Editing Bubalus

{{Short description|Genus of bovines}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=June 2018}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = BUFFALO159.JPG
| taxon = Bubalus
| authority = [[Charles Hamilton Smith|C. H. Smith]], 1827
| type_species = ''[[Water buffalo|Bos bubalis]]''
| type_species_authority =
[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
''[[Wild water buffalo|Bubalus arnee]]''<br />''[[Water buffalo|Bubalus bubalis]]''<br />''[[Bubalus depressicornis]]''<br />''[[Tamaraw|Bubalus mindorensis]]''<br />''[[Bubalus quarlesi]]''
}}

'''''Bubalus''''' is a [[Genus (biology)|genus]] of Asiatic [[Bovinae|bovines]] that was proposed by [[Charles Hamilton Smith]] in 1827. ''Bubalus'' and ''[[Syncerus]]'' form the subtribe [[Bubalina]], the true buffaloes.

The [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] and [[Classification (biology)|classification]] of domestic animals as [[species]], [[subspecies]], [[Race (biology)|race]]s or [[breed]]s has been discussed controversially for many years and was inconsistent between authors.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gentry, A. |author2=Clutton-Brock, J. |author3=Groves, C. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue= 5|pages=645–651 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006|bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G }}</ref> Assessors of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] consider domestic water buffalo populations as breeds.<ref>FAO (2013). [http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=ed0eff86d3187bc80655e681362a8e22,reportsreport13_50000020 ''Breeds from species: Buffalo''.] Domestic Animal Diversity Information System, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.</ref>

''Bubalus'' species comprise the domestic [[water buffalo]] (''B. bubalis''), the [[wild water buffalo]] (''B. arnee''), the [[tamaraw]] (''B. mindorensis)'', the [[lowland anoa]] (''B. depressicornis''), and the [[mountain anoa]] (''B. quarlesi'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Minervino |first1=A. H. H. |last2=Zava |first2=M. |last3=Vecchio |first3=D. |last4=Borghese |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |date=2020 |title=''Bubalus bubalis'': A Short Story |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |volume=7 |page=570413 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2020.570413 |doi-access=free |pmid=33335917|pmc=7736047 }}</ref> The latter two anoa species were proposed to form a subgenus ''[[Anoa]]'' within ''Bubalus''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=J. A. |last2=Hedges |first2=S. |last3=Mustari |first3=A. H. |name-list-style=amp |date=2005 |title=The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoa ''Bubalus depressicornis'' and mountain anoa ''Bubalus quarlesi'' |journal=Mammal Review |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=25–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00048.x |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/47170877/The_taxonomic_status_distribution_and_co20160711-4223-1x3l84r.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.academia.edu/download/47170877/The_taxonomic_status_distribution_and_co20160711-4223-1x3l84r.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Water buffalo skull (Bubalus bubalis).jpg|thumb|''Bubalus'' skull]]
[[File:Buffalo kidney-- FMVZ USP-09.jpg|thumb|Kidney of a ''Bubalus'']]
Smith described ''Bubalus'' as low in proportion to the bulk with very solid limbs, a small [[dewlap]] and a long, slender tail; the head is large with a strong convex-shaped narrow forehead, large eyes and funnel-shaped ears; horns are lying flat or bending laterally with a certain direction to the rear; the female udder has four [[mammae]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=C. H. |last1=Smith |year=1827 |chapter=Sub-genus I. ''Bubalus'' |pages=371–373 |title=The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. Class Mammalia, Volume 5 |editor1-last=Griffith |editor1-first=E. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/animalkingdomarr05cuvi#page/370/mode/2up |publisher=Geo. B. Whittaker |location=London}}</ref> [[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]] added that the line of back is nearly straight with 13 pairs of ribs; the tail is tufted and reaching about to the hocks; the horns are more or less markedly triangular for the greater part of their length and situated low down on the skull; the muzzle is broad, and the hair sparse in adults.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lydekker |first1=R. |year=1913 |chapter=Subgenus Bubalus |page=40 |title=Catalogue of the ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural History) |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |location=London |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofungul01brit#page/40/mode/2up}}</ref>

==Species==
This genus comprises the following living species:<ref name=Grooves2011>{{cite book |last1=Groves |first1=C. |author-link1=Colin Groves |last2=Grubb |first2=P. |author-link2=Peter Grubb (zoologist) |year=2011 |title=Ungulate Taxonomy |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore, Maryland |isbn=978-1421400938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name  !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Water-buffalo.jpg|120px]] ||Domestic [[water buffalo]] ''B. bubalis'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> ||Domestic in the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Southeast Asia]], and [[China]]; feral populations exist in [[South America]] and [[Australia]]
|-
|[[File:Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee by Dr Raju Kasambe IMG 0347 (11) (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Wild water buffalo]] ''B. arnee'' <small>[[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792</small> || Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia
|-
|[[File:Lowland Anoa.JPG|120px]] ||[[Lowland anoa]] ''B. depressicornis'' <small>Smith, 1827</small> || [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]
|-
|[[File:Bubalus mindorensis by Gregg Yan 01.jpg|120px]] ||[[Tamaraw]] ''B. mindorensis''  <small>[[Pierre Marie Heude|Heude]], 1888</small> ||[[Mindoro]] in the [[Philippines]] 
|-
|[[File:Mountain Anoa at Krefeld Zoo.jpg|120px]] ||[[Mountain anoa]] ''B. quarlesi'' <small>[[Peter Ouwens|Ouwens]], 1910</small> || Sulawesi 
|-
|}

===Valid names===
The 2013 checklist of the [[Catalogue of Life]] lists as "accepted" five species [[binomen|binomina]] in the genus ''Bubalus'':
* ''Bubalus bubalis'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
* ''Bubalus depressicornis'' <small>Smith, 1827</small>
* ''Bubalus mephistopheles'' <small>Hopwood, 1925</small>
* ''Bubalus mindorensis'' <small>Heude, 1888</small>
* ''Bubalus quarlesi'' <small>Ouwens, 1910</small>
''Bubalus arnee'' is not listed here.<ref name=cat>Roskov Y., Kunze T., Paglinawan L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Hernandez F., De Wever A., eds (2013). [http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2013/search/scientific/genus/Bubalus/match/1 ''Bubalus'']. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2013 Annual Checklist. Reading, UK.</ref>

The [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] lists the same five species binomina as valid; it also lists as valid six subspecies of ''Bubalus bubalis'':<ref name=itis>ITIS [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt Results of: Search in every Kingdom for Scientific Name containing 'Bubalus'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312100559/http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt |date=March 12, 2009 }}. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed january 2014.</ref>
* ''Bubalus bubalis arnee'' <small>Kerr, 1792</small>
* ''Bubalus bubalis bubalis'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
* ''Bubalus bubalis fulvus'' <small>Blanford, 1891</small>
* ''Bubalus bubalis kerabau'' <small>Fitzinger, 1860</small>
* ''Bubalus bubalis migona'' <small>Deraniyagala, 1952</small>
* ''Bubalus bubalis theerapati'' <small>Groves, 1996</small>

=== Fossil species ===
[[File:Bubalus murrensis.JPG|thumb|''Bubalus murrensis'' horns]] 
The following [[extinct]] [[fossil]] species have been described:

*''[[Bubalus brevicornis]]'' - <small>Young, 1936</small>
*''[[Bubalus cebuensis]]'' (Cebu tamaraw) - <small>Croft, Heaney, Flynn and Bautista, 2006</small><ref>Croft, D. A., Heaney, L. R., Flynn, J. J., Bautista, A. P. (2006). ''Fossil remains of a new, diminutive ''Bubalus'' (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) from Cebu island, Philippines''. Journal of Mammalogy 87(#5): 1037–1051.</ref>
*''[[Bubalus fudi]]'' - <small>Guo, 2008 - (possibly a subspecies of ''Bubalus wansijocki'')</small>
*''[[Bubalus grovesi]]'' - <small>Rozzi, 2017</small><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rozzi | first1 = Roberto | year = 2017 | title = A new extinct dwarfed buffalo from Sulawesi and the evolution of the subgenus ''Anoa'': An interdisciplinary perspective | journal = Quaternary Science Reviews | volume = 157 | pages = 188–205 | doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.12.011| bibcode = 2017QSRv..157..188R | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*''[[Bubalus mephistopheles]]'' (Short-horned water buffalo) - <small>Hopwood, 1925</small><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hopwood | first1 = A. T. | year = 1925 | title = A new species of buffalo from the Pleistocene of China | journal = Annals and Magazine of Natural History | series = 9 | volume = XVI | issue = 92| pages = 238–239 | doi=10.1080/00222932508633297}}</ref>
*''[[Bubalus murrensis]]'' (European water buffalo) - <small>Berckhemer, 1927</small><ref>Schreiber, H. D., Munk, W. (2002). ''A skull fragment of ''Bubalus murrensis'' (Berckhemer, 1927) (Mammalia, Bovinae) from the Pleistocene of Bruchsal-Buchenau (NE-Karlsruhe, SW-Germany)''. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie (12): 737–748.</ref>
*''[[Bubalus palaeokerabau]]'' (Long-horned Javan water buffalo) - <small>E. Dubois, 1908</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=162371|title = Fossilworks: Bubalus palaeokerabau}}</ref>
*''[[Bubalus platyceros]]'' - <small>Lydekker, 1877</small>
*''[[Bubalus teilhardi]]'' - <small>Young, 1932</small>
*''[[Bubalus wansijocki]]'' - <small>Chardin, 1928</small>
*''[[Bubalus youngi]]'' - <small>Chow and Hsu, 1957</small>

==See also==
* [[List of water buffalo breeds]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{EB1911 poster|Buffalo (animal)}}

{{Artiodactyla|R.4}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q83521}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bubalus| ]]
[[Category:Bubalina]]
[[Category:Herbivorous mammals]]
[[Category:Mammal genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Hamilton Smith]]