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{{Short description|Pornography depicting bondage and related acts}} {{Multiple issues| {{Original research|date=November 2010}} {{more citations needed|date=April 2015}} }} [[File:Kink porn shoot 09.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A bondage porn shoot for [[Kink.com]] in the United States, 2011]] '''Bondage pornography''', also referred to as '''bondage erotica''' is the depiction of [[bondage (BDSM)|sexual bondage]] or other [[BDSM]] activities using photographs, stories, films or drawings. Though often described as pornography, the genre involves the presentation of [[bondage fetishism]] or BDSM scenarios and does not necessarily involve the commonly understood pornographic styles. In fact, the genre is primarily interested with the presentation of a bondage scene and less with depictions of sexuality, such as [[nudity in film|nudity]] or [[sex scene]]s, which may be viewed as a distraction from the [[aesthetics]] and [[eroticism]] of the sex scenario itself. Historically, most subjects of bondage imagery have been women, and the genre has been criticized for promoting [[misogyny|misogynistic attitudes]] and [[violence against women]]. ==Magazines and comics == ===Variety=== In the early 20th century, bondage imagery was available through "[[Bondage cover|detective magazines]]", and [[comic book]]s often featured characters being tied up or tying others up, particularly in "[[damsel in distress]]" plots. There were also a number of dedicated [[fetish magazine]]s which featured images of fetishism and bondage. The first of such magazines in the United States was ''Bizarre'', first published in 1946 by [[fetish photographer]] [[John Willie]] (the phallic pseudonym of John Coutts), who developed the concept in the 1920s. Willie was able to avoid controversy in censorship through careful attention to guidelines and the use of humor. Publication of ''Bizarre'' was suspended completely from 1947 to 1951 because of post-War paper shortages. By 1956 Willie was ready to give up the magazine, and in that year he sold it to someone described only as R.E.B., who published six more issues before ''Bizarre'' finally folded in 1959. Willie is better remembered for his ''[[Sweet Gwendoline]]'' comic strips, in which Gwendoline is drawn as a rather naΓ―ve blonde "damsel in distress", with ample curves, who is unfortunate enough to find herself tied up in scene after scene by the raven-haired [[dominatrix]] and the mustachioed villain "Sir Dystic D'Arcy". She is rescued and also repeatedly tied up (though for benevolent reasons) by secret agent U-69 (censored to U89 in some editions). The comic strips were published largely in the 1950s and 60s. The story was published as a piecemeal serial, appearing usually two pages at a time in several different magazines over the years.<ref>The Adventures of Sweet Gwendoline, 2nd Edition, by [[John Willie]]. {{ISBN|978-0-914646-48-8}}</ref> Though ''Bizarre'' was a small format magazine, it had a huge impact on later [[Kink (sexual)|kink]] publications, such as [[ENEG]]'s fetish magazine, ''[[Exotique]]'', published 1956β1959. ''Exotique'' was entirely devoted to fetish fashions and female-dominant bondage fantasies. The 36 issues featured photos and illustrations of dominatrix-inspired vamps (including Burtman's wife [[Tana Louise]] and iconic model [[Bettie Page]]) wearing exotic leather and rubber ensembles, [[corsets]], stockings/garters, boots, and [[high heels]]. [[Gene Bilbrew]] contributed illustrations to the magazine. The articles, many written by Leonard Burtman, using an alias, covered various aspects of [[sadomasochism]] and [[transvestism]], with men depicted as slaves to imperious, all-powerful women. ''Exotique'' had no nudity, pornographic content, or even sexually suggestive situations. Nevertheless, much like fellow publisher [[Irving Klaw]], in 1957, Burtman would be targeted as a pornographer. He was relentlessly pursued by the [[U.S. Postal Inspection Service]] (acting as a censorship agency under the [[Comstock laws]]) and local law enforcement (which functioned in coordination with Postal Inspectors and the Catholic Church). Eventually, he was arrested, his magazines and materials confiscated, and brought to trial. This led to the demise of the magazine in 1959. However, starting in 1960, Burtman (under a different imprint) would go on to publish many more fetish magazines that were nearly identical to ''Exotique'' such as ''New Exotique'', ''Masque'', ''Connoisseur'', ''Bizarre Life'', ''High Heels'', ''Unique World'', ''Corporal'' (a pioneering spanking-fetish magazine) and others well into the 1970s. New York photographer Irving Klaw also published illustrated adventure/bondage serials by fetish artists [[Eric Stanton]], Gene Bilbrew, Adolfo Ruiz and others. Klaw is best known for operating an international mail-order business selling photographs and film of attractive women (sometimes in [[Bondage (BDSM)|bondage]]) from the 1940s to the 1960s. His most famous [[bondage model]] was Bettie Page, who became the first celebrity of bondage film and photography. These publications disappeared for a time with a crackdown on pornography in the late 1950s. ===Resurgence of bondage magazines=== Dedicated bondage magazines again became popular in America in the 1970s. From the mid-1970s through the late 1990s, they were produced by publishers such as '''Harmony Concepts''', California Star, and '''House of Milan'''. House of Milan, owned and run by '''Barbara Behr''', was one of the most influential publishers and distributors of BDSM erotica in this period. The company was based in southern California, one of a number of pornographic magazine and film companies working in the Los Angeles area. In the mid-1980s, House of Milan was sold by Behr who went on to work for California Star.<ref name=ChicagoReader>{{cite web|title=Fetish media empire House of Milan was bound to please|url=https://chicagoreader.com/film-tv/movie-feature/fetish-media-house-of-milan/|first=Micco|last=Caporale|date=12 June 2024|website=Chicago Reader}}</ref> House of Milan was subsequently owned by Lyndon Distributors. House of Milan was a [[mail-order]] business that distributed up to 30 similarly themed titles, producing three or four magazines a month. Most of the images in the magazines depicted women, either alone or together. They focussed on straight male bondage fantasies and also had a lesbian audience. Some of the best-known titles were ''Bound to Please'', ''Knotty'', and ''Hogtie''. House of Milan eventually expanded from books and magazines into [[home video]]s.<ref name=ChicagoReader/> The products were not generally available through mainstream distributors, though they were sold in [[sex shop]]s in addition to being available through mail order. They contained little advertising content, and funding was entirely dependent on sales. Typically, each magazine consisted of several multi-page pictorials of tied-up women, often with a fictional narrative attached, and one fictional story of three or four pages in length. Sometimes pictorials were replaced by artwork by a [[fetish artist]] or included an interview with one of the performers in the industry. In the case of House of Milan and Lyndon Distributors, the magazines were simply illustrated text versions of videos published by the same title. Such practice cut costs and allowed a streamlined output of material. Another type of magazine was the "compendium magazine", usually consisting of a large number of individual photographs drawn from previous magazines, without any linking story. Because of their relatively small circulation, compared with mainstream pornography, most bondage magazines were printed in black and white, except for the cover and centerfold. In the 1980s and 1990s, experiments were made with adding more color content, but most magazine content remained black and white. The attitude of some of the early magazines could be regarded as [[misogynistic]] by feminists, in spite of editorial disclaimers that the magazines represented only fantasies, as the storylines deviated from the old-fashioned "damsel in distress" motif towards more restrictive and explicit BDSM practices. However, in reality the opposite effect often happened: as a bondage performer was cast in more material and engaged in more acts, she would often develop a stronger fan base and became a recognized star in her own right. Nikki Dial and Ashley Renee are two examples of performers who won awards for their work as [[submissive (BDSM)|subs]] in bondage videos, and typically endured the most onscreen punishment. In the 1990s, as homosexuality and bi-sexuality began to be more socially accepted, magazine publishers started to produce [[femdom]] material depicting men in bondage, as well as portraying female models as participants in mutually satisfying bondage games, usually with at least one actress performing as a dom and at least one as a sub. Sometimes, the roles of dom and sub would be reversed. Be Be LeBadd and Alexis Payne are two professional dominatrices who also sometimes found themselves on the receiving end of a whip. ==Websites and imagery in mainstream pornography== From the late 1990s onwards, specialist BDSM pornographic websites such as [[Insex]] and the various websites of [[Kink.com]] appeared. As [[Internet pornography]] became more widely available, the bondage magazine market began to decrease. As of 2003, specialist bondage magazines were mostly displaced by bondage material on the Internet, and bondage imagery is to be found in mainstream pornographic magazines, such as ''Nugget'' and ''[[Hustler (magazine)|Hustler]]'''s ''Taboo'' magazine. However, the tradition of bondage magazines continues in the form of "art books" of bondage photographs, published by mainstream publishers such as [[Taschen]]. Certain websites have begun providing bondage videos and photographs featuring the [[kidnapping]] [[sexual roleplay|roleplay]], which has been largely the [[hallmark]] of "detective" style bondage magazines. These styles are much closer to the style of bondage scenes in mainstream television. ==Criticism== As the availability of free pornography on the Internet has increased, its possible effects on [[microaggression]] towards women have been discussed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=X Views and Counting: Interest in Rape-Oriented Pornography as Gendered Microaggression|journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence|volume=31 | doi=10.1177/0886260515573572|pmid=25724876|year=2016|pages=2131β55 | last1 = Makin | first1 = DA | last2 = Morczek | first2 = AL|issue=12|s2cid=206564636}}</ref> The concern has been raised that since bondage pornography mostly depicts women (who are portrayed primarily in situations of [[female submission]]), such pornography may promote an attitude legitimising violence against women.<ref name=":0" /> The book series and film ''[[50 Shades of Grey]]'' has been said to perpetuate [[misogyny]] and portray BDSM/bondage subcultures in a patriarchal and misogynistic light.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Stevens|first=Sarah|title=Rope Sluts, and Bottoms, and Subs, Oh My: 50 Shades of Grey and the Shifting Discourse on Female Submission in Feminist Kink Porn|journal=The Communication Review|volume=17|issue=3|pages=256β268|year=2014|doi=10.1080/10714421.2014.930602|s2cid=145210538}}</ref> In this view, to properly reflect the BDSM/bondage subculture it is necessary for pornography to "focus on mutual consent, mutual power, and communication," as in the film ''50 Shades of Dylan Ryan''.<ref name=":1" /> ==See also== * [[Fetish model]] * [[Irving Klaw]] * [[Japanese bondage]] * [[Kink.com]] * [[List of fetish artists]] * [[Sadism and masochism in fiction]] * [[Splatter film]] * [[Sexual fetishism]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.xmag.com/archives/4-06-dec96/article3.html "Between the Rubber Sheets: A Look at Modern Fetish Magazines"], essay by D.K. Holm {{Pornography|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bondage Pornography}} [[Category:Bondage pornography| ]] [[Category:Bondage (BDSM)|Pornography]] [[Category:Pornography by genre]]
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