Editing Callitrichidae

{{Short description|Family of New World monkeys}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Callitrichidae<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=129–136|id=12100179}}</ref><ref name=SAP>{{cite book |vauthors=Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA|title = South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation | chapter = The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini) | publisher = Springer |veditors=Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, [[Karen B. Strier|Strier KB]] | isbn = 978-0-387-78704-6 |pages=23–54 |year = 2009}}</ref>
| image = Callitrichinae genus.jpg
| image_caption = Major extant callitrichid genera: ''[[Callithrix]]'', ''[[Leontopithecus]]'', ''[[Saguinus]]'', ''[[Cebuella]]'', ''[[Mico (genus)|Mico]]'', ''[[Callimico]]''.
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Callitrichidae
| authority = [[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1903<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garbino |first1=Guilherme Siniciato Terra  |last2=Costa  |first2=Henrique C.  |year=2015 |title=Some nomenclatural notes regarding authorship and dates of New World monkeys (Primates: Platyrrhini)|journal=Shernornia |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages= 21–27 |url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/dating/sherbornia/issues/s02-03.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/dating/sherbornia/issues/s02-03.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = See text
| type_genus = ''[[Callithrix]]''
| type_genus_authority = Erxleben, 1777
| synonyms =
*Callitrichidae <small>Napier and Napier, 1967</small>
*Hapalidae <small>Wagner, 1840</small>
| range_map = Callitrichidae_Range.png
| range_map_caption = The range of Callitrichidae species.
}}

The '''Callitrichidae''' (also called '''Arctopitheci''' or '''Hapalidae''') are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[New World monkeys]], including [[marmoset]]s, [[tamarin]]s, and [[lion tamarin]]s. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the '''Callitrichinae''', of the family [[Cebidae]].

This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved.<ref>Hershkovitz, P. Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) with an Introduction to the Primates. University of Chicago 1977.</ref> However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage.<ref name="Ford1980">{{cite journal|last1=Ford|first1=S. M.|title=Callitrichids as phyletic dwarfs, and the place of the Callitrichidae in Platyrrhini|journal= Primates|volume= 21|issue=1|date= 1980-01-01| pages=31–43| issn= 0032-8332| doi=10.1007/BF02383822|s2cid=30520772}}</ref><ref name = "Naish2012">Naish, Darren. [http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/2012/11/27/marmosets-and-tamarins-dwarfed-monkeys-of-south-american-tropics/ Marmosets and tamarins: dwarfed monkeys of the South American tropics]. [[Scientific American]] November 27, 2012</ref>

Ancestral [[stem group|stem-]]callitrichids likely were "normal-sized" [[Ceboidea|ceboids]] that were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in the [[Amazon Basin]].<ref name="Ford1980"/>

All callitrichids are [[arboreal]]. They are the smallest of the [[simian]] [[primate]]s. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on tree [[exudate]]s, with some species (e.g. ''[[Callithrix jacchus]]'' and ''[[Cebuella pygmaea]]'') considered [[obligate]] exudativores.<ref name="HarrisonTardif1994">{{Cite journal | last1 = Harrison | first1 = M. L. | last2 = Tardif | first2 = S. D. | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330950404 | title = Social implications of gummivory in marmosets | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 399–408 | year = 1994 | pmid =  7864061}}</ref>

Callitrichids typically live in small, [[territory (animal)|territorial]] groups of about five or six animals. Their [[Social organisation|social organization]] is unique among primates, and is called a "cooperative polyandrous group". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring.<ref name="Sussman1">{{cite book | last = Sussman | first = R.W. | title = Primate Ecology and Social Structure | chapter = Chapter 1: Ecology: General Principles | page = 29 | publisher = Pearson Custom Publishing | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-536-74363-3}}</ref>
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Studies in captivity, and the first field studies, suggested that the breeding group was invariably a single monogamous pair; subsequent field work on [[brown-mantled tamarin]]s (''Saguinus fuscicollis'') has shown that many of the groups involve multiple males, and [[polyandry]] seems to be the more common arrangement, though monogamous pairs do occur, and rarely does [[polygyny]]. In polyandrous groups, both (or all) the mature males regularly copulate with the female, and all contribute equally to parental care. It is now thought that this flexible system, with a tendency towards polyandry, may be the typical mating system among callitrichids; though, until field studies on more species have been completed, any generalisation must be tentative.<ref name="1988Goldizen">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0169-5347(88)90045-6 | last1 = Goldizen | first1 = A.W. | title = tamarin and marmoset mating systems: Unusual flexibility | journal = Trends in Ecology and Evolution | year = 1988 | volume = 3 | pages = 36–40 | issue = 2 | pmid = 21227069}}</ref>
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They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with offspring. In some cases, such as in the [[cotton-top tamarin#Cooperation|cotton-top tamarin]] (''Saguinus oedipus''), males, particularly those that are paternal, even show a greater involvement in caregiving than females.<ref name="CB2">Cleveland and Snowdon. Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin ('' Saguinus o. oedipus''). [[Animal Behaviour (journal)|Animal Behaviour]] (1984) vol. 32 (2) pp. 432-444</ref> The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.

==Species and subspecies list==
[[Image:Tamarin portrait 2 edit3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Emperor tamarin]] (''Saguinus imperator'')]]
{{see also|List of platyrrhines}}
Taxa included in the Callitrichidae are:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Garbino|first1=Guilherme S.T.|last2=Martins-Junior|first2=Antonio M.G.|title=Phenotypic evolution in marmoset and tamarin monkeys (Cebidae, Callitrichinae) and a revised genus-level classification|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=118| pages=156–171| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.002|pmid=28989098|year=2018|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=rylands>{{cite journal |author=Rylands, Anthony B. |author2=Eckhard W. Heymann |author3=Jessica Lynch Alfaro |author4=Janet C. Buckner |author5=Christian Roos |author6=Christian Matauschek |author7=Jean P. Boubli |author8=Ricardo Sampaio |author9=Russell A. Mittermeier | year=2016 | title=Taxonomic Review of the New World Tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae) | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=177 | issue=4 | pages=1003–1028 | doi=10.1111/zoj.12386 | url=http://socgen.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Rylands-et-al-Review-of-tamarin-taxonomy-J-Zool-Linn-Soc-2016.pdf | access-date=2020-04-19 | archive-date=2017-01-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128171237/http://socgen.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Rylands-et-al-Review-of-tamarin-taxonomy-J-Zool-Linn-Soc-2016.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Cortés-Ortiz | first1=Lilliana | year=2009 |chapter=Molecular Phylogenetics of the Callitrichidae with an Emphasis on the Marmosets and Callimico |editor=Ford, S. |editor2=Porter, L. |editor3=Davis, L. |title=The Smallest Anthropoids: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects |publisher=Springer |location=Boston | pages=3–24 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_1| isbn=978-1-4419-0292-4}}</ref><ref name=Silvestro>{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Silvestro |first1=Daniele |last2=Tejedor |first2=Marcelo F. |last3=Serrano Serrano |first3=Martha L. |last4=Loiseau |first4=Oriane |last5=Rossier |first5=Victor |last6=Rolland |first6=Jonathan |last7=Zizka |first7=Alexander |last8=Antonelli |first8=Alexandre |last9=Salamin |first9=Nicolas |year=2017 |title=Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data |biorxiv=10.1101/178111}}</ref>

*'''Family Callitrichidae'''
** Genus ''[[Saguinus]]''
*** Subgenus ''[[Tamarin|Saguinus]]''
**** [[Red-handed tamarin]], ''Saguinus midas''
**** [[Black tamarin|Western black tamarin]], ''Saguinus niger''
**** [[Eastern black-handed tamarin]], ''Saguinus ursulus''
**** [[Pied tamarin]], ''Saguinus bicolor''
**** [[Martins's tamarin]], ''Saguinus martinsi''
***** ''Saguinus martinsi martinsi''
***** ''Saguinus martinsi ochraceus''
**** [[White-footed tamarin]], ''Saguinus leucopus''
**** [[Cottontop tamarin]], ''Saguinus oedipus''
**** [[Geoffroy's tamarin]], ''Saguinus geoffroyi''
*** Subgenus ''[[Tamarin]]us''
**** [[Moustached tamarin]], ''Saguinus mystax''
***** [[Spix's moustached tamarin]], ''Saguinus mystax mystax''
***** Red-capped moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pileatus''
***** White-rump moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pluto''
**** [[White-lipped tamarin]], ''Saguinus labiatus''
***** Geoffroy's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus labiatus''
***** Gray's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus rufiventer''
***** Thomas's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus thomasi''
**** [[Emperor tamarin]], ''Saguinus imperator''
***** [[Black-chinned emperor tamarin]], ''Saguinus imperator imperator''
***** [[Bearded emperor tamarin]], ''Saguinus imperator subgrisescens''
**** [[Mottle-faced tamarin]], ''Saguinus inustus''
** Genus ''[[Leontocebus]]''
*** [[Black-mantled tamarin]], ''Leontocebus nigricollis''
**** Spix's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis nigricollis''
**** [[Graells's tamarin]], ''Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi''
**** Hernández-Camacho's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis hernandezi''
*** [[Brown-mantled tamarin]], ''Leontocebus fuscicollis''
**** [[Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus fuscicollis avilapiresi''
**** [[Spix's saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus fuscicollis fuscicollis''
**** [[Mura's saddleback tamarin]], ''Leontocebus fuscicollis mura''
**** [[Lako's saddleback tamarin]], ''Leontocebus fuscicollis primitivus''
*** [[Andean saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus leucogenys''
*** [[Lesson's saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus fuscus''
*** [[Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus cruzlimai''<ref name=Sampaio2015>{{cite journal |author = Sampaio|display-authors=et al | date = April 2015 | title = Re-description and assessment of the taxonomic status of ''Saguinus fuscicollis cruzlimai'' Hershkovitz, 1966 (Primates, Callitrichinae) | journal = Primates | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | doi = 10.1007/s10329-015-0458-2|pmid=25688005 |s2cid=11577316 }}</ref>
*** [[Weddell's saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus weddelli''
**** [[Weddell's tamarin]], ''Leontocebus weddelli weddelli''
**** Crandall's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli crandalli''
**** [[White-mantled tamarin]], ''Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus''
*** [[Golden-mantled tamarin]], ''Leontocebus tripartitus''
*** [[Illiger's saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus illigeri''
*** [[Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus lagonotus''
*** [[Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin]], ''Leontocebus nigrifrons''
** Genus ''[[Leontopithecus]]''
*** [[Golden lion tamarin]], ''Leontopithecus rosalia''
*** [[Golden-headed lion tamarin]], ''Leontopithecus chrysomelas''
*** [[Black lion tamarin]], ''Leontopithecus chrysopygus''
*** [[Superagui lion tamarin]], ''Leontopithecus caissara''
** {{extinct}}Genus ''[[Patasola (monkey)|Patasola]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Patasola magdalenae]]''
** {{extinct}}Genus ''[[Micodon]]''
*** {{extinct}}''[[Micodon kiotensis]]''
** Genus ''[[Callimico]]''
*** [[Goeldi's marmoset]], ''Callimico goeldii''
** Genus ''[[Mico (genus)|Mico]]''
*** [[Silvery marmoset]], ''Mico argentatus''
*** [[Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset]], ''Mico humilis''
*** [[White marmoset]], ''Mico leucippe''
*** [[Black-tailed marmoset]], ''Mico melanurus''
*** [[Schneider's marmoset]], ''Mico schneideri''
*** [[Hershkovitz's marmoset]], ''Mico intermedia''
*** [[Emilia's marmoset]], ''Mico emiliae''
*** [[Black-headed marmoset]], ''Mico nigriceps''
*** [[Marca's marmoset]], ''Mico marcai''
*** [[Santarem marmoset]], ''Mico humeralifer''
*** [[Gold-and-white marmoset]], ''Mico chrysoleucos''
*** [[Maués marmoset]], ''Mico mauesi''
*** [[Satéré marmoset|Sateré marmoset]], ''Mico saterei''
*** [[Rio Acari marmoset|Rio Acarí marmoset]], ''Mico acariensis''
*** [[Rondon's marmoset]], ''Mico rondoni''
*** [[Munduruku marmoset]], ''Mico munduruku''
** Genus ''[[Cebuella]]''
*** [[Western pygmy marmoset]], ''Cebuella pygmaea''
*** [[Eastern pygmy marmoset]], ''Cebuella niveiventris''
** Genus ''[[Callithrix]]''
*** [[Common marmoset]], ''Callithrix jacchus''
*** [[Black-tufted marmoset]], ''Callithrix penicillata''
*** [[Wied's marmoset]], ''Callithrix kuhlii''
*** [[White-headed marmoset]], ''Callithrix geoffroyi''
*** [[Buffy-tufted marmoset]], ''Callithrix aurita''
*** [[Buffy-headed marmoset]], ''Callithrix flaviceps''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Primates}}
{{Callitrichidae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q574338}}

[[Category:Callitrichidae| ]]
[[Category:Primate families]]
[[Category:Primates of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1903]]