Editing Brachydactyly

{{Short description|Abnormally short fingers or toes}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Brachydactyly
| synonyms        =
| image           = Brachydactyly.svg
| caption         = Different forms of brachydactyly
| pronounce       =
| field           =
| symptoms        =
| complications   =
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          =
| risks           =
| diagnosis       =
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       =
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       =
| deaths          =
}}

'''Brachydactyly''' ({{ety|el|''{{linktext|βραχύς}}'' (brachus)|short||''{{linktext|δάκτυλος}}'' (daktulos)|finger}}) is a medical term denoting the presence of abnormally short [[Digit (anatomy)|digit]]s ([[finger]]s or [[toe]]s) at birth. The shortness is relative to the length of other [[long bone]]s and other parts of the body. Brachydactyly is an inherited, [[Dominance (genetics)|dominant]] trait. It most often occurs as an isolated [[dysmelia]], but can also occur with other anomalies as part of many [[congenital syndrome]]s. Brachydactyly may also be a signal that one is at risk for [[Congenital heart defect|congenital heart disease]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pierpont |first1=Mary Ella |last2=Brueckner |first2=Martina |last3=Chung |first3=Wendy K. |last4=Garg |first4=Vidu |last5=Lacro |first5=Ronald V. |last6=McGuire |first6=Amy L. |last7=Mital |first7=Seema |last8=Priest |first8=James R. |last9=Pu |first9=William T. |last10=Roberts |first10=Amy |last11=Ware |first11=Stephanie M. |last12=Gelb |first12=Bruce D. |last13=Russell |first13=Mark W. |date=2018-11-20 |title=Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Disease: Revisited |journal=Circulation |volume=138 |issue=21 |pages=e653–e711 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000606 |issn=0009-7322 |pmc=6555769 |pmid=30571578}}</ref> due to the association between congenital heart disease and [[Carpenter syndrome]] and the link between Carpenter syndrome and brachydactyly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jenkins |first1=Dagan |last2=Seelow |first2=Dominik |last3=Jehee |first3=Fernanda S. |last4=Perlyn |first4=Chad A. |last5=Alonso |first5=Luís G. |last6=Bueno |first6=Daniela F. |last7=Donnai |first7=Dian |last8=Josifiova |first8=Dragana |last9=Mathijssen |first9=Irene M. J. |last10=Morton |first10=Jenny E. V. |last11=Helene Ørstavik |first11=Karen |last12=Sweeney |first12=Elizabeth |last13=Wall |first13=Steven A. |last14=Marsh |first14=Jeffrey L. |last15=Nürnberg |first15=Peter |date=2007-06-01 |title=RAB23 Mutations in Carpenter Syndrome Imply an Unexpected Role for Hedgehog Signaling in Cranial-Suture Development and Obesity |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=80 |issue=6 |pages=1162–1170 |doi=10.1086/518047 |pmid=17503333 |pmc=1867103 |issn=0002-9297}}</ref>

[[Nomogram]]s for normal values of finger length as a ratio to other body measurements have been published. In clinical [[genetics]], the most commonly used index of digit length is the [[dimensionless]] ratio of the length of the third (middle) finger to the hand length. Both are expressed in the same units (centimeters, for example) and are measured in an open hand from the fingertip to the principal creases where the finger joins the palm and where the palm joins the wrist.

== Causes ==
Generally, brachydactyly is inherited through an [[Autosome|autosomal]] dominant trait (The exact gene may differ see "Types" table for specific genes). However exceptions could exist due to [[antiepileptic]] medicines taken during pregnancy<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wlodarczyk |first1=Bogdan J. |last2=Palacios |first2=Ana M. |last3=George |first3=Timothy M. |last4=Finnell |first4=Richard H. |date=2012 |title=Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy outcomes |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |language=en |volume=158A |issue=8 |pages=2071–2090 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.35438 |pmc=3402584 |pmid=22711424}}</ref> or low blood flow to the extremities during infancy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Brachydactyly Types - Causes & Outlook |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24081-brachydactyly |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Cleveland Clinic |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013094800/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24081-brachydactyly |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Symptoms ==
Symptoms of isolated brachydactyly include shorter bones in the hands and feet. This could include, phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals, carpals, and tarsals. Different types of isolated brachydactyly have different symptoms and they are grouped according to what areas they affect.

== Prognosis ==
Isolated brachydactyly does not affect the wellbeing nor longevity of one's life, in most cases treatment is not necessary.<ref name=":1" /> The trait is primarily a cosmetic one and does not, in most cases, affect function of the hands and feet. Even left untreated and affecting function the general diagnosis of brachydactyly does not impact life expectancy. Prognosis may differ with different types or syndromes. ie. [[brachydactyly-mesomelia-intellectual disability-heart defects syndrome]] or if brachydactyly is not isolated and is a part of a larger genetic condition. In rare cases of isolated untreated brachydactyly, simple functions like walking or grabbing objects may be difficult, reducing the overall quality of life.

== Treatment ==
Treatment is needed only if brachydactyly affects the function of the [[Phalanx bone|phalanges]]. In rare cases where function is affected, [[reconstructive surgery]] is used to improve function and the ability to use one's phalanges. [[Plastic surgery|Cosmetic surgery]] (which is often confused with reconstructive surgery, but differs in that cosmetic surgery is not medically necessary, while reconstructive is) changes the way the affected areas appear.<ref name=":1" />

== Diagnosis ==
Brachydactyly is usually diagnosed through [[Anthropometry|anthropometric]], [[Clinical trial|clinical]], or [[Medical imaging|radiological]] methods. It is usually found early during infancy or in childhood years when the size difference becomes noticeable. It normally gets diagnosed as the difference in phalange size becomes more apparent. Healthcare providers complete a medical history, physical exam of symptoms and use [[Radiography|radiographs]] (X-rays). The X-rays show whether certain bones are shorter than others or shorter than they are expected to be. Along with these diagnostic steps, the healthcare provider may conduct a genetic test. This could be to see if the disorder runs in the family and has been passed down or to identify the defective gene.

== Epidemiology ==
Most isolated forms of brachydactyly are considered rare, that is, diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare Diseases FAQ |url=https://www.genome.gov/FAQ/Rare-Diseases |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Genome.gov |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013094749/https://www.genome.gov/FAQ/Rare-Diseases |url-status=live }}</ref> However, type A3 and type D are relatively common, affecting around 2% of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Temtamy |first1=Samia A. |last2=Aglan |first2=Mona S. |date=2008-06-13 |title=Brachydactyly |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-3-15 |pmid=18554391 |pmc=2441618 |issn=1750-1172 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Particularly high prevalence of [[brachydactyly type D]] was reported among Israeli Arabs and in the Japanese population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Temtamy |first=Samia |title="The genetics of hand malformations." |journal=Birth Defects Original Article Series |year=1978|volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=i-xviii, 1-619 |pmid=215242 }}</ref> Type A3 was found at an especially high frequency of 21% among Japanese schoolchildren.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Idengaku Zasshi |first=Jinrui |date=1962 |orig-date=March 1962 |title=The Japanese journal of human genetics |journal=The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics |volume=7 |pages=10–9 |issn=0021-5074}}</ref>

==Types==
There are several types of brachydactyly:
{| class="wikitable"
! Type !! [[OMIM]] !! Gene  !! [[Locus (genetics)|Locus]] !! Also known as
 |Description
|-
 |Type A1, BDA1|| {{OMIM|112500||none}} || [[IHH (protein)|IHH]] [[BDA1B]] || 5p13.3-p13.2, 2q33-q35 || Brachydactyly type A1 or Farabee-type brachydactyly.
 |BDA1 is an [[autosomal dominant]] inherited disease. Features include: short or absent [[phalanx bones|phalanges]], extra [[carpal bone]]s, [[Hypoplasia|hypoplastic]] or absent [[ulna]] and short [[metacarpal]] bones.
 |-
 |Type A2, BDA2|| {{OMIM|112600||none}} || [[BMPR1B]] [[GDF5]] ||20q11.2, 4q23-q24|| Brachydactyly type A2, Brachymesophalangy II or Brachydactyly Mohr-Wriedt type.
 |Type A2 is a very rare form of brachydactyly. The phalanges of the index fingers and second toes are shortened.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brennan |first=Dan |title=What Is Brachydactyly? |url=https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-brachydactyly |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=WebMD |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013094747/https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-brachydactyly |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
 |Type A3, BDA3|| {{OMIM|112700||none}} ||     [[HOXD13]]|| || Brachydactyly type A3, brachymesophalangy V or brachydactyly-clinodactyly.
 
|Type A3 only shortens the middle bone of the little finger.<ref name=":0" />
|-
 |Type A4, BDA4|| {{OMIM|112800||none}} || ''[[HOXD13]]''|| 2q31-q32|| Brachydactyly type A4, brachymesophalangy II and V or brachydactyly temtamy type.
 |Characterized by shortened 2nd and 5th fingers and an absence of the 2nd-5th lateral toes.<ref name=":0" />
|-
 |Type A5, BDA5|| {{OMIM|112900||none}} || || || Brachydactyly type A5 nail dysplasia.
 
|
|-
 |Type A6, BDA6|| {{OMIM|112910||none}} || || || Brachydactyly type A6 or Osebold-Remondini syndrome.
 
|
|-
 |Type A7, BDA7||  || ||   || Brachydactyly type A7 or brachydactyly smorgasbord type.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Meiselman SA, Berkenstadt M, Ben-Ami T, Goodman RM |title=Brachydactyly type A-7 (Smorgasbord): a new entity |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=261–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2714013 |doi= 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1989.tb02940.x|s2cid=30099363 }}</ref>
 
|
|-
 |Type B, BDB (or BDB1)|| {{OMIM|113000||none}} || [[ROR2]] || 9q22|| Brachydactyly type B or [[Cooks syndrome]].
 
|Type B affects the final bones of all eight fingers. It causes the bone to be shortened or missing entirely. The same thing happens to the corresponding toes. The final thumb bones and big toe bones may be split or flatter than average.<ref name=":0" />
|-
 |Type C, BDC|| {{OMIM|113100||none}} || [[GDF5]] || 20q11.2|| Brachydactyly type C or Brachydactyly Haws type.
 
|This rare form of brachydactyly only affects three fingers on each hand. The index, middle, and little finger will have their middle bone shortened. The ring finger will not be affected. As a result, type C brachydactyly will leave the ring finger as the longest on the hand.<ref name=":0" />
|-
 |[[Brachydactyly type D|Type D]], BDD|| {{OMIM|113200||none}} || [[HOXD13]] || 2q31-q32 || Brachydactyly type D. "Stub Thumb" Referred to inaccurately as "[[Nail clubbing|clubbed]] thumbs".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2021 |title=Clubbing of the Nails: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105946-overview |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120022705/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105946-overview |url-status=live }}</ref>  
 |Most common form of brachydactyly. It shortens the final bone in the thumbs and does not affect the fingers at all.<ref name=":0" />
|-
 |Type E, BDE|| {{OMIM|113300||none}} || [[HOXD13]] || 2q31-q32 || Brachydactyly type E.
 
|This is the rarest form of brachydactyly. It is most often part of another condition that someone is born with. Type E shortens the bones in the hands and feet along with the bottom bone in the fingers. Instead of making the fingers and toes look shorter, it makes the hands and feet look smaller.<ref name=":0" />
|-
 |Type B and E|| {{OMIM|112440||none}} || [[ROR2]] [[HOXD13]] || 9q22, 2q31-q32 || Brachydactyly types B and E combined, Ballard syndrome or Pitt-Williams brachydactyly.
 
|
|-
 |Type A1B, BDA1B|| {{OMIM|607004||none}} ||  || 5p13.3-p13.2 || Brachydactyly type A1, B.
 
|
|-
|}

== Other syndromes ==
In the above brachydactyly syndromes, short digits are the most prominent of the anomalies, but in many other syndromes ([[Down syndrome]], [[Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome]], etc.), brachydactyly is a minor feature compared to the other anomalies or problems comprising the syndrome.

== See also ==
* [[Hypertension and brachydactyly syndrome]]
* [[Thumb stiffness-brachydactyly-intellectual disability syndrome]]
* [[Brachydactyly type D|Short thumb]]
* [[Syndactyly]]
* [[Kirner's deformity]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB      = 29782
| ICD10           = {{ICD10|Q|68|1|q|65}}
| ICD9            = {{ICD9|755.2}}-{{ICD9|755.4}}
| ICDO            =
| OMIM            =
| MedlinePlus     =
| eMedicineSubj   =
| eMedicineTopic  =
| MeshID          = D059327
| SNOMED CT       = 43476002
}}
* [http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=112600 Type A2]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|978|Brachydactyly type A1}}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|979|Brachydactyly type A2}}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|980|Brachydactyly type A3}}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|983|Brachydactyly type A6}}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|984|Brachydactyly type A7}}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|985|Brachydactyly type B}}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|986|Brachydactyly type C}}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|987|Brachydactyly type E}}
* {{Office of Rare Diseases|959|Brachydactyly types B and E combined}}

{{Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system}}

[[Category:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system]]