Editing Camillo Golgi

{{Short description|Italian biologist and pathologist (1843–1926)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image             = Camillo Golgi nobel.jpg
| birth_date        = {{birth date|df=yes|1843|7|7}}
| birth_place       = [[Corteno Golgi|Corteno]], [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]], [[Austrian Empire]]
| death_date        = {{death date and age|df=yes|1926|01|21|1843|7|7}}
| death_place       = [[Pavia]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| alma_mater        = [[University of Pavia]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Cesare Lombroso]]
| doctoral_students = [[Antonio Pensa]]
| known_for         = [[Golgi's method]]<br>[[Golgi apparatus]]<br>[[Golgi tendon organ]]<br>[[Golgi cell]]<br>[[Plasmodium vivax#Life cycle|Golgi cycles]]<br>[[Reticular theory]]<br>[[Radial glial cell]]<br>[[Perineuronal net]]
| field             = [[Pathology]]<br>[[Neuroscience]]
| work_institution  = 
| author_abbreviation_bot = 
| author_abbreviation_zoo = 
| prizes            = [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1906)
}}
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'''Camillo Golgi''' ({{IPA|it|kaˈmillo ˈɡɔldʒi|lang}}; 7 July 1843{{spnd}}21 January 1926) was an [[Italians|Italian]] [[biologist]] and [[pathologist]] known for his works on the [[central nervous system]]. He studied medicine at the [[University of Pavia]] (where he later spent most of his professional career) between 1860 and 1868 under the tutelage of [[Cesare Lombroso]]. Inspired by pathologist [[Giulio Bizzozero]], he pursued research in the nervous system. His discovery of a staining technique called black reaction (sometimes called [[Golgi's method]] or Golgi's staining in his honour) in 1873 was a major breakthrough in neuroscience. Several structures and phenomena in [[anatomy]] and [[physiology]] are named for him, including the [[Golgi apparatus]], the [[Golgi tendon organ]] and the [[Golgi tendon reflex]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Adult Neurogenesis|author=Gerd Kempermann MD|year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-972969-2 |page=616}}</ref>

Golgi and the Spanish biologist [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] were jointly given the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] 1906 "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system".<ref>{{cite news|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/index.html|access-date=22 December 2017|work=www.nobelprize.org}}</ref>

==Biography==
Camillo Golgi was born on 7 July 1843 in the village of Corteno near Brescia, in the [[province of Brescia]] ([[Lombardy]]), at the time Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, today Italy. The village is now named [[Corteno Golgi]] in his honour. His father Alessandro Golgi was a physician and district medical officer, originally from Pavia. In 1860, he entered the [[University of Pavia]] to study medicine, and earned his medical degree in 1865.<ref name="DBDI">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/camillo-golgi_(Dizionario-Biografico) |title=GOLGI, Camillo |first=Guido |last=Cimino |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |language=it |volume=57 |year=2001}}</ref> He did an internship at the San Matteo Hospital (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation). During his internship he briefly worked as a civil physician in the Italian Army, and as assistant surgeon at the Novara Hospital (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). At the same time he was also involved in the medical team for investigating [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|cholera epidemic]] in villages around Pavia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazzarello|first=Paolo|date=2020|title=Camillo Golgi: the conservative revolutionary|url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/ijae/article/view/11658|journal=Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology|volume=124 |issue=3 |language=en|pages=288–304 Pages|doi=10.13128/IJAE-11658}}</ref>

In 1867, he resumed his academic study under the supervision of [[Cesare Lombroso]]. Lombroso was a renowned scientist in [[medical psychology]] such as genius, madness and criminality. Inspired by Lombroso, Golgi wrote a thesis on the etiology of [[mental disorders]], from which he obtained his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in 1868.<ref name="mazz99">{{cite journal|last1=Mazzarello|first1=Paolo|title=Camillo Golgi's Scientific Biography|journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences|date=1999|volume=8|issue=2|pages=121–131|doi=10.1076/jhin.8.2.121.1836|pmid=11624293}}</ref> He became more interested in experimental medicine, and started attending the Institute of General Pathology headed by Giulio Bizzozero. Three years his junior, Bizzozero was an eloquent teacher and experimenter, who specialised in histology of the nervous system and the properties of [[bone marrow]]. The most important research publications of Golgi were directly or indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. The two became so close that they lived in the same building; and Golgi later married Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti.<ref name="benti">{{cite book|last1=Bentivoglio|first1=M.|editor1-last=Daroff|editor1-first=Robert B.|editor2-last=Aminoff|editor2-first=Michael J.|title=Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-12-385158-1|pages=464–466|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfjSVIWViRUC|chapter=Golgi, Camillo}}</ref> By 1872, Golgi was an established clinician and histopathologist. He, however, had no opportunity as a tenured professor in Pavia to pursue teaching and research in neurology.<ref name="mazz99" />

Financial pressure prompted him to join the Hospital of the Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in [[Abbiategrasso]], near Milan, as Chief Medical Officer in 1872. To continue research, he set up a simple laboratory on his own in a refurbished hospital kitchen, and it was there that he started making his most notable discoveries. His major achievement was the development of staining technique for nerve tissue called the black reaction (later the [[Golgi's method]]). He published his major works between 1875 and 1885 in the journal ''Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drouin|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Piloquet|first2=Philippe|last3=Péréon|first3=Yann|title=The first illustrations of neurons by Camillo Golgi|journal=The Lancet Neurology|date=2015|volume=14|issue=6|pages=567|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00051-4|pmid=25987274|s2cid=7920555}}</ref> In 1875, he joined the faculty of histology at the University of Pavia. In 1879, he was appointed Chair of Anatomy at the [[University of Siena]]. But the next year, he returned to the University of Pavia as full Professor of histology.<ref name="encyclo">{{cite web|last1=Zanobio|first1=Bruno|title=Camillo Golgi facts, information, pictures |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/camillo-golgi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=22 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> From 1879 he also became Professor of General Pathology as well as Honorary Chief (''Primario ad honorarem'') at the San Matteo Hospital. He served as Rector of the University of Pavia twice, first between 1893 and 1896, and second between 1901 and 1909. During the [[First World War]] (1914–1917), he directed the military hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in 1918 and continued to research in his private laboratory till 1923. He died on 21 January 1926.<ref name="mazz99" />

===Personal life===

Golgi and his wife Lina Aletti had no children, and they adopted Golgi's niece Carolina.<ref name="benti"/>

Golgi was irreligious in his later life and became an agnostic atheist. One of his former students attempted an unsuccessful [[deathbed conversion]] on him.<ref>Paolo Mazzarello; Henry A. Buchtel; Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. p. 34. {{ISBN|978-0-19-852444-1}}. It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.</ref><ref>Rapport, Richard L. Nerve Endings: The Discovery of the Synapse. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.</ref>

==Contributions==

===Black reaction or Golgi's staining===
[[File:Golgi's drawing of nervous system.gif|thumb|The first illustration by Golgi of the nervous system. Vertical section of the olfactory bulb of a dog (in 1875).]]
The [[Central nervous system]] was difficult to study during Golgi's time because the cells were hard to identify. The available [[Staining (biology)|tissue staining techniques]] were useless for studying [[nervous tissue]]. While working as chief medical officer at the Hospital of the Chronically Ill, he experimented with metal impregnation of nervous tissue, using mainly [[silver]] ([[silver staining]]). In early 1873, he discovered a method of staining nervous tissue that would stain a limited number of cells at random in their entirety. He first treated the tissue with potassium dichromate to harden it, and then with silver nitrate. Under the microscope, the outline of the neuron became distinct from the surrounding tissue and cells. The silver chromate precipitate, as a reaction product, selectively stains only some cellular components randomly, sparing other cell parts. The silver chromate particles create a stark black deposit on the [[Soma (biology)|soma]] (nerve cell body) as well as on the [[axon]] and all [[dendrites]], providing an exceedingly clear and well-contrasted picture of [[neuron]] against a yellow background. This makes it easier to trace the structure of the nerve cells in the brain for the first time.<ref name="benti"/> Since cells are selective stained in black, he called the process ''la reazione nera'' ("the black reaction"), but today it is called [[Golgi's method]] or the Golgi stain.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chu|first1=NS|title=[Centennial of the nobel prize for Golgi and Cajal—founding of modern neuroscience and irony of discovery]|journal=Acta Neurologica Taiwanica|date=2006|volume=15|issue=3|pages=217–222|pmid=16995603}}</ref> On 16 February 1873, he wrote to his friend Niccolò Manfredi:
{{Blockquote|I am delighted that I have found a new reaction to demonstrate, even to the blind, the structure of the interstitial stroma of the cerebral cortex.}}
His discovery was published in the ''Gazzeta Medica Italiani'' on 2 August 1873.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=DeFelipe|first1=Javier|title=The dendritic spine story: an intriguing process of discovery|journal=Frontiers in Neuroanatomy|date=2015|volume=9|page=14|doi=10.3389/fnana.2015.00014|pmid=25798090|pmc=4350409|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Nervous system===
[[Image:Golgi Hippocampus.jpg|thumb|Drawing by Camillo Golgi of a [[hippocampus]] stained with the silver nitrate method]]
In 1871, a German anatomist [[Joseph von Gerlach]] postulated that the brain is a complex "protoplasmic network", in the form of a continuous network called the reticulum. Using his black reaction, Golgi could trace various regions of the cerebro-spinal axis, clearly distinguishing the different nervous projections, namely [[axon]] from the [[dendrite]]s. He drew up a new classification of cells on the basis of the structure of their nervous prolongation. He described an extremely dense and intricate network, composed of a web of intertwined branches of axons coming from different cell layers ("diffuse nervous network"). This network structure, which emerges from the axons, is essentially different from that hypothesized by Gerlach. It was the main organ of the central nervous system according to Golgi. Thus, Golgi presented the [[reticular theory]] which states that the brain is a single network of nerve fibres, and not of discrete cells.<ref name="Marina Bentivoglio">{{cite web |author=Marina Bentivoglio |title=Life and Discoveries of Camillo Golgi |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/golgi-article.html |work=Nobelprize.org |publisher= Nobel Media |date=20 April 1998 |access-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name=cimi>{{cite journal |author= Cimino G |title= Reticular theory versus neuron theory in the work of Camillo Golgi |journal= Physis Riv Int Stor Sci |volume= 36|issue= 2 | pages= 431–472 |year= 1999 |pmid= 11640243}}</ref> Although Golgi's earlier works between 1873 and 1885 clearly depicted the axonal connections of [[cerebellar cortex]] and [[olfactory bulb]] as independent of one another, his later works including the Nobel Lecture showed the entire granular layer of the cerebellar cortex occupied by a network of branching and anastomosing nerve processes. This was due to his strong conviction in the reticular theory.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Raviola E, Mazzarello P|title=The diffuse nervous network of Camillo Golgi: facts and fiction |journal=Brain Res Rev |volume=66 |issue=1–2 | pages=75–82 |year=2011 |pmid=20840856 |doi= 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.09.005|s2cid=11871228 }}</ref><ref name="Marina Bentivoglio"/> Golgi's theory was challenged by Ramón y Cajal, who used the same technique developed by Golgi. According to Ramón y Cajal's [[Neuron doctrine|neurone theory]], the nervous system is but a collection of individual cells, the neurones, which are interconnected to form a network.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bock|first1=Ortwin|title=Cajal, Golgi, Nansen, Schäfer and the Neuron Doctrine|journal=Endeavour|date=2013|volume=37|issue=4|pages=228–234|doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2013.06.006|pmid=23870749}}</ref>

In addition to this, Golgi was the first to give clear descriptions of the structure of the [[cerebellum]], [[hippocampus]], [[spinal cord]], [[Olfactory bulb|olfactory lobe]], as well as [[Striatum|striatal]] and cortical lesions in a case of [[chorea]]. In 1878, he also discovered a receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension, and is now known as [[Golgi tendon organ]] or Golgi receptor; and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles (pressure transductors).<ref name="mazz98">{{cite journal|last1=Mazzarello|first1=P.|title=Camillo Golgi (1843–1926)|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry|date=1998|volume=64|issue=2|pages=212|doi=10.1136/jnnp.64.2.212|pmid=9489532|pmc=2169935}}</ref> He further developed a stain specific for [[myelin]] (a specialised membrane which wraps around the axon) using [[potassium dichromate]] and [[mercuric chloride]]. Using this he discovered the myelin annular apparatus, often called the horny funnel of Golgi-Rezzonico.<ref name="mazz99"/>

===Kidney===
Golgi studied kidney function during 1882 to 1889. In 1882, he published his observations on the mechanism of [[renal hypertrophy]], which he understood to be due to renal cell proliferation. In 1884, he described tubular cell mitoses in the kidney of a person suffering from [[tubulointerstitial nephritis]], and he noted that the process was an essential part of repairing the kidney tissue. He was the first to dissect out intact [[nephrons]], and show that the distal tubulus ([[loop of Henle]]) of the nephron returns to its originating [[Glomerulus (kidney)|glomerulus]], a finding that he published in 1889 ("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo e di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi". ''Rendiconti R. Acad. Lincei'' 5: 545–557, 1889).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dal Canton|first1=Ilaria|last2=Calligaro|first2=Alessandro L.|last3=Dal Canton|first3=Francesca|last4=Frosio-Roncalli|first4=Moris|last5=Calligaro|first5=Alberto|title=Contributions of Camillo Golgi to Renal Histology and Embryology|journal=American Journal of Nephrology|date=1999|volume=19|issue=2|pages=304–307|doi=10.1159/000013465|pmid=10213832|s2cid=29666037}}</ref>

===Malaria===
A French Army physician [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] discovered that [[malaria]] was caused by microscopic parasite (now called ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'') in 1880. But scientists were sceptical until Golgi intervened. It was Golgi who helped him prove that malarial parasite was a microscopic [[protozoan]]. From 1885, Golgi studied the malarial parasite and its transmission. He established two types of malaria, tertian and quartan [[fever]]s caused by ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'' and ''[[Plasmodium malariae]]'' respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Golgi C. |title=Sul ciclo evolutivo dei parassiti malarici nella febbre terzana : diagnosi differenziale tra i parassiti endoglobulari malarici della terzana e quelli della quartana|trans-title=On the cycle of development of malarial parasites in tertian fever: differential diagnosis between the intracellular parasites of tertian and quartant fever|journal=Archivio per le Scienza Mediche|volume= 13|pages=173–196|year= 1889}}</ref> In 1886, he discovered that malarial fever ([[Paroxysmal attack|paroxysm]]) was produced by the asexual stage in the human blood (called erythrocytic cycle, or Golgi cycle).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Antinori|first1=Spinello|last2=Galimberti|first2=Laura|last3=Milazzo|first3=Laura|last4=Corbellino|first4=Mario|title=Biology of human malaria plasmodia including ''Plasmodium knowlesi''|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=2012013|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.013|pmid=22550559|pmc=3340990}}</ref> In 1889–1890, Golgi and [[Ettore Marchiafava]] described the differences between benign tertian malaria and malignant tertian malaria (the latter caused by ''P. falciparum''). By 1898, along with [[Giovanni Battista Grassi]], [[Amico Bignami]], [[Giuseppe Bastianelli]], [[Angelo Celli]] and Marchiafava, he confirmed that malaria was transmitted by [[Anopheles|anopheline]] mosquitoes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=Francis EG|title=History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors|journal=Parasites & Vectors|date=2010|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/1756-3305-3-5|pmid=20205846|pmc=2825508 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Cell organelle===

An organelle in eukaryotic cells now known as [[Golgi apparatus]] or Golgi complex, or sometimes simply as Golgi, was discovered by Camillo Golgi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bentivoglio|first1=Marina|title=The Discovery of the Golgi Apparatus|journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences|date=1999|volume=8|issue=2|pages=202–208|doi=10.1076/jhin.8.2.202.1833|pmid=11624302}}</ref> Golgi modified his black reaction using osmium dichromate solution with which he stained the nerve cells ([[Purkinje cell]]s) of the cerebellum of a barn owl.<ref name=drosch>{{cite journal|last1=Dröscher|first1=Ariane|title=The history of the golgi apparatus in neurones from its discovery in 1898 to electron microscopy|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|date=1998|volume=47|issue=3|pages=199–203|doi=10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00080-X|pmid=9865850|s2cid=36117803}}</ref> He noticed thread-like networks inside the cells and named them ''apparato reticolare interno'' (internal reticular apparatus). Recognising them to be unique cellular components, he presented his discovery before the Medical-Surgical Society of Pavia in April 1898.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mazzarello|first1=Paolo|last2=Garbarino|first2=Carla|last3=Calligaro|first3=Alberto|title=How Camillo Golgi became "the Golgi"|journal=FEBS Letters|date=2009|volume=583|issue=23|pages=3732–3737|doi=10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.018|pmid=19833130|s2cid=23309035|doi-access=free|bibcode=2009FEBSL.583.3732M }}</ref> After the same was confirmed by his assistant Emilio Veratti, he published it in the ''Bollettino della Società medico-chirurgica di Pavia''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dröscher|first1=A|title=Camillo Golgi and the discovery of the Golgi apparatus|journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology|date=1998|volume=109|issue=5–6|pages=425–30|pmid=9681625|doi=10.1007/s004180050245|s2cid=9679562}}</ref> However, most scientists disputed his discovery as nothing but a staining artefact. Their microscopes were not powerful enough to identify the organelles. By the 1930s, Golgi's description was largely rejected.<ref name=drosch/> It was only firmly established 50 years after its discovery, when electron microscopes were developed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bentivoglio|first1=M|last2=Mazzarello|first2=P|title=One hundred years of the Golgi apparatus: history of a disputed cell organelle|journal=Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences|date=1998|volume=19|issue=4|pages=241–247|pmid=10933465|doi=10.1007/bf02427612|s2cid=31879493}}</ref>

==Awards and legacy==
In 1903, Golgi was named an honorary member of the [[American Association for Anatomy]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The American Association of Anatomists, 1888-1987: essays on the history of anatomy in America and a report on the membership: past and present |date=1987 |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-683-06800-9 |editor-last=Pauly |editor-first=John Edward |location=Baltimore |editor-last2=Basmajian |editor-first2=John V. |editor-last3=Christensen |editor-first3=A. Kent |editor-last4=Jollie |editor-first4=William P. |editor-last5=Kelly |editor-first5=Douglas E.}}</ref> Golgi, together with [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]], received the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1906 for his studies of the structure of the nervous system. In 1900 he was named [[Italian senate|senator]] by King [[Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I]].<ref>[http://notes9.senato.it/Web/senregno.NSF/65a0a8ced8361de0c12571140059a1c7/fd7bf7817247fb944125646f005c5ac2?OpenDocument GOLGI Camillo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207094022/http://notes9.senato.it/Web/senregno.NSF/65a0a8ced8361de0c12571140059a1c7/fd7bf7817247fb944125646f005c5ac2?OpenDocument |date=7 December 2016 }}. Italian senate website</ref> In 1913 he became foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000453 |title=C. Golgi (1844–1926) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> He received honorary doctorates from the University of Cambridge, University of Geneva, Kristiania University College, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and Paris-Sorbonne University. In 1994, the European Community commemorated him with postage stamps.<ref name="mazz98"/>

=== Monuments in Pavia {{anchor|Golgi’s landmarks in Pavia}} ===
[[File:Statua di Camillo golgi - Cortile Università di Pavia.JPG|thumb|Marble statue of Golgi at the University of Pavia]]
[[File:Camillo Golgi home 1.JPG|thumb|Camillo Golgi's house in Pavia]]
In Pavia several landmarks stand as Golgi's memory.
* A marble statue, in a yard of the old buildings of the [[University of Pavia]], at N.65 of the central "Strada Nuova". On the basement, there is the following inscription in Italian language: "Camillo Golgi / patologo sommo / della scienza istologica / antesignano e maestro / la segreta struttura / del tessuto nervoso / con intenta vigilia / sorprese e descrisse / qui operò / qui vive / guida e luce ai venturi / MDCCCXLIII – MCMXXVI" (''Camillo Golgi / outstanding pathologist / of histological science / precursor and master / the secret structure / of the nervous tissue / with strenuous effort / discovered and described / here he worked / here he lives / here he guides and enlightens future scholars / 1843 – 1926)''.
* "Golgi’s home", also in Strada Nuova, at N.77, a few hundreds meters away from the University, just in front to the historical "Teatro Fraschini". It is the home in which Golgi spent the most of his family life, with his wife Lina.
* Golgi's tomb is in the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (viale San Giovannino), along the central lane, just before the big monument to the fallen of the First World War. It is a very simple granite grave, with a bronze medallion representing the scientist's profile. Near Golgi's tomb, apart from his wife, two other important Italian medical scientists are buried: [[Bartolomeo Panizza]]  and [[Adelchi Negri]].
* Golgi's museum was created in 2012, in the ancient Palazzo Botta of the [[University of Pavia]] at N.10 of Piazza Antoniotto Botta reconstructs the study of Camillo Golgi and its laboratories with furniture and original instruments.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spizzi|first1=Dante|title=Museo Camillo Golgi|url=http://museocamillogolgi.unipv.eu/|website=museocamillogolgi.unipv.eu|access-date=23 December 2017|language=it-IT}}</ref>

==Eponyms==
* The organelle [[Golgi apparatus]] or [[Golgi complex]]
* The sensory receptor [[Golgi tendon organ]]
* [[Golgi's method]] or Golgi stain, a nervous tissue staining technique
* The enzyme [[Golgi alpha-mannosidase II]]
* [[Golgi cell]]s of the cerebellum
* [[Golgi I]] nerve cells (with long axons)
* [[Golgi II]] nerve cells (with short or no axons)
* [[Golgi (crater)]], a lunar impact crater <ref>{{cite web|url=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2213?__fsk=1377454541 |title=Golgi crater|publisher=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>
* Minor planet [[6875 Golgi]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=6875| title =(6875) Golgi = 1994 NG1 = 1934 QB = 1953 RK = 1977 DH2 = 1991 RT30 = 4643 T-1 = T/4643 T-1 | publisher =Minor planet center}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of pathologists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | author = Mazzarello, Paolo  | translator = Badiani, Aldo  | translator2 = Buchtel, Henry A.  |  year = 2010 |title = ''Golgi: A Biography of the Founder of Modern Neuroscience'' | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-19-533784-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0195337840 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Mironov|first1=Alexander A.|last2=Margit|first2=Pavelka|title=The Golgi Apparatus State of Art After 110 Years of Camillo's Discovery.|date=2006|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=3-211-76310-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3211763104}}
* {{cite book|last1=Morré|first1=D. James|last2=Mollenhauer|first2=Hilton H.|title=The Golgi Apparatus: The First 100 Years|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-74347-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0387743472}}
* {{Citation|pmid = 17490748|last1=De Carlos|first1=Juan A|last2=Borrell|first2=José|publication-date=August 2007|year=2007|title=A historical reflection of the contributions of Cajal and Golgi to the foundations of neuroscience.|volume=55|issue=1|periodical=Brain Research Reviews|pages=8–16|doi = 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.010|hdl=10261/62299|s2cid=7266966|hdl-access=free}}
* {{Citation|pmid = 17462742|last=Muscatello|first=Umberto|publication-date=August 2007|year=2007|title=Golgi's contribution to medicine.
|volume=55|issue=1|periodical=Brain Research Reviews|pages=3–7|doi = 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.007|s2cid=41680914}}
* {{Citation|pmid = 17408565|last=Kruger|first=Lawrence|publication-date=October 2007|year=2007|title=The sensory neuron and the triumph of Camillo Golgi|volume=55|issue=2|periodical=Brain Research Reviews|pages=406–10|doi = 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.008|s2cid=32486297}}
* {{Citation|pmid = 9865849|last1=Fabene|first1=P F|last2=Bentivoglio|first2=M|publication-date=October 1998|year=1998|title=1898–1998: Camillo Golgi and "the Golgi": one hundred years of terminological clones.|volume=47|issue=3|periodical=Brain Res. Bull.|pages=195–8
|doi = 10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3|s2cid=208785591 }}
* {{Citation|pmid = 9778732|last1=Mironov|first1=A A|last2=Komissarchik|first2=Ia Iu|last3=Mironov|first3=A A
|last4=Snigirevskaia|first4=E S|publication-date=1998|year=1998|title=[Current concept of structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. On the 100-anniversary of the discovery by Camillo Golgi]|volume=40|issue=6|periodical=Tsitologiia|pages=483–96|last5 = Luini|first5 = A
}}
* {{Citation|pmid = 9695800|last1=Farquhar|first1=M G|last2=Palade|first2=G E|publication-date=January 1998|year=1998|title=The Golgi apparatus: 100 years of progress and controversy.|volume=8|issue=1|periodical=Trends Cell Biol.|pages=2–10|doi = 10.1016/S0962-8924(97)01187-2|pmc=7135405}}

{{commons category|Camillo Golgi}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/golgi-article.html Life and Discoveries of Camillo Golgi]
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1906 ''The Neuron Doctrine – Theory and Facts''
* [http://himetop.wikidot.com/camillo-golgi Some places and memories related to Camillo Golgi]
* [http://www.museogolgi.it/ The museum in Corteno, now called Corteno Golgi, dedicated to Golgi. Includes a gallery of images of his birthplace.]
* [http://museocamillogolgi.unipv.eu/ The Museum Camillo Golgi in Pavia]
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Camillo-Golgi Biography at Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/camillo-golgi Biography at Encyclopedia.com]
* [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2127.html Profile at Whonamedit?]
* [http://www.sanmatteo.org/site/home.html IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625010148/http://www.sanmatteo.org/site/home.html |date=25 June 2020 }}
* [http://www.maggioreosp.novara.it/site/home.html Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara]
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{1906 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golgi, Camillo}}
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Pavia alumni]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Brescia]]
[[Category:Physicians from Pavia]]
[[Category:Italian agnostics]]
[[Category:Italian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Italian anatomists]]
[[Category:Italian pathologists]]
[[Category:History of neuroscience]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:Italian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Malariologists]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala]]