Editing Burgundy

{{Short description|Historical region}}
{{About|the geographic area and historical region of France}}
{{Redirect|Bourgogne}}
{{Lead rewrite|reason=it does not summarise the article|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| official_name            = Burgundy
| native_name              = Bourgogne
| native_name_lang         = fr
| settlement_type          = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| image_skyline            = 
| image_caption            = 
| image_flag               = Flag of Bourgogne.svg
| flag_size                = 120px
| image_shield             = Arms of the Duke of Burgundy (1364-1404).svg
| shield_size              = 
| image_blank_emblem       = 
| image_map                = Bourgogne in France.svg
| map_caption              = 
| motto                    = 
| coordinates              = {{coord|47|00|N|4|30|E|region:FR_type:adm1st|display=ti}}
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = {{flagu|France}}
| extinct_title            = Dissolved
| extinct_date             = 1 January 2016
| seat_type                = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat                     = [[Dijon]]
| parts_type               = [[Departments of France|Departments]]
| parts_style              = list
| parts                    = 4
| p1                       = [[Côte-d'Or]] (21)
| p2                       = [[Nièvre]] (58)
| p3                       = [[Saône-et-Loire]] (71)
| p4                       = [[Yonne]] (89)
| leader_party             = [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| leader_title             = [[President of the Regional Council (France)|President]]
| leader_name              = [[François Patriat]]
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 31582
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 1631000
| population_as_of         = 2008-01-01
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_demonym       = 
| timezone1                = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1              = +01:00
| timezone1_DST            = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST          = +02:00
| demographics_type1       = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes  = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat|access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>
|demographics1_title1     = Total
|demographics1_info1      = €49.189 billion
| demographics1_title2     = Per capita
|demographics1_info2      = €30,300
| blank_name_sec2          = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#France|NUTS Region]]
| blank_info_sec2          = FR2
| website                  = [https://web.archive.org/web/20151230215053/http://www.xn--rgion-bourgogne-bnb.fr/ www.xn--rgion-bourgogne-bnb.fr (archive)]
| iso_code                 = FR-D
| footnotes                = 
}}

'''Burgundy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɜr|g|ən|d|i}} {{respell|BUR|gən|dee}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Bourgogne}} {{IPA|fr|buʁɡɔɲ||fr-Bourgogne.ogg}}; [[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian]]: ''Bregogne'') is a historical territory and former [[Regions of France|administrative region]] and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the [[Dukes of Burgundy]] from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The capital, [[Dijon]], was wealthy and powerful, being a major European centre of art and science, and of [[Western Monasticism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bouchard|first=Constance B.|date=July 1990|title=Merovingian, Carolingian and Cluniac Monasticism: Reform and Renewal in Burgundy|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-ecclesiastical-history/article/abs/merovingian-carolingian-and-cluniac-monasticism-reform-and-renewal-in-burgundy/FA1DB5CC070A6E9E023C962B475CEF26#|journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History|language=en|volume=41|issue=3|pages=365–388|doi=10.1017/S0022046900075199|s2cid=162228105 |issn=1469-7637}}</ref> In early Modern Europe, Burgundy was a focal point of courtly culture that set the fashion for European royal houses and their court.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wim|first=Blockmans|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/913446839|title=Staging the Court of Burgundy : proceedings of the Conference "The splendour of Burgundy"|date=2013|publisher=Harvey Miller|isbn=978-1-905375-82-0|oclc=913446839}}</ref> The [[Duchy of Burgundy]] was a key in the transformation of the [[Middle Ages]] towards [[early modern Europe]].

Upon the 9th-century partitions of the [[Kingdom of Burgundy]], the lands and remnants partitioned to the [[Kingdom of France]] were reduced to a ducal rank by King [[Robert II of France]] in 1004. The [[House of Burgundy]], a cadet branch of the [[House of Capet]], ruled over a territory that roughly conformed to the borders and territories of the modern administrative region of Burgundy. Upon the extinction of the Burgundian male line the duchy reverted to the [[King of France]] and the [[House of Valois]].

Following the marriage of [[Philip the Bold|Philip of Valois]] and [[Margaret III of Flanders]], the Duchy of Burgundy was absorbed into the Burgundian State alongside parts of the [[Low Countries]] which would become collectively known as the [[Burgundian Netherlands]]. Upon further acquisitions of the [[County of Burgundy]], [[Holland]], and [[Luxembourg]], the [[House of Valois-Burgundy]] came into possession of numerous French and imperial fiefs stretching from the western Alps to the North Sea, in some ways reminiscent of the [[Middle Frankish Kingdom|Middle Frankish]] realm of [[Lotharingia]].

The Burgundian State,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schnerb|first=Betrand|title=L'État bourguignon|publisher=Perrin.|year=1999|isbn=978-2-262-02360-7|location=Paris|language=French}}</ref> in its own right, was one of the largest ducal territories that existed at the time of the emergence of early [[Modern Europe]]. It was regarded as one of the major western European powers of the 14th and 15th centuries. The [[Dukes of Burgundy]] were among the wealthiest and the most powerful princes in Europe and were sometimes called "Grand Dukes of the West".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doudet|first=Estelle|date=2002-12-15|title=Le surnom du prince: la construction de la mémoire historique par un Rhétoriqueur|journal=Questes|volume=2 |issue=2|pages=6–7|doi=10.4000/questes.2597|issn=2102-7188|doi-access=free}}</ref> Through its possessions the Burgundian State was a major European centre of trade and commerce.

The extinction of the dynasty led to the absorption of the duchy itself into the French crown lands by King [[Louis XI]], while the bulk of the Burgundian possessions in the Low Countries passed to Duke [[Charles the Bold]]'s daughter, [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]], and her Habsburg descendants. Thus the [[War of the Burgundian Succession|partition of the Burgundian heritage]] marked the beginning of the centuries-long [[French–Habsburg rivalry]] and played a pivotal role in European politics long after Burgundy had lost its role as an independent political identity.

== Etymology ==
It is named for the [[Burgundians]], an [[Germanic peoples|East Germanic people]] who moved westwards beyond the [[Rhine]] during the late [[Roman Empire|Roman]] period.<ref>Poupardin, René, {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Burgundy}}</ref> The name ''Burgundy'' has historically denoted numerous political entities. It first emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient [[Kingdom of the Burgundians]], which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the [[Frankish Empire]].

Since the inception of the French [[Departments of France|departmental system]] in 1790, ''Burgundy'' has referred to the geographic area comprising the four departments of [[Côte-d'Or]], [[Saône-et-Loire]], [[Yonne]], and [[Nièvre]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pbspjvZst5UC&pg=PA201|title= Provinces, départements, régions: L'organisation administrative de la France d'hier à demain|last= Masson|first= Jean-Louis|date= 1984|page=201website= Google Livres (French Google Books site)|language=fr|publisher= Éditions Fernand Lanore|isbn= 9782851570031|access-date= 2020-05-23}}</ref>

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Chatillon-sur-Seine - Musée du Pays chatillonnais - Cratère de Vix - 012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The Vix [[Krater]], a Greek wine-mixing vessel found in the [[Vix Grave]]]]
[[File:Arms of the Duke of Burgundy (1364-1404).svg|thumb|100px|left|[[Coat of arms]] of the second Duchy of Burgundy and later of the province]]
{{main|History of Burgundy}}
The first recorded inhabitants of the area that was to become Burgundy were various tribes of [[Gauls|Gallic]] [[Celts]], the most prominent of which were the semi-republican [[Aedui]], who were eventually incorporated into the [[Roman Empire]] following the Gaulish defeat in the [[Battle of Alesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle of Alesia {{!}} Facts, Summary, & Combatants|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Alesia-52-BCE|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[Gallo-Roman]] culture flourished during the Roman period.

During the 4th century, the [[Burgundians]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] people who may have originated on the Baltic island of [[Bornholm]], settled in the western Alps. They founded the [[Kingdom of the Burgundians]], which was conquered in the 6th century by another Germanic tribe, the [[Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=S|first=Alen|title=Kingdom of the Burgundy (406-534)|url=https://www.shorthistory.org/middle-ages/germanic-tribes/kingdom-of-the-burgundians-406-534/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Short history website|date=16 February 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Burgundy province.png|thumb|100px|right|Map of France showing Burgundy and provincial boundaries in 1789]]

Under Frankish dominion, the [[Kingdom of Burgundy]] continued for several centuries.

Later, the region was divided between the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] (to the west) and the [[Free County of Burgundy]] (to the east). The Duchy of Burgundy is the better known of the two, later becoming the French province of Burgundy, while the County of Burgundy became the French province of [[Franche-Comté]].

Burgundy's modern existence is rooted in the dissolution of the [[Frankish Empire]]. In the 880s, there were four Burgundies: the [[Duchy of Burgundy|Duchy]], the [[County of Burgundy|County]], and the kingdoms of [[Upper Burgundy]] and [[Lower Burgundy]].

During the [[Middle Ages]], Burgundy was home to some of the most important Western churches and [[monasteries]], including those of [[Cluny Abbey|Cluny]], [[Cîteaux]], and [[Vézelay Abbey|Vézelay]]. Cluny, founded in 910, exerted a strong influence in Europe for centuries. The first [[Cistercian]] abbey was founded in 1098 in Cîteaux. Over the next century, hundreds of Cistercian abbeys were founded throughout Europe, in a large part due to the charisma and influence of [[Bernard of Clairvaux]]. The [[Abbey of Fontenay]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], is today the best-preserved Cistercian abbey in Burgundy. The Abbey of Vézelay, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is still a starting point for pilgrimages to [[Santiago de Compostela]].<ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/burgundy/burgundy.htm |title=Burgundy |year=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=2018-08-10 }}</ref> Cluny was almost totally destroyed during the French Revolution.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-21|title=Cluny, The second Rome|url=https://www.interkultur.fr/events/cluny/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Interkultur Paris|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224043406/https://www.interkultur.fr/events/cluny/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the [[Hundred Years' War]], King [[John II of France]] gave the duchy to his youngest son, [[Philip the Bold]]. The duchy soon became a major rival to the crown. The court in [[Dijon]] outshone the French court both economically and culturally. Phillip the Bold's grandson [[Philip the Good]] acquired [[Namur]], [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[Province of Brabant|Brabant]], and [[Holland]] in modern [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]]. 

[[File:Military flag of the Burgundian state under Duke Charles the Bold.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|alt=Military flag of the Burgundian State during the reign of Duke Charles the Bold|Military flag of the Burgundian State during the reign of [[Charles the Bold]]]]

In 1477, at the [[battle of Nancy]] during the [[Burgundian Wars]], the last duke [[Charles the Bold]] was killed in battle, and the Duchy itself was annexed by France and became a province. However, the northern part of the empire was taken by the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian Habsburgs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Duchy of Burgundy, Medieval Powerhouse {{!}} eHISTORY|url=https://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/duchy-burgundy-medieval-powerhouse|access-date=2020-11-25|website=ehistory.osu.edu}}</ref>

With the French Revolution in the end of the 18th century, the administrative units of the provinces disappeared, but were reconstituted as regions during the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] in the 1970s. The modern-day administrative region comprises most of the former duchy.

In 2016, Burgundy and the historical region of [[Franche-Comté]] merged for administrative purposes into the new [[Regions of France|region]] of [[Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]].<ref>{{cite web |title=LOI n° 2015-29 du 16 janvier 2015 relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2015/1/16/2015-29/jo/texte |website=Legifrance |access-date=20 May 2020 |language=fr|publisher=Secrétariat général du Gouvernement}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Carte de la Bourgogne (Relief).svg|thumb|right|alt=Map of Burgundy|Map of Burgundy]]

The region of Burgundy is both larger than the old [[Duchy of Burgundy]] and smaller than the area ruled by the [[Dukes of Burgundy]], from the modern [[Netherlands]] to the border of [[Auvergne]]. Today, Burgundy is made up of the old provinces:

* Burgundy: [[Côte-d'Or]], Saône-et-Loire, and southern half of [[Yonne]]. This corresponds to the old [[Duke of Burgundy|duchy of Burgundy]] (later called ''province of Burgundy''). However, the old [[county of Burgundy]] (later called ''province of Franche-Comté'') is not included inside the Burgundy region, but it makes up the [[Franche-Comté]] region. Also, a small part of the duchy of Burgundy (province of Burgundy) is now inside the [[Champagne-Ardenne]] region.
* [[Nivernais]]: now the department of [[Nièvre]].
* the northern half of [[Yonne]] is a territory that was not part of Burgundy (at least not since the 11th century), and was a frontier between [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]], [[Île-de-France]], and [[Orléanais]], being part of each of these provinces at different times in history.

=== Major communities ===
[[File:Place_du_Bareuzai.jpg|thumb|Dijon, Place François-Rude]]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Autun]]
* [[Auxerre]]
* [[Avallon]]
* [[Beaune]]
* [[Chalon-sur-Saône]]
* [[Dijon]] 
* [[Le Creusot]]
* [[Mâcon]]
* [[Montceau-les-Mines]]
* [[Nevers]]
* [[Paray-le-Monial]]
* [[Sens]]
{{div col end}}

== Climate ==
The climate of this region is essentially oceanic (Cfb in [[Köppen classification]]), with a continental influence (sometimes called a "half-continental climate").{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

== Politics ==
The [[regional council of Burgundy]] was the legislative assembly of the region, until its merger to form the [[regional council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]].

== Culture ==
[[File:Meursault,Burgundy.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chardonnay]] vineyards in the south of [[Côte de Beaune]] surrounding the town of [[Meursault]]]]
[[File:Château de la Clayette vu de la rive du lac.jpg|thumb|right|[[Château de La Clayette]]]] 
{{see also|Burgundy wine}}
[[File:Evaireman de lai peste.png|thumb|Poem in [[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian]] dialect]]
Burgundy is one of France's main wine-producing areas. It is well known for both its red and white wines, mostly made from [[Pinot noir]] and [[Chardonnay]] grapes, respectively, although other grape varieties can be found, including [[Gamay]], [[Aligote]], [[Pinot blanc]], and [[Sauvignon blanc]]. The region is divided into the [[Côte-d'Or]], where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and [[Beaujolais]], [[Chablis]], the [[Côte Chalonnaise]] and [[Mâcon]]. The reputation and quality of the top wines, together with the fact that they are often produced in small quantities, has led to high demand and high prices, with some Burgundies ranking among the most expensive wines in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitfrenchwine.com/en/vineyard/visit-the-vineyards-of-bourgogne-wine-tourism|title = Bourgogne| work=The greatest destinations in the vineyards of France – France’s official wine tourism portal |date = 15 January 2016}}</ref>

With regard to cuisine, the region is famous for [[Dijon mustard]], [[Charolais cattle|Charolais beef]], [[Bresse chicken]], the Burgundian dishes [[coq au vin]] and [[beef bourguignon]], and [[époisses]] cheese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.france.fr/en/news/article/burgundy|title=Visit Burgundy, a Land of Adventure|website=us.france.fr}}</ref>

Tourist sites of Burgundy include the [[Rock of Solutré]], the [[Hospices de Beaune]], the [[Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy|Ducal Palace]] in Dijon, and many Renaissance and mediaeval châteaus, castles, churches and abbeys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.france.fr/en/burgundy/article/burgundy|title=Visit Burgundy, a Land of Adventure|website=us.france.fr}}</ref>

Earlier, the southeastern part of Burgundy was heavily industrial, with coal mines near [[Montceau-les-Mines]] and iron foundries and crystal works in [[Le Creusot]]. These industries declined in the second half of the twentieth century.

The local dialect is known as [[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian]] (Bourguignon); it is an [[Oïl language]] similar to Standard French but with some [[Franco-Provençal]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] influence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diaryofawinebuyer.wordpress.com/tag/bourguignon-morvandiau/|title=Bourguignon-Morvandiau|website=Diary of a Winebuyer|date=26 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/wsc/img/WSC4_Accepted.pdf |title=4th Workshop on Sound Change: Accepted Abstracts |publisher=University of Edinburgh |date=2017 |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4GynMSRZ6gC&dq=Bourguignon-++franco+provencal&pg=PA89|title=Language and National Identity: Comparing France and Sweden|first=Leigh|last=Oakes|date=15 April 2001|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=9789027218483 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{eB1911 poster|Burgundy}}
* {{Cite book | last =Allen | first =Percy  | author-link=Percy Allen (writer)| title =Burgundy - The Splendid Duchy: Stories and Sketches in South Burgundy| place =London | publisher =F. Griffiths| year =1912 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Cope | first =Christopher | title =Phoenix Frustrated: The Lost Kingdom of Burgundy | place =London | publisher =Constable| year =1986 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Dunlop | first =Ian | title =Burgundy | place =London | publisher =Hamish Hamilton| year =1990 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Gunn | first =Peter | title =Burgundy: Landscape with Figures | place =London | publisher =Victor Gollancz| year =1976 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Gwynn | first =Stephen  | author-link=Stephen Gwynn| title =Burgundy; with chapters on the Jura and Savoy| place =London | publisher =George G. Harrap & Co.| year =1930 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Hatch | first =Evelyn M. | author-link=Evelyn Hatch | title =Burgundy. Past and Present| place =London | publisher =Methuen| year =1927 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Lands | first =Neil | title =History, People and Places in Burgundy| publisher =Spurbooks| year =1977 }} History, People and Places series.
* {{cite book|title=Burgundy, What a Story!|first1= Bernard|last1= Lecomte|first2= Jean-Louis|last2= Thouart|edition= de Bourogne|date= 2004|publisher= Editons de Bourgogne|isbn= 978-2-902650-02-6}}
* {{Cite book | last =Davies | first =Norman  | author-link=Norman Davies| title =Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe| place =London | publisher =Allen Lane| year =2011 | chapter =Ch.3 : Burgundia: Five, Six or Seven Kingdoms (c. 411-1795)| ref=pp.85–150 | language =en | isbn =978-0-141-04886-4 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Speaight | first =Robert  | author-link=Robert Speaight| title =The Companion Guide to Burgundy| place =London | publisher =Collins| year =1975 }} revised and expanded by Francis Pagan, 1990 & 1996.
* {{cite book|title=Burgundy|first1= Anthony|last1= Turner|first2= Christopher|last2= Brown|publisher= Batsford|date= 1977}}
* {{cite book |first=Bart |last=Van Loo |title=[[The Burgundians (book)|The Burgundians: A Vanished Empire]] |publisher=Head of Zeus |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-789543-43-8}}
* {{cite French law|number or usual name=n° 2015-29|date in French=16 janvier 2015|full name=relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral|language=French|lower case=|URL=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=9FECBA9D9314D1D2C093CF793C886ED5.tpdila21v_1?idSectionTA=JORFSCTA000030109623&cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030109622&dateTexte=29990101}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=pib-va-reg-base-2005 |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 1990 à 2012|author=INSEE|author-link=INSEE|access-date=2014-03-04}}

== External links ==
* {{wikivoyage inline|Burgundy}}
* {{wiktionary-inline}}
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130521174615/http://www.france.fr/en/regions-and-cities/burgundy-history-open-air Burgundy : history in the open air]—Official French website
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130215030614/http://www.insee.fr/fr/regions/bourgogne/ Burgundy statistics] on [[INSEE]] website
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160113150226/http://www.cr-bourgogne.fr/ Regional Council website]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://about-france.com/regions/burgundy.htm Short guide to Burgundy] with main tourist attractions
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Burgundy|short=x}}
* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Burgundy|short=x}}

{{Regions of France|former}}
{{Historic Provinces of France}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Burgundy| ]]
[[Category:Former regions of France]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]]