Editing Books of Chronicles

{{short description|Final books of the Hebrew Bible}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Book of Chronicles|Paralipomenon}}
{{Tanakh OT |Ketuvim |historical}}

The '''Book of Chronicles''' ({{langx|he|דִּבְרֵי־הַיָּמִים}} {{Transliteration|he|Dīvrē-hayYāmīm}}, "words of the days") is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books ('''1–2 Chronicles''') in the Christian [[Old Testament]]. Chronicles is the final book of the [[Hebrew Bible]], concluding the third section of the Jewish [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh]], the [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings"). It contains a genealogy starting with [[Adam]] and a [[history of ancient Judah and Israel]] up to the [[Edict of Cyrus]] in 539 BC.

The book was translated into Greek and divided into two books in the [[Septuagint]] in the mid-3rd century BC. In Christian contexts Chronicles is referred to in the plural as the '''Books of Chronicles''', after the Latin name {{lang|la|chronicon}} given to the text by [[Jerome]], but is also referred to by its Greek name as the '''Books of Paralipomenon'''.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle= Books of Paralipomenon |volume= 11 |last= Bechtel |first= Florentine Stanislaus |author-link= Florentine Bechtel |short=1 }}</ref> In [[Christian Bible]]s, they usually follow the two [[Books of Kings]] and precede [[Ezra–Nehemiah]], the last history-oriented book of the Protestant Old Testament.{{sfn|Japhet|1993|p=1-2}}

==Summary==
[[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 113.png|thumb|left|''Rehoboam and Jeroboam I'', 1860 woodcut by [[Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld]]]]
The Chronicles narrative begins with Adam, [[Seth]] and [[Enos (biblical figure)|Enosh]],<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|1:1|HE}}</ref> and the story is then carried forward, almost entirely through [[Genealogy|genealogical lists]], down to the founding of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Kingdom of Israel]] in the "introductory chapters", 1 Chronicles 1–9.<ref>Barnes, W. E. (1899), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_chronicles/ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on 1 Chronicles, accessed 29 January 2020</ref> The bulk of the remainder of 1 Chronicles, after a brief account of [[Saul]] in chapter 10, is concerned with the reign of [[David]].<ref>1 Chronicles 11–29</ref> The next long section concerns David's son [[Solomon]],<ref>2 Chronicles 1–9</ref> and the final part is concerned with the [[Kingdom of Judah]], with occasional references to the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] (2 Chronicles 10–36). The final chapter covers briefly the reigns of the last four kings, until Judah is destroyed and the people taken into [[Babylonian captivity|exile in Babylon]]. In the two final verses, identical to the opening verses of the [[Book of Ezra]], the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] king [[Cyrus the Great]] conquers the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], and authorises the restoration of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] and the return of the exiles.{{sfn|Coggins|2003|p=282}}
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==Structure==
[[File:Codex Sinaiticus Paralipomenon 9,27-10,11.JPG|thumb|left|Greek translation: Paralipomenon 9:27–10:11 in ''[[Codex Sinaiticus]]'' (1862 facsimile)]]
Originally a single work, Chronicles was divided into two in the [[Septuagint]], a Greek translation produced in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.{{sfn|Japhet|1993|p=2}} It has three broad divisions: 
# the genealogies in chapters 1–9 of 1 Chronicles
# the reigns of David and Solomon (constituting the remainder of 1 Chronicles, and chapters 1–9 of 2 Chronicles); and 
# the narrative of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)#End|divided kingdom]], focusing on the [[Kingdom of Judah]], in the remainder of 2 Chronicles.

Within this broad structure there are signs that the author has used various other devices to structure his work, notably through drawing parallels between David and Solomon (the first becomes king, establishes the worship of Israel's God in Jerusalem, and fights the wars that will enable the Temple to be built, then Solomon becomes king, builds and dedicates the Temple, and reaps the benefits of prosperity and peace).{{sfn|McKenzie|2004|p=}}

1 Chronicles is divided into 29 [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapters]] and 2 Chronicles into 36 chapters. Biblical commentator [[C. J. Ball]] suggests that the division into two books introduced by the translators of the Septuagint "occurs in the most suitable place",<ref>Ball, C., J. (1905), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/2_chronicles/1.htm The Second Book of the Chronicles] in ''Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers''</ref> namely with the conclusion of David's reign as king and the initiation of Solomon's reign.

The [[Talmud]] considered Chronicles one book.<ref name="BB15a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Batra.15a.2?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&vhe=William_Davidson_Edition_-_Vocalized_Aramaic&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en|title=Bava Batra 15a:2}}</ref>

==Composition==

===Origins===
The last events recorded in Chronicles take place in the reign of [[Cyrus the Great]], the Persian king who conquered Babylon in 539&nbsp;BC; this sets the earliest possible date for this passage of the book.

Chronicles appears to be largely the work of a single individual. The writer was probably male, probably a [[Levite]] (temple priest), and probably from Jerusalem. He was well-read, a skilled editor, and a sophisticated theologian. He aimed to use the narratives in the Torah and former prophets to convey religious messages to his peers, the literary and political elite of Jerusalem in the time of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].{{sfn|McKenzie|2004|p=}}

[[File:Cambridge University Library, MS Ff.1.24, fol. 1r.jpg|thumb|First page of ''Chronicles'' in a 10th- or 11th-century Greek manuscript acquired by [[Robert Grosseteste]]]]

Jewish and Christian tradition identified this author as the 5th-century BC figure [[Ezra]], who gives his name to the [[Book of Ezra]]; Ezra is also believed by the [[Amoraim|Talmudic sages]] to have written both his own book (i. e., [[Ezra–Nehemiah]]) and Chronicles up to his own time, the latter having been finished by [[Nehemiah]].<ref name="BB15a"/> Later critics, skeptical of the long-maintained tradition, preferred to call the author "[[the Chronicler]]". However, many scholars maintain support for Ezra's authorship, not only based on centuries of work by Jewish historians, but also due to the consistency of language and speech patterns between Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah. Professor Emeritus Menahem Haran of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] explains, "the overall unity of the Chronistic Work is … demonstrated by a common ideology, the uniformity of legal, cultic and historical conceptions and specific style, all of which reflect one opus."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-05-25|title=Menahem Haran |url=https://www.baslibrary.org/authors/menahem-haran|access-date=2020-11-05|website=The BAS Library |language=en}}</ref>

One of the most striking, although inconclusive, features of Chronicles is that its closing sentence is repeated as the opening of Ezra–Nehemiah.{{sfn|McKenzie|2004|p=}}  In antiquity, such repeated verses, like the "catch-lines" used by modern printers,<ref>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catchline#English catchline]</ref> often appeared at the end of a scroll to facilitate the reader's passing on to the correct second book-scroll after completing the first. This scribal device was employed in works that exceeded the scope of a single scroll and had to be continued on another scroll.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-24 |author=Menahem Haran |title=Explaining the Identical Lines at the End of Chronicles and the Beginning of Ezra |url= https://www.baslibrary.org/bible-review/2/3/6|access-date=2020-11-05|website=The BAS Library |language=en |quote=These repeated verses at the end of Chronicles are called "catch-lines." In ancient times, catch-lines were often placed at the end of a scroll to facilitate the reader's passing on to the correct second book-scroll after completing the first. This scribal device was employed in works that exceeded the scope of a single scroll and had to be continued on another scroll.}}</ref>

The latter half of the 20th century, amid growing skepticism in academia regarding history in the Biblical tradition, saw a reappraisal of the authorship question. Though there is a general lack of corroborating evidence, many now regard it as improbable that the author of Chronicles was also the author of the narrative portions of Ezra–Nehemiah.{{sfn|Beentjes|2008|p=3}} These critics suggest that ''Chronicles'' was probably composed between 400 and 250 BC, with the period 350–300 BC the most likely.{{sfn|McKenzie|2004|p=}} This timeframe is achieved by estimates made based on genealogies appearing in the Greek [[Septuagint]]. This theory bases its premise on the latest person mentioned in Chronicles, Anani. Anani is an eighth-generation descendant of King [[Jehoiachin]] according to the [[Masoretic Text]]. This has persuaded many supporters of the Septuagint's reading to place Anani's likely date of birth a century later than what had been largely accepted for two millennia.{{sfn|Kalimi|2005|pp=61–64}}

===Sources===
Much of the content of Chronicles is a repetition of material from other books of the Bible, from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] to [[Books of Kings|Kings]], and so the usual scholarly view is that these books, or an early version of them, provided the author with the bulk of his material. It is, however, possible that the situation was rather more complex, and that books such as Genesis and [[Book of Samuel|Samuel]] should be regarded as contemporary with Chronicles, drawing on much of the same material, rather than a source for it. Despite much discussion of this issue, no agreement has been reached.{{sfn|Coggins|2003|p=283}} It is also likely that Chronicles preserved ancient heterodox traditions regarding Israel's history.<ref name="Frankel">{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=David |date=April 8, 2015 |title=The Book of Chronicles and the Ephraimites that Never Went to Egypt |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-book-of-chronicles-and-the-ephraimites-that-never-went-to-egypt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207090032/https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-book-of-chronicles-and-the-ephraimites-that-never-went-to-egypt |archive-date=February 7, 2024 |website=TheTorah.com}}</ref>

=== Genre ===
The translators who created the Greek version of the Jewish Bible (the [[Septuagint]]) called this book ''Paralipomenon'', "Things Left Out", indicating that they thought of it as a supplement to another work, probably Genesis–Kings, but the idea seems inappropriate, since much of Genesis–Kings has been copied almost without change. Some modern scholars proposed that Chronicles is a [[midrash]], or traditional Jewish commentary, on Genesis–Kings, but again this is not entirely accurate since the author or authors do not comment on the older books so much as use them to create a new work. Recent suggestions have been that it was intended as a clarification of the history in Genesis–Kings, or a replacement or alternative for it.{{sfn|Beentjes|2008|p=4–6}}

==Themes==
[[Presbyterian Church (USA)|Presbyterian]] theologian Paul K. Hooker argues that the generally accepted message the author wished to give to his audience was a theological reflection, not a "history of Israel":
# God is active in history, and especially the history of Israel. The faithfulness or sins of individual kings are immediately rewarded or punished by God. (This is in contrast to the theology of the [[Books of Kings]], where the faithlessness of kings was punished on later generations through the Babylonian exile).{{sfn|Hooker|2000|p=6}} 
# God calls Israel to a special relationship. The call begins with the genealogies,<ref>chapters 1–9 of 1 Chronicles</ref> gradually narrowing the focus from all mankind to a single family, the Israelites, the descendants of [[Jacob]]. "True" Israel is those who continue to worship [[Yahweh]] at the Temple in [[Jerusalem]] (in the southern [[Kingdom of Judah]]), with the result that the history of the historical [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] is almost completely ignored.{{sfn|Hooker|2000|p=7-8}} 
# God chose David and his dynasty as the agents of his will. According to the author of Chronicles, the three great events of David's reign were his bringing the [[Ark of the Covenant]] to Jerusalem, his founding of an eternal royal dynasty, and his preparations for the construction of the Temple.{{sfn|Hooker|2000|p=7-8}} 
# God chose a site in Jerusalem as the location for the Temple, the place where God should be worshiped. More time and space are spent on the construction of the Temple and its rituals of worship than on any other subject. By stressing the central role of the Temple in pre-exilic Judah, the author also stresses the importance of the newly rebuilt Persian-era [[Second Temple]] to his own readers.
# God remains active in Israel. The past is used to legitimize the author's present: this is seen most clearly in the detailed attention he gives to the Temple built by Solomon, but also in the genealogy and lineages, which connect his own generation to the distant past and thus make the claim that the present is a continuation of that past.{{sfn|Hooker|2000|p=6-10}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bible}}
* [[History of ancient Israel and Judah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last= Beentjes |first= Pancratius C. |title= Tradition and Transformation in the Book of Chronicles |year= 2008 |publisher= Brill |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rLFXnQ6b9v4C&pg=PR3
|isbn= 9789004170445}}
* {{cite book |last= Coggins |first= Richard J. |editor1-last= Dunn |editor1-first= James D. G. |editor2-last= Rogerson |editor2-first= John William |chapter= 1 and 2 Chronicles |title= Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |year= 2003 |publisher= Eerdmans |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC |isbn= 9780802837110}}
* {{cite book |last= Hooker |first= Paul K. |editor1-last= ANONYMUS ABSOLUTUS |editor1-first= Adam G. |title= First and Second Chronicles |year= 2000 |publisher= Westminster John Knox Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QDwEOzTXvb8C&pg=PA12 |isbn= 9780664255916}}
* {{cite book |last= Japhet |first= Sara |author-link= Sara Japhet |editor1-last= ANONYMUS |editor1-first= Adam G. |title= I and II Chronicles: A Commentary |year= 1993 |publisher= SCM Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V0WjzZB2V7cC |isbn= 9780664226411}}
*{{cite book |last= Kalimi |first=Isaac |title=An Ancient Israelite Historian: Studies in the Chronicler, His Time, Place and Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmk5CDRsbwMC&pg=PA62|date=January 2005|publisher= Uitgeverij Van Gorcum|isbn=978-90-232-4071-6}}
* {{cite book |last= Kelly |first= Brian E. |title= Retribution and Eschatology in Chronicles |year= 1996 |publisher= Sheffield Academic Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p7ui2JwhdzEC |isbn= 9780567637796}}
* {{cite book |last= Klein |first= Ralph W. |author-link= Ralph W. Klein |title= 1 Chronicles: A Commentary |year= 2006 |publisher= Fortress Press }}
* {{cite book |last= Knoppers |first= Gary N. |author-link= Gary N. Knoppers |title= 1 Chronicles: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary |year= 2004 |publisher= Doubleday }}
* {{cite book |last= McKenzie |first= Steven L. |title= 1–2 Chronicles |year= 2004 |publisher= Abingdon |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=s3weTW7ylToC |isbn= 9781426759802}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|1 Chronicles}}
{{Wikisource|2 Chronicles}}
{{Commons category|Books of Chronicles}}

'''Translations'''
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15776 Divrei Hayamim I – Chronicles I (Judaica Press)] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15777 Divrei Hayamim II – Chronicles II (Judaica Press)] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org
* [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+1&version=NIV 1 Chronicles at Biblegateway]
* [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%201&version=NIV 2 Chronicles at Biblegateway]
* [http://bible-book.org/en/historical-books/1-chronicles 1 Chronicles at Bible-Book.org]
* [http://bible-book.org/en/historical-books/2-chronicles 2 Chronicles at Bible-Book.org]

'''Introductions'''
*Tuell, S., [http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/FM.Tuell.1-2-Chronicles.pdf 1 & 2 Chronicles]

'''Audiobooks'''
* {{librivox book | dtitle=Bible: Chronicles| stitle=13 Chronicles}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[Historical books|History books]]|||}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Ezra–Nehemiah]] }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] }}
{{s-non|reason=End}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Books of Kings|1–2 Kings]] | rows = 2 }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Western Christianity|Western]] [[Old Testament]] }}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]] }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] [[Old Testament]]}}
{{s-aft | after  = [[1 Esdras]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{First Book of Chronicles}}
{{Second Book of Chronicles}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chronicles, Books Of}}
[[Category:Books of Chronicles| ]]
[[Category:4th-century BC books]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC books]]
[[Category:Historical books]]
[[Category:Ketuvim| 12]]
[[Category:Regnal lists]]
[[Category:Works attributed to the Chronicler]]