Editing C. Douglas Dillon

{{short description|American diplomat}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = C Douglas Dillon (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Dillon in 1955
| office              = 57th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
| president           = [[John F. Kennedy]]<br />[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| term_start          = January 21, 1961
| term_end            = April 1, 1965
| predecessor         = [[Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)|Robert B. Anderson]]
| successor           = [[Henry H. Fowler]]
| office1             = 21st [[United States Under Secretary of State]]
| president1          = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| term_start1         = June 12, 1959
| term_end1           = January 4, 1961
| predecessor1        = [[Christian Herter]]
| successor1          = [[Chester Bowles]]
| office2             = 2nd [[Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs]]
| president2          = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| term_start2         = July 1, 1958
| term_end2           = June 11, 1959
| predecessor2        = [[William L. Clayton]]
| successor2          = [[George Ball (diplomat)|George Ball]]
| office3             = [[United States Ambassador to France]]
| president3          = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| term_start3         = March 13, 1953
| term_end3           = January 28, 1957
| predecessor3        = [[James C. Dunn]]
| successor3          = [[Amory Houghton]]
| birth_name          = Clarence Douglass Dillon
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1909|8|21}}
| birth_place         = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2003|1|10|1909|8|21}}
| death_place         = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse              = {{plainlist}}
* {{marriage|Phyllis Chess Ellsworth|March 10, 1931|June 20, 1982|end=her death}}
* {{marriage|Susan Sage<br />|1983<!--|January 10, 2003|end=his death-->}}
{{endplainlist}}
| children            = 2, including [[Joan Dillon|Joan]]
| relatives           = 
| parents             = [[Clarence Dillon]]<br>Anne McEldin (née Douglass)
| education           = [[Groton School]]
| alma_mater          = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| signature           = C Douglas Dillon sig.jpg
| allegiance          = United States
| branch              = [[United States Navy]]
| serviceyears        = 1941-1946 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10679489 |title=National Archives Catalog. Dillon, C. Douglas (Clarence Douglas), 1909-2003. Person Authority Record |access-date=May 1, 2020 |publisher=National Archives }}</ref>
| rank                = [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10679489 |title=National Archives Catalog. Dillon, C. Douglas (Clarence Douglas), 1909-2003. Person Authority Record |access-date=May 1, 2020 |publisher=National Archives }}</ref>
| battles             = [[World War II]]
| footnotes           = <ref name=ScribnerBio>{{cite news |title=C. Douglas Dillon, former Treasury secretary and Harvard overseer, dies at 93 |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/01.16/12-dillon.html |work=Harvard Gazette |publisher=[[Harvard University]] news office |date=January 16, 2003 |access-date=2009-03-27 |archive-date=2003-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030313054041/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/01.16/12-dillon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
'''Clarence Douglas Dillon''' (born '''Clarence Douglass Dillon'''; August 21, 1909{{spaced ndash}}January 10, 2003) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to France|United States ambassador to France]] from 1953 to 1957 and as the 57th [[United States secretary of the treasury]] from 1961 to 1965. He was also a member of the Executive Committee of the [[National Security Council (USA)|National Security Council]] ([[ExComm]]) during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. His conservative economic policies while Secretary of the Treasury were designed to protect the U.S. dollar.

==Early life==
Dillon was born on August 21, 1909, in [[Geneva, Switzerland]], the son of American parents, Anne McEldin ([[née]] Douglass) and financier [[Clarence Dillon]]. Although Dillon grew up as a [[patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patrician]], his paternal grandfather, Samuel Lapowski, was a poor [[Jewish]] emigrant from [[Poland]].<ref name=NYTObit/>  After leaving Poland, his grandfather settled in Texas after the [[American Civil War]] and married Dillon's Swedish-American grandmother. Dillon's father later changed his family name to Dillon, an Anglicization of "Dylion", his grandmother's maiden name.<ref name=NYTObit/> Dillon's mother was descended from the Graham family, Lairds of Tamrawer Castle at Kilsyth, [[Stirling]], Scotland.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Dillon began his education at Pine Lodge School in [[Lakehurst, New Jersey|Lakehurst]], [[New Jersey]].   He continued at [[Groton School]] in Massachusetts, then at [[Harvard University|Harvard College]], [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] [[magna cum laude]] 1931 in American history and literature.<ref name=NYTObit>{{cite news|title=C. Douglas Dillon Dies at 93; Was in Kennedy Cabinet |date=January 12, 2003  |access-date=2009-03-27|author=Eric Pace|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/business/c-douglas-dillon-dies-at-93-was-in-kennedy-cabinet.html|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>"Dillon, C(larence) Douglas.  Priscilla Roberts.''The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives.''  Arnold Markoe, Karen Markoe, and [[Kenneth T. Jackson]] (editors). Vol. 7: 2003–2005. Detroit: [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], 2007. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. [[Farmington Hills, Michigan]]: [[Gale Cengage|Gale]], 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Via [[Fairfax County Public Library]].  Accessed 2009-03-27.  Document Number: K2875000085</ref> Dillon earned a varsity letter for football his senior year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fball/history/Football_Letterwinners_Media_Center |title=Media Center: Harvard Crimson Football All-Time Letterwinners - Harvard |access-date=2017-01-24 |archive-date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023143002/https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fball/history/Football_Letterwinners_Media_Center |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
In 1938, he became [[Vice-President]] and [[Board of directors|Director]] of [[Dillon, Read & Co.]], a firm that bore his father's name ([[Clarence Dillon]]).  After his [[World War II]] service on [[Guam]], on [[Saipan]], and in the [[Philippines]], he left the [[United States Navy]] as [[Lieutenant Commander (United States)|Lieutenant Commander]] decorated with the [[Legion of Merit]] and [[Air Medal]].  In 1946 he became chairman of Dillon, Read; by 1952 he had doubled the firm's investments.<ref name=ScribnerBio/>

===Political career===
Dillon had been active in Republican politics since 1934.  He worked for [[John Foster Dulles]] in [[Thomas E. Dewey]]'s [[1948 United States presidential election|1948 presidential campaign]].  In 1951 he organized the New Jersey effort to secure the [[Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1952|1952 Republican nomination]] for [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. He was also a major contributor to Eisenhower's [[1952 United States presidential election|general election campaign in 1952]].<ref name=ScribnerBio/>

President Eisenhower appointed him [[United States Ambassador to France]] in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 1987 |title=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR C. DOUGLAS DILLON |url=https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Dillon,%20C.%20Douglas.TOC.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712163833/https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Dillon,%20C.%20Douglas.TOC.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training}}</ref>  Following his return he became [[Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs|Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs]] in 1958 before becoming [[Under Secretary of State]] the following year.<ref>{{cite web |title=C. Douglas Dillon |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/C.+Douglas+Dillon.htm |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library |access-date=2008-10-28 |archive-date=2012-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626015153/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Ready-Reference.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' reported that if [[Richard Nixon]] had won the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1960]] that Dillon was to be chosen as Secretary of State.<ref>"Nation: Cabinet Making," ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]],'' October 25, 1968.</ref>

==Secretary of the Treasury==
{{Further|Presidency of John F. Kennedy}}
In 1961, [[John F. Kennedy]], appointed [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Dillon [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury Secretary]]. Dillon remained Treasury Secretary under President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] until 1965.
According to Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, Dillon's leadership of the economic policy team, exerted significant conservative influence on the overall direction of the administration. He effectively convinced the president that the nation's main economic challenge was the balance of payments deficit, leading to the adoption of a moderate approach and the dismissal of more radical liberal solutions to domestic issues. President Kennedy's choice of Dillon as Secretary of the Treasury reflected a deep concern about the balance of payments deficit and the resulting "gold drain." By choosing Dillon, a Wall Street figure with strong Republican connections and a reputation for advocating sound monetary policies, Kennedy aimed to reassure the financial community, which was apprehensive about the potential loose monetary policies of the incoming Democratic administration. According to Theodore Sorensen, the president's choice was primarily influenced by the need to maintain global confidence in the dollar and prevent a massive conversion of dollars into gold. Kennedy shared Dillon's moderately conservative economic perspectives at the time of his appointment, and Dillon enjoyed close access to the president throughout his presidency. He was one of the few political associates who socialized with Kennedy as well.

The emphasis placed by Kennedy and Dillon on addressing the balance of payments issue had a substantial impact on the administration's overall economic policy, steering it toward conservatism. The growing annual deficits in dollar payments had led to a significant accumulation of dollars in the hands of foreign banks and governments. The recurring loss of confidence in the value of the dollar prompted foreign holders to exchange their dollars for American gold, which had a fixed value relative to the dollar. This "gold drain" raised concerns within the financial community and remained a prominent issue during both the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. In an effort to stabilize the status of the dollar and halt the outflow of gold, the Kennedy administration avoided economic measures that could potentially increase inflation and undermine foreign confidence in the dollar. During the initial years of Kennedy's presidency, Dillon's success in prioritizing the payments deficit prevented more aggressive fiscal and monetary interventions in the economy or increased spending on social programs.<ref>Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, ''Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era'' ( Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp. 118-119.</ref>

On tariff policy, Dillon proposed the fifth round of tariff negotiations under the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT), conducted in Geneva 1960–1962; it came to be called the "Dillon Round" and led to substantial tariff reduction. Dillon was important in securing presidential power for reciprocal tariff reductions under the [[Trade Expansion Act]] of 1962. He also played a role in crafting the [[Revenue Act of 1962]], which established a 7 percent [[investment credit]] to spur industrial growth. He supervised revision of [[depreciation]] rules to benefit corporate investment.
<!--In his years as the secretary of Treasury, Mr. Dillon played a key part in drawing up the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, which empowered Mr. Kennedy to cut tariffs by half in the course of reciprocal negotiations. As secretary, Mr. Dillon was also instrumental in framing the Revenue Act of 1962, which mandated a 7 percent investment credit that was meant to spur industrial plant and equipment investment. He oversaw the revising and liberalizing of principles for the companies' handling of depreciation charges. -->
[[File:C. Douglas Dillon with Kennedy.jpg|thumb|left|Dillon and Kennedy in August 1961. Dillon had just returned from the conference in [[Uruguay]] in which the [[Alliance for Progress]] was formalized, and where Dillon had discussions with [[Che Guevara]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rabe|first1=Stephen G.|author-link=Stephen G. Rabe|title=The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America|date=1999|publisher=University of North Carolina press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=080784764X|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hVhuAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30–32]}}</ref>]]

Dillon supervised the development of a reform package. He made a case before Congress to withhold taxes on interest and dividend income. The goal was to combat widespread tax evasion. Additionally, he advocated for the closure of loopholes utilized by foreign "tax haven" corporations and businessmen who deducted entertainment expenses. Although Congress rejected most of the administration's reform program during the summer of 1962, Dillon nevertheless endorsed the final package because it included a 7 percent investment tax credit.<ref name="Siracusa, 2015 pp. 118-119">Burns and Siracusa, ''Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era'' (2015) pp. 118-119.</ref>

Kennedy also made use of Dillon's diplomatic skills. He was made the leader of the American delegation dispatched to Punta del Este, Uruguay, in August 1961 to commence the [[Alliance for Progress]]. Dillon committed the U.S. to provide $20 billion in low-interest loans over the next decade to enhance the living conditions in Latin America. He endorsed the "revolution of rising expectations" and aimed to convert it into a "revolution of rising satisfactions." Additionally, Dillon served on the National Security Council and actively participated in the intense discussions surrounding the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in October 1962.<ref name="Siracusa, 2015 pp. 118-119"/><ref>C. Douglas  Dillon, "Alliance for Progress, A Program for the Peoples of the Americas." ''The Department of State Bulletin'' 45 (1961): 355-360.</ref>

==Philanthropy==
A close friend of [[John D. Rockefeller III]], he was chairman of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] from 1972 to 1975.  He also served alongside John Rockefeller on the 1973 [[Commission on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs]], and under Nelson Rockefeller in the [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Rockefeller Commission]] to investigate CIA activities. He served as president of [[Harvard Board of Overseers]], chairman of the [[Brookings Institution]], and vice chairman of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref name=NYTObit/>

===Metropolitan Museum of Art===
With his first wife, Dillon collected [[Impressionist art]]. He was a longtime trustee of the [[Metropolitan Museum]], serving as its President (1970–1977) and then chairman.<ref name=NYTObit/> He built up its [[Chinese art|Chinese]] galleries and served as a member of the [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art Centennial|Museum's Centennial]] committee.<ref>[http://libmma.org/digital_files/archives/Trescher_Centennial_records_b18234550.pdf Finding aid for the George Trescher records related to The Metropolitan Museum of Art Centennial, 1949, 1960-1971 (bulk 1967-1970)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412110104/http://libmma.org/digital_files/archives/Trescher_Centennial_records_b18234550.pdf |date=2019-04-12 }}. [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. Retrieved 5 August 2014.</ref> He personally donated $20 million to the museum and led a fundraising campaign, which raised an additional $100 million.<ref name="Jackson2003"/>

He received the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom|Medal of Freedom]] in 1989.

==Personal life==
On March 10, 1931, Dillon married the former Phyllis Chess Ellsworth (1910–1982){{refn|group=lower-alpha|Phyllis was born in [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]], [[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph County]], [[Indiana]] on August 3, 1910, and died in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] on June 20, 1982.}} in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].  Phyllis was the daughter of John Chess Ellsworth<ref>Timothy Edward Howard, History of St Joseph County, Indiana, vol II (1907), pp. 886–887</ref> and Alice Frances Chalifoux. The couple had two daughters:

* Phyllis Ellsworth Dillon Collins
* [[Joan Dillon|Joan Douglas Dillon]] (b. 1935), former president of French [[Bordeaux wine]] company [[Domaine Clarence Dillon]].

In 1983, the widowed Dillon married the former Susan "Suzzie" Slater (1917–2019). She had first been married to Theodore "Ted" Sheldon Bassett (1911–1983) in 1939 (div.). In 1949 she married British entertainer Jack Buchanan (1891–1957). In 1961 she wed DeWitt Linn Sage (1905–1982), who again left her a widow.

Dillon died of natural causes on January 10, 2003, at the [[New York-Presbyterian Hospital]] in [[New York City]] at the age of 93.<ref name="Jackson2003">{{cite news|last1=Jackson|first1=Harold|title=Douglas Dillon {{!}} The Republican behind JFK's economic boom|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jan/24/guardianobituaries.usa|access-date=9 March 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 January 2003|language=en}}</ref>

===Descendants===
Through his daughter Joan's first marriage, he was a grandfather of Joan Dillon Moseley (b. 1954), and through his daughter Joan’s  second marriage to [[Prince Charles of Luxembourg (1927–1977)|Prince Charles of Luxembourg]],<ref name="1967Engagement">{{cite news |title=Mrs. Joan Dillon Betrothed to Prince; She Will Be Wed in Spring to Charles of Luxembourg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/11/archives/mrs-joan-dillon-betrothed-to-prince-she-will-be-wed-in-spring-to.html |access-date=22 July 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 February 1967}}</ref> he was a grandfather to Princess Charlotte (b. 1967) and [[Prince Robert of Luxembourg|Prince Robert]] (b. 1968) followed. After Prince Charles' death in 1977, Joan married [[Philippe François Armand Marie de Noailles|Philippe, 8th duc de Mouchy]] in 1978, without further issue.<ref name="ghda">''Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser'' XVIII. "Luxemburg". C.A. Starke Verlag, 2007, pp. 83–84, 449–450. (German). {{ISBN|978-3-7980-0841-0}}.</ref>

==In fiction==
In the [[Brendan DuBois]] novel ''[[Resurrection Day (novel)|Resurrection Day]]'' (1999), the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] erupts into a full-scale nuclear war and Washington, D.C., is destroyed. President [[John F. Kennedy]] is killed, as is Vice President [[Lyndon Johnson]], most of the Senate and Congress, and most members of the [[Kennedy administration]]. Dillon, the Secretary of the Treasury, is eventually found to have survived the war and becomes the 36th President of the United States.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|United States|Politics}}
*[[List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines]]
*[[Rockefeller Foundation]]
*[[Metropolitan Museum]]

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

;Sources
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Aldous, Richard. ''The Dillon Era: Douglas Dillon in the Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Administrations'' (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2023).
* Basha i Novosejt, Aurélie. "C. Douglas Dillon, President Kennedy's Economic Envoy." ''The International History Review'' 40.2 (2018): 231-252. [https://kar.kent.ac.uk/67292/1/C.%20Douglas%20Dillon,%20President%20Kennedy%E2%80%99s%20economic%20envoy.pdf online]
* Eichengreen, Barry. "From Benign Neglect to Malignant Preoccupation: U.S. Balance-of-Payments Policy in the 1960s" in George Perry and James Tobin, eds., ''Economic Events, Ideas and Policies: The 1960s and After'' (The Brookings Institution, 2000).
* Gavin, Francis J. ''Gold, Dollars and Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations'' (U of North Carolina Press, 2004).
* Heller, Deane.''The Kennedy Cabinet: America's Men of Destiny'' (1961)
* Katz, Bernard S.and C. Daniel Vencill. ''Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury'', 1789–1995 (1996)
* [[Nelson Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein, Nelson]], ed., ''Political Profiles: The Johnson Years'' (1976)
* Perez, Robert C.and Edward F. Willett., ''Clarence Dillon: A Wall Street Enigma'' (1995), a biography of Dillon's father.
* Schoenebaum, Eleanora W. ed. ''Political Profiles: The Eisenhower Years'' (1977)
* Siracusa, Joseph M. ed., ''Presidential Profiles: The Kennedy Years'' (2004)
* [[Robert Sobel]], ''The Life and Times of Dillon Read'' (1991), a study of the investment bank
<!-- Obituaries are in the Washington Post (12 January 2003), the New York Times (12 January 2003), the Times (17 January 2003), and the Guardian (24 January 2003). -->

==External links==
*[http://www.wargs.com/royal/dillon.html Ancestry of Joan Douglas Dillon]

{{S-start}}
{{S-dip}}
{{Succession box 
| title       = [[United States Ambassador to France|U.S. Ambassador to France]]
| before      = [[James Clement Dunn]]
| after       = [[Amory Houghton]]
| years       = March 13, 1953 – January 28, 1957
}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before      = [[William L. Clayton]]
| title       = [[Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs]]
| after       = [[George Wildman Ball]]
| years       = July 1, 1958 – June 11, 1959
}}
{{Succession box
| title      = [[Under Secretary of State]]
| before     = [[Christian Herter]]
| after      = [[Chester Bowles]]
| years      = June 12, 1959 – January 4, 1961
}}
{{U.S. Cabinet official box
| before     = [[Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)|Robert B. Anderson]]
| after      = [[Henry H. Fowler]]
| years      = January 21, 1961 – April 1, 1965
| president  = [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| department = Secretary of the Treasury}}
{{S-culture}}
{{Succession box
| title      = [[File:Metropolitan Museum of Art by Simon Fieldhouse.jpg|44px]]<br />[[List of Presidents of the Metropolitan Museum of Art|President of the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
| years      = 1970-1977
| before     = [[Arthur Amory Houghton Jr.]]
| after      = [[William B. Macomber, Jr.]]
}}
{{s-npo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Eugene R. Black Sr.]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Brookings Institution|Chairman of the Brookings Institution]]|years=1968 — 1975}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Roosa]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John D. Rockefeller III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rockefeller Foundation|Chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation]]|years=1971 — 1975}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Cyrus Vance]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{USSecTreas}}
{{Under Sec of State}}
{{US Ambassadors to France}}
{{Kennedy cabinet}}
{{LBJohnson cabinet}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dillon, C. Douglas}}
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