Editing Bogalusa, Louisiana

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bogalusa, Louisiana
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Louisiana|City]]
| image_skyline = Great Southern Lumber Company in Bogalusa Louisiana in the 1930s.jpg
| imagesize = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Great Southern Lumber Company in Bogalusa, 1930s
| etymology = 
| image_map = Bogalusa, Washington Parish, Louisiana, USA, boundary point map.png
| mapsize = 
| map_alt = Map of Bogalusa, Washington Parish, Louisiana
| map_caption = Bogalusa boundary map
| pushpin_map = Louisiana#USA
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_label = 
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| coordinates = {{coord|30|46|50|N|89|51|50|W|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Louisiana
| subdivision_type2 = Parish
| subdivision_name2 = [[Washington Parish, Louisiana|Washington]]
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name3 = 
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date = July 4, 1914
| established_title1 = 
| established_date1 = 
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2 = 
| founder = 
| named_for = 
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type = 
| governing_body = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_22.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 20, 2022|archive-date=April 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419173147/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_22.txt|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 24.74
| area_total_sq_mi = 9.55
| area_land_km2 = 24.62
| area_land_sq_mi = 9.51
| area_water_km2 = 0.13
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.05
| area_rank = 
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft = 102
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total = 10659
| population_density_km2 = 432.98
| population_density_sq_mi = 1121.41
| population_demonym = 
| population_note = 
| demographics_type1 = 
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = 
| demographics1_info1 = 
| timezone1 = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset1 = -6
| timezone1_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = -5
|postal_code_type  = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code       = 70427<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zipdatamaps.com/70427|title=Bogalusa LA ZIP Code|publisher=zipdatamaps.com|year=2023|access-date=June 16, 2023|archive-date=July 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701160920/https://www.zipdatamaps.com/70427|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_code = [[Area code 985|985]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 22-08150
| blank1_name  = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info  = 2403888<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2403888}}</ref>
| blank2_name = 
| blank2_info = 
| website = http://www.bogalusa.org
| footnotes = 
}}

'''Bogalusa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|oʊ|g|ə|'|l|uː|s|ə}} {{respell|BOH|gə|LOO|sə}}) is a city in [[Washington Parish, Louisiana]], United States. The population was 12,232 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]]. In the [https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2208150 2020 census] the city reported a population of 10,659. It is the principal city of the Bogalusa Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Washington Parish and is also part of the larger [[New Orleans–Metairie–Slidell combined statistical area]].

The name of the city derives from the [[Choctaw language]] term ''bogue lusa'', which translates into [[English language|English]] as "dark water<ref>{{cite book|last=Leeper|first=Clare D'Artois|title=Louisiana Place Names: Popular, Unusual, and Forgotten Stories of Towns, Cities, Plantations, Bayous, and Even Some Cemeteries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHeeUa0xNxcC&pg=PA42|date=19 October 2012|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-4740-5|page=42}}</ref> or "smoky water".<ref>Rony, Vera. "Bogalusa: The Economics of Tragedy". ''Dissent'' May–June 1966. p 235.</ref> Located in an area of pine forests, in the early 20th century, this industrial city was developed as a [[company town]], to provide worker housing and services in association with a [[Great Southern Lumber Company]] [[sawmill]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Curtis |first=Michael |title=Early Development and Operations of the Great Southern Lumber Company |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=14 |issue=4 |year=1973 |pages=347–368 |jstor=4231349 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4231349 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220011659/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4231349 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 1930s, this operation was replaced with [[paper mill]]s and chemical operations.

== History ==
===Founding===
Incorporated in 1914, Bogalusa is one of the youngest towns in Louisiana. It was founded by [[Frank H. Goodyear|Frank Henry Goodyear]] and [[Charles W. Goodyear|Charles Waterhouse Goodyear]], lumber barons of [[Buffalo, New York]]. In the early 1900s, the brothers bought hundreds of thousands of [[acre]]s of virgin [[Longleaf pine]] forests in southeastern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi for the timber and further their strategy to build railroad spurs to bring the wood to market. In 1902, they chartered the [[Great Southern Lumber Company]] (1908–38) and built the first [[sawmill]] in what became Bogalusa, a company town built to support the mill. The sawmill was the largest in the world at the time.<ref name=LSU>[http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/findaid/g3225.html LSU Libraries—Great Southern Lumber Company Collection] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715192354/http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/findaid/g3225.html |date=2014-07-15 }} Retrieved 2013-12-28</ref><ref>{{cite report |last1=Barnett |first1=James P. |last2=Lueck |first2=Everett W. |year=2020 |title=Sawmill towns: work, community life, and industrial development in the pineywoods of Louisiana and the New South |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station |location=Asheville, NC |pages=68 |url=https://doi.org/10.2737/SRS-GTR-257 |series=Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-257 |doi=10.2737/SRS-GTR-257 |access-date=February 19, 2024 |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220011752/https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/61601 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Goodyear interests built the city of Bogalusa to house workers and supervisors, and associated infrastructure. They also built the [[Great Northern New Orleans Railroad]] to New Orleans to transport their lumber and products to market.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=Mike |date=2023-11-13 |title=A chic Thanksgiving for socialites in 1909 meant a trip to Bogalusa's new piney-woods hotel |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/home_garden/chic-1909-thanksgiving-spent-at-a-new-inn-in-bogalusa/article_7881f1dc-7fd6-11ee-8f03-4f28784c61b6.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=NOLA |language=en |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114170943/https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/home_garden/chic-1909-thanksgiving-spent-at-a-new-inn-in-bogalusa/article_7881f1dc-7fd6-11ee-8f03-4f28784c61b6.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bogalusa 1911 Map.jpg|170px|left|thumbnail|1911 Bogalusa, the planned city by the Great Southern Lumber Company]]
The city, designed by architect [[Rathbone DeBuys]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosell |first=Thomas |date=2016-06-01 |title=Mississippi Architects: Rathbone DeBuys (1874-1960) |url=https://misspreservation.com/2016/06/01/mississippi-architects-rathbone-debuys-1874-1960/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=Preservation in Mississippi |language=en |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603122126/https://misspreservation.com/2016/06/01/mississippi-architects-rathbone-debuys-1874-1960/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of New Orleans and built from the ground up in less than a year, had several hotels, schools, a hospital, a [[YMCA]] and [[YWCA]], churches of all faiths, and houses for the mill workers. The town was laid out with the "Mill Town" on the south side and "Commercial Town" on the north side, altogether there were four quadrants with racially segregated neighborhoods defined by the railroad running north–south and Bogue Lusa Creek running east–west. It was called the "Magic City" in praise of its rapid construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bogalusa Enterprise and American (Bogalusa, La.) 1918-19?? |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn88064055/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA |archive-date=March 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328042141/https://www.loc.gov/item/sn88064055/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The manager of Great Southern Lumber Company was [[William H. Sullivan (town boss)|William H. Sullivan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=William H. Sullivan |url=https://www.southeastern.edu/acad_research/programs/csls/historical_collections/archival_collections/r_s/sullivan_william.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=www.southeastern.edu |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206004855/https://www.southeastern.edu/acad_research/programs/csls/historical_collections/archival_collections/r_s/sullivan_william.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As sawmill manager, he acted as town boss when the city was built. After Bogalusa was incorporated as a city on July 4, 1914, Sullivan was elected as mayor by white voters (blacks had been disenfranchised), and repeatedly re-elected, serving until his death on June 26, 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnett |first=Jim |date=2017-07-17 |title=Great Southern Lumber's William Sullivan began aggressive reforestation near Bogalusa |url=https://www.laforestry.com/single-post/2017/07/17/great-southern-lumbers-william-sullivan-began-aggressive-reforestation-near-bogalusa |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Louisiana Forestry Association |language=en |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602025758/https://www.laforestry.com/single-post/2017/07/17/great-southern-lumbers-william-sullivan-began-aggressive-reforestation-near-bogalusa |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Great Southern Lumber Company's sprawling sawmill produced up to a million [[board feet]] (2400&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>) of lumber each day. With the virgin pine forest cleared, the sawmill closed in 1938 during the [[Great Depression]]. An attempt to keep the sawmill open with California redwood proved too costly, and the mill was closed. It was replaced by the Bogalusa Paper Company (a subsidiary of Great Southern). In 1937 Bogalusa Paper Company merged with Gaylord Container Corporation; a chemical plant also run by Gaylord was built next to the mill. [[Crown-Zellerbach]] acquired Gaylord's operations in 1955. The paper mill and chemical operations continued to anchor the city's economy.

At its peak in 1960, the city had more than 21,000 residents. In 1985 Crown-Zellerbach was split up but the timber industry continued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crt.state.la.us/Assets/OCD/hp/nationalregister/historic_contexts/The_Louisiana_Lumber_Boom_c1880-1925.pdf|last=Fricker|first=Donna|access-date=2019-05-09|title=The Louisiana Lumber Boom, c.1880-1925|publisher=Fricker Historic Preservation Services LLC|date=2007-10-25|pages=13–14|archive-date=November 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210959/https://www.crt.state.la.us/Assets/OCD/hp/nationalregister/historic_contexts/The_Louisiana_Lumber_Boom_c1880-1925.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Racial conflicts===
In 1919 workers went on strike, triggering the largest labor strife at the town's [[Great Southern Lumber Company]], the largest sawmill in the world. Company owners supported a white militia group and brought in Black strikebreakers, increasing racial tension. Events culminated in the [[Bogalusa sawmill killings]] which saw four union men killed. On August 31, 1919, Black veteran [[African American veterans lynched after WWI|Lucius McCarty]] was accused of assaulting a white woman and a mob of some 1,500 people seized McCarty and shot him more than 1,000 times. The mob then dragged his corpse behind a car through the black neighborhoods before burning his body in a bonfire.{{sfn|Equal Justice Initiative|2019|p=}}{{sfn|Whitaker|2009|p=54}}

===Civil rights era===
Industrial workers of both races arrived in the company town for employment from the early 20th century onwards. Following their return from [[World War II]], [[African-American]] veterans faced significant challenges due to racial discrimination and violence in [[Louisiana]] and the broader South. They contended with the enduring legacy of [[Jim Crow laws]], state-enforced [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]], and systemic [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchisement]] and political exclusion, issues that had persisted since the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Greene |first2=Bryan |title=After Victory in World War II, Black Veterans Continued the Fight for Freedom at Home |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/summer-1946-saw-black-wwii-vets-fight-freedom-home-180978538/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |access-date=February 20, 2024 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923001714/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/summer-1946-saw-black-wwii-vets-fight-freedom-home-180978538/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[civil rights era]], African-American employees at [[Crown Zellerbach]] in Bogalusa campaigned for equal employment opportunities, including access to all job positions and advancements into supervisory roles. This push for equality met resistance from white coworkers. Additionally, the African-American community advocated for the integration of public facilities in Bogalusa, particularly following the enactment of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], facing opposition from segments of the local population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bogalusa |url=https://civilrightstrail.com/destination/bogalusa/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=US Civil Rights Trail |language=en-US |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928021600/https://civilrightstrail.com/destination/bogalusa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The struggle against racial discrimination extended beyond black workers challenging the industrial class system. Local [[Ku Klux Klan]] members exerted their influence by intimidating civil rights activists. The situation escalated in 1964 with the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]], as whites intensified their opposition. [[Lou Major]], publisher of ''[[Bogalusa Daily News]]'', became a notable target, experiencing a cross burning in his yard by the Klan, a stark manifestation of the Klan's efforts to silence advocates for equality and justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=Against the Klan: A Newspaper Publisher in South Louisiana During the 1960s |url=https://clcjbooks.rutgers.edu/books/against-the-klan-a-newspaper-publisher-in-south-louisiana-during-the-1960s/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Book Reviews |language=en-US |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530114542/https://clcjbooks.rutgers.edu/books/against-the-klan-a-newspaper-publisher-in-south-louisiana-during-the-1960s/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Determined to fight for their rights, [[Bob Hicks (activist)|Bob Hicks]], [[Charles Sims (activist)|Charles Sims]],  [[A.Z. Young]], and others had taken leadership of the (all-black) [[Bogalusa Civic and Voters' League]]. On February 21, 1965, with the help of three activists from the [[Deacons for Defense and Justice]] based in [[Jonesboro, Louisiana]], they founded the first affiliated chapter of that African-American self-defense organization. Other leaders of the Deacons were Bert Wyre, Aurilus “Reeves” Perkins, Sam Bonds, Fletcher Anderson, and others.<ref name="foundation"/> They mobilized many war veterans within the black community to provide armed security to civil rights activists and their families.<ref name="hague">{{cite web|url=http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1997-8/Hague.html|last=Hague|first=Seth Hague|title='Niggers Ain't Gonna Run This Town': Militancy, Conflict and the Sustenance of the Hegemony in Bogalusa, Louisiana, (Outstanding History Paper)|date=1997–1998|publisher=Loyola University-New Orleans|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-date=December 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210113330/http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1997-8/Hague.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gimletmedia.com/episode/the-deacons/|title=» The Deacons|website=Gimlet Media|access-date=2016-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104133134/https://gimletmedia.com/episode/the-deacons/|archive-date=2017-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Expecting a violent summer, the State Police established an office in Bogalusa in February 1965.<ref name="hague"/>

As explained by Seth Hague, 
<blockquote>...the community came to embrace the militant rhetoric of the Jonesboro Deacons. Many violent conflicts ensued under this ideology and culminated in a climactic summer in 1965. Consequently, the black workers’ militancy threatened not only the power of the middle class blacks, but also the political and economic hegemony of the white power structure in Bogalusa. Except for a few noteworthy courtroom "victories" versus Crown-Zellerbach, threatening the power structure was virtually the struggle's only effect as the white power structure subsumed the militancy and rhetoric of the revolutionary Bogalusans."<ref name="hague"/></blockquote>

Two of the most notable murders of African Americans that took place in Bogalusa during the civil rights era were [[Oneal Moore]], who was killed in 1965,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-21 |title=Civil Rights Division Oneal Moore Notice to Close File |website=United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/oneal-moore-notice-close-file |access-date=2024-02-20  |language=en |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220011642/https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/oneal-moore-notice-close-file |url-status=live }}</ref> the first black deputy sheriff hired for the Washington Parish Sheriff's Office, and [[Clarence Triggs]], who was killed in 1966.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1966-08-02 |title=The Town Talk (Alexandra, LA) August 2, 1966 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-town-talk-the-town-talk-alexandra/8947164/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |newspaper=The Town Talk |location=Alexandra, Louisiana |page=17 |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220011713/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-town-talk-the-town-talk-alexandra/8947164/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1970 to present===
With changes in the lumber industry, through the late 20th century, after 1960, a steady decline in industrial operations, jobs, and associated population of the town occurred. By 2015, the population was estimated at slightly less than 12,000,<ref name="USCensusEst2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|access-date=July 2, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html|archive-date=2016-06-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> more than 40% below the high in 1960. These conditions have made it more difficult for remaining residents.

In 1995, a railroad [[tank car]] imploded at [[Gaylord Chemical Corporation]], releasing [[nitrogen tetroxide]] and forcing the evacuation of about 3,000 people within a one-mile (1.6&nbsp;km) radius. Residents say "the sky turned orange" as a result. Emergency rooms filled with about 4,000 people who complained of burning eyes, skin, and lungs. Dozens of [[lawsuit]]s were filed against Gaylord Chemical and were finally settled in May 2005, with compensation checks issued to around 20,000 people affected by the accident.

On August 29, 2005, [[Hurricane Katrina]] hit the city with winds of about {{convert|110|mi/h|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}, downing numerous trees and power lines. Many buildings in Bogalusa were damaged from falling trees, and several were destroyed. Most of the houses, businesses, and other buildings suffered roof damage from the storm's ferocious winds. Some outlying areas of the city were without power for more than a month.

==Geography==

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|9.5|sqmi|km2|1}}, of which {{convert|9.5|sqmi|km2|1}} is land and {{convert|0.1|sqmi|km2|1}} (0.52%) is covered by water.

=== Climate ===
According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Bogalusa has a [[humid subtropical climate]], abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Bogalusa was {{convert|107|F|C|1}} on June 20, 1936, while the coldest temperature recorded was {{convert|4|F|C|1}} on January 12, 1962.<ref name = NOWData>{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=shv
|publisher = National Weather Service
|title = NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Shreveport
|access-date = February 21, 2023
|archive-date = July 29, 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220729091112/https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=shv
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Bogalusa, Louisiana, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–2008
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = yes
|Jan record high F = 86
|Feb record high F = 86
|Mar record high F = 91
|Apr record high F = 94
|May record high F = 100
|Jun record high F = 107
|Jul record high F = 105
|Aug record high F = 104
|Sep record high F = 101
|Oct record high F = 95
|Nov record high F = 89
|Dec record high F = 86

|Jan avg record high F = 75.9
|Feb avg record high F = 79.0
|Mar avg record high F = 83.8
|Apr avg record high F = 87.3
|May avg record high F = 92.2
|Jun avg record high F = 95.8
|Jul avg record high F = 97.5
|Aug avg record high F = 96.8
|Sep avg record high F = 94.8
|Oct avg record high F = 89.8
|Nov avg record high F = 83.5
|Dec avg record high F = 79.2
|year avg record high F = 98.5

|Jan high F = 61.3
|Feb high F = 65.8
|Mar high F = 72.1
|Apr high F = 78.9
|May high F = 85.4
|Jun high F = 90.5
|Jul high F = 92.4
|Aug high F = 92.0
|Sep high F = 88.8
|Oct high F = 81.0
|Nov high F = 70.8
|Dec high F = 63.9
|year high F =

|Jan mean F = 50.0
|Feb mean F = 54.1
|Mar mean F = 60.2
|Apr mean F = 66.9
|May mean F = 74.3
|Jun mean F = 80.3
|Jul mean F = 82.3
|Aug mean F = 82.0
|Sep mean F = 78.2
|Oct mean F = 68.8
|Nov mean F = 58.4
|Dec mean F = 52.4
|year mean F =

|Jan low F = 38.7
|Feb low F = 42.4
|Mar low F = 48.3
|Apr low F = 54.8
|May low F = 63.2
|Jun low F = 70.1
|Jul low F = 72.1
|Aug low F = 71.9
|Sep low F = 67.7
|Oct low F = 56.7
|Nov low F = 45.9
|Dec low F = 40.9
|year low F =

|Jan avg record low F = 22.3
|Feb avg record low F = 25.1
|Mar avg record low F = 30.9
|Apr avg record low F = 38.9
|May avg record low F = 50.4
|Jun avg record low F = 60.0
|Jul avg record low F = 66.9
|Aug avg record low F = 65.7
|Sep avg record low F = 53.9
|Oct avg record low F = 38.8
|Nov avg record low F = 30.8
|Dec avg record low F = 23.9
|year avg record low F = 18.6

|Jan record low F = 4
|Feb record low F = 12
|Mar record low F = 20
|Apr record low F = 31
|May record low F = 42
|Jun record low F = 48
|Jul record low F = 57
|Aug record low F = 56
|Sep record low F = 40
|Oct record low F = 27
|Nov record low F = 21
|Dec record low F = 6

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 6.14
|Feb precipitation inch = 4.64
|Mar precipitation inch = 5.14
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.38
|May precipitation inch = 4.51
|Jun precipitation inch = 7.76
|Jul precipitation inch = 6.35
|Aug precipitation inch = 5.83
|Sep precipitation inch = 4.72
|Oct precipitation inch = 5.33
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.15
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.93
|year precipitation inch =

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 10.9
|Feb precipitation days = 8.0
|Mar precipitation days = 9.4
|Apr precipitation days = 7.3
|May precipitation days = 8.0
|Jun precipitation days = 12.6
|Jul precipitation days = 13.7
|Aug precipitation days = 10.2
|Sep precipitation days = 9.0
|Oct precipitation days = 6.9
|Nov precipitation days = 8.2
|Dec precipitation days = 9.1

|Jan snow inch = 0.0
|Feb snow inch = 0.0
|Mar snow inch = 0.2
|Apr snow inch = 0.0
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.0
|Dec snow inch = 0.0
|year snow inch =

|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 0.0
|Feb snow days = 0.0
|Mar snow days = 0.1
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.0
|Dec snow days = 0.0

|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00160945&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Bogalusa, LA
|access-date = March 2, 2023
|archive-date = March 3, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303023518/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00160945&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = XMACIS2 (mean maxima/minima 1971&ndash;2000)<ref name = XMACIS2>{{cite web
|url = https://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = xmACIS2
|access-date = March 2, 2023
|archive-date = August 15, 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190815183401/http://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1920= 8245
|1930= 14029
|1940= 14604
|1950= 17798
|1960= 21423
|1970= 18412
|1980= 16976
|1990= 14280
|2000= 13365
|2010= 12232
|2020= 10659
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015|archive-date=July 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717060613/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+Bogalusa racial composition as of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2208150&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=2021-12-28|website=data.census.gov|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228172755/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2208150&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|url-status=live}}</ref>
!scope="col"| Race
!scope="col"| Number
!scope="col"| Percentage
|-
!scope="row"| [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (non-Hispanic)
| 4,410
| 41.37%
|-
!scope="row"| [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic)
| 5,398
| 50.64%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]
| 23
| 0.22%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
| 68
| 0.64%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]]
| 356
| 3.34%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
| 404
| 3.79%
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 10,659 people, 4,874 households, and 2,923 families residing in the city.

===Crime===
With a crime rate of 53 per one thousand residents, Bogalusa's crime rate is higher than Louisiana's average crime rate.<ref>url=https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/la/bogalusa/crime</ref>
However, the violent crimes have suddenly been disappeared in last 2 years due to effective policing. In 2023, there were only four and one of those was a vehicular homicide. In 2024, there has been just one. Violent incidents involving guns and knives are also down: There were 96 in 2022, the first year the BPD tracked that stat, and 41 in 2023, while in 2024 there have been mere two incidents only, according to Bogalusa Police Department.<ref>url=https://www.nola.com/news/courts/why-violent-crime-in-bogalusa-appears-to-be-slowing/article_4288b1c0-dc91-11ee-8644-3b6593ab5469.html</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Bogalusa Texaco ad.png|thumb|Ad in ''Southern Engineer,'' Volume 27, 1917, promoting Bogalusa]]

Bogalusa's economy has been linked to [[lumbering]] and its byproducts since the city's founding by the [[Great Southern Lumber Company]] chartered in 1902 by the [[Charles W. Goodyear|Goodyears]] of [[Buffalo, New York]].<ref name=LSU/> The sawmill was, for many years, the largest in the world. A paper mill was added in 1918.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bogalusa Paper Mill|url=https://www.nemerofflaw.com/asbestos/asbestos-job-sites/louisiana/bogalusa-paper-mill/|website=Nemeroff Law|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412201755/https://www.nemerofflaw.com/asbestos/asbestos-job-sites/louisiana/bogalusa-paper-mill/|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1938, the Goodyear family's mill had clear cut all the virgin longleaf yellow pine within hundreds of miles of Bogalusa and after an unprofitable effort to import redwood from California, their sawmill operations at the Great Southern Lumber Company also ended. Bogalusa's industry then shifted to paper milling as Goodyear's sawmill passed onto [[Gaylord Container Corporation]] which was then bought by [[Crown Zellerbach]] in 1955. By the mid 1960s the mill was producing some 1300 tons of paper daily with four machines.<ref name="WLOS">{{Cite web|title=Why, like other small Louisiana towns, Bogalusa is slowly dying|url=https://www.nola.com/news/article_6ca32bac-98f8-11e9-9db5-57e742387089.html|last=ROBERTS III|first=FAIMON A.|date=July 5, 2019|website=NOLA.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412203359/https://www.nola.com/news/article_6ca32bac-98f8-11e9-9db5-57e742387089.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Georgia Pacific acquired the mill in 1986. Its brown paper successor owned the Bogalusa mill until 2002 when Gaylord was acquired by [[Temple-Inland]] Corporation, the area's largest employer.

The spill-over of industrial products into the [[Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)|Pearl River]] in August 2011 resulted in Federal fines of over one million dollars. The following year, 2012, Temple-Inland was acquired by [[International Paper]] headquartered in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, TN]] and the mill came under new ownership.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bogalusa paper mill faces federal charges|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/nation_world/article_aa3eac47-642b-598d-b312-1a67e0667e53.html|last=Amy|first=Jeff|date=December 27, 2012|website=The Advocate|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412204752/https://www.theadvocate.com/nation_world/article_aa3eac47-642b-598d-b312-1a67e0667e53.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bogalusa mill still operates as a [[corrugated fiberboard]] plant making boxes and shipping containers. As of 2019 the plant remains the city's largest employer with 425 people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bogalusa Mill Overview|url=http://www.internationalpaper.com/docs/default-source/english/careers/bogalusa-mill.pdf?sfvrsn=c827a533_8|date=2019|website=internationalpaper.com|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=August 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810104935/https://www.internationalpaper.com/docs/default-source/english/careers/bogalusa-mill.pdf?sfvrsn=c827a533_8|url-status=live}}</ref> However production is much less than the 1960s with only two machines now in operation.<ref name="WLOS"/>

==Arts and culture==
*The [[Robert "Bob" Hicks House]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holdiness |first=Timothy |date=2024-02-01 |title=Bogalusa Marks 59th Anniversary of Pivotal Civil Rights Moment at Robert "Bob" Hicks House |url=https://www.bogalusadailynews.com/2024/02/01/bogalusa-marks-59th-anniversary-of-pivotal-civil-rights-moment-at-robert-bob-hicks-house/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The Bogalusa Daily News |language=en |archive-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208233656/https://www.bogalusadailynews.com/2024/02/01/bogalusa-marks-59th-anniversary-of-pivotal-civil-rights-moment-at-robert-bob-hicks-house/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*The Robert Hicks Foundation was established to carry on the work for civil rights.<ref name="foundation">[https://roberthicksfoundation.squarespace.com/deacons-for-defense-and-justice/ "Deacons for Defense and Justice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919063436/https://roberthicksfoundation.squarespace.com/deacons-for-defense-and-justice |date=September 19, 2020 }}, Robert Hicks Foundation website</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bogalusa Civil Rights History |url=https://www.hicksfoundation.org/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The Robert 'Bob' Hicks Foundation |language=en |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929062428/https://www.hicksfoundation.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Robert Indiana's painting "Louisiana" (1965): "Just As in the Anatomy of Man Every Nation: Must have its Hind Part: The Fair City of Bogalusa"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louisiana - 1965 - Artworks-Items - Robert Indiana |url=https://www.robertindiana.com/artworks/artworks-items/louisiana |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Robert Indiana |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208224116/https://robertindiana.com/artworks/artworks-items/louisiana |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="robertindiana.com">{{cite web | url=http://robertindiana.com/works/the-confederacy-louisiana/ | title=Robert Indiana | access-date=December 28, 2020 | archive-date=January 22, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185313/https://robertindiana.com/works/the-confederacy-louisiana/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Deacons for Defense (film)|Deacons for Defense]]'' is a 2003 television movie made about the 1965 civil rights struggle in Bogalusa. Directed by [[Bill Duke]], it stars Academy Award-winner [[Forest Whitaker]], with [[Ossie Davis]] and [[Jonathan Silverman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-02-16 |title=Deacons for Defense |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0335034/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=IMDb |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210024336/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0335034/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Government==
The city charter designates a mayor and a council of seven members, five of whom are elected from the respective districts and two are elected at-large, all serving four-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=City of Bogalusa, Louisiana / City Council|url=http://www.bogalusa.org/council/|website=www.bogalusa.org|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412113115/https://www.bogalusa.org/council/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bogalusa is home to the [[205th Engineer Battalion (United States)|205th Engineer Battalion]] of the Louisiana [[Army National Guard]], which is part of the [[225th Engineer Brigade]] headquartered in [[Pineville, Louisiana]], at the [[Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=225th Engineer Brigade – Louisiana National Guard |url=https://geauxguard.la.gov/organization/louisiana-national-guard/225th-engineer-brigade/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Louisiana National Guard |language=en-US |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031053521/https://geauxguard.la.gov/organization/louisiana-national-guard/225th-engineer-brigade/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Allegations of drug trafficking===
In January 2025, [[Louisiana State Police]] announced the arrest of city mayor [[Tyrin Truong]], who is facing charges of transactions involving proceeds from drug offenses, unauthorized use of a moveable, and soliciting for prostitutes.<ref>{{cite web | title=Louisiana State Police Leads Drug Trafficking Investigation in Bogalusa Area | date=January 7, 2025 | url=https://www.lsp.org/community-outreach/news/louisiana-state-police-leads-drug-trafficking-investigation-in-bogalusa-area/ | work=lsp.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Breen | first=Kerry | title=Louisiana mayor arrested after drug trafficking investigation | date=January 7, 2025 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bogalusa-louisiana-mayor-tyrin-truong-arrested-drug-trafficking-investigation/ | work=cbsnews.com }}</ref>

== Education ==
Bogalusa operates its own public school system, [[Bogalusa City Schools]], consisting of seven [[elementary school]]s, one [[junior high]] and one [[high school]]. As of 2020 there are over 3600 students enrolled and almost 230 teachers working for the district.<ref name="COB">{{Cite web|title=City of Bogalusa, Louisiana / About the City|url=http://www.bogalusa.org/category/subcategory.php?categoryid=19|website=www.bogalusa.org|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412112304/https://www.bogalusa.org/category/subcategory.php?categoryid=19|url-status=live}}</ref>

Northshore Technical Community College is located in Bogalusa. In 1930, it was the first trade school established in the state of Louisiana, and it is now a fully accredited community college.

==Media==
The local weekly newspaper is the ''[[Bogalusa Daily News]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bogalusa Daily News|url=https://www.bogalusadailynews.com/|website=The Daily News|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604000704/https://www.bogalusadailynews.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Kevin |date=2023-06-28 |title=Bogalusa Daily News going to 1-day a week |url=https://www.bogalusadailynews.com/2023/06/28/bogalusa-daily-news-going-to-1-day-a-week/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Daily News |language=en |archive-date=September 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922180150/https://www.bogalusadailynews.com/2023/06/28/bogalusa-daily-news-going-to-1-day-a-week/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was home to one [[radio]] station, [[WBOX (AM)|WBOX 920 AM & 92.9 FM]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=Best Country Broadcasting, LLC, WBOX-FM and WBOX(AM) |url=https://www.fcc.gov/document/best-country-broadcasting-llc-wbox-fm-and-wboxam |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Federal Communications Commission |language=en}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Highways===
Bogalusa is located at the juncture of Louisiana Highways [[File:Louisiana 10.svg|20px]] [[Louisiana Highway 10|10]] running east–west and  [[File:Louisiana 21.svg|20px]] [[Louisiana Highway 21|21]] running north–south. Bogalusa connects to  [[Bush, Louisiana]]

===Rail===
There is no passenger rail to Bogalusa but the [[Bogalusa Bayou Railroad]] (BBAY) serves Bogalusa's International Paper plant connecting it northward with the [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National line]] in [[Mississippi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bogalusa Bayou Railroad (BBAY)|url=https://www.watcocompanies.com/services/rail/bogalusa-bayou-railroad-bbay/|website=Watco Companies|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526232208/http://www.watcocompanies.com/services/rail/bogalusa-bayou-railroad-bbay/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air===
The Bogalusa Airport, officially named the [[George R. Carr Memorial Air Field]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=City of Bogalusa, Louisiana / Runway & Navigational Aids|url=http://www.bogalusa.org/topic/index.php?topicid=31&structureid=16|website=www.bogalusa.org|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412220003/https://www.bogalusa.org/topic/index.php?topicid=31&structureid=16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Weather Service : Observed Weather for past 3 Days : Bogalusa, George R Carr Memorial Air Field|url=https://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KBXA.html|website=w1.weather.gov|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412215846/https://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KBXA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is owned by the city. It is located north of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=City of Bogalusa, Louisiana / Airport|url=http://www.bogalusa.org/department/index.php?structureid=16|website=www.bogalusa.org|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412215844/https://www.bogalusa.org/department/index.php?structureid=16|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Police===
The Police Department employs 35 officers and 12 reserves.<ref name="COB"/>

==Notable people==
* [[Kenderick Allen]], NFL defensive lineman 2003–08
* [[Perry Brooks]] (1954–2010), football defensive tackle, [[Washington Redskins]] (1977–1984), [[Super Bowl XVII]] champion
* [[Jacob Brumfield]] (born in 1965 in Bogalusa), professional baseball outfielder
* [[Al Clark (American football)|Al Clark]], NFL player 1971–76
* [[James Crutchfield]] (1912–2001), barrelhouse blues piano player; raised in Bogalusa
* [[Melerson Guy Dunham]] (1904–1985) – educator, civil and women's right activist, historian
* [[Jack Dunlap]], [[National Security Agency|NSA]] agent accused of spying for the Soviet Union
* [[Rodney Foil]] (1934–2018), forestry researcher, educator, and administrator at [[Mississippi State University]].
* [[Bob Hicks (activist)|Bob Hicks]], civil rights activist. See above.
* [[Trumaine Johnson (wide receiver)|Trumaine Johnson]], Grambling and professional football player
* [[Yusef Komunyakaa]] (born in 1947 in Bogalusa), winner of 1994 [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]]; born James Willie Brown, Jr.
* [[Skip Manning]] (1945–), 1976 NASCAR Winston Cup Rookie of the Year
* [[Janet Marion Martin]] (1938–2023), professor of classics at [[Princeton University]]
* [[John McGeever]], NFL [[cornerback]] 1962–66
* [[Beth Mizell]] (born in 1952 in Bogalusa), state senator for Washington Parish
* [[Professor Longhair]] (1918–1980), funky pianist who inspired artists such as Dr. John
* [[Vern Pullens]] (1929-2001), American Rockabilly and country singer
* [[Snoozer Quinn]] (1907–1949), pioneer of jazz guitar; raised in Bogalusa
* [[Jared Y. Sanders, Sr.]], former [[governor of Louisiana|governor]], arranged tax breaks for GSL and helped the sawmill with startup
* [[Jared Y. Sanders, Jr.]], former [[U.S. representative]] and state legislator, practiced law in Bogalusa
* [[E.S.G. (rapper)|E.S.G.]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] musician
* [[JayDaYoungan]] (1998–2022), [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] musician
* [[Ariel Pink]], indie musician, lived in Bogalusa with his mother's family during early childhood
* [[Robert Benjamin Smith]], former defensive end in the [[National Football League]] for the [[Minnesota Vikings]] and [[Dallas Cowboys]]
* [[Charlie Spikes]], the "Bogalusa Bomber"; [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] player 1972–1980, [[New York Yankees]], [[Cleveland Indians]], [[Detroit Tigers]], [[Atlanta Braves]]
* [[Clarence Triggs]], unsolved murder
* [[Malinda Brumfield White]] (born 1967), member of Louisiana House of Representatives
* [[Dub Williams]], New Mexico legislator

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite web |last=Equal Justice Initiative|author-link=Equal Justice Initiative|date=2019|url = https://eji.org/reports/online/lynching-in-america-targeting-black-veterans|title =Lynching in America: Targeting Black Veterans|publisher = [[Equal Justice Initiative]]| access-date = September 10, 2019 }}
*{{cite book |last=Whitaker|first=Robert | author-link = Robert Whitaker (author)| title = On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade a Nation|year=2009| publisher = [[Three Rivers Press]]| isbn=9780307339836}} <small>- Total pages: 386 </small>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|first=Peter Jan
|last=Honigsberg
|title=Crossing Border Street: A Civil Rights Memoir
|publisher=[[University of California Press]]
|year=2000
|isbn=0520221478}}
* {{cite news
|title=Klan Murder Shines Light on Bogalusa, LA.
|magazine=[[Intelligence Report]]
|date=Summer 2009
|first=Larry
|last=Keller
|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/klan-murder-shines-light-bogalusa-la}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bogalusa, Louisiana}}
* [http://www.bogalusa.org/ City of Bogalusa]

{{Washington Parish, Louisiana}}
{{Louisiana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bogalusa, Louisiana|*]]
[[Category:Cities in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington Parish, Louisiana]]
[[Category:African-American history of Louisiana]]
[[Category:Company towns in Louisiana]]