Editing Branwen

{{Short description|Character in Welsh mythology}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox deity
| type         = Welsh
| name         = Branwen ferch Llŷr
| deity_of     = <!-- or god_of / Alusi_of -->
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| image        = Image:Branwen.jpg
| alt          = <!-- for alternate text of the title image per [[WP:ALT]] -->
| caption      = [[Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)|Christopher Williams]], ''Branwen'', 1915]]
| other_names  = Branwen
| affiliation  = <!-- or | associate = -->
| cult_center  = Wales
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| consort      = [[Matholwch]]
| parents      = [[Llŷr]] and [[Penarddun]]
| siblings     = [[Brân the Blessed|Bendigeidfran]] and [[Manawydan]]
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}}
'''Branwen, Daughter of Llŷr''' is a major character in the [[Middle Welsh|medieval Welsh]] story known as the [[Four Branches of the Mabinogi|Second Branch of the ''Mabinogi'']], which is sometimes called the "Mabinogi of Branwen" after her.

Branwen is a daughter of [[Llŷr]]<ref name="EoM">{{cite book |last=Cotterell |first=Arthur |title=The Encyclopedia of Mythology |year=2006 |publisher=Anness Publishing Ltd |pages=109 }}</ref> and [[Penarddun]]. She is married to [[Matholwch]], King of Ireland, but the marriage does not bring peace.<ref name="ECMF">{{cite book |last=Monaghan |first=Patricia |title=The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore |year=2004 |publisher=Facts on File, Inc |pages=56 |isbn= 0-8160-4524-0 }}</ref>

==Her story==
The story opens with Branwen's brother, [[Brân the Blessed]],<ref name="EoM"/> [[giants (Welsh folklore)|giant]] and King of [[Albion|Britain]], sitting on a rock by the sea at [[Harlech]] and seeing the vessels of Matholwch, King of [[Ireland]], approaching. Matholwch has come to ask for the hand of Branwen in marriage. Brân agrees to this, and a feast is held to celebrate the betrothal. During the feast, [[Efnysien]], a half-brother of Branwen and Brân, arrives at the stables and asks of the nature of the celebration. On being told, he is furious that his half sister has been given in marriage without his consent, and flying into a rage he mutilates the horses belonging to the Irish. Matholwch is deeply offended, but conciliated by Brân, who gives him a magical cauldron which can bring the dead to life; he does not know that when the dead are brought back, they will be mute and deaf.

When Matholwch returns to Ireland with his new bride, he consults with his nobles about the occurrences in the Isle of the Mighty. They are outraged and believe that Matholwch was not compensated enough for the mutilation of his horses. In order to redeem his honor, Matholwch banishes Branwen to work in the kitchens.<ref name="ECMF"/>

Branwen is treated cruelly by her husband Matholwch as punishment for Efnysien's mutilation of the horses, though not before she gives birth to an heir, [[Gwern]].  She tames a [[starling]] and sends it across the [[Irish Sea]] with a message to her brother and Brân brings a force from [[Wales]] to Ireland to rescue her.

Some [[swineherd]]s see the giant Brân wading the sea and report this to Matholwch, who retreats beyond a river and destroys the bridges. However, Brân lays himself down over the river to serve as a bridge for his men, he said ("He would be a leader, let him be a bridge").

Matholwch, fearing war, tries to reconcile with Brân by building a house big enough for him to fit into in order to do him honour. Matholwch agrees to give the kingdom to [[Gwern]], his son by Branwen, to pacify Brân. The Irish lords do not like the idea, and many hide themselves in flour bags tied to the pillars of the huge, newly built house to attack the Welsh.

Efnysien, inspecting the house prior to the arrival of Brân and his men, uncovers the men hidden in the bags and kills them all by crushing their heads one by one. At the subsequent feast to celebrate Gwern's investiture as King of Ireland, Efnysien, in an unprovoked moment of rage, throws his nephew Gwern into the fire. This causes chaos between the two countries, and they start fighting each other. The Irish forces at first appear to be losing, but by resurrecting their dead soldiers using the magical cauldron begin to win the battle. However, Efnysien sees what he has done, and regrets it. Disguised as a dead Irish soldier he is thrown into the magical cauldron, and pushes against its walls so that it breaks into four pieces. Efnysien dies in the attempt. The war is still extremely bloody, and leaves no survivors except for Branwen, Bran, and seven Welsh soldiers. They sail home to Wales.

Upon reaching Wales, they realize that Bran has been hit by a [[poisoned arrow]] to his leg, and he dies. Branwen, overwhelmed with grief for everyone she has lost, dies of a broken heart.

==War against Ireland==
In the ensuing war, all the Irish are killed save for five pregnant women who lived in Wales who repopulate the island, while only seven of the Welsh survive to return home with Branwen, taking with them the severed head of Bendigeidfran. On landing in Wales at [[Aber Alaw]] in [[Anglesey]], Branwen dies of grief<ref name="ECMF"/> that so much destruction had been caused on her account, crying, {{Lang|cy|Oi, a fab Duw! Gwae fi o'm genedigaeth. Da o ddwy ynys a ddiffeithwyd o'm hachos i!}}, "Oh Son of God, woe to me that I was born! Two fair islands have been laid waste because of me!" She was buried beside the [[Afon Alaw]].

Brân had commanded his men to cut off his head and to "bear it even unto the White Mount, in London, and bury it there, with the face towards France." And so for seven years, his men spent feasting in Harlech, accompanied by three singing birds and Brân's head. After the seven years they go to Gwales in Penfro, where they remain for eighty years. Eventually, they go to London and bury the head of Brân in the White Mount. Legend said that as long as the head was there, no invasion would come over the sea to Britain.

==Branwen's Grave==
At [[Llanddeusant, Anglesey]] on the banks of the Alaw can be found the cairn called {{Lang|cy|Bedd Branwen}}, her supposed grave. Now in ruins, it still has one [[standing stone]]. It was dug up in 1800, and again in the 1960s by [[Frances Lynch]], who found several [[urns]] with human ashes. It is believed that if the story of Branwen is based on real events, these must have taken place during the [[Bedd Branwen Period]] of [[Bronze Age]] British history.

==See also==
*[[Mabinogion]]
*[[The Children of Llyr]]
*[[Medieval Welsh literature]]
*[[A Swiftly Tilting Planet]], the third sequel after ''[[A Wrinkle in Time]]''
*[[Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)|Christopher Williams]] painted three paintings from the Mabinogion. ''Brânwen'' (1915) can be viewed at the [[Glynn Vivian Art Gallery]], Swansea.

==Bibliography==
===Welsh text and editions===
*{{Lang|cy|Branwen Ferch Lyr}}. Ed. Derick S. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. II. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1976. {{ISBN|1-85500-059-8}}

===Secondary sources===
*Ford, Patrick K. "Branwen: A Study of the Celtic Affinities," ''Studia Celtica'' '''22/23''' (1987/1988): 29–35.

===Adaptations===
In 1994 a feature film was released called ''Branwen''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109329/ IMDb entry]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041028031001/http://www.geocities.com/branwaedd/branwen.html ''Branwen Uerch Lŷr'': The Second Branch Of The Mabinogi] Translated by Lady Charlotte Guest
*[[s:cy:Branwen Uerch Lyr|Branwen uerch Lyr]] The original Welsh text
*[http://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/mabinogion.html#Branwen Goddess Branwen]
*[http://www.medievalscotland.org/problem/names/branwen.shtml Who was Branwen?]

{{Celtic mythology (Welsh)}}

[[Category:Love and lust goddesses]]
[[Category:Mabinogion]]
[[Category:Welsh feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]
[[Category:Welsh goddesses]]
[[Category:Welsh mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological queens]]
[[Category:Celtic mythology]]