Editing Cambio 90

{{Short description|Peruvian right-wing political party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Cambio 90}}
| name = Change 90
| native_name = Cambio 90
| logo = Logo cambio 90.svg
| abbreviation = C90
| president = [[Andrés Reggiardo]]
| secretary = [[Renzo Reggiardo]]
| founder = {{ublist
 | [[Alberto Fujimori]]
 | [[Andrés Reggiardo]]
}}
| founded = {{start date|1989|10|05|df=y}}
| dissolved = {{end date|2013|09|26|df=y}}
| successor = [[Peru Secure Homeland]]
| ideology = ''[[Fujimorism]]''
| position = [[Right-wing]]
| national = {{ublist
 | [[Cambio 90 – New Majority]] {{small|(1992–1999, 2001–2005)}}
 | [[Peru 2000]] {{small|(1999–2001)}}
 | [[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]] {{small|(2005–2006)}}
 | [[National Solidarity Alliance]] {{small|(2010–2011)}}
}}
| international = 
| website = 
| country = Peru
| flag = Fujimori_flag.svg
}}
{{Conservatism in Peru |expanded=Parties}}

'''Cambio 90''' (lit. ''Change 90'', '''C90''') was a [[Peru]]vian [[right-wing]] [[political party]] which entered the political spectrum in early 1990, and throughout the 1990s until late-2000 was the most powerful political party in Peru alongside [[New Majority (Peru)|New Majority]], serving more as an instrumental electoral vehicle for [[Alberto Fujimori]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jurado Nacional de Elecciones|first=Infogob|date=|title=Acerca de – Cambio 90-Nueva Mayoría|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Partido/FichaPartido/cambio-90-nueva-mayoria_acerca-de_Fk8Sa2htJ+0=82|access-date=12 January 2021|website=infogob.jne.gob.pe}}</ref>

== History ==
''Cambio 90'''s success hinged largely on the success of its candidate for the presidency, [[Alberto Fujimori]], an agricultural engineer and rector of the Universidad Nacional Agraria (National Agrarian University) in [[Lima]]'s [[La Molina District]] from 1984 to 1989. Fujimori's appeal to a large extent was his standing as a political outsider.

At the same time, ''Cambio'''s success was also attributed largely to its eclectic political base and its active grassroots campaign. Its two main bases of support were the Asociación Peruana de Empresas Medias y Pequeñas (APEMIPE), an association of [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|SMEs]], and the [[Informal economy|informal sector]] workers who associated their cause with APEMIPE, and the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] movement. Less than four percent of the Peruvian population was [[Protestantism|Protestant]], but the evangelicals were extremely active at the grassroots level, particularly in areas where traditional parties were weak, such as the urban shantytowns, the ''[[pueblos jóvenes]]'', and rural areas in the [[mountain range|mountains]]. Although the party only began activities in January 1990, by the time of the elections it had 200,000 members in its ranks.

However, its success at the polls did not translate into a lasting party machinery. The organization was much more of a front than a political party, and its ability to hold together was called into question within a few weeks after attaining power. ''Cambio 90'''s two bases of support had little in common with each other except opposition to [[Mario Vargas Llosa]]. Its links to Fujimori were new and were ruptured to a large extent when Fujimori opted for an orthodox economic shock program. Less than six months into his government, Fujimori broke with many of his ''Cambio'' supporters, including the second vice president and leader of the evangelical movement, [[Carlos García y García]], and APEMIPE. The latter became disenchanted with Fujimori because small businesses were threatened by the dramatic price rises and opening to foreign competition that the ''Fujishock'' program entailed.  During Fujimori's first term in office, [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] and Vargas Llosa's party, the [[Democratic Front (Peru)|FREDEMO]], remained in control of both chambers of [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]], the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, hampering the enactment of economic reform. Fujimori also had difficulty of combatting the [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[Shining Path]] ({{langx|es|Sendero Luminoso}}) guerrilla organization due largely to what he perceived as intransigence and obstructionism in Congress. By March 1992, the Congress met with the approval of only 17% of the electorate, according to one poll; the president's approval stood at 42%, in the same poll.<ref name="smith234">Smith, Peter H. ''Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis''. 1995, page 234.</ref> In the [[1995 Peruvian general election|1995 general elections]], Fujimori won re-election for a second term, while the party, along with its partner [[New Majority (Peru)|New Majority]] won a majority of seats in Congress.

During the 2000 elections, [[Martha Chávez]] suggested that Fujimori would dissolve Congress if [[Peru 2000]] did not win a majority of seats.<ref name="Schmidt">Schmidt, Gregory D.  "All the President's Women" in ''The Fujimori Legacy:  The Rise of Authoritarian Democracy in Peru'' (2006).  University Park, PA: Penn State Press.</ref> She also said that she could not rule out a fourth election of Fujimori, despite the fact that the [[Constitution of Peru]] which was written in part by Chávez herself allows presidents to be elected no more than twice in a row.<ref name="Schmidt" /> Indeed, Chávez had earlier promised that Fujimori would not run in the 2000 elections.  However, Fujimori ran instead.

In the 9 April 2000 [[2000 Peruvian general election|legislative elections]], the party was part of the [[Peru 2000]] alliance in which, the alliance won 42.2% of the popular vote and 52 out of 120 seats in the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]].

In the aftermath of Fujimori's downfall in late-2000, the party ran once again, allied with [[New Majority (Peru)|New Majority]] in the [[2001 Peruvian general election|2001 general election]], running for congress, attaining only three out of 120 seats in the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jurado Nacional de Elecciones|first=Infogob|date=|title=Acerca de – Alianza Electoral Cambio 90-Nueva Mayoría|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Partido/FichaPartido/alianza-electoral-cambio-90-nueva-mayoria_acerca-de_uhE5H3dEf88=E3|access-date=12 January 2021|website=infogob.jne.gob.pe}}</ref> For the [[2006 Peruvian general election|2006 general election]], the [[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]] coalition was formed, in which Cambio 90 was part alongside New Majority. With [[Martha Chávez]] as their presidential nominee, the coalition placed fourth failing to qualify in the June run-off, while in the congressional election, the list got 13 out of 120 seats and received the most votes in Pasco.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Perú 21|first=Archive|date=26 April 2006|title=Martha Chávez Complains about Alianza por el Futuro|url=http://blogs.ubc.ca/peru/2006/04/26/martha-chavez-complains-about-alianza-por-el-futuro/|access-date=12 January 2021|website=blog.ubc.ca}}</ref>  After the 2006 elections, all of the 13 representatives elected on the Alliance for the Future lists has formed the '''Parliamentary Fujimorista Group''' ({{langx|es|Groupo Parlamentario Fujimorista}}) in Congress.

== Last years and dissolution ==
In the [[2011 Peruvian general election|2011 general election]], Cambio 90 split from [[Fujimorism]], and participated under the [[National Solidarity Alliance]], with former Lima Mayor [[Luis Castañeda Lossio|Luis Castañeda]] as their presidential nominee. The alliance placed fifth at both the presidential and congressional race, attaining nine out of 130 seats, with [[Renzo Reggiardo]] as the only elected congressman from Cambio 90. However, Reggiardo left the alliance after the elections and instead joined the small [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]]-led ''Parliamentary Coordination'' bloc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LR|first=Redacción|date=2011-06-29|title=Renzo Reggiardo se aleja de Solidaridad Nacional|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/552696-renzo-reggiardo-se-aleja-de-solidaridad-nacional/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=larepublica.pe|language=es-PE}}</ref> In late 2013, Reggiardo announced the party's official dissolution, and announced [[Peru Secure Homeland]] as its immediate successor.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2013|title=Renzo Reggiardo cambia de nombre a Cambio 90 y lanza nuevo partido|language=es|journal=Perú 21|url=http://peru21.pe/politica/renzo-reggiardo-cambia-nombre-cambio-90-y-lanza-nuevo-partido-2163254|url-status=dead|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202103734/http://peru21.pe/politica/renzo-reggiardo-cambia-nombre-cambio-90-y-lanza-nuevo-partido-2163254|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

=== Presidential elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
! colspan="2" |Candidate
!Party / Coalition
!Votes
!Percentage
!Outcome
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[1990 Peruvian general election|1990]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Alberto Fujimori]]
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Al_Fujimori.jpg|147x147px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''Cambio 90'''
|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}<br/>1 932 208
|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}{{Percentage bar|29.09|29.09|FFA500}}
|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}<br/>2nd
|-
| {{small|'''2nd Round:'''}}<br/>4 189 897
| {{small|'''2nd Round:'''}}{{Percentage bar|62.38|62.38|FFA500}}
| {{small|'''2nd Round:'''}}<br/>1st
|-
![[1995 Peruvian general election|1995]]
|'''Cambio 90-[[New Majority (Peru)|New Majority]] Electoral Alliance'''
|4 645 279
|{{Percentage bar|64.42|64.42|FFA500}}
|1st
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[2000 Peruvian general election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Peru 2000]]'''
<small>C90-[[New Majority (Peru)|NM]]-SU-[[Sí Cumple|SC]]</small>
|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}<br/>5 528 568
|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}{{Percentage bar|49.87|49.87|FF5800}}
|{{small|'''1st Round:'''}}<br/>1st
|-
| {{small|'''2nd Round:'''}}<br/>6 041 685
| {{small|'''2nd Round:'''}}{{Percentage bar|74.33|74.33|FF5800}}
| {{small|'''2nd Round:'''}}<br/>1st
|-
![[2006 Peruvian general election|2006]]
|[[Martha Chávez]]
| [[File:Martha Chávez.jpg|121x121px]]
|'''[[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]]'''
<small>C90-[[New Majority (Peru)|NM]]-[[Sí Cumple|SC]]</small>
|912 740
|{{Percentage bar|7.43|7.43|FF7F00}}
|4th
|-
![[2011 Peruvian general election|2011]]
|[[Luis Castañeda Lossio|Luis Castañeda]]
|[[File:Luis Castañeda Lossio 2.jpg|170x170px]]
|'''[[National Solidarity Alliance]]'''
<small>[[National Solidarity (Peru)|SN]]-C90-[[All for Peru|TPP]]-SU-[[Union for Peru|UPP]]</small>
|1 440 143
|{{Percentage bar|9.83|9.83|FFFF00}}
|5th
|}

=== Elections to the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!Number of seats
!{{Increase}}/{{Decrease}}
!Position
|-
![[1990 Peruvian general election|1990]]
|819 527
|16.5%
|{{Composition bar|32|180|hex={{party color|Cambio 90}}}}
|{{increase}} 32
|Minority
|-
![[1995 Peruvian general election|1995]]
|2 193 724
|51.1%
|{{Composition bar|67|120|hex={{party color|Cambio 90}}}}
|{{increase}} 23
|Majority
|-
![[2000 Peruvian general election|2000]]
|4 189 019 
{{Small|as part of [[Peru 2000]]}}
|42.2%
|{{Composition bar|52|120|hex={{party color|Peru 2000}}}}
|{{decrease}} 15
|Minority
|-
![[2001 Peruvian general election|2001]]
|452 696
|4.8%
|{{Composition bar|3|120|hex={{party color|Cambio 90}}}}
|{{decrease}} 49
|Minority
|-
![[2006 Peruvian general election|2006]]
|1 408 055
{{Small|as part of [[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]]}}
|13.1%
|{{Composition bar|13|120|hex={{party color|Alliance for the Future (Peru)}}}}
|{{increase}} 10
|Minority
|-
![[2011 Peruvian general election|2011]]
|1 311 766
{{Small|as part of [[National Solidarity Alliance]]. Only [[Renzo Reggiardo|1]] from Cambio 90.}}
|10.2%
|{{Composition bar|9|130|hex={{party color|National Solidarity Party (Peru)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 12
|Minority
|}

=== Elections to the Senate ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Votes
!%
!Number of seats
!{{Increase}}/{{Decrease}}
!Position
|-
![[1990 Peruvian general election|1990]]
|1 240 132
|21.7%
|{{Composition bar|14|62|hex={{party color|Cambio 90}}}}
|{{increase}} 14
|Minority
|}

=== Elections to the [[Democratic Constituent Congress]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!Number of seats
!Position
|-
![[1992 Peruvian Democratic Constituent Congress election|1992]]
|3 040 552
|49.2%
|{{Composition bar|44|80|hex={{party color|Cambio 90}}}}
|Majority
|}

== See also ==
* [[New Majority (Peru)]]
* [[Sí Cumple]]
* [[Peru 2000]]
*[[Alliance for the Future (Peru)]]
* [[Popular Force]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{PeruParties}}

[[Category:Conservative parties in Peru]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1990]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2013]]
[[Category:Fujimorism]]
[[Category:Neoliberal parties]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Peru]]