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{{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| official_name = Campania | native_name = | native_name_lang = it | settlement_type = [[Regions of Italy|Region]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Campania.svg | flag_alt = | image_shield = Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg | shield_size = 50px | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_alt = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = | image_map = Campania in Italy.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|40|54|38|N|14|55|14|E|region:IT-72_source:geonames|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = <ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=3181042|name=campania}} Campania] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Italy}} | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Capital | seat = [[Naples]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_party = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]] | leader_title = President | leader_name = [[Vincenzo De Luca]] | leader_title2 = Vice President | leader_name2 = [[Fulvio Bonavitacola]] | leader_title3 = Legislature | leader_name3 = [[Regional Council of Campania|Regional Council]] | total_type = | unit_pref = | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 13,671 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref> | population_total = 5575025 | population_as_of = 2025 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonyms = {{ubl|{{langx|en|Campanian}}|{{langx|it|Campano}} (man)|{{langx|it|Campana}} (woman)}} | population_note = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = | demographics1_info2 = | demographics1_title3 = | demographics1_info3 = | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{citation|title=Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en|website=www.ec.europa.eu|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225221435/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_r_d2jan/default/table?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Total | demographics2_info1 = €110.231 billion (2021) | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = [[ISO 3166 code]] | area_code = IT-72 | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021) | blank2_info_sec1 = 0.856<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2023-03-05|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of Italian regions by Human Development Index|19th of 21]] | blank_name_sec2 = [[First-level NUTS of the European Union#Italy|NUTS Region]] | blank_info_sec2 = ITF | website = {{official URL}} | footnotes = }} '''Campania'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|k|æ|m|ˈ|p|eɪ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|kam|PAY|nee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|k|æ|m|ˈ|p|æ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|kam|PAN|ee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|k|ɑː|m|ˈ|p|ɑː|n|i|ə}} {{respell|kahm|PAH|nee|ə}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/campania|title=Campania|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506155351/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/campania|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite RDPCE|page=183}}</ref> {{IPA|it|kamˈpaːnja|lang}}, {{IPA|nap|kamˈbɑːnjə|lang}}.}} is an administrative [[Regions of Italy|region]] of [[Italy]] located in [[Southern Italy]]; most of it is in the south-western portion of the [[Italian Peninsula]] (with the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] to its west), but it also includes the small [[Phlegraean Islands]] and the island of [[Capri]]. The capital of the region is [[Naples]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.summerinitaly.com/guide/campania|title=Campania, Italy|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924141327/https://www.summerinitaly.com/guide/campania|url-status=live}}</ref> Campania has a population of 5,575,025 as of 2025, making it Italy's third most populous region,<ref name="population" /> and, with an area of {{convert|13590|km2|0|abbr=on}}, its most densely populated region. Based on its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], Campania is also the most economically productive region in [[Southern Italy]] [[List of Italian regions by GDP|and the 7th most productive in the whole country]]. Naples' urban area, which is in Campania, is the [[List of urban areas in the European Union|eighth most populous in the European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities|title=Statistics on European cities - Statistics Explained|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612115314/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities|url-status=live}}</ref> The region is home to 10 of the 58 [[List of World Heritage Sites in Italy|UNESCO sites in Italy]], including [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], the [[Royal Palace of Caserta]], the [[Amalfi Coast]], the Longobardian [[Santa Sofia, Benevento|Church of Santa Sofia]] in [[Benevento]] and the [[Historic Centre of Naples]]. In addition, Campania's [[Mount Vesuvius]] is part of the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves|UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=ITA+05&mode=all|title=UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105113520/http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=ITA+05&mode=all|url-status=live}}</ref> The Region plays also a key international role in international diplomacy, since it is home to [[NATO]]'s [[Allied Joint Force Command Naples]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/09/05/foto/napoli_l_inaugurazione_dell_hub_di_direzione_strategica_della_nato-174693807/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905204428/http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/09/05/foto/napoli_l_inaugurazione_dell_hub_di_direzione_strategica_della_nato-174693807/1/ |url-status=dead |title=Napoli, l'inaugurazione dell'Hub di Direzione Strategica della Nato |date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=5 September 2017 |website=La Repubblica}}</ref> and of the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean]]. The Campania's hinterland was inhabited from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by the [[Osci]], [[Samnites]] and [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], while between the 8th and 7th centuries BC its coastal areas were colonised by the [[ancient Greeks]] ([[Magna Graecia]]). At that time, [[Capua]] was Campania's leading city, while [[Naples]] was an anomaly, being predominantly Greek-speaking.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gradogna|first=Sergio|date=2010-02-10|title=Non solo greci e romani, la Campania degli altri popoli|url=https://www.charmenapoli.it/storia/etruschi-sanniti-lucani-oscii-campania-coloni/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Charme|language=it-IT|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219150547/https://www.charmenapoli.it/storia/etruschi-sanniti-lucani-oscii-campania-coloni/|url-status=live}}</ref> Campania is rich in culture, especially with regard to food, music, architecture, and archaeological and ancient sites—such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, [[Oplontis]], [[Paestum]], [[Aeclanum]], [[Stabiae]], and [[Velia]]. The name "Campania" is derived from Latin; the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] knew the region as ''Campania felix'' ("fertile countryside" or "happy countryside"). The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it important to the tourism industry: the city of Naples, the Amalfi Coast, Mount Vesuvius, and the islands of Capri and [[Ischia]] have long been major attractions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lifeinitaly.com/tourism/campania/|publisher=LifeInItaly.com|title=Campania: Gateway to Southern Italy|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=15 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815013232/http://www.lifeinitaly.com/tourism/campania|url-status=live}}</ref> ==History== {{See also|Ancient Campania}} === Pre-Roman period === {{See also|Samnite Wars|Etruscan Civilization|Roman Republic||Pre-Indo-European languages|Oscan language|Magna Græcia}} [[File:Hera temple II - Paestum - Poseidonia - July 13th 2013 - 04.jpg|thumb|Ancient Greek [[Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)|Temple of Hera]], [[Paestum]], built in the [[Doric order]] around 460–450 BC]] The region known today as ''Campania'' was inhabited from at least the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by several [[Oscan language|Oscan-speaking]] [[Italic tribes]]: the [[Osci]], the [[Opici]], the [[Aurunci]], the [[Ausones]], the [[Sidicini]], the [[Hirpini]], the [[Caudini]], the [[Oenotrians]], the [[Campanians]] (after whom the region is named) and the [[Lucanians]] (who inhabited the southernmost part of Campania, known in ancient times as [[Lucania]], roughly where modern-day [[province of Salerno|Salerno]] is).<ref>(Giacomo Devoto, Gli antichi italici, Firenze, Vallecchi, 1931, p.118).</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.instoria.it/home/italia_antiqua_XV.htm|publisher=InStoria.it|title=Italia Antiqua – XV, Campania|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=27 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227225736/http://www.instoria.it/home/italia_antiqua_XV.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of these [[tribe]]s lived in [[Subsistence agriculture|simple]] [[agro-town]]s. Not much is known about the [[Pre-Indo-European languages|pre-Indo-European tribes]] that had lived in the region earlier; they were probably not as technologically or culturally advanced as the Oscans, and any who still flourished had become fully Oscanised by the middle of the first millennium BC. Between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] from [[Central Italy]] established [[colony|colonies]] in the Campanian Plains (the inland territories that today are the [[province of Caserta|provinces of Caserta]] and [[province of Naples|Naples]]), as well as in the regions of [[Agro Nocerino-Sarnese]] and Agro Picentino (which today are in the [[province of Salerno]]). There, they essentially replicated their [[Etruscan cities|''Dodecapolis'' (twelve cities)]] political model, founding the cities of ''Hyria'' (modern-day [[Nola]]), ''Irnthi'' or ''Marcina'' (modern-day [[Salerno]]), ''Amina'' (modern-day [[Pontecagnano Faiano]]), ''Velcha'', ''Velsu'' and ''Uri''. In addition to [[cultural assimilation|assimilating]] into their [[Urban sociology|urban-political]] domains, the Etruscans also incorporated the pre-existing tribal Oscan agro-towns of ''Capua'' (modern-day [[Santa Maria Capua Vetere]]), ''[[Nuceria]]'' (modern-day ''[[comune|comuni]]'' of [[Nocera Superiore]] and [[Nocera Inferiore]]), [[Suessula]], [[Acerra]], [[Ercolano]], [[Pompeii]], [[Stabiae]] and [[Sorrento]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Etruschi/Etruria%20Campana.html| title = Etruria campana| access-date = 2 September 2019| archive-date = 14 December 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211214214230/http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Etruschi/Etruria%20Campana.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'', V (Italia), 4.3.</ref><ref name = ":0">{{cite book|title=Storia di Nocera. Monumenti, personaggi, leggende|last=Francesco Belsito|publisher=Angri, Gaia|year=2013}}</ref> Meanwhile, during the 8th century BC, [[Ancient Greek language|Greek-speaking people]] from [[Euboea]] (in [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]]), known as [[Cumae]]ans, began to establish colonies themselves roughly around the coastal areas of the modern-day [[province of Naples]] and in the [[Phlegraean Islands|nearby islands]] founding, among others, the cities of [[Cumae]], ''Pithekoūsai'' (modern-day [[Ischia]]), [[Paestum]], [[Herculaneum]] and ''Dicaearchia'', later 'Puteoli', in Latin (modern-day [[Pozzuoli]]). The city of [[Naples]] began as a small commercial port called [[History of Naples#Greek birth, Roman acquisition|Parthenope]] (Παρθενόπη, meaning "Pure Eyes", a Siren in [[Greek mythology]]), which was established by Greek colonial sailors from [[Rhodes]].<ref name="campaniahistoryone">{{cite news|url=http://www.iterteam.it/eng/campania/storia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505081832/http://www.iterteam.it/eng/campania/storia.html|archive-date=5 May 2005|publisher=Interteam.it|title=Campania: History|date=7 October 2007}}</ref> The region thus became one of the centers of [[Magna Graecia]]. [[File:Aeclanum (Thermae-01).jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Aeclanum]], a Roman town in [[Irpinia]] district]] At one point in history, a distinct group of Oscan-speaking tribes from [[Samnium]] (in south-central Italy), the [[Samnites]], moved down into Campania. Since the Samnites were more warlike than the other Oscan populations, they easily took over the cities of [[Capua]] and Cumae, in an area which was one of the most prosperous and fertile in the [[Italian Peninsula]] at the time.<ref name = "samnite wars"/> During the 340s BC, the Samnites were engaged in a war with the [[Roman Republic]] in a dispute known as the [[Samnite Wars]], with Rome claiming the rich pastures of northern Campania during the [[Samnite Wars|First Samnite War]].<ref name = "pirat"/> The First Samnite War was initiated when the Etruscan-influenced Oscan city of Capua (in [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] ''Capeva'') was being attacked by the Samnites, and thus appealed to Rome for defensive help. As the majority of [[Southern Italy]] was under Roman control at the time, the sole major remaining independent settlement in the region was the [[Greeks|Greek]] colony of [[Naples|Neapolis]], and when the city was eventually [[Capture of Neapolis|captured by the Samnites]], the Neapolitan Greeks were left with no option but to call on the [[Roman Republic|Romans]], with whom they established an alliance, setting off the [[Second Samnite War]].<ref name="samnite wars">{{cite news|url=http://www.unrv.com/empire/samnite-wars.php|publisher=UNRV.com|title=The Samnite Wars|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=28 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628093318/http://www.unrv.com/empire/samnite-wars.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Consul|Roman consul]] Quintus Publilius Filo recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC and allowed it to remain a Greek city with some autonomy as a ''[[civitas]] foederata'' while strongly aligned with Rome.<ref name="romannaples">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Roman_Naples.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.du|title=Roman Naples|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629003110/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Roman_Naples.html|archive-date=29 June 2009}}</ref> The Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling all of southern Campania and additional regions further to the south, such as parts of [[Lucania]].<ref name="pirat">{{cite news|url=http://pirate.shu.edu/~vigorimi/genealogy/first_millenium_BC.html|publisher=Michael Vigorita|title=Ancient Times – 1st millennium B.C.|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=7 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007230938/http://pirate.shu.edu/~vigorimi/genealogy/first_millenium_BC.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Roman period=== {{See also|Roman Republic|Roman Empire|Italia (Roman Empire)}} Campania was a full-fledged part of the [[Roman Republic]] by the end of the 4th century BC, valued for its [[pasture]]s and rich countryside. Naples, with its [[Greek language]] and customs, made it a centre of Hellenistic culture for the Romans, creating the first traces of [[Greco-Roman]] culture.<ref name = "rome"/> During the [[Pyrrhic War]] in 275 BC, the [[Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)|Battle of Beneventum]] took place in Campania in the Samnite city of Maleventum, in which the Romans, led by the consul [[Curius Dentatus]], were victorious. They renamed it Beneventum (modern day [[Benevento]]), which grew in stature until it was second only to Capua in southern Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oakley |first=Stephen P |title=A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqsqlajAPCoC&pg=PA43|isbn=0-19-927143-7 |page=43|year=1971}}</ref> During the [[Second Punic War]] in 216 BC, Capua, in a bid for equality with Rome, allied with [[Carthage]].<ref name = "emps"/> The rebellious Capuans were isolated from the rest of Campania, which remained allies of Rome. [[Naples]] resisted [[Hannibal]] due to the imposing walls.<ref name = "rome"/> Capua was eventually starved into submission in the [[Battle of Capua (211 BC)|Roman retaking of 211 BC]], and the Romans were victorious.<ref name="emps">{{cite news|url=http://roman-empire.info/roman-empire/13/|publisher=Roman-Empire.info|title=Second Punic War: Second Period, From The Revolt Of Capua To The Battle Of The Metaurus – b.C. 215-207|date=8 January 2008|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012185144/http://roman-empire.info/roman-empire/13/|archive-date=12 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg|left|thumb|''The Last Day of Pompeii'' – [[Karl Briullov]]]] With the initial exception of Naples, the region adopted [[Latin language|Latin]] as official language, in that sense gradually replacing the native Oscan and the Greek and the Etruscan still talked respectively in their colonies of the region,<ref>Freeman, Philip (1999). [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=etruscan_studies The Survival of Etruscan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808175457/https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=etruscan_studies |date=8 August 2022 }}. Page 82: "Oscan graffiti on the walls of Pompeii show that non-Latin languages could thrive in urban locations in Italy well into the 1st century A.D."</ref><ref name=McDonald>McDonald, K. L. (2017). [https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/26433/McDonald%20K%20Fragmentary%20languages%20OA%20accepted%20version.pdf?sequence=1 "Fragmentary ancient languages as "bad data": towards a methodology for investigating multilingualism in epigraphic sources."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820213127/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/26433/McDonald%20K%20Fragmentary%20languages%20OA%20accepted%20version.pdf?sequence=1 |date=20 August 2022 }} Pages 4-6</ref><ref name=Schrijver2>Schrijver, Peter. [https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/58457204/roma_amor.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DOscan_love_of_Rome.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190606%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190606T022027Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=87a48ca9042fb90908fbda952db351edc539f4ab5b75e07807acd10c17dfce45 Oscan love of Rome]. Page 2.</ref> subsequently becoming fully [[Romanised]].<ref>Lomas, Kathryn, "The Hellenization of Italy", in Powell, Anton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jW6GAgAAQBAJ&dq=Oscan+survival&pg=PA347 ''The Greek World''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918215727/https://books.google.com/books?id=jW6GAgAAQBAJ&dq=Oscan+survival&pg=PA347 |date=18 September 2023 }}. Page 354.</ref><ref name = "littlehist"/> As part of the [[Roman Empire]], Campania, with [[Latium]], formed the most important region of the [[Augustus|Augustan]] divisions of [[Italia (Roman Empire)|Italia]], the ''Regio I Latium et Campania''; Campania was one of the main areas for [[granary]].<ref name="littlehist">{{cite news|url=http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Storia/Campania.ART.95.uk.html|publisher=Emmeti.it|title=Campania: A Little History|date=8 January 2008|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=29 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629002405/http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Storia/Campania.ART.95.uk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In ancient times Misenum (modern '[[Miseno]]'), at the extreme northern end of the bay of Naples, was the largest base of the Roman navy, since its port (Portus Julius) was the base of the Classis Misenensis, the most important Roman fleet. It was first established as a naval base in 27 BC by Marcus Agrippa, the right-hand man of the emperor Augustus. [[Roman Emperor]]s chose Campania as a holiday destination, among them [[Claudius]] and [[Tiberius]], the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of [[Capri]].<ref name = "rome"/> It was also during this period that [[Christianity]] came to Campania. Two of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]], [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|St. Paul]], are said to have preached in the city of Naples, and there were also several [[martyr]]s during this time.<ref name="catholi">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Naples}}</ref> The period of relative calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 which buried the cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/P/pompeii/index.htm|publisher=Channel4.com|title=Secrets of the Dead: Pompeii and Herculaneum|date=8 January 2008|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=29 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529045250/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/P/pompeii/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> With the [[Decline of the Roman Empire]], its last emperor, [[Romulus Augustus]], was put in a [[manor house]] prison near [[Castel dell'Ovo]], Naples, in 476, ushering in the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]] and a period of uncertainty in regard to the future of the area.<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=8 January 2008|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225013134/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref> ===Feudalism in the Middle Ages=== {{See also|Byzantine Empire|Duchy of Naples|Duchy of Benevento|Principality of Capua|Principality of Salerno|Duchy of Amalfi|Duchy of Sorrento|Duchy of Apulia and Calabria}} The area had many [[Duchy|duchies]] and [[principalities]] during the [[Middle Ages]], in the hands of the [[Byzantine Empire]] (also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the [[Lombards]]. Under the [[Normans]], the smaller [[List of sovereign states|independent states]] were brought together as part of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], before the mainland broke away to form the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. It was during this period that elements of [[Spain|Spanish]], [[France|French]] and [[Aragon]]ese culture were introduced to Campania. Allegiances with the Muslim [[Saracens]] were made in 836, and the Arabs were requested to repel the siege of [[Lombards|Lombard]] troops coming from the neighbouring [[Duchy of Benevento]].<ref name=mag>{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990}}</ref><ref>Hilmar C. Krueger. "The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095" in ''A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years'', Vol.I. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin (eds., 1955). University of Pennsylvania Press. p.48.</ref> ===The Kingdom=== ====Norman to Angevin==== {{See also|Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Naples|List of monarchs of Naples}} [[File:Napoli Castel Nuovo Maschio Angioino, a seat of medieval kings of Naples and Aragon 2013.jpg|thumb|Early kings ruled from [[Castel Nuovo]]]] After a period as a Norman kingdom, the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] passed to the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufens]], who were a powerful Germanic [[royal house]] of [[Swabia]]n origins.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/swabian.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Swabian Naples|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501071528/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/swabian.html|archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref> The [[University of Naples Federico II]] was founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.<ref name="oldestuni">{{cite news|url=http://www.scholarshipnet.info/postgraduate/italy-phd-scholarships-in-various-fields-at-university-of-naples-federico-ii/|publisher=ScholarshipNet.info|title=Italy: PhD Scholarships in Various Fields at University of Naples-Federico II|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130015326/http://www.scholarshipnet.info/postgraduate/italy-phd-scholarships-in-various-fields-at-university-of-naples-federico-ii/|archive-date=30 January 2009}}</ref> Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the [[Papacy]], led in 1266 to [[Pope Innocent IV]] crowning [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin Dynasty]] duke [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]] as the king.<ref name = "dieli"/> Charles officially moved the capital from [[Palermo]] to Naples where he resided at the ''[[Castel Nuovo]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.planetware.com/naples/castel-nuovo-i-cm-ncn.htm|publisher=PlanetWare.com|title=Naples – Castel Nuovo|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=18 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518044615/http://www.planetware.com/naples/castel-nuovo-i-cm-ncn.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period, much [[Gothic architecture]] sprang up around Naples, including the [[Naples Cathedral]], the main church of the city.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bruzelius |first=Caroline |author-link=Caroline Bruzelius |title="ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily |issue=4 |pages=402–420 |journal=The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=50 |jstor=990664|year=1991 |doi=10.2307/990664 }}</ref> In 1281, with the advent of the [[Sicilian Vespers]], the kingdom split in half. The Angevin [[Kingdom of Naples]] included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of [[Sicily]] became the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref name = "dieli"/> The wars continued until the [[peace of Caltabellotta]] in 1302, which saw [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick III]] recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] was recognised as the [[List of monarchs of Naples|king of Naples]] by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=4 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504185251/http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting [[Republic of Pisa|Pisan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants,<ref>{{cite book |last=Constable |first=Olivia Remie |title=Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel |publisher=Humana Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9H7mfxqs7UC&pg=PA209|isbn=1-58829-171-5|date=2002}}</ref> [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] bankers, and with them some of the most championed [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] artists of the time, such as [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[Petrarch]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm|publisher=Naples-City.info|title=Angioino Castle, Naples|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=29 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929152952/http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]] conquered Naples after his victory against the last [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[René I of Naples|René]], and Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html|publisher=Zum.de|title=Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282–1479|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229072358/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Aragonese to Bourbon==== {{See also|Kingdom of Naples|Parthenopaean Republic|Two Sicilies|List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies}} [[File:Onofrio Palumbo - Masaniello.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Revolutionary [[Masaniello]]]] Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] under [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferrante]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4HZhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626|publisher=|title=Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince|date=7 October 2007|access-date=|archive-date=23 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223043514/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4HZhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as [[Francesco Laurana|Laurana]], [[Antonello da Messina|da Messina]], [[Jacopo Sannazzaro|Sannazzaro]] and [[Poliziano]] arriving in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Naples Middle-Ages|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410223414/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html|archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> During 1501 Naples came under direct rule from [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] at the time of [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]], as Neapolitan king [[Frederick IV of Naples|Frederick]] was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted four years.<ref name = "spanishnaples"/> [[Spain]] won Naples at the [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] and, as a result, Naples then became part of the [[Spanish Empire]] throughout the entire [[Habsburg Spain]] period.<ref name = "spanishnaples"/> The Spanish sent [[viceroy]]s [[List of viceroys of Naples|to Naples]] to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was [[Pedro Álvarez de Toledo]], who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Don Pedro de Toledo|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509001635/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html|archive-date=9 May 2008}}</ref> [[File:Interno Reggia Caserta.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Caserta Palace]], inside]] During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20&%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html|publisher=Fodors.com|title=Naples Through the Ages|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215836/http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20%26%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> During the [[Baroque]] era it was home to artists including [[Caravaggio]], [[Salvator Rosa|Rosa]] and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]]; philosophers such as [[Bernardino Telesio|Telesio]], [[Giordano Bruno|Bruno]], [[Tommaso Campanella|Campanella]] and [[Giambattista Vico|Vico]]; and writers such as [[Gian Battista Marino|Battista Marino]]. A revolution led by local [[fisherman]] [[Masaniello]] saw the creation of a brief independent [[Neapolitan Republic (1647)|Neapolitan Republic]], though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was regained.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|encyclopedia=Britannica.com|title=Spanish acquisition of Naples|date=7 October 2007|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-date=18 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181240/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]; it was the [[Austria]]n [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] who ruled from [[Vienna]], similarly, with viceroys.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218115624/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html|archive-date=18 December 2007|publisher=Bartleby.com|title=Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor|date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, the [[War of the Polish Succession]] saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a [[personal union]], which in the [[Treaty of Vienna (1738)|Treaty of Vienna]] were recognised as independent under a [[cadet branch]] of the Spanish [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] in 1738 under [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it |title=Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926150113/http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |archive-date=26 September 2009 }}</ref> [[File:Ferdinand i twosicilies.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand]], Bourbon king]] During the time of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]], the [[French Revolution]] made its way to Naples: [[Horatio Nelson]], an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to [[Palermo]], where he was protected by a [[Royal Navy|British fleet]].<ref name = "parth"/> Naples' [[Social class|lower classes]] (the ''[[Naples Lazzaroni|lazzaroni]]'') were pious and [[Monarchism|Royalist]], favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-[[French First Republic|Republican]] aristocracy, causing a [[civil war]].<ref name = "parth"/> The Republicans conquered [[Castel Sant'Elmo]] and proclaimed a [[Parthenopaean Republic]], secured by the [[French Army]].<ref name = "parth"/> A [[counter-revolution]]ary religious army of ''lazzaroni'' under [[Fabrizio Ruffo]] was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to [[Toulon]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306191407/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|archive-date=6 March 2001}}</ref> Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] conquered the kingdom and instated [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartist]] kings including his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]].<ref name = "bonap"/> With the help of the [[Austrian Empire]] and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the [[Neapolitan War]] and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<ref name = "bonap"/> The [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the [[Two Sicilies]],<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples – Neapolitan War 1815|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731220756/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|archive-date=31 July 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref> with Naples as the capital city. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a [[railway]] in 1839,<ref name="railway">{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992|publisher=|title=La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839–1914|date=7 October 2007|access-date=|archive-date=24 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034630/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992|url-status=dead}}</ref> there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre.<ref name="bourb">{{cite news|url=http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137|publisher=NeoBorbonici.it|title=Why Neo-Bourbons|date=7 October 2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422121649/http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137|url-status=live}}</ref> ===World War II=== In September 1943, Salerno was the scene of [[Operation Avalanche (World War II)|Operation Avalanche]] and suffered a great deal of damage. From 12 February to 17 July 1944, it hosted the Government of Marshal [[Pietro Badoglio]]. In those months Salerno was the temporary "Capital of the [[Kingdom of Italy]]", and the King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] lived in a mansion in its outskirts. Salerno received the first "Tricolore" in an official ceremony on 7 January 2012 from the premier [[Mario Monti]], to celebrate the glorious story of Italy and its old capitals. ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Campania}} Campania has an area of {{convert|13590|km2|0|abbr=on}} and a coastline of {{convert|500|km|0|abbr=on}} on the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chimica-online.it/come-quando-perche/km-di-costa-italia.htm|title=Km di costa in Italia|access-date=16 March 2023|language=it|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323105538/https://www.chimica-online.it/come-quando-perche/km-di-costa-italia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Campania is famous for its gulfs (Naples, Salerno and Policastro) as well as for three islands ([[Capri]], [[Ischia]] and [[Procida]]). Four other regions border Campania; [[Lazio]] to the northwest, [[Molise]] to the north, [[Apulia]] (Puglia) to the northeast and [[Basilicata]] to the east. The mountainous interior is fragmented into several [[massif]]s, rarely reaching {{convert|2,000|m|0|abbr=on}} (Miletto of {{convert|2050|m|0|abbr=on}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trekkingfacile.it/da-campitello-matese-a-monte-miletto-2050m/|title=Da Campitello Matese a Monte Miletto|date=20 June 2020|access-date=16 March 2023|language=it|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918215730/https://www.trekkingfacile.it/da-campitello-matese-a-monte-miletto-2050m/|url-status=live}}</ref> whereas close to the coast there are volcanic massifs: [[Vesuvio]] ({{convert|1281|m|0|abbr=on}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.campania.info/vesuvio/|title=Vesuvio|access-date=16 March 2023|language=it|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129045225/https://www.campania.info/vesuvio/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Campi Flegrei]]. The climate is typically [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] along the coast with warm, sunny and sultry summers and mild, rainy winters, whereas in the inner zones it is more continental, with lower temperatures in winter and warm summers. Snow is possible at higher elevations but rare at sea level. 51% of the total area is hilly, 34% mountainous and the remaining 15% is made up of plains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schededigeografia.net/Italia/Regioni/Campania.htm|title=Campania|access-date=16 March 2023|language=it|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207202323/https://www.schededigeografia.net/Italia/Regioni/Campania.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a high [[seismic risk]] across the region. <gallery> Napoli_-_2007_0428_124522.JPG|Naples ([[Nunziatella Military School]]) Positano_2005a.jpg|[[Amalfi Coast]] ([[Positano]]) FaraglioniCapri.jpg|Island [[Capri]] P1010064.JPG|Island [[Ischia]] Ufita valley - Ariano I.jpeg|Typical landscape in [[Province of Avellino]], also known as [[Irpinia]] Forre del Titerno - (Cerreto Sannita) (3).JPG|Canyons of Forre del Titerno, [[Province of Benevento]] </gallery> ==Economy== The GDP per capita in Campania is rank 18 from 20 Italian regions, surpassing only [[Sicily]] and [[Calabria]].<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{cite press release |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58 |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018 |publisher=ec.europa.eu |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is only 66.7% of the Italian average. It has been speculated that a factor could be the failure to connect the region's economy with the rest of Italy, while another factor could be its peripheral position with respect to the developed central areas of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|last1="Campania", Microsoft Encarta 2008|title=Econimia della Campania|url=http://www.voyagesphotosmanu.com/economia_della_campania.html|website=www.voyagesphotosmanu.com|publisher=Financial Times|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609164344/http://www.voyagesphotosmanu.com/economia_della_campania.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Overall, Campania appears to be a region with great economic potential, which is partly held back by [[organized crime]] ([[Camorra]]) and the resulting corruption.<ref>[http://www.censis.it/10?resource_50=4721&relational_resource_51=4721&relational_resource_385=4721&relational_resource_52=4721&relational_resource_381=4721&relational_resource_382=4721&relational_resource_383=4721&relational_resource_384=4721 Senza la mafia il Sud raggiunge il Nord, CENSIS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709053550/http://www.censis.it/10?resource_50=4721&relational_resource_51=4721&relational_resource_385=4721&relational_resource_52=4721&relational_resource_381=4721&relational_resource_382=4721&relational_resource_383=4721&relational_resource_384=4721 |archive-date=9 July 2014 }}</ref> The economy of Campania is one of the most affected nationwide by the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilmattino.it/inchieste/campania_la_crisi_non_ferma_la_nascita_di_nuove_imprese-197713.html|title=Campania, imprese vitali nonostante la crisi|date=3 June 2013|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181004/https://www.ilmattino.it/inchieste/campania_la_crisi_non_ferma_la_nascita_di_nuove_imprese-197713.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but between 2015 and 2016 it came out of the recession and began to recover due to, above all, industry, but also tourism and tertiary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/11/07/news/rapporto_svimez_segnali_di_ripresa_per_l_economia_campana-180464908/|title=Rapporto Svimez, segnali di ripresa per l'economia campana|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064909/http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/11/07/news/rapporto_svimez_segnali_di_ripresa_per_l_economia_campana-180464908/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Tourism === [[File:Forum in Pompeii 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Forum (Roman)|Forum]] of [[Pompeii]] with [[Vesuvius]] in the distance]] Tourism is supported by the abundant presence of artistic and naturalistic beauty which attract millions of people from all over the world every year. Precisely in this sector the region finds its strong point (through which it was able to react to the recession in 2015), in fact, according to 2018 studies done by [[Eurostat]], Campania is in the top 20 of the most visited regions in Europe and fifth in Italy after [[Lombardy]], [[Lazio]], [[Veneto]] and [[Tuscany]] (in order), as well as first among the southern regions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dario Raffaele|url=http://www.qds.it/index.php?sez=articolo&skip_interstitial=true&id=6823|title=Turismo: Sicilia fuori dalla top 20 europea|access-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331190022/http://www.qds.it/index.php?id=6823&sez=articolo&skip_interstitial=true|archive-date=31 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tourist flow sees more than half of the Italian and foreign tourists of the entire region gather in the [[Metropolitan City of Naples]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Regioni/Campania/?id=3.1.3302191356|title=Turismo, a Napoli e in provincia +8,5% visitatori nel 2011|access-date=15 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040103/http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Regioni/Campania/?id=3.1.3302191356|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> Of all the locations, [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]] stand out, two of the most visited archaeological sites in Italy and among the most visited in the world where there is an average of four million tourists a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoniosos.it/rsol.php?op=getarticle&id=19849|title=Pompei, niente bagni in fuga dagli scavi|access-date=15 February 2013|archive-date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206112304/http://www.patrimoniosos.it/rsol.php?op=getarticle&id=19849}}</ref> Then there are the [[Campanian Archipelago]] ([[Capri]], [[Ischia]] and [[Procida]], the latter named Italian capital of culture in 2022), [[Vesuvius]] and the [[Sorrento]] coast; a notable growth in the cruise sector was observed in the [[Port of Naples]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crociereonline.net/previsioni_crociere_2007.htm|title=Seatrade di Napoli: Crociere +22% nel 2007|access-date=15 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120061531/http://www.crociereonline.net/previsioni_crociere_2007.htm|archive-date=20 November 2012|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Tourist data on other sites in Campania show important records that the region holds nationally and worldwide. Among these above all the data relating to Capri (which is the most visited minor island in Italy and among the most sought-after in the world),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capri-welcome.net/|title=Turismo di Capri|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427012707/http://www.capri-welcome.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Amalfi Coast]] (which is among the most visited sites in Italy)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.costiera-amalfitana.com/|title=CostieraAmalfitana.it|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903051009/http://www.costiera-amalfitana.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and finally Vesuvius (the most visited and well-known volcano in the world).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.sommavesuviana.na.it/parco.htm|title=comune sommavesuviana|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103043734/http://www.comune.sommavesuviana.na.it/parco.htm|archive-date=3 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mondo-viaggio.com/risorse-di-viaggio/guide-viaggio/vulcano-in-islanda-i-vulcani-del-mondo/|title=mondoviaggio.com|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=20 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120185759/http://www.mondo-viaggio.com/risorse-di-viaggio/guide-viaggio/vulcano-in-islanda-i-vulcani-del-mondo/}}</ref> There is also a growing influx of tourists to [[Cilento]] ([[Paestum]] and [[Certosa di Padula]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/notizie/arte_e_cultura/2011/2-maggio-2011/certosa-padula-boom-visite-190551140830.shtml|title=corrieredelmezzogiorno|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310024042/http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/notizie/arte_e_cultura/2011/2-maggio-2011/certosa-padula-boom-visite-190551140830.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Campania has many small and picturesque villages, 11 of them have been selected by {{lang|it|[[I Borghi più belli d'Italia]]}} ({{langx|en|The most beautiful Villages of Italy}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/campania/|title=Campania|date=10 January 2017|access-date=1 August 2023|language=it|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801205857/https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/campania/|url-status=live}}</ref> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/|title=Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria|date=16 January 2023|access-date=28 July 2023|language=it|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128130709/https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/|url-status=live}}</ref> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/|title=I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta|access-date=3 May 2018|language=it|archive-date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225095744/http://www.borghipiubelliditalia.it/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref> === Decline of heavy industry === [[File:Napoli Bagnoli derelict steelworks (31011880362).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Bagnoli derelict steelworks (2016)]] Campania is traditionally the most industrialized region of southern Italy, particularly the Neapolitan territory was one of the most industrialized areas of Italy until the beginning of the 20th century, preceded only by the provinces of the so-called "industrial triangle" ([[Milan]], [[Turin]] and [[Genoa]]).<ref>[http://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/pubsto/quastoeco/quadsto_04 aspetti provinciali della crescita industriale nell'Italia postunitaria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009093210/http://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/pubsto/quastoeco/quadsto_04 |archive-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> In recent decades, the gap with respect to other regions is no longer as significant as it used to be, given that southern regions such as [[Apulia]] and [[Abruzzo]] have grown considerably economically, while Campania has paradoxically undergone a constant process of de-industrialisation. The symbol of this phenomenon is the reclamation process of the area in [[Bagnoli]] where the former [[Italsider]] and [[Eternit]] operated promoted by the region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bagnolifutura.it/ |title=Bagnolifutura|access-date=20 May 2011 |archive-date=7 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164104/http://www.bagnolifutura.it/}}</ref> === Food and agriculture === Campania mainly produces fruit and vegetables, but has also expanded its production of flowers grown in greenhouses, becoming one of the leading regions of the sector in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agricoltura.regione.campania.it/floricoltura/floricoltura_home.htm|title=Floricoltura in Campania|access-date=16 March 2023|language=it|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113714/http://www.agricoltura.regione.campania.it/floricoltura/floricoltura_home.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021 the [[value added]] of this sector represents around 2.34% of the total value added of the region, equalling €2.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.terrainnova.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/05/REPORT-FINALE_LAgricoltura-italiana-in-numeri-1.pdf|title=L'AGRICOLTURA ITALIANA IN NUMERI|page=28|access-date=16 March 2023|language=it|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930060545/https://www.terrainnova.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/05/REPORT-FINALE_LAgricoltura-italiana-in-numeri-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Campania produces over 50% of Italy's nuts and is also the leader in the production of tomatoes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agricoltura.regione.campania.it/comunicati/comunicato_15-03-21.html|title=Pubblicata sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale la proposta di riconoscimento della IGP "Pomodoro pelato di Napoli"|access-date=16 March 2023|language=it|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918215728/http://www.agricoltura.regione.campania.it/comunicati/comunicato_15-03-21.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Typical products are: <gallery> Melannurca_Campana.jpg|Apple "[[Annurca]]" with distinctive ripening process Crisommole_del_Vesuvio.jpg|Vesuvian [[apricot]] Percoca.jpg|Neapolitan [[peach]] Limone_di_Sorrento.jpg|Huge lemon of [[Sorrento]] and [[Amalfi Coast]] Arance_spremuta.jpg|[[Sorrento]] orange Fig_of_Cilento_%28Italy%29.jpg|White fig of [[Cilento]] TomateSanMarzano.jpg|[[San Marzano tomato|San Marzano]] tomato Carciofi_mazzo_%28cynara_scolymus%29.jpg|[[Artichoke]] of [[Paestum]] Faella_Spaghetti.jpg|Pasta of [[Gragnano]] Mozzarella_di_bufala2.jpg|''[[Buffalo mozzarella|Mozzarella di bufala]]'' Capri_-_7189.jpg|Liqueur "[[Limoncello]]" Anchoas_salaz%C3%B3n-Espa%C3%B1a.jpg|[[Anchovy]] </gallery> A distinctive point of regional agriculture in the breeding of [[Italian Mediterranean buffalo|buffalos]]. The milk is used to produce [[Buffalo mozzarella|mozzarella di bufala]]. [[Olive|Olive trees]], mainly of the varieties Carpellese [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union#Protected designation of origin (PDO)|(PDO designated)]],<ref>[https://www.oliveoilandbeyond.com/Carpelleses-Reserve-Extra-Virgin-Olive-Oil-DOP-p/2818.htm Carpellese olive oil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808021753/https://www.oliveoilandbeyond.com/Carpelleses-Reserve-Extra-Virgin-Olive-Oil-DOP-p/2818.htm |date=8 August 2020 }}- Retrieved 13 July 2018</ref> Cornia (Val di Cornia DOC), [[Frantoio]], [[Leccino]], Ogliarola Barese, Olivella, Ortice, Pisciottana (Also Ogliastrina or Olivo dell'Ascea),<ref>[https://www.frantoio-bo.it/cultivar.aspx?id=62 Pisciottana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704011808/https://www.frantoio-bo.it/cultivar.aspx?id=62 |date=4 July 2018 }}- Retrieved 3 July 2018</ref> Ravece (also known as Rotondello),<ref>[https://www.oliveoilandbeyond.com/Ravece-Italy-Extra-Virgin-Olive-Oil-p/2585.htm Ravece olive oil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812084449/https://www.oliveoilandbeyond.com/Ravece-Italy-Extra-Virgin-Olive-Oil-p/2585.htm |date=12 August 2020 }}- Retrieved 3 July 2018</ref> and Salella,<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151102230120/http://oliveoilsindia.com/Italian-Olives.htm Italian olives]}}- Retrieved 3 July 2018</ref> covers over {{Convert|74,604|ha}}. Vineyards cover 41,129 ha, but only ca. 5,100 ha using to produce quality wine of [[Denominazione di origine controllata|DOC]] and [[Denominazione di origine controllata#Denominazione di origine controllata e garantita (DOCG)|DOCG]] types. There are 4 DOCG wines: Aglianico del Taburno (red and rose), Fiano di Avellino (white), Greco di Tufo (white and sparkling) and Taurasi (red). Wine production has increased as well as the quality of the wine.<ref name="regportraits2">{{cite web |url=http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf3_eco.htm |title=Eurostat |publisher=Circa.europa.eu |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805181930/http://www.circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf3_eco.htm |archive-date=5 August 2007 }}</ref> There is a problem with [[Illegal dumping|illegal toxic waste dump]] in the [[Triangle of death (Italy)|Triangle of death]] north of [[Naples]] between [[Acerra]], [[Nola]] and [[Marigliano]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2015/06/16/italy-discovers-biggest-illegal-waste-dump-in-europe|title=Italy discovers biggest illegal waste dump in Europe|date=16 June 2015|work=Euronews|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222236/http://www.euronews.com/2015/06/16/italy-discovers-biggest-illegal-waste-dump-in-europe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/europes-largest-illegal-toxic-dumping-site-discovered-in-southern-italy-an-area-with-cancer-rates-80-10327157.html|last=Day|first=Michael|title=Europe's largest illegal toxic dumping site discovered in southern Italy – an area with cancer rates 80% higher than national average|date=17 June 2015|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524225139/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/europes-largest-illegal-toxic-dumping-site-discovered-in-southern-italy-an-area-with-cancer-rates-80-10327157.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the region, over 12,000 cattle, river buffaloes and sheep had been [[culled]] before 2006.<ref name=Perucatti>{{cite journal |last1=Perucatti |first1=A.|last2=Di Meo|first2=G.P.|last3 = Albarella|first3 =S.|last4= Ciotola|first4=F.|last5= Incarnato|first5=D.|last6= Jambrenghi|first6=A.C.|last7= Peretti|first7=V.|last8= Vonghia|first8=G.|last9= Iannuzzi|first9=L.|date=2006|title=Increased frequencies of both chromosome abnormalities and SCEs in two sheep flocks exposed to high dioxin levels during pasturage|journal=Mutagenesis |volume=21 |issue= 1|pages=67–57 |pmid=16434450|doi=10.1093/mutage/gei076|doi-access=free}}</ref> High levels of mortality and abnormal foetuses were also recorded in farms in Acerra linked to elevated levels of dioxin.<ref name=Perucatti/> Local studies have shown higher than permissible levels of [[Lead poisoning|lead]] in vegetables grown in the area.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/mafia-toxic-waste-dumping-poisons-italy-farmlands/article5482964.ece|title=Mafia toxic waste dumping poisons Italy farmlands|date=20 December 2013|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123195503/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/mafia-toxic-waste-dumping-poisons-italy-farmlands/article5482964.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The government blames the Mafia's illegal garbage disposal racket.<ref name="The Hindu"/> In samples of milk, which is using to produce [[Buffalo mozzarella|mozzarella di bufala]], found cancerogenic [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/esteri/08_marzo_26/giappone_mozzarella_619392a0-fb0d-11dc-a46e-00144f486ba6.shtml|title=Mozzarella, limitate positività alla diossina. Il Governo dopo l'alt di Tokyo: no a psicoosi|date=2008-03-26|work=[[Corriere della sera]]|access-date=2008-10-06|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506131729/https://www.corriere.it/esteri/08_marzo_26/giappone_mozzarella_619392a0-fb0d-11dc-a46e-00144f486ba6.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Bagnoli|Naples-Bagnoli]] is an [[asbestos]] contamination from former [[Eternit]] cement plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osservatorioamianto.com/asbesto-amianto/eternit/|language=it|title=Osservatorio Amianto|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211924/https://www.osservatorioamianto.com/asbesto-amianto/eternit/|url-status=live}}</ref> Millions of tons of toxic industrial waste has been dumped in Campania, not only in the Triangle of death, a region once celebrated for the fertility of its soil, but now the local population have been exposed to land contaminated with waste. This includes highly dangerous materials such as [[asbestos]], [[zinc]], [[lead]], [[germanium]], [[arsenic]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], [[cadmium]], [[chromium]], [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxins]], and [[uranium]]. Blood tests of people living in Campania show alarming levels of dioxins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wp.unil.ch/hecimpact/how-the-camorra-is-cleaning-up-a-grubby-tale-of-entrepreneurial-talent-gone-to-waste/|title=Cammora illegal waste dumping in Campania|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607123640/https://wp.unil.ch/hecimpact/how-the-camorra-is-cleaning-up-a-grubby-tale-of-entrepreneurial-talent-gone-to-waste/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Automotive === [[File:2018 Fiat Panda Easy 1.2.jpg|thumbnail|right|Fiat Panda III]] Campania had a massive [[automotive]] industrial production till 2011, focused on [[Alfa Romeo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/pomigliano_arco_fiat-516361044|title=Fine di un'epoca|language=it|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604123246/https://www.alvolante.it/news/pomigliano_arco_fiat-516361044|url-status=live}}</ref> Production of [[Alfa Romeo]] was reduced and relocated to a plant in [[Cassino]] near [[Rome]]. Currently only one low-level [[Fiat Panda]] model is produced in facilities located in [[Pomigliano d'Arco]] in the Naples metropolitan area (140,478 units in 2020).<ref name="carprod">{{cite web|url=https://www.startmag.it/smartcity/stellantis-cosa-succedera-agli-stabilimenti-fca-di-torino-pomigliano-e-melfi/|title=Stellantis production report|date=11 January 2021|language=it|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111075311/https://www.startmag.it/smartcity/stellantis-cosa-succedera-agli-stabilimenti-fca-di-torino-pomigliano-e-melfi/|url-status=live}}</ref> A FIAT plant manufacturing engines is in [[Pratola Serra]], [[Province of Avellino|Avellino]]. There are also plants for automotive parts suppliers like [[Magneti Marelli]] (exhaust systems) and [[Denso]] (engine cooling and air-conditioners). Buses are produced by Industria Italiana Autobus in [[Flumeri]] (ex-[[Irisbus]]). === Aerospace and rail === There is also a significant [[aerospace industry]]: * A failed [[Mars]] mission named [[ExoMars]] in 2016 had a major part of its technology designed in Naples<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibney|first1=Elizabeth|title=Mars launch to test collaboration between Europe and Russia|journal=Nature|volume=531|issue=7594|pages=288–289|date=11 March 2016|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19547|pmid=26983519|bibcode=2016Natur.531..288G|doi-access=free}}</ref> No signal indicating a successful landing was received.<ref name="NYT-20161020">{{cite news |last=Chan |first=Sewell |title=No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/21/science/space/no-signal-from-mars-lander-but-european-officials-declare-mission-a-success.html |date=20 October 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023154608/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/21/science/space/no-signal-from-mars-lander-but-european-officials-declare-mission-a-success.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * Also in [[Pomigliano d'Arco]] there are a [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo]] plant, which produces the fuselage and tail of [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] planes<ref name="Leo">{{cite web|url=https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/global/europe/italy|title=Leonardo locations in Italy|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628055214/https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/global/europe/italy|url-status=dead}}</ref> and an [[Avio|Avio Aero]] plant, which manufactures parts of gas turbines. [[Benevento]] has a [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo Helicopters]] plant (aluminum and magnesium castings)<ref name="Leo"/> * Radars for military and air traffic control applications and components are produced by two other Leonardo establishments in [[Giugliano in Campania]] and [[Bacoli]]<ref name="Leo"/> * [[Vulcanair]] in [[Casoria]] manufactures light aircraft * [[Infrared homing|Seekers]] for missiles are made in [[Bacoli|Bacoli-Fusaro]] by [[MBDA]] <gallery> F-WWEZ_%28948%29_ATR.72-212A%28500%29_FlyFireFly_TLS_30AUG11_%286097869500%29_%28cropped%29.jpg|[[ATR 72]] Partenavia_P.68_%288857506505%29.jpg|[[Partenavia P.68|Vulcanair P.68]] Convogli_MetroBS.jpg|[[Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro|Driverless Metro Brescia]] Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG|[[AnsaldoBreda Meneghino|Meneghino Metro Milano]] </gallery> [[Hitachi Rail Italy]] has headquarters, manufacturing plant and service facilities in [[Naples]]. Here it produces the metro trains [[AnsaldoBreda Meneghino|Meneghino]] and [[Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro|Driverless Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqPBtI3FjU8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/VqPBtI3FjU8| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Hitachi Rail: Lo stabilimento di Napoli| website=[[YouTube]]| date=24 February 2016|language=it}}{{cbignore}}</ref> === Fashion === Luxury brands like [[Kiton]], [[Cesare Attolini]], [[Isaia]], [[Rubinacci]], [[Harmont & Blaine]], [[E. Marinella]] are also located in Campania. All of them are relative small-sized with annual sales of less than 100 million euros each. === Other industrial districts === There are other industrial districts in Campania: [[File: Magazzino di pelli finite new.gif|thumb|right|220px|Leather Shop]] * [[Jewelry]] in [[Marcianise]], one of the four located in Italy. It has 350 companies with ca. 2500 employees, and the annual turnover is 750 million euros. Every two years there is a special fair. * [[Precious coral|Coral]] products, [[Cameo (carving)|cameos]] and [[nacre]] in [[Torre del Greco]]. Since 1989 in Torre del Greco coral fishing is not practised, but the town still remains the most important centre in the world for coral processing, with over 2,000 employees in the sector. * [[Tanning (leather)|Leather tanning]] in [[Solofra]] extends over an area of about 60 km<sup>2</sup> in the south-western area of the province of Avellino, including also [[Montoro, Campania|Montoro]] and [[Serino]]. This area is specialized in the tanning of sheep and goatskins, for a total of about 400 companies operating in the sector including tanneries, subcontractors and garment manufacturers, 4,000–4,500 employees and an average annual turnover of 1,500 million euros. It specializes in the processing of leathers for clothing, shoes and leather goods. * Shoe making in [[Grumo Nevano]], [[Aversa]], [[Trentola Ducenta]] === Transport === [[File:NTV italo AGV 09 (Salerno).jpg|thumbnail|right|220px|[[AGV (train)|Alstom AGV]]]] The region has a dense network of roads and motorways, a system of maritime connections and an international airport ([[Naples Airport]]). The port of Naples connects the region with the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean basin]], and brings tourists to the [[archaeological site]]s, the cities of art (Naples and Caserta), to the coastal areas and to the islands. ==== Rail ==== There are high-speed rail lines: * [[Rome–Naples high-speed railway|Rome–Naples]] * [[Naples–Salerno high-speed railway|Naples–Salerno]] There is a maintenance and service centre for high-speed trains [[Alstom AGV]] in [[Nola]]. ==== Maritime ==== [[File:Cantieri navali Castellammare di Stabia 1.jpg|thumbnail|right|220px|Fincantieri shipyard [[Castellammare di Stabia]]]] Sea-based activity accounts for about 3.9% of the economy, which includes port movements of goods and passengers and sea transportation, as well as a sizable seaside tourism economy. In [[Castellammare di Stabia]] there is a big [[Fincantieri]] shipyard. Shipping companies [[Grimaldi Group|Grimaldi]] and [[Tirrenia (company)|Tirrenia]] both headquarter in [[Naples]]. === Service === The services sector makes up for 78% of the region's gross domestic product.<ref name="regportraits2"/> === Unemployment === The unemployment rate stood at 17.4% in 2022 and was one of the highest in Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dati.istat.it/index.aspx?queryid=25524 |title=Tasso di disoccupazione : Dati provinciali |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218171648/http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=25524 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Year !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 |- |'''unemployment rate'''<br />(in %) |12.8% |11.2% |12.5% |12.9% |13.9% |15.4% |19.2% |21.5% |21.7% |19.8% |20.4% |20.9% |20.4% |20.0% |17.9% |19.3% |17.4% |} ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Campania}}{{Historical populations|1861|2402355|1871|2520095|1881|2659688|1901|2914073|1911|3101593|1921|3343293|1931|3508774|1936|3696632|1951|4346264|1961|4760759|1971|5059348|1981|5463134|1991|5630280|2001|5701931|2011|5766810|2021|5624420|align=right|source=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Popolazione residente e presente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1971|trans-title=Resident and present population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1971|url=https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/PUV0027177Pop_res_pres_cens_1861_1971_Tomo1.pdf|date=1971-10-24|lang=it|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref>}}The region, with a population of over 5.8 million inhabitants, is divided into five provinces: Naples, Benevento, Avellino, Caserta and Salerno. Over half of the population is resident in the province of Naples, where there is a population density of 2,626 inhabitants per km2. Within the province, the highest density can be found along the coast, where it reaches 13,000 inhabitants per km2 in the city of Portici. The region, which was characterised until recently by an acute economic contrast between internal and coastal areas, has shown an improvement in the last decade thanks to the development of the provinces of Benevento and Avellino. At the same time, the provinces of Naples, Caserta and in part Salerno, have developed a variety of activities connected to advanced types of services.<ref name="regportraits1">{{cite web |url=http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf3_geo.htm |title=Eurostat |publisher=Circa.europa.eu |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721132137/http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf3_geo.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> ===Immigration and ethnicity=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+The largest resident foreign-born groups on 31 December 2021<ref name="Stranieri">{{cite web |title=Foreign Citizens. Resident Population by sex and citizenship on 31st December 2021 |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=it&a=2021&i=P03 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|National Institute of Statistics]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |language=it |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424193525/https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=RCS&l=it |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! Nationality ||Population |- | {{flagu|Ukraine}} ||37,834 |- | {{flagu|Romania}}||33,334 |- | {{flagu|Morocco}} ||23,252 |- | {{flagu|Sri Lanka}} ||16,506 |- | {{flagdeco|PRC}} China ||11,896 |- | {{flagu|Nigeria}} ||8,648 |- | {{flagu|India}} ||8,147 |- | {{flagu|Albania}} ||7,966 |- | {{flagu|Pakistan}} ||7,689 |- | {{flagu|Poland}} ||6,855 |} Unlike central and [[northern Italy]], in the first decade of the 2000s the region of Campania has not attracted large numbers of immigrants, despite having increased from approximately 100,000 in 2007 to 240,000 in 2021. The Italian national institute of statistics [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] estimated in December 2022 that 241,008 foreign-born immigrants live in Campania, equal to 4.32% of the total regional population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=it&a=2022&i=P03 |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430095145/https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=it&a=2022&i=P03 |url-status=live }}</ref> Part of the reason for this is in recent times, there have been more employment opportunities in northern regions than in the [[Southern Italy|Southern Italian]] regions. ==Government and politics== {{Main|Politics of Campania}} The [[Politics of Campania]], takes place in a framework of a [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy]], whereby the President of Regional Government is the [[head of government]], and of a pluriform [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the Regional Government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and the Regional Council. The Regional Council of Campania (''Consiglio Regionale della Campania'') is composed of 60 members, of which 47 are elected in provincial constituencies with [[proportional representation]], 12 from the so-called "regional list" of the elected president and the last one is for the candidate for president who comes second, who usually becomes the leader of the opposition in the council. If a coalition wins more than 55% of the vote, only 6 candidates from the "regional list" will be elected and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 53.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/c/portal/layout?p_l_id=PRI.1046.1&p_p_id=20&p_p_action=1&p_p_state=exclusive&p_p_col_id=null&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_20_struts_action=%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file&_20_folderId=69&_20_name=l+cost+199_PDF.pdf |title=Home – Consiglio Regionale della Lombardia |publisher=Consiglio.regione.lombardia.it |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090306051303/http://www.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/c/portal/layout?p_l_id=PRI.1046.1&p_p_id=20&p_p_action=1&p_p_state=exclusive&p_p_col_id=null&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_20_struts_action=%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file&_20_folderId=69&_20_name=l+cost+199_PDF.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Map of region of Campania, Italy, with provinces-en.svg|right|200px|Provinces in Campania.]] ===Administrative divisions=== Campania is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan city: {| class="wikitable centered" |- ! style="background:#ccf;"|Province ! style="background:#ccf;"|Area (km<sup>2</sup>) ! style="background:#ccf;"|Population ! style="background:#ccf;"|Density (inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>) |- | [[Province of Avellino]] | 2,792 | 427,310 | 153 |- | [[Province of Benevento]] | 2,071 | 283,393 | 136.83 |- | [[Province of Caserta]] | 2,639 | 906,596 | 343.54 |- | [[Province of Salerno]] | 4,923 | 1,092,349 | 222.11 |- | [[Metropolitan City of Naples]] | 1,171 | 3,052,763 | 2,606.97 |} ==Culture== {{see also|List of museums in Campania}} ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Neapolitan cuisine}} [[File:Eq it-na pizza-margherita sep2005 sml.jpg|thumb|right|An authentic [[Neapolitan pizza]]]] Campanian cuisine varies within the region. While Neapolitan dishes centre on seafood, Casertan and Aversan ones rely more on fresh vegetables and cheeses. The cuisine from Sorrento combines the culinary traditions from both Naples and Salerno. [[Pizza]] was conceived in Naples.<ref name=Helstosky21>{{cite book|last1=Helstosky|first1=Carol|title=Pizza: A Global History|url=https://archive.org/details/pizzaglobalhisto00hels|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=Reaktion|location=London|isbn=978-1-86189-391-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pizzaglobalhisto00hels/page/n22 21]–22}}</ref> [[Spaghetti]] is also a well-known dish from southern Italy and Campania. [[File:Pasta Puttanesca by koishikawagirl.jpg|thumb|left|[[Spaghetti alla puttanesca]], a spicy pasta dish topped with a sauce made of tomatoes, olives, [[anchovies]] and [[capers]]]] Campania produces wines including [[Lacryma Christi]], [[Fiano (grape)|Fiano]], [[Aglianico]], [[Greco di Tufo]], [[Falerno del Massico]], [[Taburno]], [[Solopaca]], and [[Taurasi DOCG|Taurasi]]. The cheeses of Campania consist of [[Buffalo mozzarella|Mozzarella di Bufala (buffalo mozzarella)]] (mozzarella made from buffalo milk), fiordilatte ("flower of milk") a mozzarella made from cow's [[milk]], [[ricotta]] from [[sheep]] or [[domestic buffalo|buffalo]] milk, [[provolone]] from cow milk, and [[caciotta]] made from goat milk. [[Domestic buffalo|Buffalo]] are bred in the provinces of [[Salerno]] and [[Caserta]]. Several different cakes and pies are made in Campania. [[Pastiera]] pie is made during [[Easter]]. [[Casatiello]] and [[tortano]] are [[Easter bread]]s made by adding lard or oil and various types of cheese to bread dough and garnishing it with slices of [[salami]]. [[Rum baba|Babà]] cake is a well known Neapolitan delicacy, best served with [[rum]] or [[limoncello]] (a liqueur invented in the [[Sorrentine Peninsula|Sorrento peninsula]]). It is an old [[Austria]]n cake, which arrived in Campania during the Austrian domination of the [[Kingdom of Two Sicilies]] and was modified there to become a "walking cake" for citizens always in a hurry for work and other pursuits. [[Sfogliatella]] is another pastry from the [[Amalfi Coast]], as is [[Zeppole]], traditionally eaten on [[Saint Joseph]]'s day. [[Struffoli]], little balls [[fried dough]] dipped in [[honey]], are enjoyed during the Christmas holidays. [[File:Amalfi - limoni e peperoncini - "lemons and red dried peppers".jpg|thumb|Dried red peppers and lemons hanging from a shop in [[Amalfi]]]] Another Campanian dish is the so-called [[Russian salad]], also known as Olivier salad, which is based on similar dishes from [[France]]. It is made of potatoes in [[mayonnaise]] garnished with [[shrimp]] and vegetables in vinegar. Another French-derived dish is "gattò" or "gâteau di patate" (an oven-baked pie made of boiled potatoes). As with the Russian salad, Campania is home to popular seafood-based dishes, such as "insalata di mare" ([[seafood salad]]), "zuppa di polpo" ([[octopus soup]]), and "zuppa di cozze" (mussel soup). Other regional seafood dishes include "frittelle di mare" (fritters with seaweed), made with edible [[poseidonia]] algae, "triglie al cartoccio" (red mullet in the bag), and "alici marinate" (fresh anchovies in olive oil). The island of Ischia is known for its fish dishes, as well as for cooked rabbit. Campania is also home to the lemons of [[Sorrento]]. [[Rapini]] (or Broccoli rabe), known locally as ''friarielli'', are often used in regional cooking. Campania also produces many nuts, especially in the area of Avellino, Salerno and Benevento. [[Hazelnut]] production is especially relevant in the province of Avellino – in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and in [[Occitan language|Occitan]] the hazelnut is respectively called ''avellana'', ''avelã'' and ''avelano'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/viaggiart/it/city-411-avella.html|title=Avella|access-date=16 March 2023|language=it|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918215724/https://www.ansa.it/viaggiart/it/city-411-avella.html|url-status=live}}</ref> after the city of [[Avella]]. That is also the case of ancient Italian ''avellana'', which is however not in use anymore. ===Ancient, medieval, and early arts=== [[File:Reggia Caserta parco 03-09-08 f01.jpg|thumb|The grand gardens of the baroque [[Royal Palace of Caserta]]]] The region of Campania is rich with a vast array of culture and history. Since the [[Colonies in antiquity|Greek colony]] of [[Velia (town)|Elea]], now [[Velia]], Campania was home to philosophers of the [[Pre-Socratic philosophy]] school, such as [[Parmenides]] and [[Zeno of Elea]], who came to prominence around 490–480 BC. The [[Latin language|Latin]] poet [[Vergil]] (70 BC–19 BC) settled in Naples in his late-life: parts of his [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] [[Aeneid]] are located in Campania. The ancient scientist [[Pliny the Elder]] studied Mount Vesuvius and died after being poisoned and killed by gas emitted from the volcano during the 79 AD eruption. [[Romulus Augustus]], the last emperor of the [[Western Roman Empire]], died as a prisoner of the German general [[Odoacer]] at Naples around 500. In the [[Middle Ages]], the artist [[Giotto]] made some frescoes in [[Castel Nuovo]]. These works of art were subsequently destroyed by an earthquake. By the end of the Middle Ages, the [[medical school]] of [[Salerno]], which combined ancient Roman and [[Medicine in ancient Greece|Greek medicine]] with Arab medicine, was known throughout Europe and its methods were adopted across the continent. Some have suggested that this may have been one of the first universities in Europe. [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], the Tuscan poet, visited Naples on various occasions, and in the [[The Decameron|Decameron]] described it as a dissolute city. He also wrote a love story involving a noblewoman close to the King of Naples. <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:PulcinellaGuitar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Pulcinella]] with a guitar]] --> In 1570, the Spanish writer [[Miguel de Cervantes]], who wrote the [[Romance (heroic literature)|romance]] novel ''[[Don Quixote]]'', served as a Spanish soldier for a period in Naples. Poet [[Torquato Tasso]] was born in Sorrento in 1575. Years earlier in 1558, the first modern description and studies of the "camera obscura" ("[[dark chamber]]"), were established in Italy by [[Giovanni Battista della Porta]] in his '' [[Magiae Naturalis]]''. Philosopher [[Giordano Bruno]] was born in [[Nola]]. He was the first to theorize infinite suns and infinite worlds in the universe. He was burnt in [[Rome]] by the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in 1600. Later, in {{Circa|1606}}, the Baroque painter [[Caravaggio]] established his studio in Naples. Italian Baroque architect [[Cosimo Fanzago]] from [[Bergamo]] also decided to move to Naples. In the 18th century, Naples was the last city to be visited by philosophers who created the "Grand Tour" which was the big touring voyage to visit all the important cultural sites of the European continent. Italian architect [[Luigi Vanvitelli]] son of [[Netherlands|Dutch]] architect [[Caspar van Wittel]] built the [[Royal Palace of Caserta|Royal Palace]] in [[Caserta]] in {{circa|1750}}. He contributed to the construction of many [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassic-style]] palaces in which the nobles of Naples spent their holidays. These palaces are now known worldwide as "[[Ville Vesuviane]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ville Vesuviane |url=https://www.worldheritagesite.org/tentative/former/Ville+Vesuviane |publisher=World Heritage Site |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422235942/https://www.worldheritagesite.org/tentative/former/Ville+Vesuviane |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Overlooking Capri harbour from the rotunda in Villa San Michele Anacapri 2013.jpg|thumb|The island of [[Capri]], often seen as a cultural symbol of Campania]] [[Raimondo di Sangro]], prince of Sansevero, was a scientist and one of the last alchemists. Around this time, in 1786, German writer [[Goethe]] visited Campania and Naples. German archaeologist [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] also visited Naples, Paestum, Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1748 and later, studying how archaeological surveys were conducted in the kingdom of Naples. He was one of the first to study drawings, statues, stones, and ancient burned scrolls made of papyrus found in the excavations of the city of Herculaneum. Archaeological excavations in Pompeii were initiated by King Charles III of Naples in 1748. He issued the first modern laws in Europe to protect, defend and preserve archaeological sites. Neapolitan musicians of that period include [[Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli]] and [[Giovanni Paisiello]]. Musician [[Gioachino Rossini]] lived for several years in Naples, where he wrote numerous compositions. [[List of Italian language poets|Italian poet]] and writer [[Giacomo Leopardi]] established his home in Naples and [[Torre del Greco]], remaining there at the end of his brief young life. He died at Naples in 1837. The first [[volcano observatory]], the [[Vesuvius Observatory]], was founded in Naples in 1841. Geologist [[Giuseppe Mercalli]], born in [[Milan]] in 1850, was a director of the Vesuvius Observatory. In February 1851, British statesman [[William Ewart Gladstone]] was allowed to visit the prison where Giacomo Lacaita, legal adviser to the British embassy, was imprisoned by the Neapolitan government, along with other political dissidents.<ref>H. C. G. Matthew, ''Gladstone. 1809–1874'' (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 80-81.</ref> He deplored their condition, and in April and July, he published two ''Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen'' against the Neapolitan government, followed by ''An Examination of the Official Reply of the Neapolitan Government'' in 1852.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAOAAAAQAAJ|title=Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen: On the State Prosecutions of the Neapolitan Government|first=William Ewart|last=Gladstone|date=15 June 1859|publisher=J. Murray|via=Google Books|access-date=12 December 2015|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422235816/https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAOAAAAQAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> His pamphlets may have contributed to the cause of the [[unification of Italy]] in 1861. French writer [[Alexandre Dumas, père]] was directly involved in the process of the Unification of Italy and sojourned two or three years in Naples, where he wrote several [[historical novel]]s regarding that city. He was also a known newspaper correspondent. [[Francesco de Sanctis (critic)|Francesco de Sanctis]], writer, politician and twice Minister of Instruction after the reunification of Italy in 1861, was born in [[Morra De Sanctis]] near Avellino. German scientist [[Anton Dohrn]] founded in Naples the first public aquarium in the world and laboratory for the study of the sea, known as Maritime Zoological Station. The Astronomic Observatory of Capodimonte was founded by King [[Joachim Murat]], in 1816. The observatory now hosts the Italian Laboratory of Astrophysics. Doctors and surgeons [[Antonio Cardarelli]] and [[Giuseppe Moscati]] were representatives of medical studies in Naples. ===Contemporary and modern arts=== The so-called "[[School of Posillipo]]" and "[[School of Resina]]", dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries, included painters, such as [[Giacinto Gigante]], [[Federico Cortese]], [[Domenico Morelli]], [[Saverio Altamura]], [[Giuseppe De Nittis]], [[Vincenzo Gemito]], [[Antonio Mancini]], and [[Raffaello Pagliaccetti]]. Amongst the painters who inspired directly these schools, are [[Salvator Rosa]], [[Pierre-Jacques Volaire]], and [[Antonie Sminck Pitloo|Anton Sminck van Pitloo]], who spent his last years in Naples. Opera singer [[Enrico Caruso]] was also a native of Naples. Russian revolutionary leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] lived for a period in [[Capri]]. In the 20th century, the music genre called [[Neapolitan song]] became popular worldwide, with songs such as "[['O sole mio]]", "[[Funiculì, Funiculà]]", "[['O surdato 'nnammurato]]", "[[Torna a Surriento]]", "[[Santa Lucia (song)|Santa Lucia]]", "[[Malafemmena]]", "[['A vucchella]]", and "[[Passione (song)|Passione]]". Mathematician [[Renato Caccioppoli]], nephew of the Russian anarchic revolutionary [[Mikhail Bakunin]], was born in [[Naples]]. The first [[President of the Italian Republic]] in 1946 (with a pro-tempore mandate of six months) was [[Enrico De Nicola]] from Torre del Greco. Campania is also home to the former [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] and 6th President of the Republic [[Giovanni Leone]], as well as the 11th President, [[Giorgio Napolitano]]. [[File:Caserta-reggia-15-4-05 063.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Late Baroque art inside the [[Royal Palace of Caserta|Palace of Caserta]]]] The 20th century's best known philosopher and literate in Naples was [[Benedetto Croce]], known for his studies in [[aesthetics]], [[ethics]], [[logic]], [[economy]], [[history]], [[politics]]. Neapolitan artists, actors, playwrights, and showmen included [[Eduardo De Filippo]] and [[Peppino De Filippo]], and their sister [[Titina De Filippo]]. [[Totò]] (byname of Antonio de Curtis) was one of the most important comedians in Naples in the 20th century. He is also known for the song "Malafemmena". Pop artist [[Andy Warhol]] created two famous paintings of the [[1980 Irpinia earthquake]]: ''[[Fate presto]]'' and ''[[Vesuvius 365]]''. Both originals are hosted in the exhibit [[Terrae Motus]] in the Palace of Caserta. [[Academy Award|Oscar]]–winning actress [[Sophia Loren]] grew up in [[Pozzuoli]]. Oscar and [[David di Donatello|David]]-winning<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0209569/awards|title=Dino De Laurentiis: Awards|publisher=IMDb|access-date=1 October 2011|archive-date=12 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812042939/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0209569/awards|url-status=live}}</ref> film producer [[Dino De Laurentiis]] was born in [[Torre Annunziata]]. One of his grandchildren is [[Food Network]] personality [[Giada De Laurentiis]]. Contemporary Campanian writers include [[Curzio Malaparte]] and [[Roberto Saviano]]. 20th- and 21st-century Campanian actors and directors include [[Francesco Rosi]], [[Iaia Forte]], [[Pappi Corsicato]], [[Teresa De Sio]], [[Lello Arena]], [[Massimo Troisi]] and director [[Gabriele Salvatores]]. Modern Italian singers and musicians from Campania include [[Peppino di Capri]], [[Renato Carosone]], [[Edoardo Bennato]], [[Eugenio Bennato]], [[Mario Merola (singer)|Mario Merola]], [[Sergio Bruni]], [[Aurelio Fierro]], [[Roberto Murolo]], [[Tony Tammaro]], [[Teresa De Sio]], [[Eduardo De Crescenzo]], [[Alan Sorrenti]], [[Tullio De Piscopo]], [[Massimo Ranieri]], [[Pino Daniele]], [[James Senese]] and his group [[Napoli Centrale railway station|Napoli Centrale]], [[Enzo Avitabile]], [[Enzo Gragnaniello]], [[Nino D'Angelo]], [[Gigi D'Alessio]], [[99 Posse]], and [[Almamegretta]]. Artists who directed movies about Naples or actors who played in movies in Campania, or interpreted Neapolitans on-screen, include [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Domenico Modugno]], [[Renzo Arbore]], [[Lina Wertmüller]], [[Mario Lanza]] as ''[[Enrico Caruso|Caruso]]'', [[Clark Gable]] in "''[[It Started in Naples]]''", and [[Jack Lemmon]] in the movies "''[[Maccheroni]]''" (which co-starred [[Marcello Mastroianni]]) and "''[[Avanti!]]''". The international [[Giffoni Film Festival]], established in 1971, is the first and most important festival for a young public. ===Sports=== [[File:Stadio San Paolo Serie A.jpg|thumb|The [[Stadio Diego Armando Maradona]] is the home ground of [[SSC Napoli]] of [[Serie A]].]] Campania is home to several national football, [[futsal]], [[water polo]], volleyball, basketball and tennis clubs. The fencing school in Naples is the oldest in the country and the only school in Italy in which a swordsman can acquire the title "master of swords", which allows him or her to teach the art of [[fencing]]. The "Circolo Savoia" and "[[Circolo Canottieri Napoli]]" sailing clubs are among the oldest in Italy and are known for their regattas. These are also home of the main water polo teams in the city. Many sailors from Naples and Campania participate as crew in the [[America's Cup]] sailing competition. Rowers [[Giuseppe Abbagnale]] and [[Carmine Abbagnale]] were born in [[Castellammare di Stabia]]: they were four times [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] world champions and [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[gold medal]]ists. Across the top 3 levels of [[Italian football league system|Italian football]], the clubs in Campania include: * [[S.S.C. Napoli]] playing in [[Serie A]], and the only team in the south of Italy to have won the Serie A title * [[U.S. Salernitana 1919]] playing in [[Serie A]] * [[Benevento Calcio]] playing in [[Serie C]] * [[U.S. Avellino 1912]] playing in [[Serie C]] * [[S.S. Juve Stabia]] playing in [[Serie C]] * [[S.S. Turris Calcio]] playing in [[Serie C]] ==See also== * [[HMS Campania|HMS ''Campania'']] – two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Campania after the region of Campania. ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite encyclopedia | editor1-last = Magnusson | editor1-first = Magnus | editor2-last = Goring | editor2-first = Rosemary | title = Cambridge Biographical Dictionary | isbn = 0-521-39518-6 | year = 1990 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK }} ==External links== {{Wikivoyage}} {{commons category}} *{{Official website}} {{in lang|it}} {{Campania}} {{regions of Italy}} {{Italy topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Campania| ]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]] [[Category:Osci]] [[Category:Regions of Italy]] [[Category:Wine regions of Italy]]
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