Editing Blue crane

{{Short description|Species of large bird from southern Africa also known as Stanley crane and paradise crane}}
{{redirect|Stanley crane|the railroad executive|Stanley Crane}}
{{Use South African English|date = February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |year=2021 |title=''Anthropoides paradiseus'' |page=e.T22692109A177514877 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692109A177514877.en}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| image = Grus paradisea Etosha 1.jpg
| image_caption = At [[Etosha National Park]], Namibia
| genus = Grus
| species = paradisea
| authority = ([[Anton August Heinrich Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein, AAH]], 1793) <br/>[originally ''Ardea'']
| range_map = Blue crane IUCN distribution range.svg
| range_map_caption = Blue crane distribution range according to the IUCN.
{{legend|#008000|Extant (resident)}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Extant (seasonality uncertain)}}
| synonyms = * ''Anthropoides paradiseus'' <small>(Lichtenstein, 1793)</small>
* ''[[Ardea (genus)|Ardea]] paradisea'' <small>Lichtenstein, AAH, 1793</small>
* '''''Tetrapteryx capensis''''' <small>Thunberg, 1818</small>
* ''Anthropoides '''stanleyanus''''' <small>Vigors, 1826</small>
* '''''Scops''' paradisea'' <small>Gray, GR, 1840</small>
* '''''Geranus''' paradisea'' <small>Bonaparte, 1854</small>
* ''[[Grus (genus)|Grus]] '''caffra''''' <small>Fritsch, 1868</small>
* ''Anthropoides paradisea'' <small>Dowsett and Forbes-Watson, 1993</small>
}}

The '''blue crane''' ('''''Grus paradisea'''''), also known as the '''Stanley crane''' and the '''paradise crane''', is the national bird of [[South Africa]]. The species is listed as Vulnerable by the [[IUCN]].

==Description==
[[File:Blue crane and the International Crane Foundation in Baraboo, Wisconsin.jpg|thumb|left|A blue crane at the [[International Crane Foundation]]]]
[[File:Blue Crane in Etosha.jpg|220px|thumb|Blue crane seen in [[Etosha National Park|Etosha, Namibia]]]]
The blue crane is a tall, ground-dwelling bird, but is fairly small by the standards of the [[crane (bird)|crane]] family. It is {{convert|100|-|120|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} tall, with a wingspan of {{convert|180|-|200|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} and weighs {{convert|3.6|-|6.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=2792 Blue Crane] at [[BirdLife International]] Data Zone</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091121125456/http://museumvictoria.com.au/melbournemuseum/discoverycentre/wild/biogeographic-regions/afrotropic/blue-crane/ Blue Crane] listing at the [[Melbourne Museum]] website</ref><ref>[http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-blue-crane.html Blue Crane] at oiseaux-birds.com</ref> Among standard measurements, the wing chord measures {{convert|51.4|-|59|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the exposed [[Culmen (bird)|culmen]] measures {{convert|8|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] measures {{convert|20.5|-|25.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}. This crane is pale blue-gray in color becoming darker on the upper head, neck and nape. From the crown to the lores, the plumage is distinctly lighter, sometimes whitish. The [[beak|bill]] is ochre to greyish, with a pink tinge. The long wingtip [[feather]]s which trail to the ground. The primaries are black to slate grey, with dark coverts and blackish on the secondaries. Unlike most cranes, it has a relatively large head and a proportionately thin neck. Juveniles are similar but slightly lighter, with tawny coloration on the head, and no long wing plumes.

==Habitat==
Blue cranes are birds of the dry grassy uplands, usually the pastured grasses of hills, valleys, and plains with a few scattered trees. They prefer areas in the nesting season that have access to both upland and [[wetland]] areas, though they feed almost entirely in dry areas. They are altitudinal migrants, generally nesting in the lower grasslands of an elevation of around 1,300 to 2,000 m and moving down to lower altitudes for winter.

==Movements and behaviour==
Of the 15 species of crane, the blue crane has the most restricted distribution of all. Even species with lower population numbers now (such as [[Siberian crane|Siberian]] or [[whooping crane]]s) are found over a considerable range in their migratory movements. The blue crane is migratory, primarily altitudinal, but details are little known.

The blue crane is partially social, less so during the breeding season. There is a strict hierarchy in groups, with the larger adult males being dominant. They overlap in range with three other crane species but interactions with these species and other [[Wader (American)|"large wader" type birds]] are not known. They are aggressively protective of their nesting sites during the nesting season, even attacking innocent, non-predatory animals such as antelope, cattle, [[tortoise]]s, [[plover]]s and the smallest of birds, such as [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s. Humans are also attacked if they approach a nest too closely, with the aggressive male having torn clothes and drawn blood in such cases. Threats to their eggs and chicks include large [[savannah monitor|savannah]] and [[white-throated monitor]] lizards, [[Egg-eating snake (disambiguation)|egg-eating snake]]s, [[fox]]es, [[jackal]]s, birds-of-prey, [[meerkat]]s, and [[mongoose]].

==Feeding==
Blue cranes feed from the ground and appear to rarely feed near wetland areas. Most of their diet is comprised by grasses and sedges, with many types fed on based on their proximity to the nests. They are also regularly [[Insectivore|insectivorous]], feeding on numerous, sizeable insects such as [[grasshopper]]s. Small animals such as crabs, [[snail]]s, frogs, small [[lizard]]s and snakes may supplement the diet, with such protein-rich food often being broken down and fed to the young.

==Breeding==
[[File:Grus paradisea MHNT 226 Afrique du Sud.jpg|thumb|Eggs of Blue Crane [[MHNT]] ]]
The breeding period is highly seasonal, with eggs being recorded between October and March. Pair-formation amongst groups often starts in October, beginning with both potential parents running in circles with each other. The male then engages in a "dance" flings various objects in the air and then jumps. Eventually, a female from the group and the male appear to "select" each other and both engage in the dance of throwing objects and jumping. After the dance, mating commences in around two weeks.

In a great majority of known nests, two eggs are laid (rarely one or three). Both males and females will incubate, with the male often incubating at night and, during the day, defending the nest territory while the female incubates. The incubation stage lasts around 30 days. The young are able to walk after two days and can swim well shortly thereafter. They are fed primarily by their mothers, who regurgitates food into the mouths. The chicks fledge in the age of 3–5 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savingcranes.org/blue-crane.html |title=Blue Crane - International Crane Foundation |access-date=2015-03-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413065102/https://www.savingcranes.org/blue-crane.html |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> The young continue to be tended to until the next breeding season, at which time they are chased off by their parents.

==Decline==
While it remains common in parts of its historic range, and approx. 26&nbsp;000 individuals remain, it began a sudden population decline from around 1980 and is now classified as vulnerable.

In the last two decades, the blue crane has largely disappeared from the [[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]], [[Lesotho]], and [[Eswatini]]. The population in the northern [[Free State Province|Free State]], [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]], [[Gauteng Province|Gauteng]], [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]] and [[North West Province (South Africa)|North West Province]] has declined by up to 90%. The majority of the remaining population is in eastern and southern South Africa, with a small and separate population in the [[Etosha Pan]] of northern [[Namibia]]. Occasionally, isolated breeding pairs are found in five neighbouring countries.

The primary causes of the sudden decline of the blue crane are human population growth, the conversion of grasslands into commercial tree plantations, and poisoning: deliberate (to protect crops)<ref name=nw>{{cite news |last1=Wildenboer |first1=Norma |title=Blue crane massacre |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/blue-crane-massacre-1.1819128 |access-date=25 February 2015 |agency=IOL |publisher=Diamond Fields Advertiser |date=16 February 2015}}</ref> or accidental (baits intended for other species, and as a side-effect of [[crop dusting]]).

The South African government has stepped up legal protection for the blue crane. Other conservation measures are focusing on research, habitat management, education, and recruiting the help of private landowners.

The blue crane is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.

Since October 2021, the Blue Crane has been classified as Moderately Depleted by the [[IUCN]].<ref name="iucn green status 31 October 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Craig, C.A. |author2=Scott, A. |author3=Scott, M. |date=2021 |title=''Anthropoides paradiseus (Green Status assessment)'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22692109A2269210920213 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

==Cultural references==
[[File:Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus) parading (32458639642).jpg|right|frameless]]
The blue crane is culturally significant to the [[Xhosa people]], who call it ''indwe'' (flag).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indwetrust.org/about | title=Indwe Trust - About | publisher=Indwe Trust | access-date=2013-06-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006104520/http://indwetrust.org/about | archive-date=6 October 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Traditionally, when a man distinguished himself in battle or otherwise, he was often decorated by a chief with blue crane feathers in a ceremony called ''ukundzabela''. Men so honoured, who would wear the feathers sticking out of their hair, were known as men of {{Transliteration|xh|ugaba}} (trouble)—the implication being that if trouble arose, they would reinstate peace and order.

It is also of significance to the [[Zulu people]], whose kings and warriors wore a single or many feathers as a headdress.<ref name="natalia">{{cite journal |last=Koopman |first=Adrian |date=December 2017 |title=Isithwalandwe: The wearing of the crane feather |url=http://natalia.org.za/Files/47/Natalia%20No%2047%20Article%20Isithwalandwe.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://natalia.org.za/Files/47/Natalia%20No%2047%20Article%20Isithwalandwe.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Natalia |issue=47 |pages=43–46 |access-date=1 May 2020}} [http://natalia.org.za/Natalia/no47.html Natlia]</ref>

Because of the association with warriors and heroism, the [[Isitwalandwe Medal]] was created to honour those who had "made an outstanding contribution and sacrifice to the liberation struggle", that is, those who [[Internal resistance to apartheid|resisted the apartheid regime]] in [[South Africa]] (1949–1991) in various ways. Isitwalandwe means "the one who wears the plumes of the rare bird",<ref name=saho>{{cite web | title=Isitwalandwe / Seaparankoe the Highest Award of Honour, 1955 - 2014 | website=South African History Online | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/isitwalandwe-seaparankoe-highest-award-honour-1955-2014 | access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> or blue crane.<ref name=natalia/>

The blue crane is also the [[national bird]] of South Africa.<ref name="DAC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/NationalSymbols.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/NationalSymbols.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=National Symbols  |website=The Department of Trade and Industry |access-date=2018-06-14}}</ref>

== Videos ==
<gallery>
File:Anthropoides paradisea1.ogg
File:Anthropoides paradisea2.ogg
File:Anthropoides paradisea3.ogg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{EBirdSpecies|blucra2|Blue crane}}
*[https://sabap2.birdmap.africa/docs/sabap1/208.pdf Species text for Blue Crane in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051118134345/http://www.savingcranes.org/species/blue.cfm International Crane Foundation's Blue Crane page]
*[https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscicranes/6/ Blue Crane (''Anthropoides paradises'')] from ''Cranes of the World'' by [[Paul Johnsgard]]
*[https://journals.uct.ac.za/index.php/BO/article/view/164 Are traditional healers contributing to the decline of Blue Cranes in Namibia?]

{{Gruidae|state=all}} 
{{Portal bar|Birds}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q756674}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Grus (genus)]]
[[Category:Birds of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:National symbols of South Africa]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1793]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Anton August Heinrich Lichtenstein]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] <!-- Grus paradisea -->