Editing Book of Malachi

{{Short description|Book of the Bible}}
{{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|prophetic}}

The '''Book of Malachi''' ({{langx|he|מַלְאָכִ֔י|translit=Malʾāḵī}}) is the last book of the [[Nevi'im]] in the [[Tanakh]] and is canonically the final book of the [[Twelve Minor Prophets]]. In most [[Christian tradition]]s, the [[prophetic books]] form the last section of the [[Old Testament]], making Malachi the last book before the [[New Testament]]. The book has four chapters.

The author of [[Malachi]] may or may not have been identified by the title itself. While often understood as a proper name, its [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] meaning is simply "my messenger" (the [[Septuagint]] translates it as "his messenger"), and it would not have been a proper name at the time of its writing. Jewish tradition states that the book was written by the scribe [[Ezra]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Most scholars believe that the book underwent multiple stages of redaction.<ref>Kessler, Rainer. 2011. Maleachi. pp. 59–61. ''Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament'', Freiburg, Germany: Herder.</ref> The majority of its text originates in the [[Persian period]], the oldest portions dating back to {{circa|500&nbsp;BCE}}. Later modifications occurred even into the [[Hellenistic]] period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schart |first=Aaron |editor=Julia M. O'Brien |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-067320-8  |pages=540–542 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.32 |quote=Most commentators consider the book of Malachi to be the product of multiple redactional activities (see O'Brien 1990, 51–57; Kessler 2011, 59–61)...In sum, the oldest stratum of the book is likely to date to around 500. Most of the text originates from the Achaemenid period. In general, the Persians pursued a policy of peaceful and harmonious unification of nations under Persian domination. The writing of Malachi seems to accept the Persian rule. Kessler (2011) dates the final form of the writing of Malachi later, in the fourth century. Reflections of Hellenization in the wake of Alexander the Great are rare, however. Noetzel considers Ptolemaic influence for the idea that the "sun of righteousness" brings healing (2015). The appendix in 4:5–6 [Heb. 3:23–24], which refers to a profound generation conflict, resonates with the tensions between those who opened themselves to Hellenization and those who strictly rejected it. Ecclesiasticus 49:10 mentions the "twelve prophets" around 180 BCE, probably presupposing the Book of the Twelve Prophets as a scroll. At this time, the book of Malachi must have been almost finished.}}</ref>

==Oldest surviving manuscripts==
[[File:CodexGigas 119 MinorProphets.jpg|thumb|The whole Book of Malachi in [[Latin]] as a part of [[Codex Gigas]], made around the 13th century]]
The original manuscript of this book is lost, as are many centuries' worth of copies. The oldest surviving manuscripts, containing some or all of this book in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]], are in the [[Masoretic Text]] tradition, which includes the [[Codex Cairensis]] (895), [[Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus|the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets]] (916), [[Aleppo Codex|the Aleppo Codex]] (tenth century), and [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).<ref name="Würthwein">{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | authorlink = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year=  1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|pp=35–37}} Fragments containing parts of this book were also found among [[Dead Sea Scrolls|the Dead Sea Scrolls]] 4Q76 (150–125 BCE) and 4Q78 (75–50 BCE).<ref>{{Cite book
| editor-last  = Ulrich
| editor-first = Eugene |editor-link= Eugene Ulrich
| title        = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants
| year         = 2010
| publisher    = Brill
| url          = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls
| pages         = 623–624}}</ref><ref name="thewaytoyahuweh">[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#malachi Dead sea scrolls - Malachi]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.|authorlink= Joseph Fitzmyer |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008|isbn = 9780802862419|location = Grand Rapids, MI |page=38}}</ref>

A translation into [[Koine Greek]], known as the [[Septuagint]], was made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] (fourth century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] (fourth century), [[Codex Alexandrinus]] (fifth century), and [[Codex Marchalianus]] (sixth century).<ref name="Würthwein" />{{rp|73–74}}

==Authorship==
The identity of the author of the Book of Malachi is uncertain, although it has been suggested that the author may have been [[Levitical]]. Due to the similarities between Malachi and Ezra's emphasis on forbidding marriage to foreign [[Paganism|pagan]] women, the [[Talmud]] and certain [[Targum]]s, such as [[Targum Jonathan]], identify [[Ezra]] as the author of Malachi. This is the traditional view held by most Jews and some Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Megillah.15a.5?lang=bi |title= Megillah 15a, the William Davidson Talmud (Koren - Steinsaltz)}}</ref><ref>Introduction to the Aramaic [[Targum]] of [[Jonathan ben Uzziel]] on the Prophet [[Malachi]] (Minor Prophets); [[Joshua ben Karha]] (''[[Megillah (Talmud)|Megillah]]'' 15a)</ref> The [[Catholic priest]] and historian [[Jerome]] suggests that this may be because Ezra was seen as an intermediary between the prophets and the "great synagogue." According to [[Josephus]], Ezra died and was buried "in a magnificent manner in Jerusalem".<ref>[[Antiquities of the Jews]], book XI, chapter 5, paragraph 5</ref> If the tradition that Ezra wrote under the name "Malachi" is correct, then he was likely buried in the [[Tomb of the Prophets]], the traditional resting place of Malachi, [[Haggai]], and [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]].

The name "Malachi" occurs in the superscription at 1:1 and 3:1, although most consider it unlikely that the word refers to the same character in both references. According to the editors of the 1897 [[Easton's Bible Dictionary]], some scholars believe the name "Malachi" is not a [[proper noun]], but an abbreviation of "messenger of [[Jah|Yah]]."<ref name="Easton">''[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/easton/ebd2.html?term=Malachi Malachi]'' at the [[Easton's Bible Dictionary]]</ref> This reading could be based on Malachi 3:1, "Behold, I will send ''my messenger''...", if "my messenger" is taken literally as the name Malachi.<ref name="Malachi" /> Thus, many believe that "Malachi" is an anonymous pseudonym. Other scholars, including the editors of the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', argue that the grammatical evidence leads us to conclude that Malachi is, in fact, a name, asserting: "We are no doubt in presence of an abbreviation of the name ''Mál'akhîyah'', that is Messenger of [[Elohim]]."<ref name="CathMalachi" />

Some scholars consider the authorship of [[Zechariah 9]]–[[Zechariah 14|14]] and Malachi to be anonymous, which explains their placement at the end of the Twelve Minor Prophets.<ref name="Malachi">{{cite book |last1=Eissfeldt |first1=Otto |title=The Old Testament: An Introduction |date=1965 |publisher=Basil Blackwell |location=Oxford |page=440}}</ref> [[Julius Wellhausen]], [[Abraham Kuenen]], and Wilhelm Gustav Hermann Nowack argue that [[Malachi 1:1]] is a late addition, pointing to [[Zechariah 9:1]] and [[Zechariah 12:1]] as evidence.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} Another interpretation of the authorship comes from the [[Septuagint]] superscription {{lang|grc|ὲν χειρὶ ἀγγήλου αὐτοῦ}}, which can be read as either "by the hand of his messenger" or as "by the hand of his angel." The "angel" reading found an echo among the ancient [[Church Fathers]] and ecclesiastical writers. It even gave rise to the "strangest fancies," especially among the disciples of [[Origen]].<ref name="CathMalachi">A. VAN HOONACKER, [http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Malachias "Malachias"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708123606/http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Malachias |date=July 8, 2011 }}, ''The Original Catholic Encyclopedia'', retrieved 12 February 2011.</ref><ref name="Jerome">''[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.vii.iv.xii.html#vii.iv.xii-p32 Prefaces to the Commentaries on the Minor Prophets.]'', [[Jerome]], 406: ''[[Origen of Alexandria|Origen]] and his followers believe that (according to his name) he was an angel. But we reject this view altogether, lest we be compelled to accept the doctrine of the fall of souls from heaven.''</ref>

==Period==
There are a few historical details in the Book of Malachi. A clue as to its dating may lie in the fact that the Persian-era term for governor ({{langx|arc|פח|translit=peḥ}}) is used in 1:8 to refer to the governor of Judah. This points to a [[Jewish history|post-exilic]] (that is, after 538 BCE) date of composition both because of the use of this term and because [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] had a king before the exile. Since in the same verse the rebuilt temple is referenced, the book must also be later than 515 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament|last1=LaSor|first1=William Sanford|last2=Hubbard|first2=David Allan|last3=Bush|first3=Frederic William|last4=Allen|first4=Leslie C.|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|date=3 Sep 1996|isbn=9780802837882|pages=415}}</ref> The author of the [[Book of Sirach]], written early in the second century BCE, apparently knew of Malachi. Because of the development of themes in the book of Malachi, most scholars assign it to a position after the [[Book of Haggai]] and the [[Book of Zechariah]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/haggai-zechariah-and-malachi-back-in-the-land/|title=Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi: Back in the Land {{!}} My Jewish Learning|work=My Jewish Learning|access-date=2018-05-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hatanakh.com/en/tags/malachi|title=Malachi {{!}} התנך|website=www.hatanakh.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref> close to the time when Ezra and [[Nehemiah]]<ref name=":0" /> came to [[Jerusalem]] in 445 BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cheyne|first=T. K.|date=1899|title=The Times of Nehemiah and Ezra|jstor=3137145|journal=The Biblical World|volume=14|issue=4|pages=238–250|doi=10.1086/472543|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Aim==
The Book of Malachi was written to correct what the author saw as the lax religious and social behavior of the [[Israelite]]s — particularly the priests — in [[Second Temple period|post-exilic]] [[Jerusalem]]. Although the prophets urged the people of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] and [[Israel]] to see their exile as punishment for failing to uphold their [[Mosaic covenant|covenant with God]], it was not long after they had been returned to the [[Land of Israel|land]], the [[Second Temple]] built, and proper worship restored, the people's commitment to their God began to wane once again. It was in this context that the prophet, commonly referred to as Malachi, delivered his prophecy.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In 1:2, Malachi portrays the people of Israel as questioning God's love for them. This introduction to the book illustrates the severity of the situation that Malachi addresses, as does dialectical style with which Malachi confronts his audience. Malachi accuses his audience of failing to respect God as God deserves. One way this disrespect manifests is through the substandard sacrifices that Malachi claims the priests offer. While God demands animals that are "without blemish" ([[Leviticus]] 1:3, NRSV), the priests, who were "to determine whether the animal was acceptable" (Mason 143),{{full citation needed|date=April 2025}} were offering blind, lame, and sick animals for sacrifice because they thought nobody would notice.

In 2:1, Malachi states that ''[[Yahweh|Yahweh Sabaoth]]'' is sending a curse on the priests who have not honoured him with appropriate animal sacrifices: "Now, watch how I am going to paralyze your arm and throw dung in your face—the dung from your very solemnities—and sweep you away with it. Then you shall learn that it is I who have given you this warning of my intention to abolish my covenant with Levi, says ''Yahweh Sabaoth''."

In 2:10–11, Malachi addresses the issue of [[divorce]]. On this topic, Malachi deals with divorce both as a social problem ("Why then are we faithless to one another ... ?") and as a religious problem ("Judah ... has married the daughter of a foreign god"). In contrast to the [[Book of Ezra]] Malachi urges each to remain steadfast to the wife of his youth.

Malachi also criticizes his audience for questioning God's justice. He reminds them that God is just and exhorts them to be faithful as they await that justice. Malachi states that the people have not been faithful and have not given God all that God deserves. Just as the priests have been offering unacceptable sacrifices, so the people have been neglecting to offer their full [[tithe]] to God.

==Interpretations==
The Book of Malachi is divided into three chapters in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and [[Septuagint]] and four in the [[Latin Vulgate]]. The fourth chapter in the Vulgate consists of the remainder of the third chapter, starting at verse 3:19.

===Christianity===
The [[New Revised Standard Version]] of the [[Bible]] supplies headings for the book as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Verse/Chapter Headings in the NRSV
! Verse Reference !! Heading </tr>
| [[Malachi 1:1|1:1]]     || (Superscription) </tr>
| 1:2–2:9 || Israel Preferred to [[Edom]] </tr>
| 2:10–17 || The Covenant Profaned by [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] </tr>
| 3:1–7   || The Coming Messenger </tr>
| 3:8–18  || Do Not Rob God </tr>
| [[Malachi 4:1|4:1]]–5 (3:19–24 in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) || The Great Day of the Lord </tr>
|}

The majority of scholars{{Like whom?|date=April 2025}} consider the book to be made up of six distinct oracles. According to this scheme, the Book of Malachi consists of a series of disputes between [[Tetragrammaton|Yahweh]] and the various groups within the [[Israelite]] community. In the book's three or four chapters, Yahweh is vindicated, while those who do not adhere to the [[Mosaic Law]] are condemned. Some scholars have suggested that the book, as a whole, is structured along the lines of a judicial trial, a [[Suzerainty|suzerain treaty]], or a [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] — one of the major themes throughout the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Implicit in the prophet's condemnation of Israel's religious practices is a call to keep Yahweh's statutes.

The Book of Malachi draws upon various themes found in other books of the Hebrew Bible. Malachi appeals to the rivalry between [[Jacob and Esau]] and Yahweh's preference for Jacob contained in the [[Book of Genesis]] 25–28. Malachi reminds his audience that, as descendants of Jacob ([[Israel]]), they have been and continue to be favoured by God as God's chosen people. In the second dispute, Malachi draws upon the [[Holiness code|Levitical Code]] (e.g., [[Leviticus 1]]:3) in condemning the priest for offering unacceptable sacrifices.

In the third dispute (concerning divorce), the author of the Book of Malachi likely intends his argument to be understood on two levels. Malachi appears to be attacking either the practice of divorcing Jewish wives in favour of foreign ones (a practice which [[Ezra]] vehemently condemns) or, alternatively, Malachi could be condemning the practice of divorcing foreign wives in favour of Jewish wives (a practice which Ezra promoted). Malachi appears adamant that nationality is not a valid reason to terminate a marriage, "For I hate divorce, says the Lord . . ." (2:16).

In many places throughout the [[Hebrew Bible]] — particularly the [[Book of Hosea]] — Israel is figured as Yahweh's wife or bride. Malachi's discussion of divorce may also be understood to conform to this metaphor. Malachi could be urging his audience not to break faith in Yahweh (the God of Israel) by adopting new gods or idols. It is quite likely that since the people of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] were questioning Yahweh's love and justice (1:2, 2:17), they might have been tempted to adopt foreign gods. [[William Sanford LaSor]], an American Christian [[pastor]], suggests that because the restoration to the land of Judah had not resulted in anything like the prophesied splendour of the [[messiah|Messianic Age]], which had been foretold, the people were becoming quite disillusioned with their religion.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

[[File:Gustave Doré Malachiáš 3.1.jpg|thumb|220px|Illustration of the coming of God's Messenger in 3:1, by [[Franciszek Żmurko]]]]

Indeed, the fourth dispute asserts that judgment is coming in the form of a messenger who "is like refiner's fire and like fullers' soap ..." (3:2).

Following this, the prophet provides another example of wrongdoing in the fifth dispute: failing to offer full tithes. In this discussion, Malachi has [[Tetragrammaton|Yahweh]] request that the people "Bring the full tithe . . . [and] see if I will not open the windows of heaven for you and pour down on you an overflowing blessing" (3:10). This request offers the opportunity for the people to amend their ways. It also stresses that keeping the Lord's statutes will allow the people to avoid God's wrath and lead to God's blessing. It is this portion of Malachi that supports the view that tithing remains one of the Hebrew Biblical commandments Christians must observe.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In the sixth dispute, the people of Israel illustrate the extent of their disillusionment. According to Malachi, they say, "'It is vain to serve God ... Now we count the arrogant happy; evildoers not only prosper, but when they put God to the test they escape'" (3:14–15). Once again, Yahweh assures the people that the wicked will be punished and the faithful will be rewarded.

In the light of what Malachi understands to be an imminent judgment, he exhorts his audience to "Remember the teaching of my servant [[Moses]], that statutes and ordinances that I commanded him at [[Mount Horeb|Horeb]] for all Israel" (4:4; 3:22, MT{{Expand acronym|date=April 2025}}). Before the [[Last Judgment|Day of the Lord]], Malachi declares that [[Elijah]] (who "ascended in a whirlwind into heaven ... [,]" 2 [[Books of Kings|Kings]] 2:11) will return to earth so that people might follow in God's ways.

The Book of Malachi is frequently referred to in the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[New Testament]] primarily because of its [[Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament|messianic promise]]. What follows is a brief comparison between the Book of Malachi and the New Testament texts that refer to it (as suggested in Hill 84–88{{cn|date=April 2025}}).

[[File:Lorch St.Laurenz - Fenster 2 Malachias.jpg|thumb|Quotation from Malachi 3:1 in an Austrian church: "The Lord shall come to his temple."]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ References to the Book of Malachi in the [[New Testament]] ([[New Revised Standard Version|NRSV]])
|-
! Malachi !! New Testament
|-
| "Yet I have loved Jacob, but I have hated Esau." ([[Malachi 1:2|1:2]]–[[Malachi 1:3|3]])|| "'I have loved Jacob, but I have hated Esau.'" ([[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] [[Romans 9:13|9:13]])
|-
| "And if I am a master, where is the respect due me?" (1:6) || "Why do you call me, 'Lord, Lord,' and do not do what I tell you?" ([[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] [[Luke 6|6]]:46)
|-
| "the table of [[Yahweh|YHWH]]" (1:7,12)  || "the table of the Lord" ([[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] [[1 Corinthians 10|10]]:21)
|-
| "For from the rising of the sun to its setting my name is great among the nations," (1:11) || "so that the name of our Lord Jesus may be glorified in you" ([[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians|2 Thessalonians]] [[2 Thessalonians 1|1]]:12)
|-
|  || "Lord, who will not fear and glorify your name?" ([[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] [[Revelation 15|15]]:4)
|-
| "For the lips of a priest should guard knowledge, and people should seek instruction from his mouth, for he is the messenger of the Lord of hosts. But you have turned aside from the way; you have caused many to stumble by your instruction; you have corrupted the covenant of Levi, says the Lord of hosts," (2:7–8)  || "therefore, do whatever they teach you and follow it; but do not do as they do, for they do not practice what they teach" ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] [[Matthew 23|23]]:3)
|-
| "Have we not all one father?" (2:10) || "yet for us there is one God, the Father" ([[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] [[1 Corinthians 8|8]]:6)
|-
| "See, I am sending my messenger to prepare the way before me" ([[Malachi 3:1|3:1]]) || "See, I am sending my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way" ([[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] [[Mark 1:2|1:2]])
|-
|  || "See, I am sending my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way before you" ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] [[Matthew 11:10|11:10]]†, [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] [[Luke 7|7]]:27)
|-
| "But who can endure the day of his coming, and who can stand when he appears?" (3:2) || "for the great day of their wrath has come, and who is able to stand?" ([[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] [[Revelation 6|6]]:17)
|-
| "and he will purify the descendants of [[Levi]] and refine them like gold and silver" (3:3) || "so that the genuineness of your faith . . . being more precious than gold that, though perishable, is tested by fire . . ." ([[First Epistle of Peter|1 Peter]] [[1 Peter 1|1]]:7)
|-
| "against those who oppress the hired workers in their wages" (3:5) || "Listen! The wages of the laborers who mowed your fields, which you kept back by fraud" ([[Epistle of James|James]] [[James 5|5]]:4)
|-
| "For I, [[Jehovah]], change not;" (3:6) || "Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever." ([[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]] [[Hebrews 13:8|13:8]])
|-
| "Return to me, and I will return to you," (3:7) || "Draw near to God, and he will draw near to you" ([[Epistle of James|James]] [[James 4|4]]:8)
|-
| "But for you who revere my name the sun of righteousness shall rise," (4:2) || "By the tender mercy of our God, the dawn from on high will break upon us," ([[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] [[Luke 1|1]]:78)
|-
| "Behold, I will send you [[Elijah]] the prophet before the great and terrible day of Jehovah come." (4:5) || "he is Elijah who is to come." ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] [[Matthew 11:14|11:14]])
|-
|  || "Elijah has already come," ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] [[Matthew 17|17]]:12)
|-
|  || "Elijah has come," ([[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] [[Mark 9|9]]:13)
|-
| "Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of Jehovah comes. And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers; lest I come and smite the earth with a curse." (4:5–6) || "With the spirit and power of Elijah he will go before him, to turn the hearts of parents to their children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous," ([[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] [[Luke 1|1]]:17)
|}

Although many Christians believe that the [[messiah|messianic]] prophecies of the Book of Malachi have been fulfilled in [[Jesus]]'s life, religious Jews, who do not share that belief with Christians, continue to await the coming of the prophet [[Elijah]], who will prepare the way for the [[Messiah in Judaism|Messiah]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Hill, Andrew E. ''Malachi: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary''. The Anchor Bible Volume 25D. Toronto: Doubleday, 1998.
* LaSor, William Sanford et al. ''Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament''. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996.
* Mason, Rex. ''The Books of Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi''. The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the New English Bible. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
* Singer, Isidore & [[Adolf Guttmacher]]. "Book of Malachi." ''[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/ JewishEncyclopedia.com]''. 2002.
* [[Van Hoonacker, A.]] "Malachias (Malachi)." ''[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)|Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. Transcribed by Thomas J. Bress. 2003.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|Malachi (Bible)|Malachi}}
* [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi%201&version=NABRE New American Bible]
* [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+1&version=KJ21 21st Century KJV]
* [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+1&version=NIRV NIRV]
* [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16219 Malachi at Chabad.org]
* [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi%201&version=NIV The Book of Malachi]
** {{librivox book | title=Malachi}} Various versions

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[Minor prophet]]s|||}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]] | rows = 2 }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] }}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Psalms]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Christianity|Christian]]<br>[[Old Testament]] }}
{{s-aft | after  = <small>[[New Testament]]:</small><br/>[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] }}
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{{Book of Malachi}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Malachi}}
[[Category:Texts assigned to Ezra]]
[[Category:Book of Malachi| ]]
[[Category:6th-century BC books]]
[[Category:5th-century BC books]]
[[Category:Twelve Minor Prophets|12]]
[[Category:Septuagint]]
[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Books of the Bible]]