Editing Brown dipper

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Brown dipper
| image = Cinclus pallasii (side).JPG
| image_caption = Immature
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Cinclus pallasii'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22708160A94151755 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708160A94151755.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Cinclus pallasii
| authority = [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1820&nbsp;<ref>{{ITIS |id=178535 |taxon=''Cinclus''}}</ref>
| range_map = Cinclus pallasii distr01.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution map
}}
[[File:BROWN-DIPPER-PAHALGAM-1.jpg|thumb|Brown Dipper,Pahalgam, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir]]
The '''brown dipper''' ('''''Cinclus pallasii'''''), also known as '''Pallas's dipper''', '''Asian dipper''' or the '''Asiatic dipper''', is an aquatic [[songbird]] found in the mountains of the east [[Palearctic]]. It is a thrush-like bird with a cocked tail. Its plumage is chocolate-brown with a slightly lighter coloured back and breast. At {{cvt|22|cm}} and {{cvt|87|g}}, it is the largest of the [[dipper]]s. This species, which is not often seen, is found at medium to low elevations where mountain streams flow.

==Taxonomy==
The brown dipper was described by the Dutch zoologist [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] in 1820 and given the [[binomial name]] ''Cinclus pallasii''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Temminck | first=Coenraad Jacob | author-link=Coenraad Jacob Temminck | year=1820 | title=Manuel d'ornithologie, ou, Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe | volume=Part 1 | edition=2nd | language=fr | place=Paris | publisher=H. Cousin | page=177 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41001742 }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is Eastern Siberia.<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1960 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=9 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology  | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=378 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481053 }}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''pallasii'' was chosen in honour of the Prussian naturalist [[Peter Simon Pallas]] (1741–1811).<ref name=hbwkey>{{cite web | last=Jobling | first=J.A. | year=2019 | title= Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/definition/pallasii | access-date=9 February 2019 }}</ref> Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the brown dipper is most closely related to the other Eurasian species, the [[white-throated dipper]] (''Cinclus cinclus'').<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Voelker | first=Gary | year=2002 | title=Molecular phylogenetics and the historical biogeography of dippers (''Cinclus'') | journal=Ibis | volume=144 | issue=4 | pages=577–584 | doi=10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00084.x }}</ref>

There are three [[subspecies]]:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds | work=World Bird List Version 9.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/dippers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=9 February 2019 }}</ref>
* ''C. p. tenuirostris'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1850 – north Afghanistan and the mountains of central Asia to central Himalayas
* ''C. p. dorjei'' [[Norman Boyd Kinnear|Kinnear]], 1937 – east Himalayas to Myanmar and northwest Thailand
* ''C. p. pallasii'' [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1820 – east Siberia to central China east to island of [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands]], Japan and Taiwan, south to south China, north [[Indochina]]

==Diet and feeding biology==
The brown dipper can either feed by diving into streams to eat larger [[benthic]] organisms, or wade in shallower parts of streams and pick smaller organisms of the bottom. The adults will dive for food from December through April, which is when there are more large benthic organisms. Since this period is also the breeding season of the brown dipper, more food is required, so diving for large food is necessary. However, the adults will forage by wading and picking at the stream bottom for the rest of the year. Brown dipper chicks and fledglings will also forage by diving.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eguchi | first=K.  |year=1990 |title=The choice of foraging methods of the brown dipper, ''Cinclus pallasii'' (Aves: Cinclidae) | journal=Journal of Ethology | volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=121–127 |doi=10.1007/BF02350282| s2cid=11739480 }}</ref> One small population wintering at a hot spring in [[Suntar-Khayata Range|Suntar-Khayata Mountains]] of [[Siberia]] feeds underwater when air temperatures drop below -55 C.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Dinets | first1=V. | last2=Sanchez | first2=M. | year=2017 | title=Brown Dippers (''Cinclus pallasi'') overwintering at −65°C in Northeastern Siberia | journal=Wilson Journal of Ornithology | volume=129 | issue=2 | pages=397–400 | doi=10.1676/16-071.1 | s2cid=91058122 }}</ref> Following typhoons, brown dippers in upland Taiwanese streams are displaced by flooding into relatively poorer quality streams that likely act as an important refuge.<ref>{{cite journal | last1= Hong | first1=S.-Y. | last2= Sharp | first2=S.P. | last3= Chiu | first3=M.-C. |last4= Kuo | first4= M.-H. | last5= Sun | first5=Y.-H.| year=2018| title= Flood avoidance behaviour in Brown Dippers ''Cinclus pallasii'' | journal=Ibis| volume=160| issue=1 | pages=179–184 | doi=10.1111/ibi.12508 | url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/87690/1/Hong_et_al_Ibis_final_version.pdf }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Brown Dipper Lingtam Sikkim India 11.01.2014.jpg|''C. pallasii tenuirostris'' from Lingtam hamlet of [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
File:Brown Dipper juvenile.jpg|Brown dipper (c. 1620) by [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] painter [[Ustad Mansur]]
File:Brown Dipper.jpg|At [[Langtang National Park]], [[Nepal]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies|Cinclus pallasii}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1034960}}

[[Category:Cinclus|brown dipper]]
[[Category:Birds of Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1820|brown dipper]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck|brown dipper]]