Editing Campylobacter

{{Short description|Genus of gram-negative bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = ARS Campylobacter jejuni.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]''
| taxon = Campylobacter
| authority = Sebald & Véron 1963
| type_species = ''[[Campylobacter fetus]]''
| type_species_authority =(Smith & Taylor 1919) Sebald & Veron 1963
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text
}}

'''''Campylobacter''''' is a type of [[bacteria]] that can cause a [[diarrhea]]l disease in people.<ref name="Blaser97">{{cite journal |last1=Blaser |first1=Martin J. |date=December 1997 |title=Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Campylobacter jejuni Infections |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=176 |issue=s2 |pages=S103–S105 |doi=10.1086/513780 |pmid=9396691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Its name means "curved bacteria", as the germ typically appears in a comma or "s" shape. According to its scientific classification, it is a [[genus]] of [[gram-negative bacteria]] that is [[Motility#Cellular-level motility|motile]].{{Efn|Motile means that it can move of its own.}}<ref name="Bergey's">{{cite book |last1=Garrity |first1=George M. |title=Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology |last2=Bell |first2=Julia A. |last3=Lilburn |first3=Timothy |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-387-24145-6 |pages=1145–1194 |chapter=Class V. Epsilonproteobacteria class. Nov. |doi=10.1007/0-387-29298-5_4}}</ref>

The germ is common in nature and in domestic animals. It is frequently found in raw food of vegetable and animal origin. Its numbers can be very high in some foods, like raw [[poultry]].<ref name="cazp" /> Due to their diverse [[natural reservoir]], some ''Campylobacter'' can also be detected in the air, although not at an [[Epidemiology|epidemiologically]] significant level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olsen |first=Katja N. |last2=Lund |first2=Marianne |last3=Skov |first3=Julia |last4=Christensen |first4=Laurids S. |last5=Hoorfar |first5=Jeffrey |date=2009 |title=Detection of Campylobacter Bacteria in Air Samples for Continuous Real-Time Monitoring of Campylobacter Colonization in Broiler Flocks |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AEM.02182-08 |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=75 |issue=7 |pages=2074–2078 |doi=10.1128/AEM.02182-08 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=2663182 |pmid=19201953}}</ref> The disease that some of the species of the bacteria can cause is called [[campylobacteriosis]].{{efn|It is usually self-limiting and antimicrobial treatment is often not required, except in severe cases or immunocompromised patients.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Skarp CP, Hänninen ML, Rautelin HI |title = Campylobacteriosis: the role of poultry meat |journal = Clinical Microbiology and Infection |volume = 22 |issue = 2 |pages = 103–109 |date = February 2016 |pmid = 26686808 |doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.019 |doi-access = free }}</ref>}}

At least a dozen species of ''Campylobacter'' have been implicated in human disease, with [[Campylobacter jejuni|''C. jejuni'']] (80–90%) and ''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]'' (5–10%) being the most common.<ref name="Sherris" /><ref name="Blaser97" /> ''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]'' is recognized as one of the main causes of [[Gastroenteritis#Bacterial|bacterial foodborne disease]] in many developed countries.<ref name="Sherris">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan |title=Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0 |editor-last=Ryan |editor-first=Kenneth J. |edition=4th |pages=378–380 |editor-last2=Ray |editor-first2=C. George |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Moore_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=John E. |last2=Corcoran |first2=Deborah |last3=Dooley |first3=James S.G. |last4=Fanning |first4=Séamus |last5=Lucey |first5=Brigid |last6=Matsuda |first6=Motoo |last7=McDowell |first7=David A. |last8=Mégraud |first8=Francis |last9=Cherie Millar |first9=B. |last10=O'Mahony |first10=Rebecca |last11=O?Riordan |first11=Lisa |last12=O'Rourke |first12=Michele |last13=Rao |first13=Juluri R. |last14=Rooney |first14=Paul J. |last15=Sails |first15=Andrew |last16=Whyte |first16=Paul |title=Campylobacter |journal=Veterinary Research |date=May 2005 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=351–382 |doi=10.1051/vetres:2005012 |pmid=15845230 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is the number one cause of bacterial [[gastroenteritis]] in Europe, with over 246,000 cases confirmed annually.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Campylobacter|url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/campylobacter|access-date=2020-11-02|website=European Food Safety Authority|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]'' infection can also cause [[bacteremia]] in immunocompromised people, while ''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]'' is a known cause of recurrent diarrhea in children.<ref name=":0">{{EMedicine|article|213720|Campylobacter Infections}}</ref> ''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]'' can cause spontaneous abortions in [[cattle]] and [[sheep]], and is an [[Opportunistic infection|opportunistic pathogen]] in humans.<ref name="Sauerwein_1993">{{cite journal |last=Sauerwein |first=RW |last2=Bisseling |first2=J |last3=Horrevorts |first3=AM |vauthors= |year=1993 |title=Septic abortion associated with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection: case report and review of the literature |journal=Infection |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=331–3 |doi=10.1007/BF01712458 |pmid=8300253 |s2cid=28539930}}</ref>

== Morphology and phenotype ==
''Campylobacter'' [[Species|spp]]. generally appear as curved or comma-shaped [[Rod-shaped bacterium|rods]], and are able to move via unipolar or bipolar [[Flagellum#Bacterial|flagella]].<ref name="Bergey's" /> They grow best between 37–42&nbsp;°C in a [[Microaerophile|microaerophilic]] environment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Information for Health Professionals {{!}} Campylobacter |url=https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/technical.html |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> When exposed to atmospheric oxygen, ''C. jejuni'' is able to change into a [[coccus]] form.<ref name="Crushell04">{{Cite journal |last=Crushell |first=Ellen |last2=Harty |first2=Sinead |last3=Sharif |first3=Farhana |last4=Bourke |first4=Billy |date=January 2004 |title=Enteric Campylobacter: Purging Its Secrets? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/pr20042 |journal=Pediatric Research |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=3–12 |doi=10.1203/01.PDR.0000099794.06260.71 |issn=1530-0447 |pmid=14605259|doi-access=free }}</ref> Most species of ''Campylobacter'' are positive by the [[oxidase test]] and [[catalase test]] and are able to [[Nitrate reductase test|reduce nitrate]]. The number of known [[Quinolone antibiotic|quinolone]]-resistant ''Campylobacter'' strains is growing. It is suggested that this is caused by the overuse of quinolone antibiotics in animal agriculture.<ref name="Crushell04" />

== History ==
[[Theodor Escherich]] was the first to describe in 1886 what are known today as ''Campylobacters'' in the stool samples of infants, who perished from a disease he named "cholera infantum".<ref name="Samie07">{{Cite journal |last=Samie |first=A. |last2=Obi |first2=C.L. |last3=Barrett |first3=L.J. |last4=Powell |first4=S.M. |last5=Guerrant |first5=R.L. |date=June 2007 |title=Prevalence of Campylobacter species, Helicobacter pylori and Arcobacter species in stool samples from the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa: Studies using molecular diagnostic methods |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2006.10.047 |journal=Journal of Infection |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=558–566 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2006.10.047 |issn=0163-4453 |pmid=17145081}}</ref> In the following years until the end of the century, a number of publications appeared, describing the occurrence of such "spirilla" in cases of "cholera-like" and "dysenteric" disease. These organisms were mainly found in the colon or associated with mucus in diarrhoeal stool specimens. ''Vibrio''-like bacteria were also described by Sir [[John McFadyean]] and [[Stewart Stockman|Stockman]] in 1913 in fetal tissues of aborted sheep.<ref name="pmid10081669">{{cite journal |last=Altekruse |first=SF |last2=Stern |first2=NJ |last3=Fields |first3=PI |last4=Swerdlow |first4=DL |date=1999 |title=Campylobacter jejuni--an emerging foodborne pathogen |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.3201/eid0501.990104 |oclc=677425436 |pmc=2627687 |pmid=10081669}}</ref> For several years Campylobacters were continuously referred to as ‘‘Vibrio-like organisms’’, until 1963 when Sebald and Veron gave the name "''Campylobacter''" to the genus based on their shape and microaerophilic growth requirement and after showing significant biological differences with ''Vibrio'' species.<ref name="Samie07"/>

== Genomics ==
The [[genome]]s of several ''Campylobacter'' species have been sequenced, beginning with ''C. jejuni'' in 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fouts |first=Derrick E. |last2=Mongodin |first2=Emmanuel F. |last3=Mandrell |first3=Robert E. |last4=Miller |first4=William G. |last5=Rasko |first5=David A. |last6=Ravel |first6=Jacques |last7=Brinkac |first7=Lauren M. |last8=DeBoy |first8=Robert T. |last9=Parker |first9=Craig T. |last10=Daugherty |first10=Sean C. |last11=Dodson |first11=Robert J. |last12=Durkin |first12=A. Scott |last13=Madupu |first13=Ramana |last14=Sullivan |first14=Steven A. |last15=Shetty |first15=Jyoti U. |date=2005-01-04 |title=Major Structural Differences and Novel Potential Virulence Mechanisms from the Genomes of Multiple Campylobacter Species |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015 |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e15 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015 |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=539331 |pmid=15660156 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Parkhill2000">{{Cite journal |last=Parkhill |first=J. |last2=Wren |first2=B. W. |last3=Mungall |first3=K. |last4=Ketley |first4=J. M. |last5=Churcher |first5=C. |last6=Basham |first6=D. |last7=Chillingworth |first7=T. |last8=Davies |first8=R. M. |last9=Feltwell |first9=T. |last10=Holroyd |first10=S. |last11=Jagels |first11=K. |last12=Karlyshev |first12=A. V. |last13=Moule |first13=S. |last14=Pallen |first14=M. J. |last15=Penn |first15=C. W. |date=February 2000 |title=The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35001088 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=403 |issue=6770 |pages=665–668 |doi=10.1038/35001088 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> These genome studies have identified molecular markers specific to members of ''Campylobacter''.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} ''Campylobacter'' ssp. genomes are rather small compared to those of other gastrointestinal pathogens, with sizes ranging between 1.60 and 1.90 Mbp.<ref name="Parkhill2000"/> A characteristic of most ''Campylobacter'' genomes is the presence of [[hypervariable region]]s, which can differ greatly between different strains.<ref name="Parkhill2000"/>

Studies have investigated the genes responsible for motility in ''Campylobacter'' species. Some ''Campylobacter'' species contain two [[flagellin]] genes in tandem for motility, ''flaA'' and ''flaB''. These genes undergo [[intergenic]] recombination, further contributing to their virulence.<ref name="Gran_1993t">{{cite journal |last=Grant |first=CC |last2=Konkel |first2=ME |last3=Cieplak |first3=W |last4=Tompkins |first4=LS |date=May 1993 |title=Role of flagella in adherence, internalization, and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni in nonpolarized and polarized epithelial cell cultures |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=1764–71 |doi=10.1128/IAI.61.5.1764-1771.1993 |pmc=280763 |pmid=8478066}}</ref> A single [[Type VI secretion system]] (T6SS) cluster was also predicted in approximately one-third of ''Campylobacter'' species, grouping into three distinct organisations and harbouring up to five ''vgrG'' genes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=L |last2=Liaw |first2=J |last3=Omole |first3=Z |last4=Corcionivoschi |first4=N |last5=Hachani |first5=A |last6=Gundogdu |first6=O |title=In silico investigation of the genus Campylobacter type VI secretion system reveals genetic diversity in organization and putative effectors |journal=Microbial Genomics |date=October 2022 |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=000898 |doi=10.1099/mgen.0.000898 |issn=2057-5858 |pmid= 36314601 |pmc=9676060 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Phylogeny ==
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)<ref name=LPSN>{{cite web| author=A.C. Parte| url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/campylobacter| title=Campylobacter| access-date=2023-09-09| publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)| display-authors=et al.}}</ref> and [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI)<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web| author=Sayers| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=194&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock| title=Campylobacter| access-date=2023-09-09| publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database| display-authors=et al.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based [[The All-Species Living Tree Project|LTP]]_10_2024<ref>{{cite web|title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_all tree in newick format| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>
! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 09-RS220<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>
|- 
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=''Campylobacter''
|1={{clade
  |1=''C. canadensis''
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]''
          |2=''C. volucris''
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1=''C. armoricus''
            |2=''C. peloridis''
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |1=''C. novaezeelandiae''
            |2={{clade
              |1=''C. cuniculorum''
              |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                  |1=''C. avium''
                  |2=''C. troglodytis''
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''C. helveticus''
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Campylobacter upsaliensis|C. upsaliensis]]''
                    |2=''C. vulpis''
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=''C. insulaenigrae''
          |2={{clade
            |1=''C. bilis''
            |2=''C. hepaticus''
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1=''Campylobacter lari concheus''
            |2={{clade
              |1=''C. ornithocola''
              |2=''C. subantarcticus''
               }}
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]''
            |2={{clade
              |1=''C. estrildidarum''
              |2={{clade
                |1=''C. aviculae''
                |2=''C. taeniopygiae''
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]''
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=''Campylobacter hyointestinalis lawsonii''
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Campylobacter lanienae|C. lanienae]]''
              |2=''C. magnus''
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |1=''C. iguaniorum''
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Campylobacter hyointestinalis|C. hyointestinalis]]''
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''Campylobacter fetus testudinum''
                  |2=''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]''
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1=''C. sputorum''
            |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |1=''C. gracilis''
                |2=''C. hominis''
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                  |1=''C. blaseri''
                  |2=''C. geochelonis''
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''C. portucalensis''
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''C. corcagiensis''
                    |2=''C. ureolyticus''
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Campylobacter rectus|C. rectus]]''
              |2={{clade
                |1=''C. massiliensis''
                |2=''[[Campylobacter showae|C. showae]]''
                 }}
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |1=''C. anatolicus''
                |2=''C. curvus''
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Campylobacter concisus|C. concisus]]''
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''C. pinnipediorum''
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Campylobacter mucosalis|C. mucosalis]]''
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=''C. majalis''
                      |2=''C. suis''
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|
{{Clade|style=font-size:90%; line-height:90%
|label1=''Campylobacter''
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |1=''C. canadensis'' <small>Inglis et al. 2007</small>
    |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=''C. insulaenigrae'' <small>Foster et al. 2004</small>
          |2=''C. volucris'' <small>Debruyne et al. 2010</small>
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1=''C. peloridis'' <small>Debruyne et al. 2009
</small>
          |2={{clade
            |1=''C. armoricus'' <small>Boukerb et al. 2019</small>
            |2={{clade
              |1=''C. subantarcticus'' <small>Debruyne et al. 2010</small>
              |2={{clade
                |1=''C. ornithocola'' <small>Caceres et al. 2017</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''Campylobacter lari concheus'' <small>Debruyne et al. 2009</small>
                  |2=''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]'' <small>corrig. Benjamin et al. 1984</small>
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=''C. avium'' <small>Rossi et al. 2009</small>
          |2=''C. troglodytis'' <small>Kaur et al. 2023</small>
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1=''C. helveticus'' <small>Stanley et al. 1993</small>
            |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Campylobacter upsaliensis|C. upsaliensis]]'' <small>Sandstedt & Ursing 1991</small>
              |2=''C. vulpis'' <small>Parisi et al. 2021</small>
               }}
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1=''C. cuniculorum'' <small>Zanoni et al. 2009</small>
              |2=''C. novaezeelandiae'' <small>Bloomfield et al. 2020</small>
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |1=''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]'' <small>(Jones, Orcutt & Little 1931) Veron & Chatelain 1973</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''C. bilis'' <small>Phung et al. 2022</small>
                  |2=''C. hepaticus'' <small>Van et al. 2016</small>
                   }}
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]'' <small>(Doyle 1948) Veron & Chatelain 1973</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''C. estrildidarum'' <small>Bryant et al. 2021</small>
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''C. aviculae'' <small>Bryant et al. 2021</small>
                    |2=''C. taeniopygiae'' <small>Bryant et al. 2021</small>
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Campylobacter showae|C. showae]]'' <small>Etoh et al. 1993</small>
        |2={{clade
          |1=''C. massiliensis'' <small>Antezack et al. 2021</small>
          |2=''[[Campylobacter rectus|C. rectus]]'' <small>(Tanner et al. 1981) Vandamme et al. 1991</small>
           }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Campylobacter concisus|C. concisus]]'' <small>Tanner et al. 1981</small>
          |2=''C. curvus'' <small>(Tanner, Listgarten & Ebersole 1984) Vandamme et al. 1991</small>
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1=''C. anatolicus'' <small>Aydin et al. 2022</small>
          |2={{clade
            |1=''C. suis'' <small>Lynch et al. 2022</small>
            |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Campylobacter mucosalis|C. mucosalis]]'' <small>(Lawson et al. 1981) Roop et al. 1985</small>
              |2={{clade
                |1=''C. majalis'' <small>Lynch et al. 2022</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''C. pinnipediorum caledonicus'' <small>Gilbert et al. 2017</small>
                  |2=''C. pinnipediorum'' <small>Gilbert et al. 2017</small>
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |1=''C. sputorum'' <small>(Prévot 1940) Veron & Chatelain 1973</small>
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1=''C. gracilis'' <small>(Tanner et al. 1981) Vandamme et al. 1995</small>
            |2=''C. hominis'' <small>Lawson et al. 2001</small>
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1=''C. blaseri'' <small>Gilbert et al. 2018</small>
              |2=''C. geochelonis'' <small>Piccirillo et al. 2016</small>
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |1=''C. portucalensis'' <small>Silva et al. 2021</small>
              |2={{clade
                |1=''C. corcagiensis'' <small>Koziel et al. 2014</small>
                |2=''C. ureolyticus'' <small>(Jackson & Goodman 1978) Vandamme et al. 2010</small>
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1="''Ca.'' C. infans" <small>Bian et al. 2020</small>
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Campylobacter lanienae|C. lanienae]]'' <small>Logan et al. 2000</small>
              |2=''C. ovis'' <small>Wang et al. 2023</small>
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |1=''C. iguaniorum'' <small>Gilbert et al. 2015</small>
              |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Campylobacter hyointestinalis|C. hyointestinalis]]'' <small>Gebhart et al. 1985</small>
                  |2=''C. hyointestinalis hyointestinalis lawsonii'' <small>On et al. 1995</small>
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''C. fetus testudinum'' <small>Fitzgerald et al. 2014</small>
                  |2=''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]'' <small>(Smith & Taylor 1919) Sebald & Veron 1963</small>
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}

Species incertae sedis:
* ''C. devanensis'' <small>Miller et al. 2024</small>
* "''C. faecalis''" <small>Kachler et al. 2000</small>
* "''C. lawrenceae''" <small>Foley et al. 2004</small>
* ''C. magnus'' <small>Gruntar et al. 2023</small>
* ''C. porcelli'' <small>Miller et al. 2024</small>
* ''C. vicugnae'' <small>Miller et al. 2024</small>

== ''Campylobacter''-specific bacteriophages ==
''Campylobacter''-specific [[bacteriophage]]s are natural viral predators of the organism.<ref name="Connerton11">{{Cite journal |last=Connerton |first=P.L. |last2=Timms |first2=A.R. |last3=Connerton |first3=I.F. |date=2011 |title=Campylobacter bacteriophages and bacteriophage therapy: Campylobacter bacteriophages |url=https://academic.oup.com/jambio/article/111/2/255/6715035 |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |language=en |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05012.x |pmid=21447013 |s2cid=46270047}}</ref> Bacteriophages specific to the species now known as ''C. coli'' and ''C. fetus ''(previously ''Vibrio coli'' and ''V. fetus''), were first isolated from cattle and pigs during the 1960s, and ''Campylobacter'' [[bacteriophage therapy]] is an ongoing area of research in the age of bacterial antibiotic resistance.<ref name="Connerton11"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Firehammer |first=BD |last2=Border |first2=M |vauthors= |date=November 1968 |title=Isolation of temperate bacteriophages from Vibrio fetus |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=2229–35 |pmid=5693467}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=RD |vauthors= |year=1965 |title=Activity and morphology of Vibrio coli phage |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=26 |issue=111 |pages=361–4}}</ref>

== Pathogenesis ==
{{Main|Campylobacteriosis}}

''Campylobacter'' can cause a gastrointestinal infection, campylobacteriosis. The incubation period is 24–72 hours after infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zilbauer |first=Matthias |last2=Dorrell |first2=Nick |last3=Wren |first3=Brendan W. |last4=Bajaj-Elliott |first4=Mona |date=February 2008 |title=Campylobacter jejuni-mediated disease pathogenesis: an update |url= |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.09.019 |issn=0035-9203 |pmid=18023831}}</ref> This is characterized by an inflammatory, sometimes bloody [[diarrhea]] or [[dysentery]] syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever, and pain.<ref name="cazp">{{cite journal |last=Humphrey |first=Tom |last2=O'Brien |first2=Sarah |last3=Madsen |first3=Mogens |vauthors= |date=July 2007 |title=Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective |journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=237–57 |doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006 |pmid=17368847}}</ref><ref name="CDC2013">{{cite press release |title=Infections from some foodborne germs increased, while others remained unchanged in 2012 |publisher=CDC |date=April 18, 2013 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0418-foodborne-germs.html |access-date=October 22, 2015}}</ref> The most common routes of transmission are fecal-oral, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and the eating of raw meat. Foods implicated in campylobacteriosis include raw or under-cooked poultry, raw dairy products, and contaminated produce.<ref name="CDC2013"/> ''Campylobacter'' is sensitive to the stomach's normal production of [[hydrochloric acid]]: as a result, the [[infectious dose]] is relatively high, and the bacteria rarely cause illness when a person is exposed to less than 10,000 organisms.<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, people taking [[Antacid|antacid medication]] (e. g. people with [[gastritis]] or [[Peptic ulcer|stomach ulcers]]) are at higher risk of contracting disease from a smaller number of organisms, since this type of medication neutralizes normal [[gastric acid]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In humans, the sites of tissue injury include the [[jejunum]], the [[ileum]], and the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} Most strains of ''C. jejuni'' produce [[cytolethal distending toxin]], which inhibits cell division and impedes activation of the immune system. This helps the bacteria to evade the immune system and survive for a limited time inside intestinal cells.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} ''Campylobacter'' has, on rare occasions, been suggested to cause [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keithlin |first1=Jessica |last2=Sargeant |first2=Jan |last3=Thomas |first3=M. Kate |last4=Fazil |first4=Aamir |date=2014-11-22 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of Campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=14 |pages=1203 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-1203 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=4391665 |pmid=25416162 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morton |first1=A. R. |last2=Yu |first2=R. |last3=Waldek |first3=S. |last4=Holmes |first4=A. M. |last5=Craig |first5=A. |last6=Mundy |first6=K. |date=1985-11-16 |title=Campylobacter induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2865609/ |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8464 |pages=1133–1134 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90729-9 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=2865609|s2cid=44823836 }}</ref> though no unequivocal case reports exist. ''Campylobacter'' infection is the most common trigger of [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finsterer |first=Josef |date=2022-11-17 |title=Triggers of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Campylobacter jejuni Predominates |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=23 |issue=22 |pages=14222 |doi=10.3390/ijms232214222 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=9696744 |pmid=36430700 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Gastrointestinal perforation]] is a rare complication of ileal infection.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jassim |first=SS |last2=Malik |first2=A |last3=Aldridge |first3=A |year=2011 |title=Small bowel perforation: an unusual cause |journal=Grand Rounds |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=17–19 |doi=10.1102/1470-5206.2011.0006}}</ref>

''Campylobacter'' has also been associated with [[periodontitis]].<ref name=cazp />

== Detection ==
Campylobacter testing needs to be done to manage the risk of foodborne ''Campylobacter'' and reducing the level of foodborne ''Campoboteriosis'', to protect people and to determine if a person is infected with ''Campylobacter.''{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

=== In humans ===
Usually, detection of ''Campylobacter'' in humans is done by laboratory culturing a stool sample or swab of the rectum collected by a healthcare provider. Results take about 48–72 hours for preliminary results. Confirmation test and testing to determine the species of ''Campylobacter'' or drug sensitivities of the organism require additional time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buss |first=Janice E. |last2=Cresse |first2=Michelle |last3=Doyle |first3=Susan |last4=Buchan |first4=Blake W. |last5=Craft |first5=David W. |last6=Young |first6=Steve |date=2019 |title=''Campylobacter'' culture fails to correctly detect ''Campylobacter'' in 30% of positive patient stool specimens compared to non-cultural methods |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03499-x |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1087–1093 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03499-x |issn=1435-4373 |pmc=6520473 |pmid=30783889}}</ref>

=== In livestock ===
Usually, detection of Campylobacter in livestock is done by laboratory culturing a faecal sample. Results take about 48–72 hours.<ref name="Hong03">{{Cite journal |last=Hong |first=Yang |last2=Berrang |first2=Mark E. |last3=Liu |first3=Tongrui |last4=Hofacre |first4=Charles L. |last5=Sanchez |first5=Susan |last6=Wang |first6=Lihua |last7=Maurer |first7=John J. |date=2003 |title=Rapid Detection of Campylobacter coli , C. jejuni , and Salmonella enterica on Poultry Carcasses by Using PCR-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AEM.69.6.3492-3499.2003 |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=3492–3499 |bibcode=2003ApEnM..69.3492H |doi=10.1128/AEM.69.6.3492-3499.2003 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=161512 |pmid=12788755}}</ref>

=== In meat ===
Usually, detection of Campylobacter in meat is done by laboratory culturing a homogenised sample. Results takes about 48–72 hours.<ref name="Hong03"/>

== Treatment ==
The infection is usually self-limiting and, in most cases, symptomatic treatment by liquid and electrolyte replacement is sufficient to treat human infections. Symptoms typically last 5–7 days.<ref name="CDC2013"/> Treatment with antibiotics has only a minor effect on the typical duration of the infection in non-complex cases, and is discouraged except in high-risk patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ternhag |first=Anders |last2=Asikainen |first2=Tommi |last3=Giesecke |first3=Johan |last4=Ekdahl |first4=Karl |date=2007-03-01 |title=A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Antibiotic Treatment on Duration of Symptoms Caused by Infection with Campylobacter Species |url= |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=696–700 |doi=10.1086/509924 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=17278062}}</ref> <!-- as of November 2016, most recent 'ideal' MEDRS - not a controversial/fast-moving issue  -->
Diagnosis of campylobacteriosis is made by testing a fecal specimen. Standard treatment in high-risk cases is [[azithromycin]], a [[macrolide]] antibiotic, especially for ''Campylobacter'' infections in children,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vukelic |first=Dalibor |last2=Trkulja |first2=Vladimir |last3=Salkovic-Petrisic |first3=Melita |date=April 2010 |title=Single oral dose of azithromycin versus 5 days of oral erythromycin or no antibiotic in treatment of ''Campylobacter'' enterocolitis in children: a prospective randomized assessor-blind study |journal=Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=404–10 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a87104 |pmid=19881393 |s2cid=22460970 |doi-access=free}}</ref> although other antibiotics, such as quinolones, tetracycline and other macrolides are sometimes used to treat gastrointestinal ''Campylobacter'' infections in adults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gendrel |first1=D. |last2=Cohen |first2=R. |author3=European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases |author4=European Society for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition |title=Diarrhées bactériennes et antibiotiques : les recommandations européennes |trans-title=Bacterial diarrheas and antibiotics: European recommendations |language=fr |journal=Archives de Pédiatrie |date=October 2008 |volume=15 |pages=S93–S96 |doi=10.1016/S0929-693X(08)74223-4 |pmid=19000862 }}</ref> In case of systemic infection, other bactericidal antibiotics are used, such as [[ampicillin]], [[amoxicillin/clavulanic acid]], or [[aminoglycoside]]s. [[Fluoroquinolone]] antibiotics, such as [[ciprofloxacin]] or [[levofloxacin]], may no longer be effective in some cases, due to resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehtopolku |first=Mirva |last2=Nakari |first2=Ulla-Maija |last3=Kotilainen |first3=Pirkko |last4=Huovinen |first4=Pentti |last5=Siitonen |first5=Anja |last6=Hakanen |first6=Antti J. |date=March 2010 |title=Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Strains: In Vitro Activities of 20 Antimicrobial Agents |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AAC.00898-09 |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |language=en |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=1232–1236 |doi=10.1128/AAC.00898-09 |issn=0066-4804 |pmc=2825995 |pmid=20038624}}</ref> In addition to antibiotics, dehydrated patients may require intravenous fluid treatment in a hospital.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mortensen |first=Nicolay |last2=Jonasson |first2=Solveig Aalstad |last3=Lavesson |first3=Ingrid Viola |last4=Emberland |first4=Knut Erik |last5=Litleskare |first5=Sverre |last6=Wensaas |first6=Knut-Arne |last7=Rortveit |first7=Guri |author7-link=Guri Rørtveit |last8=Langeland |first8=Nina |last9=Hanevik |first9=Kurt |date=2021-03-23 |title=Characteristics of hospitalized patients during a large waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in Norway |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248464 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=e0248464 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0248464 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7987138 |pmid=33755697 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Epidemiology ==
=== Canada ===
FoodNet Canada has reported that ''Campylobacter'' was the most common pathogen found on packaged chicken breast, with nearly half of all samples testing positive. Additionally, ''Campylobacter'' and ''Salmonella'' were the most common causes of gastrointestinal illness in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/foodnetcanada/report-rapport-2014-eng.php |title=FoodNet Canada 2014 Short Report |access-date=3 October 2016 |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada, FoodNet Canada|date=2016-01-12 }}</ref>

=== Italy ===
In Italy, the annual prevalence of ''Campylobacter'' infections appears to be relatively stable based on findings from a national survey conducted on more than 5000 isolates. The survey revealed that the most common species of ''Campylobacter'' were ''C. jejuni'', accounting for 83.7% of isolates, followed by ''C. coli'' (13.5%) and ''C. fetus'' (0.6%). The mean age of affected patients was 34.61 years, with males constituting 57.1% of cases. Outpatients represented the majority of cases, comprising 54% of the total. ''Campylobacter'' infections were predominantly isolated from feces, accounting for 97.3% of cases, while a smaller proportion (2.7%) was isolated from blood. Notably, ''C. fetus'' was primarily isolated from blood samples, constituting 88.2% of cases. Regarding antibiotic resistance patterns, the survey found that resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was relatively high, with rates of 75.5% and 54.8%, respectively. In contrast, resistance to macrolides, including erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, was lower, with rates ranging from 2% to 4.8%. Additionally, approximately 50% of ''C. jejuni'' and ''C. coli'' isolates exhibited resistance to two or more antibiotics. There was a significant decrease in resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines over time, while resistance to macrolides remained stable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zerbato |first=Verena |last2=Di Bella |first2=Stefano |last3=Pol |first3=Riccardo |last4=Luzzati |first4=Roberto |last5=Sanson |first5=Gianfranco |last6=Ambretti |first6=Simone |last7=Andreoni |first7=Stefano |last8=Aschbacher |first8=Richard |last9=Bernardo |first9=Mariano |last10=Bielli |first10=Alessandra |last11=Brigante |first11=Gioconda |last12=Busetti |first12=Marina |last13=Camarlinghi |first13=Giulio |last14=Carcione |first14=Davide |last15=Carducci |first15=Antonella |date=2024-03-12 |title=Human Campylobacter spp. infections in Italy |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10096-024-04803-0 |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10096-024-04803-0 |issn=0934-9723}}</ref> 

=== New Zealand ===
In August 2016, an estimated 8,000+ residents of [[Havelock North]], a town with around 13,000 residents, had gastric illness after the [[water supply]] was thought to be contaminated by ''Campylobacter''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharpe |first=Marty |date=19 August 2016 |title=Woman died in Havelock North gastro outbreak |publisher=Stuff |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/83343963/campylobacter-confirmed-in-woman-who-died-in-havelock-north-gastro-outbreak}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/311335/govt-rejects-call-for-hawke's-bay-water-emergency-declaration |title=Govt rejects call for Hawke's Bay water emergency declaration |date=19 August 2016 |publisher=Radio New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilpin |first=Brent J. |last2=Walker |first2=Tiffany |last3=Paine |first3=Shevaun |last4=Sherwood |first4=Jill |last5=Mackereth |first5=Graham |last6=Wood |first6=Tim |last7=Hambling |first7=Tammy |last8=Hewison |first8=Chris |last9=Brounts |first9=Angela |last10=Wilson |first10=Maurice |last11=Scholes |first11=Paula |last12=Robson |first12=Beth |last13=Lin |first13=Susan |last14=Cornelius |first14=Angela |last15=Rivas |first15=Lucia |date=2020 |title=A large scale waterborne Campylobacteriosis outbreak, Havelock North, New Zealand |url= |journal=Journal of Infection |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=390–395 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.065 |issn=0163-4453 |pmid=32610108 |s2cid=220306856}}</ref>

=== Norway ===
In June 2019, an estimated 2,000 residents of [[Askøy]] municipality got sick due to the presence of ''C. jejuni'' in the water supply. Two deaths were connected to the outbreak, and it was the largest outbreak of ''Campylobacter'' in Norway.<ref>{{cite news |last=Olsen |first=Adrian Nyhammer |last2=Baisotti |first2=Valentina |date=11 June 2019 |title=Fant samme bakterie i drikkevannet som hos sykehuspasienter fra Askøy |language=nb |publisher=NRK |url=https://www.nrk.no/hordaland/fant-samme-bakterie-i-drikkevannet-som-hos-sykehuspasienter-fra-askoy-1.14583413}}</ref> The suspected source of the contamination was thought to be horse faeces, which leaked into a drinking water pool.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paruch |first=Lisa |last2=Paruch |first2=Adam M. |last3=Sørheim |first3=Roald |vauthors= |date=March 2020 |title=DNA-based faecal source tracking of contaminated drinking water causing a large ''Campylobacter'' outbreak in Norway 2019 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=224 |pages=113420 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113420 |pmid=31748129 |doi-access=free|hdl=11250/2731881 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A ''C. jejuni'' water isolate thought to be the cause of the outbreak was examined with human isolates, and showed the highest pathogenic potential in vitro, transcriptomic and genomic investigations. This could suggest why the isolate was able to cause an outbreak.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davies |first=Emma |last2=Ebbesen |first2=Marit |last3=Johansson |first3=Cecilia |last4=Kaden |first4=René |last5=Rautelin |first5=Hilpi |vauthors= |date=2020 |title=Genomic and Phenotypic Characterisation of ''Campylobacter jejuni'' Isolates From a Waterborne Outbreak |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=10 |pages=594856 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.594856 |pmc=7658296 |pmid=33194843 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
During the period of August 2016 to June 2017 there was a large outbreak of ''C. jejuni'' in Sweden. It was the largest outbreak that has been reported so far. 5000 more cases than would be expected during this period were reported to the authorities. The source of the outbreak was contaminated chicken meat that came from the same producer. The reason for the increased incidence and elevated levels of ''Campylobacter'' was reported to be an improperly installed washing plant, where dirty water was accidentally used to wash transport cages.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-05-09 |title=Utbrott av anmälningspliktiga sjukdomar i Sverige 2017 |trans-title=Outbreaks of notifiable diseases in Sweden in 2017 |url=https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/folkhalsorapportering-statistik/tolkad-rapportering/arsrapporter-anmalningspliktiga-sjukdomar/arsrapporter-2017/utbrott-anmalningspliktiga-sjukdomar-2017/#campylobacter |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=Folkhälsomyndigheten |language=sv}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
In January 2013, the [[UK]]'s [[Food Standards Agency]] (FSA) warned that two-thirds of all raw chicken bought from UK shops was contaminated with ''Campylobacter'', affecting an estimated half a million people annually and killing about 100 of them.<ref name="FSA">{{cite news |last=Ward |first=Victoria |date=January 23, 2013 |title=FSA warns that chicken bacteria could be next meat scandal |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/9820838/FSA-warns-that-chicken-bacteria-could-be-next-meat-scandal.html}}</ref> In June 2014, the FSA started a campaign against washing raw chicken, as washing can spread [[Germ (microorganism)|germs]] onto clean surfaces by splashing.<ref name="FSA2">{{cite web |title=Food Safety Week 2014: 'Don't wash raw chicken' |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/campaigns/campylobacter/fsw-2014/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108102834/http://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/campaigns/campylobacter/fsw-2014/ |archive-date=November 8, 2014 |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> In May 2015, cumulative results for samples taken from fresh chickens between February 2014 and February 2015 were published by the FSA and showed 73% of chickens tested positive for the presence of ''Campylobacter''.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Campylobacter survey: cumulative results from the full 12 months (Q1 – Q4) |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]] |date=May 28, 2015 |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/news/2015/14003/campylobacter-survey-results-12months |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref>

=== United States ===
''Campylobacter'' infections increased 14% in the United States in 2012 compared to the rate from 2006 to 2008. This represents the highest reported number of infections since calendar year 2000.<ref name="CDC2013"/>

High prevalence of ''Campylobacter'' (40% or more) has been reported in raw chicken meat in regional retail stores in the US, which remained steady from 2005 through 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Aretha |last2=Oyarzabal |first2=Omar A |date=August 2012 |title=Prevalence of ''Campylobacter'' spp. in skinless, boneless retail broiler meat from 2005 through 2011 in Alabama, USA |journal=BMC Microbiology |volume=12 |pages=184 |doi=10.1186/1471-2180-12-184 |pmc=3490988 |pmid=22920043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The last [[USDA]] quarterly progress report on ''Salmonella'' and ''Campylobacter'' testing of meat and poultry, for July–September 2014, showed a low prevalence of ''Campylobacter'' spp. in ground chicken meat, but a larger prevalence (20%) in [[Mechanically separated meat|mechanically separated chicken meat]] (which is sold only for further processing).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/data-collection-and-reports/microbiology/quarterly-reports-salmonella/q3-cy2014/q3-cy-2014 |title=Quarterly Progress Report on Salmonella and Campylobacter|department=Testing of Selected Raw Meat and Poultry Products: Preliminary Results, July 2014 to September 2014 |date=2015-04-24|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|website=[[Food Safety and Inspection Service]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Helicobacter]]''
* [[List of bacterial orders]]
* [[List of bacteria genera]]

== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/campylobacter WHO fact sheet on ''Campylobacter'']
* [https://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/campylobacter/ ''Campylobacter'' info from the CDC]

{{Bacteria classification|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131488}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bacteria genera]]
[[Category:Campylobacterota]]
[[Category:Capnophiles]]
[[Category:Food microbiology]]
[[Category:Pathogenic bacteria]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]