Editing Boraginaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = B. officinalis-flor-1.JPG
| image_caption = [[Borago officinalis|Borage]] (''Borago officinalis'')
| taxon = Boraginaceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="APGIII2009">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?160 |title=Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2007-04-12 |access-date=2009-04-02}}</ref>
| subdivision = *[[Boraginoideae]]
* [[Cordioideae]]
* [[Ehretioideae]]
* [[Hydrophylloideae]]
* [[Lennooideae]]
}}

'''Boraginaceae''', the [[Borago|'''borage''']] or '''[[forget-me-not]]''' '''family''', includes about 2,000 species of [[shrub]]s, [[tree]]s, and [[herb]]s in 146<ref>[http://www.diversityoflife.org/taxpage/0/family/Boraginaceae.html Boraginaceae.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215302/http://www.diversityoflife.org/taxpage/0/family/Boraginaceae.html |date=2015-09-23 }} Diversityoflife.com</ref> to 154 [[genus|genera]] with a worldwide distribution.<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=Boraginaceae Juss. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000135-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |access-date=8 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

The [[APG IV system]] from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the order [[Boraginales]] within the [[asterids]].<ref name="APGIV">{{cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> Under the older [[Cronquist system]], it was included in the Lamiales, but clearly is no more similar to the other families in this order than it is to families in several other asterid orders. A revision of the Boraginales, also from 2016, split the Boraginaceae into 11 distinct families:<ref name="LuebertCecchi2016">{{cite journal |last1=Luebert |first1=F. |last2=Cecchi |first2=L. |last3=Frohlich |first3=M.W. |last4=Gottschling |first4=M. |last5=Guilliams |first5=C.M. |last6=Hasenstab-Lehman |first6=K.E. |last7=Hilger |first7=H.H. |last8=Miller |first8=J.S. |last9=Mittelbach |first9=M. |last10=Nazaire |first10=M. |last11=Nepi |first11=M. |last12=Nocentini |first12=D. |last13=Ober |first13=D. |last14=Olmstead |first14=R.G. |last15=Selvi |first15=F. |last16=Simpson |first16=M.G. |last17=Sutorý |first17=K. |last18=Valdés |first18=B. |last19=Walden |first19=G.K.|last20=Weigend |first20=M. |display-authors=3 |title=Familial classification of the Boraginales |journal=Taxon |volume=65 |issue=3 |year=2016 |pages=502–522 |issn=0040-0262 |doi=10.12705/653.5 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304454062 |access-date=16 June 2018|hdl=2158/1062790 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Boraginaceae ''[[sensu]] stricto'', Codonaceae, [[Coldeniaceae]], [[Cordiaceae]], [[Ehretiaceae]], [[Heliotropiaceae]], [[Hoplestigmataceae]], [[Hydrophyllaceae]], [[Lennoaceae]], [[Namaceae]], and Wellstediaceae.

These plants have alternately arranged leaves, or a combination of alternate and opposite leaves. The leaf blades usually have a narrow shape; many are linear or lance-shaped. They are smooth-edged or toothed, and some have [[petiole (botany)|petioles]]. Most species have bisexual flowers, but some taxa are [[dioecy|dioecious]]. Most [[pollination]] is by [[hymenoptera]]ns, such as [[bee]]s. Most species have [[inflorescence]]s that have a coiling shape, at least when new, called scorpioid cymes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buys|first1=Matt H.|last2=Hilger|first2=Hartmut H.|date=2003|title=Boraginaceae Cymes Are Exclusively Scorpioid and Not Helicoid|journal=Taxon|volume=52|issue=4|pages=719–724|doi=10.2307/3647346|issn=0040-0262|jstor=3647346}}</ref> The flower has a usually five-lobed [[sepal|calyx]]. The corolla varies in shape from rotate to bell-shaped to tubular, but it generally has five lobes. It can be green, white, yellow, orange, pink, purple, or blue. There are five [[stamen]]s and one [[gynoecium|style]] with one or two stigmas. The fruit is a [[drupe]], sometimes fleshy.<ref>Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. 1992 onwards. [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/boragina.htm Boraginaceae Juss.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050701084640/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/boragina.htm |date=July 1, 2005 }} The Families of Flowering Plants. Version: 19 August 2013.</ref>

Most members of this family have hairy leaves. The coarse character of the hairs is due to [[cystolith]]s of [[silicon dioxide]] and [[calcium carbonate]]. These hairs can induce an adverse skin reaction, including itching and rash in some individuals, particularly among people who handle the plants regularly, such as gardeners.  In some species, [[anthocyanin]]s cause the flowers to change color from red to blue with age. This may be a signal to [[pollinator]]s that a flower is old and depleted of [[pollen]] and [[nectar]].<ref>Hess, D. 2005. ''Systematische Botanik''. {{ISBN|3-8252-2673-5}}</ref>

Well-known members of the family include:
* [[Alkanna tinctoria|alkanet]] (''Alkanna tinctoria'')
* [[borage]] (''Borago officinalis'')
* [[comfrey]] (''Symphytum'' spp.)
* [[Amsinckia|fiddleneck]] (''Amsinckia'' spp.)
* [[Myosotis|forget-me-not]] (''Myosotis'' spp.)
* [[Cordia sebestena|geigertree]] (''Cordia sebestena'')
* [[Pentaglottis sempervirens|green alkanet]] (''Pentaglottis sempervirens'')
* [[Heliotropium|heliotrope]] (''Heliotropium'' spp.)
* [[Cynoglossum|hound's tongue]] (''Cynoglossum'' spp.)
* [[Pulmonaria|lungwort]] (''Pulmonaria'' spp.)
* [[Mertensia maritima|oysterplant]] (''Mertensia maritima'')
* [[Echium plantagineum|purple viper's bugloss/Salvation Jane]] (''Echium plantagineum'')
* [[Brunnera macrophylla|Siberian bugloss]] (''Brunnera macrophylla'')
* [[Echium vulgare|viper's bugloss]] (''Echium vulgare'')

== Genera ==
According to [[Kew]];<ref name=POWO/>
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* ''[[Actinocarya]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
* ''[[Adelinia]]'' {{small|J.I.Cohen}}
* ''[[Adelocaryum]]'' {{small|Brand}}
* ''[[Aegonychon]]'' {{small|Gray}}
* ''[[Afrotysonia]]'' {{small|Rauschert}}
* ''[[Ailuroglossum]]'' {{small|Sutory}}
* ''[[Alkanna]]'' {{small|Tausch}}
* ''[[Amblynotus]]'' {{small|(A.DC.) I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Amphibologyne]]'' {{small|Brand}}
* ''[[Amsinckia]]'' {{small|Lehm.}}
* ''[[Amsinckiopsis]]'' {{small|(I.M.Johnst.) Guilliams, Hasenstab & B.G.Baldwin}}
* ''[[Anchusa]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Ancistrocarya]]'' {{small|Maxim.}}
* ''[[Andersonglossum]]'' {{small|J.I.Cohen}}
* ''[[Anoplocaryum]]'' {{small|Ledeb.}}
* ''[[Antiotrema]]'' {{small|Hand.-Mazz.}}
* ''[[Antiphytum]]'' {{small|DC. ex Meisn.}}
* ''[[Arnebia]]'' {{small|Forssk.}}
* ''[[Asperugo]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Borago]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Bothriospermum]]'' {{small|Bunge}}
* ''[[Bourreria]]'' {{small|P.Browne}}
* ''[[Brachybotrys]]'' {{small|Maxim. ex Oliv.}}
* ''[[Brandella]]'' {{small|R.R.Mill}}
* ''[[Brunnera]]'' {{small|Steven}}
* ''[[Buglossoides]]'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''[[Caccinia]]'' {{small|Savi}}
* ''[[Cerinthe]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Chionocharis]]'' {{small|I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Codon (plant)|Codon]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Coldenia]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Cordia]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Craniospermum]]'' {{small|Lehm.}}
* ''[[Crucicaryum]]'' {{small|Brand}}
* ''[[Cryptantha]]'' {{small|Lehm. ex G.Don}}
* ''[[Cynoglossopsis]]'' {{small|Brand}}
* ''[[Cynoglossum]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Cynoglottis]]'' {{small|(Guşul.) Vural & Kit Tan}}
* ''[[Cystostemon]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Dasynotus]]'' {{small|I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Decalepidanthus]]'' {{small|Reidl}}
* ''[[Draperia]]'' {{small|Torr.}}
* ''[[Echiochilon]]'' {{small|Desf.}}
* ''[[Echium]]'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}}
* ''[[Ehretia]]'' {{small|P.Browne}}
* ''[[Ellisia]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Embadium]]'' {{small|J.M.Black}}
* ''[[Emmenanthe]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
* ''[[Eremocarya]]'' {{small|Greene}}
* ''[[Eriodictyon]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
* ''[[Eritrichium]]'' {{small|Schrad. ex Gaudin}}
* ''[[Eucrypta]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
* ''[[Euploca]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
* ''[[Gastrocotyle (plant)|Gastrocotyle]]'' {{small|Bunge}}
* ''[[Glandora]]'' {{small|D.C.Thomas, Weigend & Hilger}}
* ''[[Greeneocharis]]'' {{small|Gürke & Harms}}
* ''[[Gyrocaryum]]'' {{small|Valdés}}
* ''[[Hackelia]]'' {{small|Opiz}}
* ''[[Halacsya]]'' {{small|Dörfl.}}
* ''[[Halgania]]'' {{small|Gaudich.}}
* ''[[Harpagonella]]'' {{small|A.Gray}}
* ''[[Heliocarya]]'' {{small|Bunge}}
* ''[[Heliotropium]]'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}}
* ''[[Hesperochiron]]'' {{small|S.Watson}}
* ''[[Hoplestigma]]'' {{small|Pierre}}
* ''[[Hormuzakia]]'' {{small|Guşul.}}
* ''[[Huynhia]]'' {{small|Greuter}}
* ''[[Hydrophyllum]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Iberodes]]'' {{small|M.Serrano, R.Carbajal & S.Ortiz}}
* ''[[Ivanjohnstonia]]'' {{small|Kazmi}}
* ''[[Ixorhea]]'' {{small|Fenzl}}
* ''[[Johnstonella]]'' {{small|Brand}}
* ''[[Keraunea]]'' {{small|Cheek & Sim.-Bianch.}}
* ''[[Lappula]]'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''[[Lasiocaryum]]'' {{small|I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Lennoa]]'' {{small|Lex.}}
* ''[[Lepechiniella]]'' {{small|Popov}}
* ''[[Lepidocordia]]'' {{small|Ducke}}
* ''[[Lindelofia]]'' {{small|Lehm.}}
* ''[[Lithodora]]'' {{small|Griseb.}}
* ''[[Lithospermum]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Lobostemon]]'' {{small|Lehm.}}
* ''[[Maharanga]]'' {{small|DC.}}
* ''[[Mairetis]]'' {{small|I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Mattiastrum]]'' {{small|(Boiss.) Brand}}
* ''[[Megacaryon]]'' {{small|Boiss.}}
* ''[[Melanortocarya]]'' {{small|Selvi, Bigazzi, Hilger & Papini}}
* ''[[Memoremea]]'' {{small|A.Otero, Jim.Mejías, Valcárcel & P.Vargas}}
* ''[[Mertensia]]'' {{small|Roth}}
* ''[[Microcaryum]]'' {{small|I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Microparacaryum]]'' {{small|(Popov ex Riedl) Hilger & Podlech}}
* ''[[Microula]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
* ''[[Mimophytum]]'' {{small|Greenm.}}
* ''[[Moltkia (plant)|Moltkia]]'' {{small|Lehm.}}
* ''[[Moltkiopsis]]'' {{small|I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Moritzia]]'' {{small|DC. ex Meisn.}}
* ''[[Myosotidium]]'' {{small|Hook.}}
* ''[[Myosotis]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Myriopus]]'' {{small|Small}}
* ''[[Nama (plant)|Nama]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Neatostema]]'' {{small|I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Nemophila]]'' {{small|Nutt. ex W.P.C.Barton}}
* ''[[Nesocaryum]]'' {{small|I.M.Johnst.}}
* ''[[Nihon (plant)|Nihon]]'' {{small|A.Otero, Jim.Mejías, Valcárcel & P.Vargas}}
* ''[[Nogalia]]'' {{small|Verdc.}}
* ''[[Nonea]]'' {{small|Medik.}}
* ''[[Ogastemma]]'' {{small|Brummitt}}
* ''[[Omphalodes]]'' {{small|Mill.}}
* ''[[Omphalolappula]]'' {{small|Brand}}
* ''[[Omphalotrigonotis]]'' {{small|W.T.Wang}}
* ''[[Oncaglossum]]'' {{small|Sutory}}
* ''[[Onosma]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Oreocarya]]'' {{small|Greene}}
* ''[[Paracaryum]]'' {{small|Boiss.}}
* ''[[Paramoltkia]]'' {{small|Greuter}}
* ''[[Pectocarya]]'' {{small|DC. ex Meisn.}}
* ''[[Pentaglottis]]'' {{small|Tausch}}
* ''[[Phacelia]]'' {{small|Juss.}}
* ''[[Pholisma]]'' {{small|Nutt. ex Hook.}}
* ''[[Pholistoma]]'' {{small|Lilja}}
* ''[[Phyllocara]]'' {{small|Guşul.}}
* ''[[Plagiobothrys]]'' {{small|Fisch. & C.A.Mey.}}
* ''[[Podonosma]]'' {{small|Boiss.}}
* ''[[Pontechium]]'' {{small|Böhle & Hilger}}
* ''[[Pseudolappula]]'' {{small|Khoshsokhan & Kaz.Osaloo}}
* ''[[Pulmonaria]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Rindera]]'' {{small|Pall.}}
* ''[[Rochefortia]]'' {{small|Sw.}}
* ''[[Rochelia]]'' {{small|Rchb.}}
* ''[[Romanzoffia]]'' {{small|Cham.}}
* ''[[Rotula (plant)|Rotula]]'' {{small|Lour.}}
* ''[[Sauria (plant)|Sauria]]'' {{small|Bajtenov}}
* ''[[Selkirkia (plant)|Selkirkia]]'' {{small|Hemsl.}}
* ''[[Simpsonanthus]]'' {{small|Guilliams, Hasenstab & B.G.Baldwin}}
* ''[[Sinojohnstonia]]'' {{small|Hu}}
* ''[[Solenanthus]]'' {{small|Ledeb.}}
* ''[[Stenosolenium]]'' {{small|Turcz.}}
* ''[[Suchtelenia]]'' {{small|Kar. ex Meisn.}}
* ''[[Symphytum]]'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}}
* ''[[Thaumatocaryon]]'' {{small|Baill.}}
* ''[[Thyrocarpus]]'' {{small|Hance}}
* ''[[Tianschaniella]]'' {{small|B.Fedtsch. ex Popov}}
* ''[[Tiquilia]]'' {{small|Pers.}}
* ''[[Tournefortia]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Trachelanthus (plant)|Trachelanthus]]'' {{small|Kunze}}
* ''[[Trachystemon]]'' {{small|D.Don}}
* ''[[Tricardia]]'' {{small|Torr. ex S.Watson}}
* ''[[Trichodesma]]'' {{small|R.Br.}}
* ''[[Trigonocaryum]]'' {{small|Trautv.}}
* ''[[Trigonotis]]'' {{small|Steven}}
* ''[[Turricula (plant)|Turricula]]'' {{small|J.F.Macbr.}}
* ''[[Varronia]]'' {{small|P.Browne}}
* ''[[Wellstedia]]'' {{small|Balf.f}}
* ''[[Wigandia]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Boraginaceae}}
* Diane, N., et al. 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170115182917/http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/2/287.full A systematic analysis of ''Heliotropium'', ''Tournefortia'', and allied taxa of the Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on ITS1 sequences and morphological data.] ''American Journal of Botany'' 89(2), 287-95.
* Gottschling, M., et al. (2001). Secondary structure of the ITS1 transcript and its application in a reconstruction of the phylogeny of Boraginales. ''Plant Biology'' 3, 629-36.
== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Boraginaceae}}
* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/boraginaceae.gif Distribution Map] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/boraginaceaegen.html Genus list] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/boraginalesweb.htm#Boraginaceae Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/boraginalesweb.htm#Boraginales Boraginales] {{color|green|At:}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150521153254/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC&q=Boraginaceae Boraginaceae] {{color|green|In:}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC Mabberley's Plant-Book]
* [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=Boraginaceae+&find_genus=&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002020/http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome]
* [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/42000289 Boraginaceae (Search Exact)] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Name Search] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tropicos.org/ Tropicos] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
* [http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/boraginaceae_01.htm Boraginaceae.] Topwalks.net: Walking Routes in Spain.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020719021808/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=31633 Boraginaceae.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).



{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q26568}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Boraginaceae| ]]
[[Category:Asterid families]]