Editing Blue Nile

{{Short description|Major river flowing across Ethiopia and Sudan}}
{{redirect|Abbay|district in Oromia Region, Ethiopia|Abaya (woreda)|Mississippi politician|Richard Abbay}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Blue Nile
| image = ET Bahir Dar asv2018-02 img32 view from Bezawit.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_caption = Blue Nile River in Ethiopia
| map = Blue nile map.png
| source1 = [[Gilgel Abay]]
| source1_location = [[Sekela (woreda)|Sekela]], Ethiopia
| source1_coordinates = {{Coord|11.002|37.225|format=dms|display=i}}
| source1_elevation = {{Convert|2560|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Nile River]]
| mouth_location = [[Khartoum]], Sudan
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|15.642|32.505|format=dms|display=i}}
| mouth_elevation = {{Convert|373|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]]
| progression = [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]]
| length = {{convert|1450|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|1548|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|325000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| river_system = [[Nile]]
| tributaries_left = [[Bashilo River|Bashilo]], [[Walaqa River|Walaqa]], [[Jamma River|Jamma]], [[Muger River|Muger]], [[Guder River|Guder]], [[Gulla River|Gulla]], [[Didessa River|Didessa]], [[Dabus River|Dabus]]
| tributaries_right = [[Beles River|Beles]], [[Dinder River|Dinder]], [[Rahad River|Rahad]]
| other_name = Abay
}}
The '''Blue Nile'''{{notetag| {{bulleted list |{{Langx|am|ጥቁር አባይ|translit=t’ikʼuri ābayi}} |{{Langx|om|Mormor or Abbayaa|| father of streams ||}} |{{Langx|ar|النيل الأزرق|translit=an-Nīl al-ʾAzraqu}}}}}} is a [[river]] originating at [[Lake Tana]] in [[Ethiopia]]. It travels for approximately {{Convert|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} through Ethiopia and [[Sudan]]. Along with the [[White Nile]], it is one of the two major [[Tributary|tributaries]] of the [[Nile]] and supplies about 85.6% of the water to the Nile during the [[Wet season|rainy season]].

== Course ==
The distance of the river from its [[River source|source]] to its [[confluence]] has been variously reported between {{convert|1460|and|1600|km|mi}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} This uncertainty might result from the fact that the river flows through a series of virtually impenetrable gorges cut in the [[Ethiopian Highlands]] to a depth of some {{convert|1500|m}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} According to materials published by the [[Central Statistical Agency]], an Ethiopian government agency, the Blue Nile has a total length of {{convert|1450|km}}, of which {{convert|800|km|mi}} are inside Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 |date=13 November 2010 }}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009) </ref> 

=== In Ethiopia ===
The Blue Nile originates at [[Lake Tana]] in Ethiopia (where it is called the Abay River). The river flows generally south before entering a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, which is a tremendous obstacle for travel and communication between north and south Ethiopia. The canyon was first referred to as the "Grand Canyon" in 1968 by a British team that accomplished the first descent of the river from Lake Tana to the end of the canyon; subsequent river rafting parties called it the "Grand Canyon of the Nile".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37|title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program|first1=Marina|last1=Engelking|first2=Gloria|last2=McPherson-Ramirez|date=15 April 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-542738-7|via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[Blue Nile Falls]] ([[Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia's biggest tourist attractions, is located at the start of the canyon.

The river loops across northwest Ethiopia before being fed by numerous tributaries between Lake Tana and the [[Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those on its left bank, in downstream order, include the Wanqa River, the [[Bashilo River]], the [[Walaqa River]], the [[Wanchet River]], the [[Jamma River]], the [[Muger River]], the [[Guder River]], the Agwel River, the Nedi River, the [[Didessa River]] and the [[Dabus River]]. Those on the right side, also in downstream order, include the Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[Muga River (Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[Gulla (river)|Gulla]], [[Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter and the [[Beles River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref>

=== In Sudan ===
[[Image:whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of where White and Blue Niles merge|alt=]]

The Blue Nile then heads northwest into Sudan. It travels for approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, flowing past [[Er Roseires]] and receiving the [[Dinder River]] on its right bank at [[Dinder, Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[Khartoum]], the Blue Nile joins the [[White Nile]] and, as the [[Nile]], flows through [[Egypt]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] at [[Alexandria]].

== Water flow ==
[[Image:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|Confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers near [[Khartoum]], the capital of [[Sudan]]|alt=]]
The flow of the Blue Nile reaches maximum volume in the rainy season from June to September, when it supplies 80{{endash}}86% of the water of the Nile proper. The river was a major source of the [[flooding of the Nile]] in Egypt that contributed to the fertility of the Nile Valley and the consequent rise of [[Ancient Egypt]] and [[Egyptian mythology]]. With the completion of the [[Aswan Dam]] in 1970, these floods stopped occurring in lower Egypt. During the summer [[monsoon]] season, the Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from the Ethiopian Highlands and carry it downstream as [[silt]], turning the water dark brown or almost black.<ref>{{cite web|title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge|url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm|archive-date=20 August 2015|access-date=11 October 2015|publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref>

The Blue Nile is vital to the livelihood of Egypt: as the most significant tributary of the Nile, it contributes over 85% of the Nile's streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation
| title= Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin
| year =	 2012
| publisher = [[University of Alberta]]
|hdl = 10402/era.28151| location = [[Canada]]
| doi =	 10.7939/R3377641M
| last1 =	 Elsanabary
| first1 =	 Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa
}}</ref> Though shorter than the White Nile, 59% of the water that reaches Egypt originates from the Ethiopian highlands via the Blue Nile.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} The river is also an important resource for Sudan, where the [[Roseires Dam]] and [[Sennar Dam]] contribute to the 80% of the country's electricity generation from [[hydropower]]. These dams also help irrigate the [[Gezira Scheme]], which is most famous for its high-quality [[cotton]], as well as [[wheat]] and animal feed crop production in the area.

In November 2012, Ethiopia began construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam on the river. The dam is expected to be a boost for the Ethiopian economy. Sudan and Egypt, however, voiced their concerns over a potential reduction in water available.<ref>{{Citation
 |url               = http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point
 |title             = Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point
 |year              = 2012
 |publisher         = [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]
 |location = [[Africa]]
 |access-date        = 9 July 2015
 |url-status           = live
 |archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point
 |archive-date       = 14 July 2015
}}</ref> Electricity generation began in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title = Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work = BBC News|date = 20 February 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File: Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|right|thumb|Suspension bridge over the Blue Nile River. It is the only pedestrian cable bridge over the Blue Nile in Ethiopia.]]
[[File: Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|right|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge in Ethiopia.]]
The Egyptian fear that Ethiopia might block the Blue Nile was a major factor in the long and complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship. While Egypt relied on Ethiopia for its waters, Ethiopia depended on the [[Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] for patriarchal authority and the appointment of its metropolitan. This interdependence has shaped events since the 11th century. For centuries, the threat of blocking the Blue Nile was an effective strategy in ensuring the appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. However, in practice, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of the river’s waters was ever attempted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref>

An early crisis emerged during the reign of Zagwe King [[Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom the Egyptians suspected of attempting to divert the river, even though his kingdom never extended to the Blue Nile. It was Emperor [[Amda Seyon I]] who first occupied the Blue Nile basin and began spreading Christianity there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref>

The Emperors of the Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[Dawit II]], [[Yeshaq I]], and [[Zara Yaqob]], continued asserting Ethiopia's control over the river as a diplomatic tool. They also reinforced this concept in religious terms, identifying the Blue Nile with the biblical Gihon and adapting the Tammera Maryam to legitimize their authority over the waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia aiding in the destruction of Islam further elevated the significance of the Blue Nile in Ethio-Egyptian relations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref>

The first European known to have seen the Blue Nile in Ethiopia and the river's source was [[Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] who reached the river's source on 21 April 1618.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> However, the Portuguese João Bermudes, the self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia," provided the first description of the Tis Abay River Falls in his memoirs published in 1565, and any number of Europeans who lived in Ethiopia in the late 15th century such as [[Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen the river long before Páez, but not reached its source. The source of the Nile proper was also reached in 1629 by the Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[Jerónimo Lobo]] and in 1770 by the Scottish explorer [[James Bruce]].

Although European explorers contemplated tracing the course of the Nile from the Blue Nile's confluence with the White Nile to Lake Tana, the Blue Nile Canyon has discouraged all attempts since [[Frédéric Cailliaud]]'s attempt in 1821. The first serious attempt by a non-local to explore this reach of the river was undertaken by the American W.W. Macmillan in 1902, assisted by the Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen; Jenssen proceeded upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sailed downstream from Lake Tana. However, Jenssen's boats were blocked by the rapids at [[Famaka]] short of the Sudan-Ethiopia border, and Macmillan's boats were wrecked shortly after they had been launched. Macmillan encouraged Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again in 1905, but he was forced to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[Robert Ernest Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], who records his surprise on arriving in Ethiopia at finding that the upper waters of "one of the most famous of the rivers of the world, and one whose name was well known to the ancients" was in his lifetime "marked on the map by dotted lines", managed to map the upper course of the Blue Nile between 1925 and 1933. He did this not by following the river along its banks and through its impassable canyon but by following it from the highlands above, travelling some {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule in the adjacent country.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref>

In the 1950s and 1960s, several kayakers paddled parts of the canyon. In 1968, at the request of [[Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British and Ethiopian servicemen and scientists made the first full descent of the river from Lake Tana to a point near the Sudanese border led by explorer [[John Blashford-Snell]].<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> The team used specially-built [[Avon Inflatables]] and modified [[Royal Engineers]] [[assault boat]]s to navigate the formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions in the 1970s and 1980s generally only covered parts of the river canyon.

In 1999, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp|title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com|website=bookreporter.com|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp|archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> and photographer Nevada Wier made the journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, publishing a documentary about their journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 }}</ref> In 2000, American and National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, saw a photo taken by Nevada Wier for ''National Geographic'' which would lead him to found the charity [[Bridges to Prosperity]]. This photo showed a bridge broken during World War II, with 10 men on either side of the broken span pulling each other across the dangerous gap by rope. This historic bridge was built by Emperor [[Fasilides]] in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology brought to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during the battle with the Muslim invaders in 1507.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite book|last=Baynes|first=Thomas Spencer|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1|year=1838|publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company|edition=Ninth|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65]|chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> In both 2001 and 2009, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travelled from the United States to repair the broken bridge across the Blue Nile and later built a new [[suspension bridge]] not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity |access-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 }}</ref>

On 28 April 2004, geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner, kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, became the first known people to navigate the Blue Nile in its entirety. Though their expedition included several others, Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to remain on the expedition for the entire journey. They chronicled their adventure with an [[IMAX]] camera and two handheld video cameras, sharing their story in the film ''[[Mystery of the Nile]]'' and in a book of the same title.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref>

On 29 January 2005, Canadian Les Jickling and his teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first fully human-powered transit of the entire Blue Nile and the Nile in the Sudan and Egypt. Their journey of over {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} took five months and traveled through Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt. They recount that they paddled through civil war conflict zones, regions known for bandits, and encountered multiple hazards and rapids.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm|title=Department - Alumni Association|website=web.uvic.ca|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rivers of Ethiopia]]
* [[List of rivers of Sudan]]

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Blue Nile}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ The Tana Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling the Blue Nile]

{{coord|12|00|N|037|15|E|type:river|display=title}}
{{Portal bar|Ethiopia|Water|}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nile, Blue}}
[[Category:Blue Nile| ]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Nile]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sudan]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Tana]]