Editing Black propaganda

{{Short description|Form of influence campaign}}
{{distinguish|text=[[black nationalist]] propaganda}}

[[File:1934 Protocols Patriotic Pub.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' (1905), an antisemitic forgery which positions itself as a pamphlet from a fictitious [[international Jewish conspiracy]], is an example of black propaganda.]]

'''Black propaganda''' is a form of [[propaganda]] intended to  create the impression that it was created by those it is supposed to discredit. Black propaganda contrasts with [[gray propaganda]], which does not identify its source, as well as [[white propaganda]], which does not disguise its origins at all. It is typically used to vilify or embarrass the enemy through misrepresentation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Goebbels' Principles of Nazi Propaganda|journal=The Public Opinion Quarterly|date=1950-09-13|first=Leonard|last=Doob|volume=14|issue=3|pages=419–442|doi=10.1086/266211 |jstor=2745999|s2cid=145615085 }}</ref>

The major characteristic of black propaganda is that the audience are not aware that someone is influencing them, and do not feel that they are being pushed in a certain direction.<ref>Ellul, Jacques (1965). ''Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes'', p. 16. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. Vintage Books, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-394-71874-3}}.</ref> Black propaganda purports to emanate from a source other than the true source. This type of propaganda is associated with [[Psychological operations|covert psychological operations]].<ref>Linebarger, Paul Myron Anthony. 1954. Psychological Warfare, Combat Forces Press, Washington</ref> Sometimes the source is concealed or credited to a false authority and spreads lies, fabrications, and deceptions. Black propaganda is the "[[big lie]]", including all types of creative deceit.<ref name="Jowett, Garth S. 2006">Jowett, Garth S., [[Victoria O'Donnell]],  ''Propaganda and Persuasion''. 2006. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California</ref> Black propaganda relies on the willingness of the receiver to accept the credibility of the source. If the creators or senders of the black propaganda message do not adequately understand their intended audience, the message may be misunderstood, seem suspect, or fail altogether.<ref name="Jowett, Garth S. 2006"/>

Governments conduct black propaganda for a few reasons. By disguising their direct involvement, a government may be more likely to succeed in convincing an otherwise unbelieving target audience. There are also diplomatic reasons behind the use of black propaganda. Black propaganda is necessary to obfuscate a government's involvement in activities that may be detrimental to its foreign policies.<ref name="ReferenceA">Shulsky, Abram. and Gary Schmitt, ''Silent Warfare''. Washington, DC: Brasseys Inc. 2002</ref>

==In the American Revolution==

[[Benjamin Franklin]] created and circulated a fake supplement to a [[Boston]] newspaper that included letters on Indian atrocities and the treatment of American prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allthingsliberty.com/2014/11/propaganda-warfare-benjamin-franklin-fakes-a-newspaper/|title=Propaganda Warfare: Benjamin Franklin Fakes a Newspaper&nbsp;– Journal of the American Revolution|date=10 November 2014}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Black propaganda in World War II}}In World War II==

===British===
[[Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F005102-0003, Lager Friedland, britischer Journalist Sefton Delmer.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sefton Delmer]] (1958)]]

In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Political Warfare Executive]] operated a number of black propaganda radio stations. [[Gustav Siegfried Eins]] (GS1) was one of the first such stations—purporting to be a clandestine German station. The speaker, "Der Chef", purported to be a Nazi extremist, accusing [[Adolf Hitler]] and his henchmen of going soft. The station focused on alleged corruption and sexual improprieties of [[Nazi Party]] members.

Another example was the British radio station ''[[Soldatensender Calais]]'', which purported to be a radio station for the [[Wehrmacht]]. Under the direction of [[Sefton Delmer]], a British journalist who spoke perfect [[Berlin German|Berliner German]], ''Soldatensender Calais'' and its associated [[Shortwave radio|shortwave station]], ''[[Deutscher Kurzwellensender Atlantik]]'', broadcast music, up-to-date sports scores, speeches of [[Adolf Hitler]] for "cover" and subtle propaganda.

[[Radio Deutschland]] was another radio station employed by the British during the war aimed and designed to undermine German morale and create tensions that would ultimately disrupt the German war effort. The station was broadcast on a frequency close on the radio dial to an actual German station. During the war most Germans actually believed that this station was in fact a German radio station and it even gained the recognition of Germany's propaganda chief [[Joseph Goebbels]].<ref>Allen, Thomas and Normal Polmar. Spy Book. New York: Random House Selection. 2004</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0821-502, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph Goebbels|Goebbels]], German Federal Archive photo]]
There were British black propaganda radio stations in most of the languages of occupied Europe as well as [[German language|German]] and [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref>John Pether, ''The Bletchley Park Reports: Report No. 17 Black Propaganda'', Bletchley Park Trust 1998</ref>  Most of these were based in the area around [[Bletchley Park]] and [[Woburn Abbey]] in [[Buckinghamshire]] and [[Bedfordshire]] respectively.

Another possible example was a rumour that there had been a German attempt to land on British shores at [[Shingle Street]], but it had been repelled with high German casualties. This was reported in the American press, and in [[William L. Shirer]]'s ''[[Berlin Diary]]'' but was officially denied. British papers, declassified in 1993, have suggested this was a successful example of British black propaganda to bolster morale in the UK, US and occupied Europe.<ref>{{cite news
  | last = Rigby
  | first = Nic
  | title = Was WWII mystery a fake?
  | work = [[BBC News]]
  | date = 2002-09-09
  | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2243082.stm
  | access-date = 2007-09-23 }}</ref>

Author [[James Hayward (writer)|James Hayward]] has proposed that the rumours, which were widely reported in the [[United States|American]] press, were a successfully engineered example of black propaganda with an aim of ensuring American co-operation and securing [[lend lease]] resources by showing that the [[United Kingdom]] was capable of successfully resisting the might of the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]].<ref name="SS003">
{{cite book
  | last = Hayward
  | first = James
  | title = Shingle Street
  | publisher = CD41 Publishing
  | year = 2002
  | isbn = 0-9540549-1-1 }}</ref>

[[David Hare (dramatist)|David Hare]]'s play ''[[Licking Hitler]]'' provides a fictionalised account based on the British black propaganda efforts in World War II.

===German===
German black propaganda usually took advantage of [[European racism]] and [[anti-Communism]]. For example, on the night of April 27, 1944, German aircraft under cover of darkness (and possibly carrying fake [[Royal Air Force]] markings) dropped propaganda leaflets on occupied [[Denmark]]. These leaflets used the title of ''Frihedsposten'', a genuine Danish underground newspaper, and claimed that the "hour of liberation" was approaching. They instructed Danes to accept "occupation by Russian or specially trained [[African Americans|American Negro]] soldiers" until the first disorders resulting from military operations were over.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

The German [[Büro Concordia]] organisation operated several black propaganda radio stations (many of which pretended to broadcast illegally from within the countries they targeted).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Clandestine_Corner/03-Buro_Concordia_Operated_Nazi_Clandestines.pdf |publisher=Ontheshortwaves.com |title="Buro Concordia" Operated Nazi Clandestines |work=FRENDX "Shortwave Center" |year=1966 }}</ref> One of these stations was ''Workers' Challenge'' which purported to be a British communist radio station and encouraged British workers to go on strike against their "capitalist" bosses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psywar.org/content/workerschallenge19400823 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207143711/https://www.psywar.org/content/workerschallenge19400823 |archive-date=2021-02-07 |publisher=Psywar.org|title=Nazi Clandestine Radio Broadcasting: Workers' Challenge transmission, 23 August 1940|year=2021}}</ref>

===Pacific Theatre===
The ''[[Tanaka Memorial]]'' was a document that described a Japanese plan for [[Hegemony|world conquest]], beginning with the conquest of China. It was widely referenced in official American anti-Japanese propaganda (such as ''[[The Battle of China]]'' and ''[[Know Your Enemy: Japan]]''), but most historians now believe it was a forgery.

The following message was distributed in black propaganda leaflets dropped by the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] over the [[Philippines]] in World War II. It was designed to turn Filipinos against the United States:<ref>Linebarger, Paul Myron Anthony. 1954. Psychological Warfare, page 123, Combat Forces Press, Washington</ref>

{{blockquote|{{in5}}GUARD AGAINST VENEREAL DISEASES

{{in5}}Lately there has been a great increase in the number of [[venereal diseases]] among our officers and men owing to prolific contacts with Filipino women of dubious character.

{{in5}}Due to hard times and stricken conditions brought about by the Japanese occupation of the islands, Filipino women are willing to offer themselves for a small amount of foodstuffs. It is advisable in such cases to take full protective measures by use of condoms, protective medicines, etc.; better still to hold intercourse only with wives, virgins, or women of respective {{sic}} character.

{{in5}}Furthermore, in view of the increase in pro-American leanings, many Filipino women are more than willing to offer themselves to American soldiers, and due to the fact that Filipinos have no knowledge of hygiene, disease carriers are rampant and due care must be taken.|U. S. ARMY|title=|source=}}

==Cold War black propaganda==
===Soviet Union===
Prior to, and during the [[Cold War]], the [[Soviet Union]] used disinformation on multiple occasions, employing the [[KGB]]'s Service A of the [[First Chief Directorate]] in order to conduct its covert, or "black", "[[active measures]]".<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/sect_03.htm|title=How Soviet Active Measures Themes Were Spread|work=muskingum.edu|access-date=2010-04-07|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101152712/http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/sect_03.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>  It was Service A that was responsible for clandestine campaigns that were targeted at foreign governments, public populations, as well as to influence individuals and specific groups that were hostile towards the Soviet government and its policies. The majority of their operations was actually conducted by other elements and directorates of the KGB.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/su0521.htm|title=The Foreign Intelligence Role of the Committee for State Security.}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Declassified documents have revealed that the British government ran a secret black propaganda campaign for decades, targeting Africa, the Middle East and parts of Asia with leaflets and reports from fake sources aimed at destabilising cold war enemies by encouraging racial tensions, sowing chaos, inciting violence and reinforcing anti-communist ideas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Secret British 'black propaganda' campaign targeted cold war enemies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/14/secret-british-black-propaganda-campaign-targeted-cold-war-enemies-information-research-department |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title=British 'Black' Productions: Forgeries, Front Groups, and Propaganda, 1951–1977 |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/6295894/CORMAC%20UK%20__Black__%20Productions-%20Forgeries_%20Fake%20Groups_%20and%20Propaganda_%201951-1975%20AAM%20%281%29.pdf |website=Journal of Cold War Studies |doi=10.1162/jcws_a_01087|s2cid=252014591 }}</ref>

====Indonesia====
One of the British campaigns played a part in the [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]], one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century. This tragedy was fuelled by black information written by British operatives based in Singapore. Exploiting a failed coup attempt by a palace guard, these operatives falsely blamed the [[Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) and the ethnic Chinese. Despite no evidence linking the PKI to the coup, they posed as exiled Indonesian patriots and incited violence by accusing them of involvement and called for their "elimination". Subsequently, mass killings targeting Indonesian people, PKI members, and followers of Sukarno ensued, resulting in an estimated death toll of at least 500,000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lashmar |first=Paul |last2=Gilby |first2=Nicholas |date=2021-10-24 |title=Survivors of 1965 Indonesia massacres urge UK to apologise |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/24/survivors-of-1965-indonesia-massacres-urge-uk-to-apologise |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref>

===United States===
Following the [[September 11 attacks]] against the United States, the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] organized and implemented the [[Office of Strategic Influence]] in an effort to improve public support abroad, mainly in [[Muslim countries]]. The head of OSI was USAF General [[Pete Worden]], who maintained a mission described by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "circulating classified proposals calling for aggressive campaigns that use[d] not only the foreign media and the Internet, but also covert operations".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last1=Dao|first1=James|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|date=2002-02-19|title=A Nation Challenged: Hearts and Minds; Pentagon Readies Efforts to Sway Sentiment Abroad |language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/19/world/nation-challenged-hearts-minds-pentagon-readies-efforts-sway-sentiment-abroad.html|access-date=2020-11-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Worden and then-Defense Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] planned for what Pentagon officials said was "a broad mission ranging from 'black' campaigns that use[d] disinformation and other covert activities to 'white' public affairs that rely on truthful news releases".<ref name=":0" /> The OSI's operations were more than public relations work in that they included contacting and emailing media, journalists, and foreign community leaders with information which would counter foreign governments and organizations hostile to the United States. In doing so, the emails would be masked by using addresses ending with .com as opposed to using the standard Pentagon address of [[.mil]], and hide any involvement of the US government and the Pentagon. The thought of conducting black propaganda operations and utilizing disinformation resulted in harsh criticism for the program that resulted in its closure in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Carver|first=Tom|author-link=Tom Carver|title= Pentagon plans propaganda war|work=BBC News |date=20 February 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1830500.stm}}</ref>

==In domestic politics==

===Australian media===
* In the run-up to the [[2007 Australian federal election|2007 federal election in Australia]], [[Lindsay pamphlet scandal|flyers were circulated]] around [[Sydney]] under the name of a fake organisation called the Islamic Australia Federation. The flyers thanked the [[Australian Labor Party]] for supporting [[Islamist terrorism|terrorism]], [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalists]], and the [[2002 Bali bombings|Bali bombing]] suspects. A group of Sydney-based [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] members were implicated in the incident.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10477730">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/event/story.cfm?c_id=1501680&objectid=10477730 |title=Howard forced to fight off dirty tricks allegations |date=22 November 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="NZ_Herald_10477835">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/event/story.cfm?c_id=1501680&objectid=10477835 |title=Howard's speech overshadowed by race issues |last=Young |first=Audrey |date=22 November 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="NZ_Herald_10477867">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/event/story.cfm?c_id=1501680&objectid=10477867 |title=Fake flyers derail Howard |last=Ansley |first=Greg |date=23 November 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>

===British media===
* In November 1995, a ''[[Sunday Telegraph]]'' newspaper article alleged [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libya]]'s [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]] ([[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s son) was connected to [[Counterfeit money|currency counterfeiting]]. The story's author, [[Con Coughlin]], falsely attributed the claim to a "British banking official", but his information actually came from [[MI6]] agents. This fact, and the fact that Coughlin had no other sources for the story, only came to light when Saif Gaddafi later sued the newspaper for libel.<ref name='Tinker'>{{cite news | first=David | last=Leigh | title=Tinker, tailor, soldier, journalist | date= 2000-06-12| url =https://www.theguardian.com/shayler/article/0,2763,339990,00.html | work =[[The Guardian]]| access-date = 2007-06-16| location=London}}</ref>[[File:Zinoviev-grigorii.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Grigory Zinoviev]]]]
* The [[Zinoviev letter]] was a fake letter published in 1924 in the British newspaper the ''[[Daily Mail]]''. It claimed to be a letter from the [[Comintern]] president [[Grigory Zinoviev]] to the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]]. It called on Communists to mobilise "sympathetic forces" in the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and talked of creating dissent in the [[British Armed Forces]]. The Zinoviev letter was instrumental in the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] victory in the [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924 general election]]. The letter seemed authentic at the time, but historians now believe it was a [[forgery]]. Historians now agree that the letter had little impact on the Labour vote—which held up in 1924. However, it aided the Conservative Party in hastening the collapse of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] that led to the Conservative landslide.

===United States media===
* In the "Roorback forgery" of 1844 the ''Chronicle'' of [[Ithaca, New York]] ran a story, supposedly by a German tourist called Baron von Roorback, that [[James K. Polk]], standing for re-election as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[United States House of Representatives]], branded his slaves before selling them at auction to distinguish them from the others on sale. Polk actually benefited from the ploy, as it reflected badly on his opponents when the lie was found out.<ref>{{cite book|last=Byrnes|first=Mark E.|title=James K. Polk: a biographical companion|year=2001|publisher=ABC CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-57607-056-7|page=183}}</ref>  Afterwards the term "Roorback" was coined for political dirty tricks.
* During the [[1972 U.S. presidential election]], [[Donald H. Segretti]], a political operative for President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Committee to Re-elect the President|reelection campaign]], released a faked letter, on [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Edmund Muskie]]'s letterhead, falsely alleging that Senator [[Henry M. Jackson|Henry "Scoop" Jackson]], against whom Muskie was running for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s nomination, had had an illegitimate child with a seventeen-year-old. Muskie, who had been considered the frontrunner, lost the nomination to [[George McGovern]], and Nixon was reelected. The letter was part of a campaign of so-called "dirty tricks", directed by Segretti, and uncovered as part of the [[Watergate Scandal]]. Segretti went to prison in 1974 after pleading guilty to three [[misdemeanor]] counts of distributing illegal campaign literature. Another of his dirty tricks was the "[[Canuck letter]]", although this was libel of Muskie and not a black propaganda piece.

===United States Government===
* The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s counter-intelligence program [[COINTELPRO]] was intended to, according to the FBI, "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize the activities of black nationalists, hate-type organizations and groups, their leadership, membership, and supporters". Black propaganda was used on [[Communist Party USA|Communists]] and the [[Black Panther Party]]. It was also used against [[opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War]], [[Labor Unions in the United States|labor leaders]], and [[American Indian Movement|Native Americans]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/electronic-publications/stay-free/archives/19/fbi.html |title=Fake Letters and Bad Poetry: Highlights from the FBI's Secret War on Dissent|first1=C. |last1=McLaren |first2=Brian |last2=Bolning |date=Spring 2002|magazine=Stay Free|issue=19 |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719110627/http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/electronic-publications/stay-free/archives/19/fbi.html |archive-date=2010-07-19 }}</ref> The FBI's strategy was captured in a 1968 memo: "Consider the use of cartoons, photographs, and anonymous letters which will have the effect of ridiculing the [[New Left]]. Ridicule is one of the most potent weapons which we can use against it."<ref>Churchill & VanderWall, p. 187; Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project</ref>
* {{anchor|Penkovsky Papers}}"The Penkovsky Papers" are an example of a black propaganda effort conducted by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency during the 1960s. The "Penkovsky Papers" were alleged to have been written by a Soviet [[Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye|GRU]] defector, Colonel [[Oleg Penkovsky]], but were in fact produced by the CIA in an effort to diminish the Soviet Union's credibility at a pivotal time during the Cold War.<ref>Shulsky, Abram and Schmitt, Gary. ''Silent Warfare''. Washington: Brasseys, 2002</ref>

===Religious black propaganda===
* In 1955, the [[Church of Scientology]] published the book [[Brain-Washing (book)|''Brain-Washing'']], which was allegedly written by the [[Soviet secret police]] chief [[Lavrentiy Beria]]. In fact, the book describes all of the practices Scientology opposes ([[Neurosurgery|brain surgery]], [[Psychiatric medication|psychiatric drugs]], [[psychology]], [[Child labour law|child labor laws]], and [[income tax]]) as Communist conspiracies directed by Moscow, and it describes the greatest threat to "Communism" as being "The Church of Scientology" (the [[Catholic Church]] is barely mentioned as a threat to the Soviet Union, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the dominant religion of the Soviet Union, is not mentioned at all). Additionally, "Beria" uses precise phrases that [[L. Ron Hubbard]] (creator of scientology) has coined, such as "pain-drug hypnosis" and "thinkingness".
* The Church of Scientology, under the leadership of L. Ron Hubbard, is alleged to have advocated the usage of "black propaganda" to "destroy reputation or public belief in persons, companies or nations" as a practice of "[[Fair game (Scientology)|fair game]]" against [[suppressive person]]s.<ref name="stout">{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Stephen A.|title=Encyclopedia of religion, communication, and media|editor-first=Daniel A. |editor-last=Stout |publisher=CRC Press |year=2006 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |pages=390–392 |chapter=Scientology |isbn=978-0-415-96946-8}}</ref> After the author [[Paulette Cooper]] wrote ''[[The Scandal of Scientology]]'', the Church of [[Scientology]] ran a [[false flag]] operation that stole stationery from her in order to fabricate bomb threats.<ref>[[s:United States of America v. Jane Kember, Morris Budlong, Sentencing Memorandum|''United States of America v. Jane Kember'', Morris Budlong, Sentencing Memorandum]]; pp. 23–25.</ref>

===Environmentalist black propaganda===
{{see also|Culture jamming|The Yes Men#Projects}}
* The "Let's Go! Shell in the Arctic"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arcticready.com/ |title=Shell in the Arctic |publisher=Greenpeace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610012940/http://www.arcticready.com/ |archive-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> website was designed to look like an official website by [[Royal Dutch Shell]], but was in fact a fake produced by [[Greenpeace]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/18/shell-arctic-ready-hoax-greenpeace_n_1684222.html |title=Shell Arctic Ready Hoax Website By Greenpeace Takes Internet By Storm |last=Stenovec |first=Timothy |date=18 July 2012 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* [[Astroturfing]]
* [[Atrocity propaganda]]
* [[Media coverage of North Korea]]
* [[Black legend]]
* [[Brainwashing]]
* [[Denial and deception]]
* [[Information warfare]]
* [[Joe job]]
* [[Nazi propaganda]]
* [[Political machine]]
* [[Psychological warfare]]
* [[Push polling]]
* [[Special Activities Division]]
* [[State-sponsored Internet propaganda]]
* [[Taliban propaganda]]
* ''[[The Terror Network]]''
* [[Whispering campaign]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Boyce, Fredric. ''SOE's ultimate deception: Operation Periwig'' Stroud: Sutton, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7509402-7-1}}
* Delmer, Denis Sefton. [http://psywar.org/delmer/1005/1002 ''Black Boomerang''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024045601/https://www.psywar.org/delmer/1005/1002 |date=2019-10-24 }} London: Secker and Warburg, 1962
* Howe, Ellic. ''The Black Game: British subversive operations against the Germans during the Second World War'' London: Michael Joseph, 1982. {{ISBN|0-7181171-8-2}}
* Linebarger, Paul Myron Anthony. 1954. Psychological Warfare, Combat Forces Press, Washington
* Newcourt-Nowodworski, Stanley. ''La Propaganda Negra en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.''  Madrid: Algaba, 2006, 336 páginas. {{ISBN|978-84-96107-70-0}} {{in lang|es}}
* Richards, Lee. ''The Black Art: British Clandestine Psychological Warfare against the Third Reich'' London: www.psywar.org, 2010. {{ISBN|0-9542936-3-0}}
* Richards, Lee. ''Whispers of War: Underground Propaganda Rumour-mongerin in the Second World War'' London: www.psywar.org, 2010. {{ISBN|0-9542936-4-9}}
* [http://www.fmsoares.pt/arquivo_biblioteca/Biblioteca/pesquisa_numerica_i_r.asp?Registo=006313 Telo, António José. ''Propaganda e Guerra Secreta em Portugal: 1939–1945.'' Lisboa: Perspectivas & Realidades, 1990, pp. 33–36]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|pt}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100128181621/http://www.nls.uk/propaganda/black/index.html ''Second World War black propaganda.'' National Library of Scotland, 2006]
* Taylor, Philip M. ''Munitions of the mind: a history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present era.'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995)

==External links==
* [http://www.forgery.de/index_en.htm Stamps as War&nbsp;– and Propaganda Forgeries]: This Website shows almost all officially issued war and propaganda forgeries. It also shows the real stamps that were templates for the forgeries.
* [http://www.psywar.org/delmer/1005/1002 Sefton Delmer&nbsp;– Black Boomerang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024045601/http://www.psywar.org/delmer/1005/1002 |date=2019-10-24 }}: Sefton Delmer was head of British Black Propaganda during World War II. His book ''Black Boomerang'' tells his story.
* [http://www.psywar.org PsyWar.Org&nbsp;– Black Propaganda and propaganda leaflets database]: A website with various articles on black propaganda and psychological warfare. The site has an extensive library of propaganda leaflets from World War I to the present day.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031206192437/http://members.home.nl/ww2propaganda/slid31a.htm WW2 propaganda leaflets]: A website about airdropped, shelled or rocket fired propaganda leaflets. Has slideshow with many black propaganda leaflets of World War II.
* [http://nymas.org/radioproppaper.htm Gray and Black Radio Propaganda against Nazi Germany] Extensively illustrated paper describing the Allied effort in WW II to undermine Germany through unidentified or misidentified radio broadcasts.
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Influence Office of Strategic Influence] at [[SourceWatch]]
{{Propaganda}}
{{Disinformation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Propaganda}}
[[Category:Black propaganda| ]]
[[Category:Intelligence operations by type]]