Editing Book of Joel

{{Short description|Book of the Bible}}
{{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|prophetic}}

The '''Book of Joel''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ספר יוֹאֵל ''Sefer Yo'él'') is a [[Judaism|Jewish]] prophetic text containing a series of "divine announcements". The first line attributes authorship to "Joel the son of Pethuel".<ref>Keller, C. A., ''28. Joel'', in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), [https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 The Oxford Bible Commentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 |date=2017-11-22 }}, p. 578</ref> It forms part of the Book of the [[twelve minor prophets]] or the [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets") in the [[Hebrew Bible]], and is a book in its own right in the Christian [[Old Testament]] where it has three chapters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bible (online) |url=https://www.bible.com/}}</ref> In the New Testament, his prophecy of the outpouring of God's Holy Spirit upon all people was notably quoted by [[Saint Peter]] in his [[Pentecost]] sermon.

The Book of Joel's frequent allusions to earlier Hebrew Bible texts and signs of literary development suggest a late origin and its potential to have been a unifying piece within the prophetic canon.<ref>{{cite book
| last1      = Hagedorn
| first1     = Anselm C.
| title      = The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets
| editor1    = Julia M. O'Brien
| publisher  = Oxford University Press
| year       = 2021
| pages      = 411–423
| doi        = 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.39
| quote      = "This lack of historical detail may allow for the view that Joel was added at a later stage. Already a cursory reading of Joel demonstrates that many of the issues recurring in the Book of the Twelve are mentioned so that 'Joel forms a necessary (but not the only) interpretive key for unifying major literary threads in the Twelve' (Nogalski 2017, 138). Even if one remains skeptical of such a reading of the book within a larger literary context, it is difficult to overlook the fact that Joel shows a high degree of awareness of and engagement with earlier literary traditions from the Hebrew Bible (Bergler 1988; Coggins 2000, 21–24). The book has rightly been described as scholarly prophecy (Jeremias 2002). A striking feature of that short book is the frequency of allusions to other parts of the Hebrew Bible, sometimes in what appear to be direct quotations, more often by way of indirect associations. (Coggins 1996, 75) This engagement with earlier texts, especially those relating to the 'Day of Yahweh,' attests to a late origin of the book as part of the prophetic canon (Barton 2001, 16–18; Jeremias 2007, 3–5). Though there are influential voices defending the unity of Joel (e.g., Rudolph 1971; Wolff 1977, 7; Assis 2013), even a cursory reading of the final form of the book shows that the book is the result of a longer literary development. Next to the superscription, two parallel structured inclusions (1:27 and 2:17) point to the addition of material. 'Then afterward I will' at the beginning of 2:28 [Heb. 3:1]) seems to refer back to 'as before' in 2:23, also indicating that the chapter was added later and may serve as a transition from chapters 1 and 2 to chapter 3 [Heb. chap. 4]). Since the book only generally speaks of 'foreign people,' the concretization of the nations in 3:4–8 [Heb. 4:4–8]) can quickly be identified as a later expansion (Jeremias 2007, 49; Hagedorn 2011, 274–278). Lastly, the catchwords between 3:14–21 [Heb. 4:14–21] ) and Amos 1:1–2 point to a deliberate link of both prophetic books at a later stage (Nogalski 1993a, 24–27; Wöhrle 2006)."
}}</ref>

== Surviving early manuscripts ==
{{hatnote|(This section uses English/Greek chapter numbering.)}}
[[File:Leningrad-codex-13-twelve-minor-prophets.pdf |thumb |[[Leningrad Codex]] (1008 CE) contains the complete copy of Book of Joel in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].]]
The original text was written in Hebrew language.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this book in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]] tradition, which includes the [[Codex Cairensis]] (895 CE), [[Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus|the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets]] (916), [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35–37}} Fragments containing parts of this book in Hebrew were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], including 4Q78 (4QXII<sup>c</sup>; 75–50 BCE) with extant verses 1:10–20, 2:1, 2:8–23, and 3:6–21;{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=598}}<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#joel Dead sea scrolls - Joel]</ref>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=38}}<ref>[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q78-1 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library]</ref> and 4Q82 (4QXII<sup>g</sup>; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1:12–14, 2:2–13, 3:4–9, 3:11–14, 3:17, 3:19–2;{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=598}}<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=39}}<ref>[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q82-1 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library]</ref> Schøyen MS 4612/1 (DSS F.117; DSS F.Joel1; 50–68 CE) with extant verses 3:1–4);<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/><ref>[https://www.schoyencollection.com/dead-sea-scrolls-collection/biblical/12-minor-prophets-dead-sea-scroll-ms-4612-1 12 Minor Prophets Dead Sea Scroll MS 4612/1]. Schøyen Collection. Accessed February 5, 2020.</ref> and [[Wadi Murabba'at]] Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75–100 CE) with extant verses 2:20, 2:26–27, 2:28–32, and 3:1–16.<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|pp=140–141}}

Ancient manuscripts in [[Koine Greek]] containing this book are mainly of the [[Septuagint]] version, including [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century) and [[Codex Marchalianus]] ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>Q</sup>; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73–74}}

== Content ==
After the initial attribution, the book may be broken down into the following sections:
* Lament over a great [[locust]] plague and a severe drought (1:1–2:17).
** The effects of these events on agriculture, farmers, and on the supply of agricultural offerings for the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], interspersed with a call to national lament (1:1–20).
** A more [[Apocalyptic literature|apocalyptic]] passage comparing the locusts to an army, and revealing that they are God's army (2:1–11).
** A call to national repentance in the face of God's judgment (2:12–17).<ref>{{cite web
 |url=https://coralcatedraliciavalencia.blogspot.com/2019/01/convertimini-ad-me-joel-212-13.html
 |title=Convertimini ad me
 |last=Pradas
 |author-link=Josep Prades i Gallent
 |first=Joseph
 |publisher=Seu Valentina
 |access-date=26 Jan 2019
 }}</ref>
* Promise of future blessings (2:18–32 or 2:18–3:5).
** Banishment of the locusts and restoration of agricultural productivity as a divine response to national penitence (2:18–27).
** Future prophetic gifts to all of God's people, and the safety of God's people in the face of cosmic cataclysm (2:28–32 or 3:1–5).
* Coming judgment on the [[Kingdom of Judah]]'s enemies: the [[Philistines]], the [[Kingdom of Edom]], and the [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Kingdom of Egypt]] (3:1–21 or 4:1–21).

==Chapters==
{{further|Chapters and verses of the Bible}}
[[File:Southern France, Toulouse(?), 13th century - Fol. 353r, Joel, historiated initial V, Joel seated with a scroll, bust of - 2008.2.353.a - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|Book of Joel in [[Latin]] translation in a French manuscript of the 13th century]]
The Book of Joel's division into chapters and verses differs widely between editions of the Bible; some editions have three chapters, others four.<ref name="oyc">{{cite web |first=Christine |last=Hayes |author-link=Christine Hayes |year=2006 |url=http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/rlst-145/lecture-23 |website=[[Open Yale Courses]] |publisher=[[Yale University]] |title=Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) – Lecture 23 – Visions of the End: Daniel and Apocalyptic Literature}}</ref> Translations with four chapters include the [[Jewish Publication Society]]'s version of the Hebrew Bible (1917),<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et1404.htm |title= Joel 4 – JPS Version| via= mechon-mamre.org| date= | access-date= }}</ref> the [[Jerusalem Bible]] (1966), [[New American Bible Revised Edition|New American Bible]] (Revised Edition, 1970), [[Complete Jewish Bible]] (1998), and [[Tree of Life Version]] (2015).<ref>{{cite web| website= [[BibleGateway.com]]| url= https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Joel%204:1 |title= Joel 4:1| publisher=Zondervan Corporation | date= | access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

In the 1611 [[King James Bible]], the Book of Joel is formed by three chapters: the second one has 32 verses, and it is equivalent to the union of the chapter 2 (with 27 verses) and chapter 3 (with 5 verses) of other editions of the Bible.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ioel_2_1611/ | title = 1611 King James Bible. book of Joel | language = en | website = King James Bible Online | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130209125407/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ioel_2_1611/ | archive-date = February 9, 2013 | url-status = live | access-date = February 23, 2019 }}</ref>

The differences of the divisions are as follows:<ref>{{cite book | title = The Cambridge Companion to the Bible | last1 = Kee |first1 = Howard Clark | first2 = Eric M. | last2 = Meyers| first3 = John |last3 = Rogerson | first4 = Amy-Jill |last4 = Levine | first5 = Anthony J. | last5 = Saldarini | editor-first =	Bruce | editor-last= Chilton | edition=2, revised | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008
| isbn = 978-0521691406 | page = 217 }}</ref>
{| class= "wikitable"
! English/Greek !! Hebrew 
|-
| Joel 1 || Joel 1
|-
| Joel 2:1–27 || Joel 2
|-
| Joel 2:28–32 || Joel 3
|-
| Joel 3 || Joel 4
|}

== Date ==
As there are no explicit references in the book to datable persons or events, scholars have assigned a wide range of dates to the book. The main positions are:
* Ninth century BC, particularly in the reign of [[Jehoash of Judah|Joash]] – a position especially popular among nineteenth-century scholars (making Joel one of the earliest [[Literary prophets|writing prophets]]). The enemies mentioned – Philistines, Phoenicians, Egypt and Edom – are consistent with this date.<ref name="ZIBD"/> The lack of mention of the Assyrians or Babylonians, who were the main enemies of Judah during the eighth, seventh and sixth centuries, leads many conservative scholars to suggest the choice is between this date, and a fourth century date.<ref name="ZIBD">''Joel'', [[Zondervan]] Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Revising Editor [[Moises Silva]], 2011</ref> 
* Early eighth century BC, during the reign of [[Uzziah]] (contemporary with [[Hosea]], [[Amos (prophet)|Amos]], and [[Jonah]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Patterson|first1=Richard D.|title=The Expositor's Bible Commentary, vol. 7|publisher=Zondervan}}</ref>
* c. 630–587 BC, in the last decades of the kingdom of Judah (contemporary with [[Jeremiah]], [[Ezekiel]], [[Habakkuk]])
* c. 520–500 BC, contemporary with the return of the exiles and the careers of [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]] and [[Haggai]].
* The decades around 400 BC, during the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] period (making him one of the latest writing prophets), or around 350 BC. This is supported by the apparent mention of the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|587 BC destruction of Jerusalem]] as a past event in 3:1 and 3:17, and the mention of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Greeks]] in 3:6.<ref name="ZIBD"/>
* Some scholars argue that further additions to Joel took place during the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] period (c. 301-201 BCE) due to its use of earlier texts and what they perceive to be a "late" perspective on Yahweh and the nations.<ref>“Joel.” Hagedorn, Anselm C. The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Edited by Julia M. O'Brien. pp. 411–423. “The book's engagement with earlier texts ( especially those relating to the ‘Day of Yahweh’) attests to its late origin, and its ending reflects late theological thinking about the relationship between Israel and the nations, portraying Yahweh as the ruler of the whole world…These theological debates point to a very late origin of Joel 2:28-3:21 [Heb. chaps. 3-4]. The universal judgment of the nations probably belongs to discourse of the late Persian period (Steck 1996), while the vision of Joel 2:28-32 [Heb. chap. 3] may best be understood during the relative peace of Ptolemaic times.”</ref>

Evidence produced for these positions includes allusions in the book to the wider world, similarities with other prophets, and linguistic details. Some commentators, such as [[John Calvin]], attach no great importance to the precise dating.

== History of interpretation ==
[[File:Tissot Joel.jpg|thumb|150px|Joel (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by [[James Tissot]])]]
The [[Masoretic text]] places Joel between [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]] and [[Book of Amos|Amos]] (the order inherited by the Tanakh and Old Testament), while the [[Septuagint]] order is Hosea–Amos–[[Book of Micah|Micah]]–Joel–[[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]]–[[Book of Jonah|Jonah]]. The Hebrew text of Joel seems to have suffered little from [[Textual criticism|scribal transmission]], but is at a few points supplemented by the Septuagint, [[Peshitta|Syriac]], and [[Vulgate]] versions, or by [[conjectural emendation]].<ref>Allen 36</ref> While the book purports to describe a plague of locusts, some ancient Jewish opinion saw the locusts as [[allegory|allegorical]] interpretations of Israel's enemies.<ref>[[Targum]] at 2:25; also margin of [[Septuagint|LXX]] manuscript Q, mid-6th century AD</ref> This allegorical interpretation was applied to the church by many [[Church Fathers]]. Calvin took a literal interpretation of chapter 1, but allegorical view of chapter 2, a position echoed by some modern interpreters. Most modern interpreters, however, see Joel speaking of a literal locust plague given a prophetic or [[Apocalyptic literature|apocalyptic]] interpretation.<ref>See Allen 29–31</ref>

The traditional ascription of the whole book to the prophet Joel was challenged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by a theory of a three-stage process of composition: 1:1–2:27 were from the hand of Joel, and dealt with a contemporary issue; 2:28–3:21/3:1–4:21 were ascribed to a continuator with an apocalyptic outlook. Mentions in the first half of the book to the [[day of the Lord]] were also ascribed to this continuator. 3:4–8/4:4–8 could be seen as even later. Details of exact ascriptions differed between scholars.

This splitting of the book's composition began to be challenged in the mid-twentieth century, with scholars defending the unity of the book, the plausibility of the prophet combining a contemporary and apocalyptic outlook, and later additions by the prophet. The authenticity of 3:4–8 has presented more challenges, although a number of scholars still defend it.<ref>See Allen 25–29 for details and arguments.</ref>

== Biblical quotes and allusions ==
[[Image:Joel-prophet.jpg|thumb|[[Russia]]n [[icon]] of the prophet Joel ([[Iconostasis]] of [[Kizhi]] monastery, c. 1700–1725)]]

There are many parallels of language between Joel and other Old Testament prophets. They may represent Joel's literary use of other prophets, or vice versa.

In the [[New Testament]], his prophecy of the outpouring of God's [[Holy Spirit (Judaism)|Holy Spirit]] upon all people was notably quoted by [[Saint Peter]] in his [[Pentecost]] sermon.<ref>{{bibleverse|Acts|2|NIV}}</ref>

Joel 3:10 / 4:10 is a variation of Isaiah 2:4 and Micah 4:3's prophecy, "They will beat their [[swords to ploughshares|swords into plowshares]] and their spears into pruning hooks",<ref>Isaiah 2:4</ref> instead commanding, "Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning hooks into spears."<ref>Joel 3:10</ref>

The table below represents some of the more explicit quotes and allusions between specific passages in Joel and passages from the Old and New Testaments.

{| class="wikitable"
! Joel  !! Old Testament !! New Testament 
|-
|1:6, 2:2–10
|
|[[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] 9:3, 7–9
|-
|1:15
|[[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] 13:6<br />Ezekiel 30:2–3
|
|-
|2:1
|[[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]] 1:14–16
|
|-
|2:1–2
|[[Book of Amos|Amos]] 5:18, 20
|
|-
|2:11
|[[Book of Malachi|Malachi]] 3:2
|
|-
|2:14
|[[Book of Jonah|Jonah]] 3:9
|
|-
|2:20–21
|[[Book of Psalms|Psalm]] 126:2–3
|
|-
|2:27
|Isaiah 45:5<br />[[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] 36:11
|
|-
|2:28–32/3:1–5
|
|[[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] [[Acts 2:16–21|2:16–21]]
|-
|2:31/3:4
|Malachi 3:23/4:5
|
|-
|2:32/3:5
|[[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]] 17
|[[Letter to the Romans|Romans]] 10:13
|-
|3:1/4:1
|[[Book of Psalms|Psalm]] 126:1
|
|-
|3:10/4:10
|Isaiah 2:4<br />Micah 4:3
|
|-
|3:16/4:16
|Amos 1:2
|
|-
|3:17/4:17
|Obadiah 17
|
|-
|3:18/4:18
|Amos 9:13
|
|}

==Liturgical usage==
[[Plange quasi virgo]] (''Lament like a virgin''), the third [[responsory for Holy Saturday]], is loosely based on verses from the Book of Joel: the title comes from Joel 1:8.<ref>{{bibleverse||Joel|1:8|VULGATE}}: [[Vulgate]] translation</ref>

==See also==
* [[Joel 2:25 International]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite book |last=Fitzmyer |first=Joseph A. |author-link=Joseph Fitzmyer |title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC |year=2008 |isbn=978-0802862419 |location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{cite book |last=Keller |first=Carl-A. |chapter=28. Joel |title=The Oxford Bible Commentary |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Barton |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Muddiman |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=first (paperback) |date=2007 |pages=578–581 |isbn=978-0199277186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ |access-date=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Ulrich |editor-first=Eugene |editor-link=Eugene Ulrich |title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants |year=2010 |publisher=Brill |url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{cite book |last=Würthwein |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Würthwein |title=The Text of the Old Testament |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, MI |year=1995 |translator-first1=Erroll F. |translator-last1=Rhodes |isbn=0-8028-0788-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC |access-date=January 26, 2019}}

== Further reading ==
See also works on the [[Minor Prophets]] as a whole.
* [[Elizabeth Achtemeier|Achtemeier, Elizabeth]]. ''Minor Prophets I''. New International Biblical Commentary. (Hendrickson, 1999)
* Ahlström, Gösta W. ''Joel and the Temple Cult of Jerusalem''. Supplements to ''Vetus Testamentum'' 21. (Brill, 1971)
* Allen, Leslie C. ''The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah & Micah''. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. (Eerdmans, 1976)
* Anders, Max E. & Butler, Trent C. ''Hosea–Micah''. Holman Old Testament Commentary. (B&H Publishing, 2005)
* Assis, Elie. Joel: A Prophet Between Calamity and Hope (LHBOTS, 581), New York: Bloomsbury, 2013
* Baker, David W. ''Joel, Obadiah, Malachi''. NIV Application Commentary. (Zondervan, 2006)
* Barton, John. ''Joel & Obadiah: a Commentary''. Old Testament Library. (Westminster John Knox, 2001)
* Birch, Bruce C. ''Hosea, Joel & Amos''. Westminster Bible Companion. (Westminster John Knox, 1997)
* Busenitz, Irvin A. ''Commentary on Joel and Obadiah''. Mentor Commentary. (Mentor, 2003)
* Calvin, John. ''Joel, Amos, Obadiah''. Calvin's Bible Commentaries. (Forgotten Books, 2007)
* Coggins, Richard. ''Joel and Amos''. New Century Bible Commentary. (Sheffield Academic Press, 2000)
* Crenshaw, James L. ''Joel: a New Translation with Introduction and Commentary''. The Anchor Bible. (Yale University Press, 1995)
* Finley, Thomas J. ''Joel, Amos, Obadiah: an Exegetical Commentary''. (Biblical Studies Press, 2003)
* [[Frank E. Gaebelein|Gæbelein, Frank E.]] (ed) ''Daniel and the Minor Prophets''. The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Volume 7. (Zondervan, 1985)
* Garrett, Duane A. ''Hosea, Joel''. The New American Commentary. (B&H Publishing, 1997)
* Hubbard, David Allen. ''Joel and Amos: an Introduction and Commentary''. [[Tyndale Old Testament Commentary]]. (Inter-Varsity Press, 1990)
* Limburg, James. ''Hosea–Micah''. Interpretation – a Bible Commentary for Teaching & Preaching. (Westminster John Knox, 1988)
* Mason, Rex. ''Zephaniah, Habakkuk, Joel''. Old Testament Guides. (JSOT Press, 1994)
* McQueen, Larry R.M. ''Joel and the Spirit: the Cry of a Prophetic Hermeneutic''. (CTP, 2009)
* Ogden, Graham S. & Deutsch, Richard R.  ''A Promise of Hope – a Call to Obedience: a Commentary on the Books of Joel & Malachi''. International Theological Commentary (Eerdmans/ Hansel, 1987)
* Ogilvie, John Lloyd. ''Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah''. Communicator's Commentary 20. (Word, 1990)
* Price, Walter K. ''The Prophet Joel and the Day of the Lord''. (Moody, 1976)
* Prior, David. ''The Message of Joel, Micah, and Habakkuk: Listening to the Voice of God''. The Bible Speaks Today. (Inter-Varsity Press, 1999)
* Pohlig, James N. ''An Exegetical Summary of Joel''. (SIL International, 2003)
* Roberts, Matis (ed). ''Trei asar : The Twelve Prophets: a New Translation with a Commentary Anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic, and Rabbinic Sources. Vol. 1: Hosea. Joel. Amos''. Obadiah.  (Mesorah, 1995)
* Robertson, O. Palmer. ''Prophet of the Coming Day of the Lord: the Message of Joel''. Welwyn Commentary. (Evangelical Press, 1995)
* Simkins, Ronald. ''Yahweh's Activity in History and Nature in the Book of Joel''. Ancient Near Eastern Texts & Studies 10 ([[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 1991)
* Simundson, Daniel J. ''Hosea–Micah''. Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries. (Abingdon, 2005)
* Stuart, Douglas. ''Hosea–Jonah''. [[Word Biblical Commentary]] 31. (Word, 1987)
* Sweeney, Marvin A. ''The Twelve Prophets, Vol. 1: Hosea–Jonah''. Berit Olam – Studies in Hebrew Narrative & Poetry. (Liturgical Press, 2000)
* Wolff, Hans Walter. ''A Commentary on the Books of the Prophets Joel & Amos''. Hermeneia – a Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible. (Augsburg Fortress, 1977)

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|Joel (Bible)|Joel}}
* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=341&letter=J ''Jewish Encyclopedia'']: Book of Joel
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08419a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'']: Joel
* [[Judaism|Jewish]] translations:
** [http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15759 Yoel – Joel (Judaica Press)] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org
* [[Christianity|Christian]] translations:
** [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Joel+1&ver1=esv ''Online Bible'' at GospelHall.org] (ESV)
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20050204024053/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/29_joel.htm Joel at The Great Books] (New Revised Standard Version)
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=joel&version=31 Joel at BibleGateway] (New International Version and others)
** [http://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/Joe/Joe001.html#top Joel at BlueLetter Bible] (King James Version and others, plus commentaries)
* {{librivox book | dtitle=Bible: Joel| stitle=29: Joel}} Various versions

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[Minor prophet]]s|||}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]] | rows = 2 }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] }}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Book of Amos|Amos]] | rows = 2 }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Christianity|Christian]]<br>[[Old Testament]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Book of Joel}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1st-millennium BC books]]
[[Category:Twelve Minor Prophets| 02]]