Editing Bovinae

{{More citations needed section|date=October 2024}}{{Short description|Subfamily of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Bovines
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]] to [[Holocene|present]]
| image = Buffalo and Oxpeckers (7234007684).jpg
| image_caption = [[African buffalo]]<br/> (''Syncerus caffer'')
| taxon = Bovinae
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1821
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision = 
*[[Boselaphini]] <small>[[Theodor Christian Bernhard Knottnerus-Meyer|Knottnerus-Meyer]], 1907</small>
*[[Bovini]] <small>J. E. Gray, 1821</small>
*[[Tragelaphini]] <small>[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1863 ''sensu'' [[Vladimir Sokolov (scientist)|Sokolov]], 1953</small>
| range_map = 
| range_map_caption = 
}}

'''Bovines''' ([[subfamily]] '''Bovinae''') comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized [[ungulate]]s, including [[Bos|cattle]], [[bison]], [[African buffalo]], [[Bubalus|water buffalo]]s, and the four-horned and spiral-horned [[antelopes]]. The members of this group are classified into loose [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]] rather than formal subgroups, as the evolutionary relationships within the groups are still uncertain. General characteristics include [[cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having [[Horn (anatomy)|true horn]]s. The largest [[Extant species|extant]] bovine is the [[gaur]].

In many countries, bovid [[milk]] and [[meat]] is used as food by humans. Cattle are kept as [[livestock]] almost everywhere except in parts of [[India]] and [[Nepal]], where they are [[Cattle in religion and mythology|considered sacred]] by most [[Hindus]]. Bovids are used as [[draft animal]]s and as [[riding animal]]s. Small breeds of domestic bovid, such as the [[Miniature Zebu]], are kept as pets. Bovid [[leather]] is durable and flexible and is used to produce a wide range of goods including [[clothing]] and [[bags]].

==Systematics and classification==
[[File:Bovine skull 02-FMVZ USP-20.jpeg|thumb|233x233px|Bovine skull]]
* '''Family [[Bovidae]]'''
** '''Subfamily Bovinae'''
*** '''Tribe [[Boselaphini]]'''
**** Genus ''[[Four-horned antelope|Tetracerus]]''
*****[[Four-horned antelope]], ''Tetracerus quadricornis''
******''T. q. quadricornis''
******''T. q. iodes''
******''T. q. subquadricornis''
**** Genus ''[[Boselaphus]]''
*****[[Nilgai]], ''Boselaphus tragocamelus''
******''B. t. tragocamelus'' (Indian nilgai)
**** Genus ''[[Duboisia santeng|†Duboisia]]''
*****''[[Duboisia santeng|†D. santeng]]''
*** '''Tribe [[Bovini]]'''
**** Genus ''[[Bubalus]]''
*****[[Wild water buffalo]], ''Bubalus arnee''
*****[[Domestic Water Buffalo|Domestic water buffalo]], ''Bubalus bubalis''
*****[[Lowland anoa]], ''Bubalus depressicornis''
***** [[Mountain anoa]], ''Bubalus quarlesi''
*****[[Tamaraw]], ''Bubalus mindorensis''
*****[[Cebu tamaraw]]†, ''Bubalus cebuensis'' 
**** Genus ''[[Bos]]''
***** [[Aurochs]], ''Bos primigenius''
****** [[Eurasian aurochs]]†, ''B. p. primigenius''
****** [[Indian aurochs]]†, ''B. p. namadicus''
***** [[Banteng]], ''Bos javanicus''
***** [[Domestic banteng]], ''Bos domesticus''
***** [[Gaur]], ''Bos gaurus''
***** [[Gayal]], ''Bos frontalis''
***** [[Domestic yak]], ''Bos grunniens''
***** [[Wild yak]], ''Bos mutus''
***** ''[[Bos palaesondaicus]]''†, 
***** [[Kouprey]], ''Bos sauveli'' (possibly extinct)
***** [[Domestic cattle]], ''Bos taurus''
****** [[Taurine cattle]], ''B. t. taurus''
****** [[Zebu cattle]], ''B. t. indicus''
****** [[Bos taurus africanus|Sanga cattle]], ''B. t. africanus''
**** Genus ''Pseudoryx''
***** [[Saola]], ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis''
**** Genus ''[[Syncerus]]''
***** [[African buffalo]], ''Syncerus caffer''
****** [[Cape buffalo]], ''S. c. caffer''
****** [[Nile buffalo]], ''S. c. aequinoctialis''
****** [[Sudan buffalo]], ''S. c. brachyceros''
****** [[Syncerus caffer nanus|Forest buffalo]], ''S. c. nanus''
***** [[Syncerus antiquus|Giant buffalo]], ''Syncerus antiquus''†
**** Genus ''[[Bison]]''
***** [[American bison]], ''Bison bison''
****** [[Wood bison]], ''B. b. athabascae''
****** [[Plains bison]], ''B. b. bison''
***** [[European bison]], ''Bison bonasus''
***** ''[[Bison palaeosinensis]]''†, (extinct)
***** [[Steppe wisent]]†, ''Bison priscus'' 
***** [[Ancient bison]]†, ''Bison antiquus'' 
***** [[Long-horned bison]]†, ''Bison latifrons'' 
**** Genus ''[[Pelorovis]]''† (extinct)
***** ''[[Pelorovis oldowayensis]]†
***** ''Pelorovis turkanensis''†
***** ''Pelorovis howelli''†
***** ''?Pelorovis praeafricanus''†
*** '''Tribe [[Tragelaphini]]'''
**** Genus ''[[Tragelaphus]]'' ([[antelope]]-like)
***** [[Bongo (antelope)|Bongo]], ''Tragelaphus eurycerus''
******''T. e. isaaci''
******''T. e. eurycerus''
***** [[Greater kudu]], ''Tragelaphus strepsiceros''
******''T. s. strepsiceros''
******''T. s. chora''
******''T. s. cottoni''
***** [[Cape bushbuck]], ''Tragelaphus scriptus''
***** [[Harnessed bushbuck]], ''Tragelaphus sylvaticus''
***** [[Lesser kudu]], ''Tragelaphus imberbis''
***** [[Mountain nyala]], ''Tragelaphus buxtoni''
***** [[Lowland nyala]], ''Tragelaphus angasii''
***** [[Sitatunga]], ''Tragelaphus spekeii''
******''T. s. selousi''
******''T. s. gratus''
******''T. s. spekii''
**** Genus ''[[Taurotragus]]''
***** [[Common eland]], ''Taurotragus oryx''
******''T. o. oryx''
******''T. o. livingstonii''
******''T. o. pattersonianus''
***** [[Giant eland]], ''Taurotragus derbianus''
******''T. d. derbianus''
******''T. d. gigas''

==Etymology==
Bovine is derived from [[Latin]] ''bos'', "ox", through [[Late Latin]] ''bovinus''. Bos comes from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] root ''*g<sup>w</sup>ous'', meaning ox.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bovine |title= Bovine |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 8 October 2024|website= Merriam-Webster Online|publisher= |access-date= 11 Oct 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003) Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. ''Bull. Zool. Nomencl''., 60:81–84.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bovinae}}
* [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=552332 Bovinae] information in [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]].
* [http://www.congressmed.com/bovine Congress on Controversies in Bovine Health, Industry & Economics (CoBo)]

== See also ==

* [[Dairy cattle]]


{{Artiodactyla|R.4}}
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[[Category:Bovines| ]]
[[Category:Bovidae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
[[Category:Mammal subfamilies]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]