (s)tisoh || (d)ti̟s || ti̟s
|-
| ant || *ñii̟ñ || ñii̟ñ || ñii̟ñ || ñiñoh f- || (d)ñii̟ñ f- || ñii̟n f-
|-
| rear/raise || *koɗ || koɗ ||  || koɗ || koɗ || kod
|-
| honey || *kV-(C)u̟m || ku̟um k- || ku̟um ||  || (d)ku̟um k- || ku̟um k-
|-
| horse || *panis̟ || pen̟is̟ f- || pan̟is̟ || panis || pan̟is̟ f- || 
|-
| causative || *-iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ || -iɗ̟ || -iɗ̟
|-
| anticausative || *-ox || -uk || -ok || -uk || -oh || -ox
|-
| reversive || *-i̟s || -i̟s || -i̟s || -is || -i̟s || -i̟s
|-
| negative || *-ɗii || -ɗii ||  || -ɗi ||  || 
|}

==See also==
*[[Serer language]]
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Cangin reconstructions|List of Proto-Cangin reconstructions]] (Wiktionary)

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Walter Pichl, ''The Cangin Group: A Language Group in Northern Senegal'', Pittsburgh, PA : Institute of African Affairs, Duquesne University, Coll. African Reprint Series, 1966, vol. 20
*[[Guillaume Segerer]] & Florian Lionnet 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331180907/http://25images.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/player/player.php?id=72&id_sequence=431 "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'"]. ''Language Isolates in Africa'' workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4

{{Languages of the Gambia}}
{{Atlantic languages}}
{{Serer topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Senegal|Gambia|Mauritania}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cangin Languages}}
[[Category:Cangin languages| ]]
[[Category:Serer people| languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Senegal]]
[[Category:Languages of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Languages of Mauritania]]