Editing Bumin Qaghan

{{Short description|Founder of the Turkic Khaganate (d. 552 AD)}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name         = Bumin Qaghan
| title        = 
| succession   = [[Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates|Qaghan]] of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]]
| image        = Ongin inscription Bumin Qaghan.svg
| caption      = A line dedicated to Bumin Qaghan in the [[Ongin inscription]].
| reign        = 552
| coronation   = 552 in [[Altai Mountains]]<ref>
{{cite book
|first=Susan Wise
|last=Bauer
|title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade
|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]
|year=2010
|isbn= 978-0-393-05975-5
|pages=238
}}
</ref>
| full name    = Bumin Qaghan<br>Ellig Qaghan
| successor    = [[Issik Qaghan]]
| spouse       = Princess Changle
| issue        = [[Issik Qaghan]]
[[Muqan Qaghan]]
[[Taspar Qaghan]]
[[Böri Qaghan]]
| royal house  = [[Ashina tribe|Ashina Clan]]
| father       = [[Ashina Tuwu]]
| mother       = 
| birth_date   = 
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 552
| religion     = [[Tengrism]]
}}
'''Bumin Qaghan''' ({{langx|otk|𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣|Bumïn qaɣan}},<ref name="Kultegin">{{cite web| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1| title = Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref> also known as '''Illig Qaghan''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 伊利可汗, [[Pinyin]]: Yīlì Kèhán, [[Wade–Giles]]: i-li k'o-han) or '''Yamï Qaghan'''{{efn|''Yamï Qağan'' on the Ongin inscription is often identified as [[Yami Qaghan|''Qǐmín Kěhàn'']] 啟民可汗 (r. 603–609 or 599–614) of the [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]]<ref>Baumer's ''History of Central Asia'' (2016), p 324.</ref> W. Radloff identifies Yiamy kagan as Bumyn kagan, basing on similarities of letters "b" and "y" (H.N.Orkhun); Bumyn kagan (S.E Malov),<ref>S.E. Malov Onginsky monument; Monuments of ancient Türkic writing of Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, M., L., 1959, p. 7-11</ref> G.Aidarov,<ref>G. Aydarov On the language of the Kutlug Kagan monument; News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Series of social sciences, 1963, issue-6. p. 81-88</ref> Yamï qaγan (T.Tekin),<ref>Orhun H.N. Eski turk yazitlarі. Turk Tarih Kurumu basimevi, Ankara, 1986, p.127-132</ref> Yamï qaγan (L.Bold), according I. Markwart, Yiamy kagan is Bumyn/Tumen.}} ({{langx|otk|𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣|Yamï qaɣan}}, died 552 AD) was the founder of the [[First Turkic Khaganate|Turkic Khaganate]]. He was the eldest son of [[Ashina Tuwu]] (吐務 / 吐务).<ref>[[Ouyang Xiu]] et al., ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', [[:zh:s:新唐書/卷215下|Cilt 215-II]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of [[Rouran Khaganate]].<ref name="Ma Zhangshou">馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, ''Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate''), pp. 10-11. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Fengxiang">陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, {{ISBN|978-957-11-2881-8}} (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, ''General history of China''), p. 155. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Gao Yang">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRpAAAAMAAJ&q=slave++Rouran| title = Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", ''X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler'', V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.| year = 1986| publisher = Kenan Matbaası| isbn = 9789751604033}}</ref><ref name="Burhan Oğuz">Burhan Oğuz, ''Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri'', İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=kOwBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22demirci+k%C3%B6le%22 «Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> He is also mentioned as '''Tumen''' ({{linktext|lang=zh|土門}}, {{linktext|lang=zh|吐門}}, commander of ten thousand<ref>"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in ''[[Secret History of the Mongols]]'', Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", ''Asian folklore studies'', Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.</ref>) of the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Beckwith">{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |date=16 March 2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=387, 390 |isbn=978-0691135892 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>

== Early life and reign ==
According to ''[[History of Northern Dynasties]]'' and ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of [[Cao Wei|Wei]]. The [[Chancellor (China)|chancellor]] of [[Western Wei]], [[Yuwen Tai]], sent [[An Nuopanto]] (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, a [[Sogdian people|Sogdian]] from [[Bukhara]],<ref>Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. [http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Japanologie/noag/noag2008_7.pdf p. 123.] {{in lang|de}}</ref>) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.<ref name="Northern99">Li Yanshou (李延寿), ''History of Northern Dynasties'', [[:zh:s:北史/卷099|Vol. 99.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi159">[[Sima Guang]], ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷159|Vol. 159.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the [[Tiele people|Tiele tribes]] against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan, [[Yujiulü Anagui|Anagui]], sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50">[[Linghu Defen]] et al., ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', [[:zh:s:周書/卷50|Vol. 50.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi164">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷164|Vol. 164.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>Christopher I. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}, p. 9.</ref> Anagui's "blacksmith" ([[wikt:鍛|鍛]][[wikt:奴|奴]] / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,<ref name="Ma Zhangshou" /><ref name="Fengxiang" /><ref name="Gao Yang" /><ref name="Burhan Oğuz" /> and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.<ref>Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. [[John Curtis Perry]], Bardwell L. Smith, ''Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces'', Brill Archive, 1976, {{ISBN|978-90-04-04761-7}}, p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5s4UAAAAIAAJ&dq=Blacksmith+slave+Juan+Juan&pg=PA65 ''Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.'']</ref> Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against Rouran.
[[File:First Turk Khaganate(600).PNG|thumb|Gokturk khaganate.]]
In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess in marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent [[:zh:长乐公主 (西魏)|Princess Changle(長樂公主)]] of Western Wei to Bumin.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Zizhi164" /> In the same year when [[Emperor Wen of Western Wei]] died, Bumin sent mission and gave two hundred horses.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" />

The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and threw off the yoke of the [[Rouran]] domination. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north of [[Six Frontier Towns|Huaihuang]] and then Anagui committed suicide.<ref name="Zhou50" /> With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "'''Illig Qaghan'''" and made his wife [[Khatun|qaghatun]].<ref name="Zhou50" /> "Illig" means [[Ilkhan (title)|Ilkhan]] (i.e. ruler of people) in [[Old Turkic]].<ref>Talat Tekin, (1968), ''A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic'', p. 58</ref> According to the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|Bilge Qaghan's memorial complex]] and the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|Kul Tigin's memorial complex]], Bumin and [[Istemi]] ruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.<ref name="Kultegin" /><ref name="Bilge">{{cite web| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1| title = Bilge kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref>

== Death and family ==
Bumin died within several months after proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan. He was married to Princess Changle of [[Western Wei]]. 

Issue:

* Ashina Keluo (阿史那科罗) - [[Issik Qaghan|Issig Qaghan]]
* Ashina Qijin (阿史那俟斤) - [[Muqan Qaghan]]
* [[Taspar Qaghan]]
* Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) - Ditou Qaghan (appointed by [[Muqan Qaghan]] to be lesser khagan of eastern wing of Turkic Empire)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B733|title=Book of Zhou|last=Linghu|first=Defen|pages=33}}</ref>
* Mahan Tigin - Lesser khagan appointed by [[Taspar Qaghan]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alyılmaz|first=Cengiz|title=Bugut Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Külliyesi Üzerine|url=http://sutad.selcuk.edu.tr/sutad/article/view/203|journal=Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi|year=2003 |volume=1 |issue=13 |pages=11–21 }}</ref>
* Rudan Qaghan (褥但可汗)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099|script-title=zh:北史/卷099 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆|website=zh.wikisource.org|language=zh|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>
** Böri Qaghan (步離可汗) - Lesser khagan of appointed by [[Taspar Qaghan]]<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
He was succeeded by his younger brother [[Istemi]]<ref name="MichaelKappler2009">{{cite book|author1=Michalis N. Michael|author2=Matthias Kappler|author3=Eftihios Gavriel|title=Archivum Ottomanicum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjwMAQAAMAAJ&q=mentioned+brother|year=2009|publisher=Mouton.|pages=68, 69|isbn=9783447058995 }}</ref> in the western part and by his son [[Issik Qaghan]] in the eastern part. In less than one century, his khaganate expanded to comprise most of [[Central Asia]].

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ashina tribe|Ashina Clan]]||}}
{{s-bef|before=''none''}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates|Qaghan]] of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]]|years=552}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Issik Qaghan]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Göktürks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bumin}}
[[Category:552 deaths]]
[[Category:Göktürk khagans]]
[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Rouran Khaganate]]

{{Rouran rulers}}