Editing Book of Nehemiah

{{short description|Book of the Bible}}
{{Distinguish|Book of Nahum}}
{{Tanakh OT |Ketuvim |historical}}
[[File:Building the Wall of Jerusalem.jpg|alt=Building the Wall of Jerusalem|thumb|Building the Wall of Jerusalem]]
The '''Book of Nehemiah''' in the [[Hebrew Bible]] largely takes the form of a first-person [[memoir]] by [[Nehemiah]], a Hebrew prophet and high official at the Persian court, concerning the rebuilding of the walls of [[Jerusalem]] after the [[Babylonian exile]] and the dedication of the city and its people to God's laws ([[Torah]]).

Since the 16th century, Nehemiah has generally been treated as a separate book within the Bible. Before then, it had been combined with the [[Book of Ezra]]; but in Latin [[Christian Bible]]s from the 13th century onwards, the [[Vulgate]]'s Book of Ezra was divided into two texts called the First and Second Books of Ezra, respectively. This separation became canonised with the first printed Bibles in Hebrew and Latin. Mid-16th century [[Reformed Protestant]] Bible translations produced in [[Geneva]], such as the [[Geneva Bible]], were the first to introduce the title "Book of Nehemiah" for the text formerly called the "Second Book of Ezra".

The [[historicity]] of Nehemiah, his objectives, and the "Nehemiah memoir" have recently become very controversial in [[biblical scholarship]], with [[Biblical maximalism|maximalists]] viewing it as a historical account and [[Biblical minimalism|minimalists]] doubting whether Nehemiah existed.<ref>{{cite book
| last       = Frevel
| first      = Christian
| title      = History of Ancient Israel
| publisher  = SBL Press
| year       = 2023
| isbn       = 9781628375145
| url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ
| page       = 262
| quote      = Since there are no extrabiblical testimonies for Nehemiah’s person or work, one is initially dependent on the biblical data as a source…There is no clarity regarding the background, the concrete form, or the exact dating of Nehemiah’s mission. For a long time the history of Nehemiah was reconstructed based on the assumption that Neh *1-7; *11-13 comprised an authentic so-called Nehemiah Memoir dating from the second half of the fifth century BCE. More recently, the historicity, background, and intention of these texts have become highly controversial. The maximalist position evaluates the details of the conflicts, Nehemiah’s mission, and the actions initiated by him to be, as far as possible, historical, which then is authentically witnessed by Nehemiah’s first-person report (e.g., Rainer Kessler, Titus Reinmuth, Ralf Rothenbusch). The minimalist position, on the other hand, doubts even the historicity of the person of Nehemiah. It does not see the Nehemiah Memoir as an authentic document but as a fictional account of later writers with theological intentions, who stylized Nehemiah as the model political leader. The Nehemiah Memoir is thus understood, as far as possible, to be an archetypal depiction without historical value (e.g., Joachim Becker, Erhard S. Gerstenberger).
}}</ref>

== Summary ==
The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BC. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as [[Ezra–Nehemiah]], it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra: An Historical Survey|last=Albright|first=William|author-link=William F. Albright|year=1963|publisher=Harpercollins College Div|isbn=0-06-130102-7|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalperiodfr0000albr|url-access=registration}}</ref>

The original core of the book, the first-person memoir, may have been combined with the core of the [[Book of Ezra]] around 400&nbsp;BC. Further editing probably continued into the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic era]].<ref>Paul Cartledge, Peter Garnsey, Erich S. Gruen (editors), ''Hellenistic Constructs: Essays In Culture, History, and Historiography'', p. 92 (University of California Press, 1997). {{ISBN|0-520-20676-2}}</ref>

The book tells how Nehemiah, at the court of the king in [[Susa]], is informed that [[Jerusalem]] is without walls, and resolves to restore them. The king appoints him as governor of [[Yehud Medinata|Judah]] and he travels to Jerusalem. There he rebuilds the walls, despite the opposition of Israel's enemies, and reforms the community in conformity with the [[law of Moses]]. After 12 years in [[Jerusalem]], he returns to [[Susa]] but subsequently revisits Jerusalem. He finds that the Israelites have been [[backsliding]] and taking non-Hebrew wives, and he stays in Jerusalem to enforce the Law.

;''Chapters''
# In the 20th year of [[Artaxerxes I of Persia]], Nehemiah, [[cup-bearer]] to the king in [[Susa]] (the Persian capital), learns that the wall of Jerusalem is destroyed. He prays to God, confessing the sins of Israel, then reminding God of His promise to restore the [[Promised Land]]. He asks God for success in asking King Artaxerxes for permission to return to Jerusalem to rebuild its wall.
# While Nehemiah is serving wine the king notices his sadness. Nehemiah humbly confesses it is because the city of his ancestors is in ruins and asks permission to rebuild the city wall. The king agrees. Nehemiah then asks for letters of safe-conduct and for permission to obtain timber from the royal forest. The king agrees to these requests and additionally dispatches a military escort to accompany Nehemiah to Jerusalem. When Nehemiah arrives he secretly inspects the wall before encouraging the local leaders to join him in rebuilding. However, when [[Sanballat the Horonite|Sanballat of Samaria]], [[Tobiah (Ammonite)|Tobiah the Ammonite]], and [[Geshem the Arabian|Geshem the Arab]] hear about it they mock the Israelites and accused them of rebelling against the king.
# The families and leaders of Jerusalem each take a gate or a section of wall and begin rebuilding.
# The leaders of the opposing tribes – Sanballat the Horonite, Tobiah the Ammonite, Geshem the Arab, and the men of [[Isdud|Ashdod]] – plot together to attack Jerusalem, which forces the Hebrews rebuilding the wall to work with weapons in their hands.
# Nehemiah, having seen the Hebrew nobles oppressing the poor, orders the cancellation of all debt and mortgages; previous governors have been corrupt and oppressive, but he has been righteous and just.
# Sanballat accuses Nehemiah of planning rebellion against Artaxerxes, and Nehemiah is opposed even by Hebrew nobles and prophets, but the wall is completed.
# Nehemiah appoints officials and sets guards on the wall and gates; he plans to register the Hebrews, and finds the census of those who had returned earlier.
# Nehemiah assembles the people and has Ezra read to them the law-book of Moses; Nehemiah, Ezra and the [[Levite]]s institute the [[Sukkot|Feast of Booths]], in accordance with the Law.
# The Hebrews assemble in penance and prayer, recalling their past sins, God's help to them, and his promise of the land.
# The priests, Levites and the Israelite people enter into a covenant, agreeing to separate themselves from the surrounding peoples and to keep the Law.
# Jerusalem is repopulated by the Hebrews living in the towns and villages of Judah and Benjamin.
# A list of priests and Levites who returned in the days of Cyrus (the first returnees from Babylon) is presented; Nehemiah, aided by Ezra, oversees the dedication of the walls and the rebuilt city.
# After 12 years Nehemiah returns to Susa; he later comes back to Jerusalem, and finds that there has been backsliding in his absence. He takes measures to enforce his earlier reforms and asks for God's favour.

== Historical background ==
The book is set in the 5th century BC. Judah is one of several provinces within a larger satrapy (a large administrative unit) within the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. The capital of the empire is at [[Susa]]. Nehemiah is a [[cup-bearer]] to king [[Artaxerxes I of Persia]] – an important official position.

At his own request Nehemiah is sent to Jerusalem as governor of Yehud, the official Persian name for Judah. Jerusalem had been conquered and destroyed by the Babylonians in 586&nbsp;BC and Nehemiah finds it still in ruins. His task is to rebuild the walls and to re-populate the city. He faces opposition from three powerful neighbours, the [[Samaritans]], the [[Ammon]]ites, and the [[Arabs]], as well as the city of [[Isdud|Ashdod]], but manages to rebuild the walls. He then purifies the Hebrew community by enforcing its [[Racial segregation|segregation]] from its neighbours and enforces the laws of Moses.

== Textual history ==
{{Books of Ketuvim}}
{{further|Ezra–Nehemiah}}
[[File:Book of Nehemiah, Roman (Sixtine) Septuagint (1587).jpg|thumb|[[Septuagint]] version of Nehemiah]]
The single Hebrew book [[Ezra–Nehemiah]], with title "Ezra", was translated into Greek around the middle of the 2nd century BC.<ref>Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA202 The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues]'' (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998) p. 202</ref>  Slightly later a second, and very different Greek translation was made, in the form of [[1 Esdras]], from which the deeds of Nehemiah are entirely absent, those sections either being omitted or re-attributed to Ezra instead; and initially early Christians reckoned this later translation as their biblical 'Book of Ezra', as had the 1st century Jewish writer [[Josephus]]. From the third century the Christian [[Old Testament]] in Greek supplemented the text of 1 Esdras with the older translation of Ezra–Nehemiah, naming the two books Esdras A and Esdras B respectively; and this usage is noted by the 3rd century Christian scholar [[Origen]], who remarked that the Hebrew 'book of Ezra' might then be considered a 'double' book. [[Jerome]], writing in the early 5th century, noted that this duplication had since been adopted by Greek and Latin Christians. Jerome himself rejected the duplication in his Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin from the Hebrew; and consequently all early Vulgate manuscripts present Ezra–Nehemiah as a single book,<ref>{{Cite journal |volume=110|pages=5–26|last=Bogaert|first=Pierre-Maurice|title=Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin|journal=Revue Bénédictine|date=2000|issue=1–2|doi=10.1484/J.RB.5.100750}}</ref> as too does the 8th century commentary of [[Bede]], and the 9th century bibles of [[Alcuin]] and [[Theodulf of Orleans]]. However, sporadically from the 9th century onwards, Latin bibles are found that separate the Ezra and Nehemiah sections of Ezra–Nehemiah as two distinct books, then called the first and second books of Ezra; and this becomes standard in the [[Paris Bible]]s of the 13th century. It was not until 1516/17, in the first printed [[Mikraot Gedolot|Rabbinic Bible]] of [[Daniel Bomberg]] that the separation was introduced generally in Hebrew Bibles.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Gallagher|first1=Edmon L.|author-link1=Edmon L. Gallagher|last2=Meade |first2=John D. |title=The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity |pages=269 |publisher=OUP|year=2017}}</ref>

In later medieval Christian commentary, this book is referred to as the 'second book of Ezra', and never as the 'Book of Nehemiah"; equally citations from this book are always introduced as "Ezra says ...", and never as 'Nehemiah says ...".{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

== Composition and date ==
The combined book Ezra–Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Hebrew period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to [[Ezra]] himself; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others.<ref>Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C&pg=PA86 Judaism: The First Phase]" (Eerdmans, 2009) p. 86</ref>

The Nehemiah Memorial, chapters 1–7 and 11–13, may have circulated as an independent work before being combined with the Ezra material to form Ezra–Nehemiah.<ref name="books.google">La Sor, W.S., William Sanford La Sor, Hubbard, D.A., Bush, F.W., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=6wSWpZmmlAoC&pg=PA551 Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament]" (Eerdmans, 1996)  p. 551</ref> Determining the composition of the Memorial depends on the dates of Nehemiah's mission: It is commonly accepted that "Artaxerxes" was Artaxerxes I (there were two later kings of the same name), and that Nehemiah's first period in Jerusalem was therefore 445–433&nbsp;BC;<ref>Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA205 The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues]" (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998) p. 205</ref> allowing for his return to Susa and second journey to Jerusalem, the end of the 5th century BC is therefore the earliest possible date for the Memorial.<ref>Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA213 The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues]" (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998) p. 213</ref> The Nehemiah Memorial is interrupted by chapters 8–10, which concern Ezra. These have sometimes been identified as another, separate work, the Ezra Memorial (EM), but other scholars believe the EM to be fictional and heavily altered by later editors. Both the Nehemiah and Ezra material are combined with numerous lists, Censuses and other material.

The first edition of the combined Ezra–Nehemiah may date from the early 4th century BC;<ref name="books.google" /> further editing continued well into the following centuries.

==See also==
*[[Esdras]]
*[[Ezra–Nehemiah]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|Nehemiah (Bible)|The Book of Nehemiah}}

'''Commentaries'''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=3PvirfZkfvQC&q=Ezra-Nehemiah:+A+Commentary++By+Joseph+Blenkinsopp Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary" (Eerdmans, 1988)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=qRw7AAAAIAAJ&q=The+books+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah++By+R.+J.+Coggins Coggins, R.J., "The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah" (Cambridge University Press, 1976)]
*[http://www.ronaldecker.com/ezra.html Ecker, Ronald L., "Ezra and Nehemiah"] (Ecker's Biblical Web Pages, 2007)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=IfxMeDl6BZgC&q=The+books+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah+Fensham Fensham, F. Charles, "The books of Ezra and Nehemiah" (Eerdmans, 1982)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=S2MSzgZ8DMMC&q=Ezra-Nehemiah+Grabbe Grabbe, L.L., "Ezra-Nehemiah" (Routledge, 1998)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VI1bMiMXLs0C&q=Ezra-Nehemiah++By+Mark+A.+Throntveit Throntveit, Mark A., "Ezra-Nehemiah" (John Knox Press, 1992)]

'''Other'''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZCmzVmx3E8C&q=The+World+of+Ancient+Israel:+Sociological,+Anthropological+and+Political Clements, R.E. (ed), "The World of Ancient Israel" (Cambridge University Press, 1989)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C&q=Judaism,+the+first+phase:+the+place+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah+in+the+origins Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Judaism, the first phase" (Eerdmans, 2009)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=qIC9BwAAQBAJ&q=Empire,+Power+and+Indigenous+Elites+A+Case+Study+of+the+Nehemiah+Memoir Fitzpatrick-McKinley, Anne, "Empire, Power and Indigenous Elites: A Case Study of the Nehemiah Memoir" (BRILL, 2015)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C&q=A+history+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%2C+Volume+1++Lester+L.+Grabbe Grabbe, L.L., "A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Volume 1" (T&T Clark, 2004)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., "The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues" (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=xRS8P0RDXeoC&q=Ezra+the+scribe:+the+development+of+Ezra+7-10+and+Nehemiah+8 Pakkala, Juha, "Ezra the scribe: the development of Ezra 7–10 and Nehemiah 8" (Walter de Gryter, 2004)]

'''Translations'''
* [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%201&version=NIV Bible Gateway (opens at NIV version)]
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16508 Chabad.org Library]
* {{librivox book | title=Nehemiah}} Various versions

{{Book of Nehemiah}}
{{Books of the Bible}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Book Of Nehemiah}}
[[Category:Book of Nehemiah| ]]
[[Category:5th-century BC books]]
[[Category:Ketuvim| 11]]
[[Category:Ezra–Nehemiah|Nehemiah]]
[[Category:Historical books]]