Editing Black Forest

{{Short description|Mountain range in Germany}}
{{About|the region in Germany|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Schwarzwald}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain
 | name          = Black Forest
 | photo         = Blick vom Hohfelsen.jpg
 | photo_size    = 240
 | photo_alt     = 
 | photo_caption = View from the Hohfelsen near [[Seebach, Baden-Württemberg|Seebach]]
 | country       = [[Germany]]
 | region        = [[Baden-Württemberg]]
 | region_type   = State
 | parent        = [[South German Scarplands|Southwest German Uplands/Scarplands]]
 | geology       = [[Gneiss]], [[Bunter sandstone]]
 | period        = 
 | area_km2      = 6000<!--6009.2-->
 | orogeny       = [[Central Uplands]]
 | length_km     = 160
 | range_coordinates = {{Coord|48.25|8.05|type:mountain_globe:earth_region:DE|display=inline,title}} <!-- centroid of Gaggenau and Schopfheim -->
 | highest       = [[Feldberg (Black Forest)|Feldberg]]
 | elevation_m   = 1493
 | coordinates   = {{coord|47|52|43|N|8|0|40|E|type:mountain_region:DE-BW_scale:100000|format=dms}}
 | map           = 
 | map_image     = Relief Map of Germany, Black Forest.png
 | map_caption   = Map of Germany with the Black Forest outlined in green
 | map_relief    = 
 | map_size      = 260
 | mapframe = yes
 | mapframe-frame-width = 260
 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1
 | mapframe-stroke-color = #00ff00
}}
The '''Black Forest''' ({{langx|de|Schwarzwald}} {{IPA|de|ˈʃvaʁtsvalt||De-Schwarzwald.ogg}}) is a large [[forest]]ed [[mountain range]] in the [[States of Germany|state]] of [[Baden-Württemberg]] in southwest [[Germany]], bounded by the [[Rhine Valley]] to the west and south and close to the borders with [[France]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|title=Black Forest {{!}} Description, Map, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Forest-mountain-region-Germany|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220064622/https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Forest-mountain-region-Germany|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the source of the [[Danube]] and [[Neckar]] rivers.

Its highest peak is the [[Feldberg (Black Forest)|Feldberg]] with an [[elevation]] of {{convert|1493|m}} above [[sea level]]. Roughly oblong in shape, with a length of {{convert|160|km|-1|abbr=off}} and breadth of up to {{convert|50|km|-1|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chilcoat|first1=Loretta|first2=Rueben|last2=Acciano|title=Western Europe|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2005|page=480}}</ref> it has an area of about {{convert|6,009|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="britannica.com"/>

Historically, the area was known for forestry and the mining of [[ore]] deposits, but tourism has now become the primary industry, accounting for around 300,000 jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Wirtschaft im Schwarzwald: Tourismus, Holzwirtschaft und anderes|url=https://www.schwarzwald-reiseinfo.de/Schwarzwald_Wirtschaft.php|access-date=2021-01-04|website=www.schwarzwald-reiseinfo.de|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411163913/http://www.schwarzwald-reiseinfo.de/Schwarzwald_Wirtschaft.php|url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[Baroque fortifications in the Black Forest|several ruined military fortifications]] dating back to the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gersbacher Barockschanze|url=https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/gersbacher-barockschanze-30ba878d42|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info|language=de|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122031250/https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/gersbacher-barockschanze-30ba878d42|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Part of Tabula Peutingeriana centered around present day Black Forest.jpg|thumb|The Black Forest on the {{Lang|la|[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]}}: a mountain chain with fantastically formed trees as a symbol of an unsettled and virtually inaccessible terrain]]
[[File:Schwarzwaelder Bauernhaus um 1900.jpg|thumb|[[Black Forest farmhouse]], 1898]]
[[File:Schwarzwaelderin in Tracht um 1900.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|An unmarried Black Forest woman wearing a red {{lang|de|[[Bollenhut]]}}, 1898]]
In ancient times, the Black Forest was known as {{lang|la|[[Abnoba mons]]}}, after the Celtic deity, [[Abnoba]]. In Roman times ([[Late antiquity]]), it was given the name {{lang|la|Silva Marciana}} ("Marcynian Forest", from the Germanic word ''marka'', "border").<ref>[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]; [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] 21, 8, 2;</ref> The Black Forest probably represented the border area of the [[Marcomanni]] ("border people") who were settled east of the Roman {{lang|la|[[Limes (Roman Empire)|limes]]}}. They, in turn, were part of the Germanic tribe of [[Suebi]], who subsequently gave their name to the historic state of [[Swabia]]. With the exception of Roman settlements on the perimeter (e.g. the baths in Badenweiler, and mines near [[Badenweiler]] and [[Sulzburg]]) and the construction of the Roman road of [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzigtalstraße]], the colonization of the Black Forest was not carried out by the Romans but by the [[Alemanni]]. They settled and first colonized the valleys, crossing the old settlement boundary, the so-called "red sandstone border", for example, from the region of [[Baar (region)|Baar]]. Soon afterwards, increasingly higher areas and adjacent forests were colonized, so that by the end of the 10th century, the first settlements could be found in the red (bunter) sandstone region. These include, for example, [[Rötenbach (Friedenweiler)|Rötenbach]], which was first mentioned in 819.

Some of the uprisings (including the [[Bundschuh movement]]) that preceded the 16th century [[German Peasants' War]], originated in the Black Forest. Further peasant unrest, in the shape of the [[Niter|saltpetre]] uprisings, took place over the next two centuries in [[Hotzenwald]].

Remnants of [[Baroque fortifications in the Black Forest|military fortifications]] dating from the 17th and 18th centuries can be found in the Black Forest, especially on the mountain passes. Examples include the multiple baroque fieldworks of [[Margrave]] [[Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Louis William of Baden-Baden]] or individual defensive positions such as the [[Alexanderschanze]] (Alexander's Redoubt), the [[Röschenschanze]] and the [[Schwedenschanze (Zuflucht)|Schwedenschanze]] ([[Schwedenschanze|Swedish Redoubt]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schwedenschanze|url=https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/schwedenschanze-33f299a078|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info|language=de|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203148/https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/schwedenschanze-a0f01a4fcc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Schwarzwald Röschenschanze|url=https://www.schwarzwald-informationen.de/wandern-an-der-schwarzwaldhochstrasse/roeschenschanze.html|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.schwarzwald-informationen.de|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014400/https://www.schwarzwald-informationen.de/wandern-an-der-schwarzwaldhochstrasse/roeschenschanze.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Originally, [[History of the forest in Central Europe|the Black Forest was a mixed forest]] of deciduous trees and firs. At the higher elevations [[spruce]] also grew. In the middle of the 19th century, the Black Forest was almost completely deforested by intensive forestry and was subsequently replanted, mostly with spruce [[monoculture]]s.

In 1990, extensive damage to the forest was caused by a [[Storm Vivian|series of windstorms]].{{efn|These severe storms or cyclones are commonly known as hurricanes even though they are not true tropical hurricanes.}} On 26 December 1999, [[Cyclone Lothar]] raged across the Black Forest and caused even greater damage, especially to the spruce monocultures. As had happened following the 1990 storms, large quantities of fallen logs were kept in provisional wet-storage areas for years. The effects of the storm are demonstrated by the [[Lothar Path]], a forest educational and adventure trail at the nature centre in [[Ruhestein]] on a highland timber forest of about 10 hectares that was destroyed by a hurricane. Several areas of storm damage, both large and small, were left to nature and have developed today into a natural mixed forest again.

== Geography ==
[[File:High Black Forest nr Breitnau.JPG|thumb|Woods and pastures of the High Black Forest near [[Breitnau]]]]
The Black Forest stretches from the [[High Rhine]] in the south to the [[Kraichgau]] in the north. In the west it is bounded by the [[Upper Rhine Plain]] (which, from a natural region perspective, also includes the low chain of foothills); in the east it transitions to the [[Gäu (Baden-Württemberg)|Gäu]], [[Baar (region)|Baar]] and hill country west of the [[Klettgau]]. From north to south, the Black Forest extends for over {{convert|160|km|-1|abbr=on}}, attaining a width of up to {{convert|50|km|-1|abbr=on}} in the south and {{convert|30|km|-1|abbr=on}} in the north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landwirtschaft-mlr.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1257064_l1/index1221750829191.html|title=Information Service for Agriculture, Nutrition and Regional Planning|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210085849/http://www.landwirtschaft-mlr.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1257064_l1/index1221750829191.html |archive-date=10 February 2012|publisher=Ministry for Regional Planning, Nutrition and Consumer Protection in Baden-Württemberg}}</ref> The Black Forest is the highest part of the [[South German Scarplands]], and much of it is densely wooded, a fragment of the [[Hercynian Forest]] of antiquity.

Administratively, the Black Forest belongs completely to the state of Baden-Württemberg and comprises the cities of [[Freiburg]], [[Pforzheim]] and [[Baden-Baden]] as well as the following districts (''[[Districts of Germany|Kreise]]''). In the north: [[Enz (district)|Enz]], [[Rastatt (district)|Rastatt]] and [[Calw (district)|Calw]]; in the middle: [[Freudenstadt (district)|Freudenstadt]], [[Ortenaukreis]] and [[Rottweil (district)|Rottweil]]; in the south: [[Emmendingen (district)|Emmendingen]], [[Schwarzwald-Baar]], [[Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald]], [[Lörrach (district)|Lörrach]] and [[Waldshut (district)|Waldshut]].

=== Natural regions ===
The [[natural region]]s of the Black Forest are separated by various features.

[[Geomorphology|Geomorphologically]], the main division is between the gentle eastern slopes with their mostly rounded hills and broad plateaux (so-called [[Danube|Danubian]] [[relief (geology)|relief]], especially prominent in the north and east on the Bunter Sandstone) and the deeply incised, steeply falling terrain in the west that drops into the [[Upper Rhine Plain|Upper Rhine Graben]]; the so-called Valley Black Forest (''{{lang|de|Talschwarzwald}}'') with its [[Rhine|Rhenanian]] relief. It is here, in the west, where the highest mountains and the greatest local differences in height (of up to 1000&nbsp;metres) are found. The valleys are often narrow and ravine-like. The summits are rounded, and there are remnants of plateaux and {{lang|fr|[[arête]]}}-like landforms.

Geologically the clearest division is also between east and west. Large areas of the eastern Black Forest, the lowest layer of the [[Swabian-Franconian Scarpland|South German Scarplands]] composed of Bunter Sandstone, are covered by seemingly endless coniferous forest with their island clearings. The exposed basement in the west, predominantly made up of [[metamorphic rock]]s and [[granite]]s, was, despite its rugged topography, easier to settle and appears much more open and inviting today with its varied meadow valleys.

[[File:Luftaufnahme-Feldberg-Seebuck-30122004.jpg|thumb|The [[Feldberg (Black Forest)|Feldberg]], the highest mountain in the Black Forest, SE of [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]]]]
The most common way of dividing the regions of the Black Forest is, however, from north to south. Until the 1930s, the Black Forest was divided into the Northern and Southern Black Forest, the boundary being the [[Kinzig (Rhine)|line of the Kinzig valley]]. Later the Black Forest was divided into the heavily forested [[Northern Black Forest]], the lower, central section, predominantly used for agriculture in the valleys, was the [[Central Black Forest]] and the much higher [[Southern Black Forest]] with its distinctive highland economy and [[ice age]] glacial relief. The term [[High Black Forest]] referred to the highest areas of the South and southern Central Black Forest.

The boundaries drawn were, however, quite varied. In 1931, Robert Gradmann called the Central Black Forest the catchment area of the Kinzig and in the west the section up to the lower [[Elz (Rhine)|Elz]] and Kinzig tributary of the [[Gutach (Kinzig)|Gutach]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Gradmann|series=Süddeutschland|language=de|year=1931|publisher=[[Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft]]|location=Darmstadt|isbn=3-534-00124-9|volume=2|title=Einzelnen Landschaften|page=85}}</ref> A pragmatic division, which is oriented not just on natural and cultural regions, uses the most important transverse valleys. Based on that, the Central Black Forest is bounded by the Kinzig in the north and the line from [[Dreisam]] to [[Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn)|Gutach]] in the south, corresponding to the [[Bonndorf Graben]] zone and the course of the present day [[Bundesstraße 31|B&nbsp;31]].

In 1959, Rudolf Metz combined the earlier divisions and proposed a modified tripartite division, which combined natural and cultural regional approaches and was widely used.<ref>{{cite book|series=Das Land Baden-Württemberg – Amtliche Beschreibung nach Kreisen und Gemeinden|volume=1|title=Allgemeiner Teil|publisher=[[Kohlhammer Verlag]]|location=Stuttgart|year=1974|isbn=3-17-001835-3|page=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Christoph|editor-last=Borcherdt|title=Geographische Landeskunde von Baden-Württemberg|edition=3rd|publisher=Kohlhammer|location=Stuttgart|year=1993|page=169}}</ref> His Central Black Forest is bounded in the north by the [[drainage divide|watershed]] between the [[Acher]] and [[Rench]] and subsequently between the [[Murg (Northern Black Forest)|Murg]] and [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig]] or Forbach and Kinzig, in the south by the Bonndorf Graben zone, which restricts the Black Forest in the east as does the Freudenstadt Graben further north by its transition into the Northern Black Forest.<ref name="Metz59">{{cite book|first=Rudolf|last=Metz|chapter=Zur naturräumlichen Gliederung des Schwarzwalds|editor=[[Alemannisches Institut]]|title=Alemannisches Jahrbuch 1959|publisher=Schauenburg, Lahr|year=1959|pages=1–33}}</ref>

==== Work of the Institute of Applied Geography ====
The [[Handbook of the Natural Region Divisions of Germany]] published by the Federal Office of Regional Geography (''{{lang|de|Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde}}'') since the early 1950s names the Black Forest as one of six tertiary-level major landscape regions within the secondary-level region of the South German Scarplands and, at the same time, one of nine new major landscape unit groups. It is divided into six so-called major units (level 4 landscapes).<ref name="Meynen">{{cite book|editor-first1=Emil|editor-last1=Meynen|editor-first2=Josef|editor-last2=Schmithüsen|title=[[Handbuch der naturräumlichen Gliederung Deutschlands]]|publisher=Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde|location=Remagen/Bad Godesberg|year=1953–1962}}</ref> This division was refined and modified in several successor publications (1:200,000 individual map sheets) up to 1967, each covering individual sections of the map. The mountain range was also divided into three regions. The northern boundary of the Central Black Forest in this classification runs south of the Rench Valley and the [[Kniebis]] to near Freudenstadt. Its southern boundary varied with each edition.<ref name="Meynen"/>

In 1998, the Baden-Württemberg State Department for Environmental Protection (today the Baden-Württemberg State Department for the Environment, Survey and Nature Conservation) published a reworked Natural Region Division of Baden-Württemberg.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Thomas|last=Breunig|url=http://www.fachdokumente.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/50033/nat1in0092.html?COMMAND=DisplayBericht&FIS=200&OBJECT=50033&MODE=BER&RIGHTMENU=NO|title=Überarbeitung der Naturräumlichen Gliederung Baden-Württembergs auf Ebene der naturräumlichen Haupteinheiten|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219145155/http://www.fachdokumente.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/50033/nat1in0092.html?COMMAND=DisplayBericht&FIS=200&OBJECT=50033&MODE=BER&RIGHTMENU=NO |archive-date=19 December 2014|journal=Naturschutz-Info|year=1998|issue=1}}</ref> It is restricted to the level of the natural regional major units and has been used since for the state's administration of nature conservation:{{GeoQuelle|DE-BW|LUBW-NR}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Natural region
! Area<br />in km<sup>2</sup> !! Population !! Pop./km<sup>2</sup>
! Settlement<br />area<br />in % !! Open land<br />in % !! Forest<br />in %
! Major<br />centres of<br />population !! Middle-sized<br />centres of<br />population
|-
| 150 || [[Northern Black Forest|Black Forest Foothills]]<ref name="Steckbrief 150">{{GeoQuelle|DE-BW|LUBW-NR-SB|150|Schwarzwald-Randplatten|9,9|ref=nein}}</ref>
| {{0}}930 || 268,000 || 289
| 7.69 || 29.33 || 62.92
| [[Pforzheim]] || [[Calw]],<br />[[Freudenstadt]]
|-
| 151 || [[Northern Black Forest|Black Forest Grinden and Enz Hills]]<ref name="Steckbrief 151">{{GeoQuelle|DE-BW|LUBW-NR-SB|151|Grindenschwarzwald und Enzhöhen|8,9|ref=nein}}</ref>
| {{0}}699 || {{0}}60,000 || {{0}}86
| 1.92 || {{0}}6.39 || 91.51
| ||
|-
| 152 || [[Northern Black Forest|Northern Black Forest Valleys]]<ref name="Steckbrief 152">{{GeoQuelle|DE-BW|LUBW-NR-SB|152|Nördlicher Talschwarzwald|9,0|ref=nein}}</ref>
| {{0}}562 || 107,000 || 190
| 4.12 || 19.48 || 76.41
|  || [[Baden-Baden]],<br />[[Gaggenau]]/[[Gernsbach]]
|-
|153 || [[Central Black Forest]]<ref name="Steckbrief 153">{{GeoQuelle|DE-BW|LUBW-NR-SB|153|Mittlerer Schwarzwald|9,6|ref=nein}}</ref>
| 1,422 || 188,000 || 133
| 3.35 || 30.25 || 66.39
|  || [[Haslach im Kinzigtal|Haslach]]/[[Hausach]]/[[Wolfach]],<br />[[Waldkirch]], [[Schramberg]]
|-
|154 || [[Southern Black Forest|Southeastern Black Forest]]<ref name="Steckbrief 154">{{GeoQuelle|DE-BW|LUBW-NR-SB|154|Südöstlicher Schwarzwald|6,8|ref=nein}}</ref>
| {{0}}558 || {{0}}80,923 || 112
| 3.03 || 32.44 || 64.49
| [[Villingen-Schwenningen]] ||
|-
|155 || [[High Black Forest]]<ref name="Steckbrief 155">{{GeoQuelle|DE-BW|LUBW-NR-SB|155|Hochschwarzwald|10,1|ref=nein}}</ref>
| 1,990 || 213,000 || 107
| 2.44 || 26.93 || 70.31
|  || [[Schopfheim]],<br />[[Titisee-Neustadt]]
|}

[[File:Yburg von Fremersberg (cropped).jpg|thumb|Slopes of the Northern Black Forest to the Upper Rhine Plain (Northern Black Forest Valleys)]]
The Black Forest Foothills (''{{lang|de|Schwarzwald-Randplatten}}'', 150) geomorphologically form plateaux on the north and northeast periphery of the mountain range that descend to the [[Kraichgau]] in the north and the [[Heckengäu]] landscapes in the east. They are incised by valleys, especially those of the [[Nagold (river)|Nagold]] river system, into individual [[interfluve]]s; a narrow northwestern finger extends to beyond the [[Enz]] near [[Neuenbürg]] and also borders the middle reaches of the [[Alb (Upper Rhine)|Alb]] to the west as far as a point immediately above [[Ettlingen]]. To the southwest it is adjoined by the Black Forest [[Grinde (landform)|Grinden]] and Enz Hills ({{lang|de|Grindenschwarzwald und Enzhöhen}}, 151), along the upper reaches of the Enz and Murg, forming the heart of the Northern Black Forest. The west of the Northern Black Forest is formed by the Northern Black Forest Valleys ({{lang|de|Nördliche Talschwarzwald}}, 152) with the middle reaches of the Murg around [[Gernsbach]], the middle course of the [[Oos (river)|Oos]] to [[Baden-Baden]], the middle reaches of the [[Sandbach (Acher)|Bühlot]] above [[Bühl (Baden)|Bühls]] and the upper reaches of the [[Rench]] around [[Oppenau]]. Their exit valleys from the mountain range are all oriented towards the northwest.

[[File:Langbrunnen Welschensteinach 01 Kandelhöhenweg.jpg|thumb|Grassland economy in side valleys of the Kinzig, Central Black Forest]]
The Central Black Forest (153) is mainly restricted to the [[drainage basin|catchment area]] of the River [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig]] above [[Offenburg]] as well as the [[Schutter (Kinzig)|Schutter]] and the low hills north of the [[Elz (Rhine)|Elz]].

The Southeastern Black Forest ({{lang|de|Südöstliche Schwarzwald}}, 154) consists mainly of the catchment areas of the upper reaches of the [[Danube]] headstreams, the [[Brigach]] and [[Breg (river)|Breg]] as well as the left side valleys of the [[Wutach (river)|Wutach]] north of [[Neustadt im Schwarzwald|Neustadt]] – and thus draining from the northeast of the Southern Black Forest. To the south and west it is adjoined by the High Black Forest ({{lang|de|Hochschwarzwald}}, 155) with the highest summits in the whole range around the [[Feldberg (Black Forest)|Feldberg]] and the [[Belchen (Black Forest)|Belchen]]. Its eastern part, the Southern Black Forest Plateau, is oriented towards the Danube, but drained over the Wutach and the [[Alb (High Rhine)|Alb]] into the Rhine. The southern crest of the Black Forest in the west is deeply incised by the Rhine into numerous ridges. Immediately right of the [[Wiese (river)|Wiese]] above [[Lörrach]] rises the relatively small Bunter Sandstone-[[Rotliegend]]es table of the Weintenau Uplands ({{lang|de|Weitenauer Bergland}}) in the extreme southwest of the Black Forest; morphologically, geologically and climatically it is separate from the other parts of the Southern Black Forest and, in this classification, is also counted as part of the High Black Forest.

[[File:Belche-vum-Minschtertal.jpg|thumb|The [[Belchen (Black Forest)|Belchen]] in the Southern Black Forest with its bare dome, seen from [[Münstertal, Black Forest|Münstertal]]]]

=== Mountains ===
{{See also|List of mountains and hills in the Black Forest}}

At {{Höhe|1493|DE-NHN|link=true}} the [[Feldberg (Black Forest)|Feldberg]] in the Southern Black Forest is the range's highest summit. Also in the same area are the [[Herzogenhorn]] (1,415&nbsp;m) and the [[Belchen (Black Forest)|Belchen]] (1,414&nbsp;m). In general the mountains of the Southern or High Black Forest are higher than those in the Northern Black Forest. The highest Black Forest peak north of the Freiburg–Höllental–Neustadt line is the [[Kandel (mountain)|Kandel]] (1,241.4&nbsp;m). Like the highest point of the Northern Black Forest, the [[Hornisgrinde]] (1,163&nbsp;m), or the Southern Black Forest lookout mountains, the [[Schauinsland]] (1,284.4&nbsp;m) and [[Blauen (Badenweiler)|Blauen]] (1,164.7&nbsp;m{{GeoQuelle|DE|BFN-Karten}}) it lies near the western rim of the range.

=== Rivers and lakes ===
[[File:Schiltach Ufer.jpg|thumb|The River [[Schiltach (river)|Schiltach]] in [[Schiltach]]]]
[[File:Schluchsee.jpg|thumb|The [[Schluchsee]], north of [[Sankt Blasien|St. Blasien]]]]
Rivers in the Black Forest include the [[Danube]] (which originates in the Black Forest as the confluence of the [[Brigach]] and [[Breg (river)|Breg]] rivers), the [[Enz]], the [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig]], the [[Murg (Northern Black Forest)|Murg]], the [[Nagold (river)|Nagold]], the [[Neckar]], the [[Rench]], and the [[Wiese (river)|Wiese]]. The Black Forest occupies part of the [[continental divide]] between the [[Atlantic Ocean]] [[drainage basin]] (drained by the [[Rhine]]) and the [[Black Sea]] drainage basin (drained by the Danube).

The longest Black Forest rivers are (length includes stretches outside the Black Forest):
* [[Enz]] ({{convert|105|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig]] ({{convert|93|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Elz (Rhine)|Elz]] ({{convert|90|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Wutach (river)|Wutach]] ({{convert|91|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Nagold (river)|Nagold]] ({{convert|90|km|disp=semicolon}}), hydrological main artery of the Nagold-Enz systems
* [[Danube]] ({{convert|86|km|disp=semicolon}}), [[headstream]]s:
** [[Breg (river)|Breg]] ({{convert|46|km|disp=semicolon}})
** [[Brigach]] ({{convert|40|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Murg (Northern Black Forest)|Murg]] ({{convert|79|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Rench]] ({{convert|57|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Schutter (Kinzig)|Schutter]] ({{convert|56|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Wiese (river)|Wiese]] ({{convert|55|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Acher]] ({{convert|54|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Dreisam]] (incl. [[Rotbach (Dreisam)|Rotbach]] {{convert|49|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Alb (High Rhine)|Alb]] (incl. [[Menzenschwander Alb]] {{convert|43|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Glatt (Neckar)|Glatt]] ({{convert|37|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Möhlin (Rhine)|Möhlin]] ({{convert|32|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Wolf (river)|Wolf]] ({{convert|31|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Schiltach (river)|Schiltach]] ({{convert|30|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Wehra]] (incl. Rüttebach {{convert|28|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Oos (river)|Oos]] ({{convert|25|km|disp=semicolon}})
* [[Fischbach (Eschach)|Glasbach]] ({{convert|18|km|disp=semicolon}}), hydrological main artery of the [[Neckar]] system

Important lakes of natural, [[glacial]] origin in the Black Forest include the [[Titisee]], the [[Mummelsee]] and the [[Feldsee]]. Especially in the Northern Black Forest are a number of other, smaller [[tarn (lake)|tarns]]. Numerous [[reservoir]]s like the – formerly natural but much smaller – [[Schluchsee]] with the other lakes of the ''[[Schluchseewerk]]'', the [[Schwarzenbach Reservoir]], the [[Kleine Kinzig Reservoir]] or the [[Nagold Reservoir]] are used for [[electricity generation]], [[flood protection]] or [[drinking water]] supply.

== Geology ==
{{more citations needed|date=November 2017}}
[[File:Schwarzwald - Deutsche Mittelgebirge, Serie A-de.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Topography of the Black Forest]]
The Black Forest consists of a cover of [[sandstone]] on top of a core of [[gneiss]] and [[granite]]. Formerly it shared tectonic evolution with the nearby [[Vosges|Vosges Mountains]]. Later during the Middle [[Eocene]] a [[rift]]ing period affected the area and caused formation of the [[Upper Rhine Plain]]. During the last [[glacial period]] of the [[Würm glaciation]], the Black Forest was covered by glaciers; several [[tarn (lake)|tarns (or lakes)]] such as the [[Mummelsee]] are remains of this period.

=== Basement ===
The geological foundation of the Black Forest is formed by the crystalline bedrock of the [[Variscan orogeny|Variscan]] basement. This is covered in the east and northeast by [[Bunter (geology)|Bunter Sandstone]] slabs, the so-called platforms. On the western edge a descending, [[Fault (geology)|step-fault]]-like, foothill zone borders the Upper Rhine Graben consisting of rocks of the [[Triassic]] and [[Jurassic]] periods.

The dominant rocks of the basement are gneiss (ortho- and paragneisses, in the south also [[migmatite]]s and diatexites, for example on the Schauinsland and Kandel). These gneisses were penetrated by a number of granitic bodies during the [[Carboniferous]] period. Among the bigger ones are the Triberg Granite and the [[Forbach Granite]], the youngest is the Bärhalde Granite. In the south lies the zone of Badenweiler-Lenzkirch, in which Palaeozoic rocks have been preserved (volcanite and sedimentary rocks), which are interpreted as the intercalated remains of a [[Continental fragment|microcontinental]] collision. Still further in the southeast (around Todtmoos) is a range of exotic inclusions: [[gabbro]] from [[Häg-Ehrsberg|Ehrsberg]], [[serpentinite]]s and [[pyroxenite]]s near Todtmoos, [[norite]] near [[Dachsberg|Horbach]]), which are possibly the remnants of an [[accretionary wedge]] from a continental collision. Also noteworthy are the basins in the [[Rotliegend]], for example the Schramberg or the Baden-Baden Basin with thick quartz-porphyry and [[tuff]] plates (exposed, for example, on the rock massif of [[Battert]] near Baden-Baden). Thick {{lang|de|rotliegendes}} rock, covered by bunter, also occurs in the north of the [[Dinkelberg]] block (several hundred metres thick in the Basel [[geothermal gradient|geothermal]] borehole). Even further to the southeast, under the Jura, lies the North Swiss Permocarboniferous Basin.

=== Uplift of the mountains ===
Since the downfaulting of the [[Upper Rhine Plain|Upper Rhine Graben]] during the [[Eocene]] epoch, the two shoulders on either side have been uplifted: the Black Forest to the east and the [[Vosges]] to the west. In the centre lies the [[Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)|Kaiserstuhl volcano]], which dates to the [[Miocene]]. In the times that followed, the [[Mesozoic]] [[platform (geology)|platform]] on the uplands was largely eroded, apart from remains of Bunter Sandstone and [[Rotliegend|Rotliegend Group]], but it has survived within the graben itself. During the [[Pliocene]] a pronounced but uneven bulge especially affected the southern Black Forest, including the Feldberg. As a result, the upper surface of the basement in the northern part of the forest around the Hornisgrinde is considerably lower. In the central Black Forest, the tectonic [[syncline]] of the Kinzig and Murg emerged.

[[Geomorphology|Geomorphologist]] [[Walther Penck]] regarded the Black Forest as an uplifted [[dome (geology)|geologic dome]] and modeled his theory of [[piedmonttreppen]] (piedmont benchlands) on it.<ref name=Harris1968>{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Harris|author-first=Stuart A. |title=Treppen concept (penck) |encyclopedia=Geomorphology|series=Encyclopedia of Earth Science|year=1968 |isbn=978-3-540-31060-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spreitzer |first1=H. |date=1951 |title=Die Piedmonttreppen in der regionalen Geomorphologie |jstor=25635740 |journal=[[Erdkunde]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=294–305 |language=de }}</ref>

=== Platform ===
Above the crystalline basement of the Northern Black Forest and the adjacent parts of the Central Black Forest, the bunter sandstone platforms rise in prominent steps. The most resistant surface strata on the stepped terrain of the {{lang|de|[[grinden]]}} uplands and the heights around the upper reaches of the [[Enz]], which have been heavily eroded by the tributaries of the Murg, is the silicified main conglomerate (Middle Bunter). To the east and north are the [[nappe]]s of the Upper Bunter (platten sandstones and red clays). South of the Kinzig the Bunter Sandstone zone narrows to a fringe in the east of the mountain range.

=== Ice age and topography ===
It is considered proven that the Black Forest was heavily glaciated during the peak periods of at least the [[Riss glaciation|Riss]] and [[Würm glaciation|Würm]] glaciations (up to about 10,000 years ago). This glacial geomorphology characterizes almost all of the High Black Forest as well as the main ridge of the Northern Black Forest. Apart from that, it is only discernible from a large number of [[cirque]]s mainly facing northeast. Especially in this direction snow accumulated on the shaded and leeward slopes of the summit plateau to form short cirque glaciers that made the sides of these funnel-shaped depressions. There are still tarns in some of these old cirques, partly a result of the [[wikt:anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] elevation of the low-side lip of the cirque, such as the [[Mummelsee]], [[Wildsee (Ruhestein)|Wildsee]], [[Schurmsee]], [[Glaswaldsee]], [[Buhlbachsee]], [[Nonnenmattweiher]], and [[Feldsee]]. The Titisee formed as [[glacial lake]] behind a glacial [[moraine]].

==Culture==
The Black Forest is mainly rural, with many scattered villages and a few large towns. Tradition and custom are celebrated in many places in the form of annual festivities. The main dialect spoken in the Black Forest area is [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]. The forest is best known for its [[Black Forest house|typical farmhouses]] with their sweeping [[hip roof|half-hipped roofs]], its [[Black Forest gateau|Black Forest gâteaus]], [[Black Forest ham]], Black Forest [[gnome]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trachten-winkler.com/Schwarzwaldwichtel|title=Schwarzwaldwichtel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823203445/https://www.trachten-winkler.com/Schwarzwaldwichtel |archive-date=23 August 2017|publisher=www.trachten-winkler.com|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schwarzwald-laden.de/de/souvenirartikel/304-schwarzwald-wichtel-11cm-4014466123537.html|title=Schwarzwaldwichtel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823211136/http://www.schwarzwald-laden.de/de/souvenirartikel/304-schwarzwald-wichtel-11cm-4014466123537.html|archive-date=23 August 2017|publisher=www.schwarzwald-laden.de|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> [[Kirsch]]wasser and the [[cuckoo clock]].

=== Traditional costume ===
Traditional costume or [[Tracht]] is still sometimes worn today, usually at festive occasions. The appearance of such costume varies from region to region, sometimes markedly. One of the best-known Black Forest costumes is that of the villages of [[Kirnbach (Wolfach)|Kirnbach]], [[Reichenbach (Hornberg)|Reichenbach]] and [[Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn)|Gutach im Kinzigtal]] with the characteristic ''[[Bollenhut]]'' headdress. Unmarried women wear the hats with red bobbles or ''Bollen''; married women wear black. Engaged women sometimes wear a [[bridal crown]] (''Schäppel'') before and on the day of their wedding,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schwarzwald-Geschichten|url=https://onlinesammlung.freiburg.de/de/alben/schwarzwald-geschichten|access-date=2021-01-03|website=onlinesammlung.freiburg.de|language=de|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612173318/https://onlinesammlung.freiburg.de/de/alben/schwarzwald-geschichten|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gutach: Bollenhutmacherin gibt Einblicke in ihr Handwerk |url=https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.gutach-so-entsteht-der-original-bollenhut.8b03902b-d5c1-48a4-9f73-1e6a2d7c12c5.html|access-date=2021-01-03|work=[[Schwarzwälder Bote]] |language=de|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126173304/https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.gutach-so-entsteht-der-original-bollenhut.8b03902b-d5c1-48a4-9f73-1e6a2d7c12c5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> whose largest examples from the town of [[Sankt Georgen im Schwarzwald|St. Georgen]] weigh up to 5 kilograms.

<gallery mode="nolines" class="center" heights="200">
File:Bollenhut-Gutach.jpg|Traditionally, the ''Bollenhut'' is worn by unmarried women as part of the [[tracht]].
File:Angelo Jank - Jugend Nr. 36, 1904.jpg
</gallery>

=== Art ===
Its rural beauty as well as the sense of tradition of its inhabitants attracted many artists in the 19th and early 20th centuries, whose works made the Black Forest famous the world over. Notable were [[Hans Thoma]] from [[Bernau im Schwarzwald|Bernau]] and his fellow student, Rudolf Epp, who was sponsored by the Grand Duke of Baden, [[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden|Frederick I]]. Both artists painted motifs from the Black Forest throughout their lives. Artist [[J. Metzler]] from [[Düsseldorf]] travelled through the Black Forest to paint his landscapes. The works of the Gutach artist colony around [[Wilhelm Hasemann]] were widely admired, their landscape and genre motifs capturing the character of the Black Forest. Like local author Heinrich Hansjakob, they were part of a Baden folk costume movement.<ref>{{cite book|first=Brigitte|last=Heck|chapter=Ein Hut macht Karriere|title=Baden! 900 Jahre – Geschichten eines Landes|publisher=Info-Verlag|location=Karlsruhe|year=2012|isbn=978-3-937345-56-7|page= 256}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="300" class="center" caption="Art gallery">
File:Arnold Lyongrün, Frühling im Schwarzwald, 1912.jpg|Arnold Lyongrün: ''Frühling im Schwarzwald'' (1912)
File:Hans Thoma - Kinderreigen (1872).jpg|''Kinderreigen'' (1872) by Black Forest artist [[Hans Thoma]]
File:J.metzler-schwarzwaldlandschaft.jpg|Black Forest landscape by [[J. Metzler]]
File:J. Metzler - Schwarzwaldlandschaft.jpg|Black Forest landscape by [[J. Metzler]]
File:Bauernhaus (Hasemann).jpg|Black Forest farmhouse, painted by [[Wilhelm Hasemann]]
File:Gutacher Familie (Hasemann).jpg|A Gutach family, painted by [[Wilhelm Hasemann]] ({{Circa|.1900}})
</gallery>

=== Crafts ===
[[File:Du200613.png|thumb|upright|German cuckoo clock]]

In the field of handicrafts, [[wood carving]] produces folk art like the [[Longinus cross]]es along with sculptors like [[Matthias Faller]]. Wood carving is a traditional cottage industry in the region, and carved ornaments now are produced in substantial numbers as souvenirs for tourists. [[Cuckoo clock]]s are a popular example.

[[Glassblowing]] is another notable craft of the Black Forest region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasmuseum|url=https://www.dorotheenhuette.info/rundgang/glasmuseum/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Dorotheenhütte Wolfach/Schwarzwald|language=de|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206203407/https://www.dorotheenhuette.info/rundgang/glasmuseum/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the beginning of the 15th century, the art of glassmaking took hold in the Bavarian-Bohemian border mountains, especially since the necessary raw materials such as [[quartz]] and [[wood]] were abundant here. With the permission of the manor, glassblowers operated simple glass production facilities as "wandering huts" (''Wanderhütten''), the locations of which were relocated when the local resources were available. They needed huge amounts of firewood and wood for [[potash]]. In the second half of the 18th century, the huts had to close due to a shortage of wood and sales difficulties. Only after 1800, when the demand for luxury glass increased enormously, when a few decades of regulated forestry had ensured the regrowth of the raw material wood and when the forest-destroying potash extraction had become unnecessary due to the new glass flux soda, some glass huts (''Glashütten'') revived.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gemeinde Grainet – Wanderglashütten|url=https://grainet.de/wanderglashuetten.html|access-date=2021-01-03|website=grainet.de|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126173308/https://grainet.de/wanderglashuetten.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some glassblowing factories still testify to this today, for example in [[Höllental (Black Forest)|Höllental]], near [[Todtnau]] and in [[Wolfach]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-10|title=Die Wirtschaft im Schwarzwald|url=https://www.schwarzwaldportal.com/_Wirtschaft.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=Schwarzwaldportal|language=de-DE|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107172439/https://www.schwarzwaldportal.com/_Wirtschaft.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
[[Black Forest ham]] originated from this region, as did the [[Black Forest gateau|Black Forest gâteau]], which is also known as "Black Forest Cherry Cake" or "Black Forest Cake" and is made with chocolate cake, cream, sour cherries and [[Kirsch]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Possibly Germany's most famous cake: Schwarzwalder Kirschtorte (Black Forest Cake)|url=http://www.europeancuisines.com/German-Schwarzwalder-Kirschtorte-Recipe-Black-Forest-Cake-Cherry-Kirsch|access-date=24 December 2015|publisher=European Cuisines|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201134239/http://www.europeancuisines.com/German-Schwarzwalder-Kirschtorte-Recipe-Black-Forest-Cake-Cherry-Kirsch|url-status=live}}</ref> The Black Forest variety of ''[[Flammekueche]]'' is a Baden specialty made with ham, cheese and cream. ''[[Pancake|Pfannkuchen]]'', a [[crêpe]] or crêpe-like (''[[:de:Eierkuchen|Eierkuchen]]'' or ''[[Palatschinken]]'') pastry, is also common.

The Black Forest is known for its long tradition in gourmet cuisine. No fewer than 17 [[Michelin Guide|Michelin starred]] restaurants are located in the region, among them two restaurants with three stars (Restaurants Bareiss and [[Schwarzwaldstube (restaurant)|Schwarzwaldstube]] in [[Baiersbronn]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viamichelin.de/web/Restaurants|title=Michelin Restaurants|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623202334/http://www.viamichelin.de/web/Restaurants |archive-date=23 June 2011|publisher=Michelin|access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> as well as the only restaurant in Germany that has been awarded a Michelin star every year since 1966. At ''Schwarzwald Hotel Adler'' in [[Häusern]], three generations of chefs from the same family have defended the award from the first year the Michelin Guide selected restaurants in Germany until today.{{When|reason="Today" undefined in archived source.|date=July 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adler-schwarzwald.de/en/adler-magazine/michelin-guide/ |title=The Michelin Guide and the Zumkeller Chefs |work=[[Michelin Guide]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621231636/http://www.adler-schwarzwald.de/en/adler-magazine/michelin-guide |archive-date=21 June 2011}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="300" class="center" caption="Cuisine gallery">
File:Schwarzwaelderspeck.jpg|Black Forest ham with German bread
File:Black Forest cake 5.jpg|A Black Forest cake
File:Bryan's Grocery Black Forest Cake (33577971241).jpg|Slice of a Black Forest Cake
</gallery>

=== ''Fasnet'' ===
The German holiday of [[Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht|Fastnacht]], or ''Fasnet'', as it is known in the Black Forest region, occurs in the time leading up to [[Lent]]. On ''Fasnetmendig'', or the Monday before [[Ash Wednesday]], crowds of people line the streets, wearing wooden, mostly hand-carved masks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-24|title=80.000 Besucher bestaunen Fasnetmendig-Umzug zum Rosenmontag in Freiburg|url=https://www.baden.fm/nachrichten/80-000-besucher-bestaunen-fasnetmendig-umzug-zum-rosenmontag-in-freiburg-611674/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=www.baden.fm|language=de-DE|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107083505/https://www.baden.fm/nachrichten/80-000-besucher-bestaunen-fasnetmendig-umzug-zum-rosenmontag-in-freiburg-611674/|url-status=live}}</ref> One prominent style of mask is called the Black Forest Style, originating from the Black Forest Region.

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="200px" heights="200" class="center" caption="Fastnacht gallery">
File:Fastnacht im Schwarzwald - panoramio (4).jpg|Fastnacht in the Black Forest
File:Fastnachtsvergnügen im Schwarzwald 1890.jpg|Carnival pleasure in the Black Forest (1890)
File:Gernsbacher Fastnacht - panoramio.jpg|Fastnacht in [[Gernsbach]] (Black Forest)
</gallery>

=== Cego ===
{{main article|Cego}}
[[File:Cego-truempfe.png|thumb|300x300px|One of two patterns of Cego trump cards]]

The Black Forest is home to an unusual [[tarot card game]] called [[Cego]], that is part of the region's cultural heritage.<ref name="CD">{{cite web|url=http://www.cego.de/|title=Cego – Regeln|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094956/http://www.cego.de/ |archive-date=16 July 2020 |website=cego.de|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> After the defeat of [[Further Austria]] in 1805, much of its territory was allocated to the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]. During the ensuing [[Napoleonic Wars]], soldiers from Baden deployed with Napoleon's troops to Spain where, among other things, they learned a new card game, [[Ombre]]. They took this back to Baden and adapted it to be played with [[Tarot]] cards which were then in common use in southern Germany.<ref name="CO">{{cite web|url=https://www.cego-online.de/wissen.html|title=Vermutliche Herkunft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208043401/https://www.cego-online.de/wissen.html |archive-date=8 December 2020|website=cego-online.de|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

Cego soon developed into the national game of Baden and [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]], and these are the only regions of Germany where tarot cards are still used for playing games.<ref name="Pagat">{{cite web|url=https://www.pagat.com/tarot/cego.html|title=Cego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327170115/https://www.pagat.com/tarot/cego.html |archive-date=27 March 2020|website=pagat.com|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The game has grown organically, and there are many regional variations, but in recent years the establishment of a Cego Black Forest Championship has led to official tournament rules being defined.<ref name="CO" /><ref name="CD" /> In addition, regular courses and local tournaments are held and it is a permanent feature of [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] Week, held annually in the Black Forest at the end of September.<ref name="SWR">{{cite web|url=https://www.schwarzwaldregion-freiburg.de/eip/pages/cego.php|title=Cego – ein altes Kartenspiel, das eine Renaissance erlebt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009180607/https://www.schwarzwaldregion-freiburg.de/eip/pages/cego.php |archive-date=9 October 2020|website=schwarzwaldregion-freiburg.de|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

== Nature ==
=== Conservation areas ===
[[File:Naturpark Nordschwarzwald.jpg|thumb|Central/North Black Forest Nature Park: view from the [[Hornisgrinde]] (highest mountain of the [[Northern Black Forest]])]]

There are two [[nature park]]s and one [[national park]] named after the Black Forest that cover the region: the '''Southern Black Forest Nature Park''', the '''Central/North Black Forest''' and the '''Black Forest National Park'''. The difference between a nature park and a national park is that a nature park's aim is to strive for environmentally sustainable [[Land use planning|land use]], to preserve the countryside as a cultural landscape, to market local produce more effectively, to make the area more suitable for [[sustainable tourism]] and to practice [[environmental education]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=e.V|first=VDN-Verband Deutscher Naturparke|title=Aufgaben & Ziele|url=https://www.naturparke.de/aufgaben-ziele.html|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.naturparke.de|language=de-DE|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202133229/https://www.naturparke.de/aufgaben-ziele.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A national park's aims are to protect the country's natural heritage, to practice environmental education, to serve purposes of scientific environmental observation and to prevent the area from being commercially exploited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BfN: National Parks|url=https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/national-parks.html|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.bfn.de|language=en|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013623/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/national-parks.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The '''[[Southern Black Forest Nature Park]]''' (''Naturpark Südschwarzwald'') was founded in 1999. It comprises 394,000 [[Hectare|ha]] and is therefore Germany's largest nature park (as of 2020). It encloses the southern part of the Central Black Forest, the Southern Black Forest and adjacent areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naturpark Südschwarzwald – Allgemeines|url=https://www.naturpark-suedschwarzwald.de/eip/pages/der-naturpark.php|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.naturpark-suedschwarzwald.de|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075002/https://www.naturpark-suedschwarzwald.de/eip/pages/der-naturpark.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The '''[[Central/North Black Forest Nature Park]]''' (''Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord'') was founded in 2000. It covers 375,000&nbsp;ha and is thus the second-largest in Germany (as of 2020). It begins in the southern part of the Central Black Forest, bordering on the Southern Black Forest Nature Park and covers the rest of the Black Forest to the north.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord|url=https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/naturpark-schwarzwald-mittenord-8fb764b15c|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info|language=de|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123114043/https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/naturpark-schwarzwald-mittenord-8fb764b15c|url-status=live}}</ref>

The '''[[Black Forest National Park]]''', established in 2014, is the first [[national park]] in Baden-Württemberg. It lies completely within the [[Central/North Black Forest Nature Park]] between the cities of [[Freudenstadt]] and [[Baden-Baden]] and covers an area of 10,062 ha. Its motto is "Natur Natur sein lassen" (let nature be nature).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schwarzwald Nationalpark: Nationalpark|url=https://www.nationalpark-schwarzwald.de/de/nationalpark|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.nationalpark-schwarzwald.de|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118144939/https://www.nationalpark-schwarzwald.de/de/nationalpark|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Pferdeschlitten.jpg|thumb|Two [[Black Forest Horse]]s pulling a sled in the winter]]

===Fauna===
In addition to the characteristic range of fauna found in Central European forests, the following less common animals may be observed in the Black Forest:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackforest-tourism.com/index.php/layout/set/print/sprachversionen/natur/natur_mit_allen_sinnen_wahrnehmen__1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813055539/http://www.blackforest-tourism.com/index.php/layout/set/print/sprachversionen/natur/natur_mit_allen_sinnen_wahrnehmen__1|archive-date=13 August 2007|title=Enjoy nature with all the senses|publisher=Schwarzwald Tourismus GmbH}}</ref>

* '''Black Forest cattle''' which belong to the rare breed of [[Hinterwald|Hinterwälder cattle]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schöder's Biohof – HINTERWÄLDER RIND|url=http://510173769.swh.strato-hosting.eu/HINTERWAeLDER-RIND/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=510173769.swh.strato-hosting.eu|language=de-DE|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126173307/http://510173769.swh.strato-hosting.eu/HINTERWAeLDER-RIND/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* the giant earthworm ''[[Lumbricus badensis]]'', which is found only in the Black Forest region,<ref>Lamparski, 1985</ref>
* the '''[[Black Forest Horse]]''', a [[draft horse]] once indispensable for heavy field work and nowadays an endangered breed,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.blackforeststud.com/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Black Forest Stud|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506031743/https://www.blackforeststud.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and
* the endangered '''[[Western capercaillie]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zeitung|first=Badische|title=Dem Auerhuhn fehlt im Schwarzwald der Lebensraum – Südwest – Badische Zeitung|url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/dem-auerhuhn-fehlt-im-schwarzwald-der-lebensraum|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.badische-zeitung.de|date=26 January 2020 |language=de|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518143532/https://www.badische-zeitung.de/dem-auerhuhn-fehlt-im-schwarzwald-der-lebensraum|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The mountain range has lower temperatures and higher rainfall than its surrounding countryside. The highlands of the Black Forest are characterized by regular rainfall throughout the year. However, temperatures do not fall evenly with increasing elevation, nor does the rainfall increase uniformly. Rather, the precipitation rises quickly even in the lower regions and is disproportionately heavy on the rainier western side of the mountains.[[File:Schwarzwaldschnee.jpg|thumb|Winter on the [[Schauinsland]]. In the background are the Vosges.]]
The wettest areas are the highlands around the Hornisgrinde in the north and around the Belchen and Feldberg in the south, where annual rainfall reaches 1,800–2,100&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{citation|title=Der Schwarzwald. Beiträge zur Landeskunde|periodical=Veröffentlichung des Alemannischen Instituts Freiburg I. Br.|volume=47|pages=70|year=1984|editor-last1=Liehl|editor-first1=Ekkehard|edition=3|location=Bühl|publisher=Konkordia|language=de|isbn=3-7826-0047-9|editor-first2=Wolf Dieter|editor-last2=Sick}}</ref> Moisture-laden Atlantic westerlies dump about as much rain in the Northern Black Forest, despite its lower elevation, than in the higher area of the Southern Black Forest.<ref>[[Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg|LUBW]], [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]: Klimaatlas Baden-Württemberg, Jahresniederschläge 1971–2000: [http://www2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/public/abt5/klimaatlas_bw/klima/niederschlag/beschreibung/index.html Kartenbeschreibung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520001331/http://www2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/public/abt5/klimaatlas_bw/klima/niederschlag/beschreibung/index.html|date=20 May 2008}}, [http://www2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/public/abt5/klimaatlas_bw/klima/karten/nied/niederschlag_jahr.html Karte]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111075441/http://www2.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/public/abt5/klimaatlas_bw/klima/karten/nied/niederschlag_jahr.html|date=11 November 2013}}, retrieved 3 September 2013</ref> There, the Vosges act as a rain shield in the face of the prevailing winds. On the exposed east side of the Central Black Forest, it is much drier; the annual rainfall there is about 750&nbsp;L/m<sup>2</sup>.

The higher elevations of the Black Forest are characterized by relatively small annual fluctuations and steamed extreme values. This is the result of the frequent light winds and greater cloud cover in summer. During the winter months, frequent high pressure means that the summits are often bathed in sunshine, while the valleys disappear under a thick blanket of fog as a result of pockets of cold air ([[Inversion (meteorology)|temperature inversion]]).

== Tourism and transport ==
[[File:Hinterzarten Kirche und Schanze.jpg|thumb|Hinterzarten in the Southern Black Forest: church and Adler ski jump]]

The main industry of the Black Forest is tourism. Black Forest Tourism (''Schwarzwald Tourismus'') assesses that there are around 140,000 direct full-time jobs in the tourist sector and around 34.8 million tourist overnight stays in 2009.<ref>Including private accommodation and visitors by relatives and friends. [http://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/content/view/full/37287 Schwarzwald Tourismus GmbH: ''Tourismusentwicklung im Schwarzwald 2009''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010124228/http://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/content/view/full/37287 |date=10 October 2012 }}, retrieved 12 October 2011.</ref> In spring, summer and autumn an extensive network of hiking trails and mountain bike routes enable different groups of people to use the natural region. In winter, it is the various types of winter sport that come to the fore. There are facilities for both [[Alpine skiing|downhill]] and [[Nordic skiing]] in many places.

=== Tourist attractions ===
[[File:Altensteiger Altstadt.JPG|thumb|The ''Altstadt'' of [[Altensteig]] in the Northern Black Forest]]

The most heavily frequented tourist destinations and resorts in the Black Forest are the [[Titisee]] and the [[Schluchsee]]. Both lakes offer opportunities for water sports like [[Underwater diving|diving]] and [[windsurfing]]. The [[Mummelsee]] is a recreational lake and a starting point for a number of hiking trails including the [[Kunstpfad am Mummelsee]] ("sculpture trail at the Mummelsee").<ref>{{Cite web|last=muellerwerbung_wp|title=Kunstpfad|url=https://mummelsee.de/kunstpfad/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Erlebniswelt Mummelsee|language=de-DE|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928140735/https://mummelsee.de/kunstpfad/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Murg (Northern Black Forest)|Murg valley]], the [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig valley]], the [[Triberg Waterfalls]] and the [[Black Forest Open Air Museum, Vogtsbauernhof|Open Air Museum at Vogtsbauernhof]] are also popular. Lookout mountains include the [[Feldberg (Black Forest)|Feldberg]], the [[Belchen (Black Forest)|Belchen]], the [[Kandel (mountain)|Kandel]] and the [[Schauinsland]] in the Southern Black Forest; and the [[Hornisgrinde]], the [[Schliffkopf]], the [[Hohloh]], the [[Merkur (Baden-Baden)|Merkur]] and the [[Teufelsmühle (Black Forest)|Teufelsmühle]] in the Northern Black Forest. The height differences in the mountains are used in many places for [[hang gliding]] and [[paragliding]].

One often visited town is [[Baden-Baden]] with its thermal baths and festival hall. Other thermal baths are found in the spa resorts of [[Badenweiler]], [[Bad Herrenalb]], [[Bad Wildbad]], [[Bad Krozingen]], [[Bad Liebenzell]] and [[Bad Bellingen]]. From the beginning of the 19th century, the desire for spa and bathing resorts arose in all of [[Central Europe]] because of the increasing economic potential, increasing mobility and the use of advertising. The [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Neo-renaissance]] style [[Friedrichsbad]] and the [[Palais Thermal]] are examples for spas built in this era.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bachmann|first=Günther|title=Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg|publisher=Nachrichtenblatt des Landesdenkmalamtes|year=1996|location=Baden-Württemberg|pages=47–56}}</ref>

Other tourist destinations are the old imperial town of [[Gengenbach]], the former county towns of [[Wolfach]], [[Schiltach]] and [[Haslach im Kinzigtal]] and the flower and wine village of [[Sasbachwalden]] at the foot of the Hornisgrinde. Picturesque old towns may be visited in [[Altensteig]], [[Dornstetten]], [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[Gernsbach]], [[Villingen-Schwenningen|Villingen]] and [[Zell am Harmersbach]]. [[Baiersbronn]] is a centre of gastronomic excellence, [[Freudenstadt]] is built around the largest market place in Germany. [[Gersbach (Schopfheim)|Gersbach]]'s floral displays have won awards as the German Golden Village of 2004 and the [[Entente Florale Europe|European Golden Village]] of 2007.

Noted for their fine interiors are the former monastery of [[St. Blaise Abbey, Black Forest|St. Blasien]] as well as the abbeys of [[Münstertal, Black Forest|Sankt Trudpert]], [[Sankt Peter, Baden-Württemberg|St. Peter]] and [[St. Märgen]]. [[Alpirsbach Abbey]] and the ruined [[Hirsau Abbey]] were built of red sandstone in the Hirsau style. Another idyllic rural edifice is [[Wittichen Abbey]] near [[Schenkenzell]].[[File:Mummelsee.jpg|thumb|The [[Mummelsee]] along the Black Forest High Road]]
There are well known winter sports areas around the Feldberg, near [[Todtnau]] with its [[Fédération Internationale de Ski|FIS]] downhill ski run of ''Fahler Loch'' and in [[Hinterzarten]], a centre and talent forge for German ski jumpers. In the Northern Black Forest, the winter-sports areas are concentrated along the [[Black Forest High Road]] and on the ridge between the Murg and Enz rivers around [[Kaltenbronn (Gernsbach)|Kaltenbronn]].

=== Hiking trails ===
The Black Forest has a great number of very varied trails; some of pan-regional significance. The [[European long-distance path]] [[European walking route E1|E1]] crosses the Black Forest following the routes of some of the local long-distance paths. Their framework is a network of long-distance paths with main routes and side branches, many of which were laid out in the early 20th century by the [[Schwarzwaldverein|Black Forest Club (''Schwarzwaldverein'')]]. The best known of these is the challenging West Way (''Westweg'') with its many steep inclines. After 1950, circular walks were constructed to meet the changing demand, initially from the relatively dense railway network and, later, mainly from locally established hiking car parks. Currently, special, more experience-oriented themed paths are being laid out, such as the Dornstetten Barefoot Park (''[[Dornstetten#Barefoot park|Barfußpark Dornstetten]]''), the Park of All Senses (''Park mit allen Sinnen'') in [[Gutach im Breisgau|Gutach]] ([[Black Forest Railway (Baden)|Black Forest Railway]]), as well as those designed to bring the walker more directly in contact with nature (e.g. the ''Schluchtensteig''). Roads and wide forest tracks are thus less often used than hitherto.

There are numerous shorter paths suitable for day walks, as well as [[mountain biking]] and [[cross-country skiing]] trails. The total network of tracks amounts to around {{convert|23000|km}}, and is maintained and overseen by volunteers of the [[Schwarzwaldverein|Black Forest Club]] (figures from Bremke, 1999, p.&nbsp;9), which is the second largest German hiking association. As of 2021, the club counts 65,000 members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Der Schwarzwaldverein|url=https://www.schwarzwaldverein.de/allgemein/schwarzwaldverein/index.html|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.schwarzwaldverein.de|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122015514/https://www.schwarzwaldverein.de/allgemein/schwarzwaldverein/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Notable hiking trails
|
* West Way (''[[Westweg]]'') Pforzheim–Basel
* Middle Way (''[[Mittelweg]]'') Pforzheim-Waldshut
* East Way (''[[Ostweg]]'') Pforzheim-Schaffhausen
* [[Rottweil-Lahr Trail]] (''Querweg Rottweil-Lahr'') (4 days)
* [[Gengenbach-Alpirsbach Trail]] (''Querweg Gengenbach-Alpirsbach'') (2–3 days)
* [[Hansjakob Way I]] (''Hansjakobweg I'', circular walk, 3 days)
* [[Hansjakob Way II]] (circular walk, 4 days)
* [[Murgleiter]] (5 days, premium trail)
|
* [[Gernsbach Circular Walk]] (''Gernsbacher Runde'', 2–3 days, premium trail)
* [[Schluchtensteig]] (long-distance path, 5–6 days)
* [[Baiersbronn Lake Trail]] (''Baiersbronner Seensteig'') (circular walk, 5 days)
* [[Freiburg-Lake Constance Trail]] (''Querweg Freiburg-Bodensee'') (6–7 days)
* [[Kandel Ridgway]] (''Kandelhöhenweg''), Oberkirch–Freiburg (5 days)
* [[Two Valleys Trail]] (''Zweitälersteig'') (5 days)
* [[Black Forest-Swabian Jura-Allgäu Way]] (''Schwarzwald-Schwäbische-Alb-Allgäu-Weg''), also Main Path (''Hauptwanderweg'') 5, runs for over 311 kilometres into the [[Allgäu]]
|}

=== Museums in the Black Forest ===
==== Culture and crafts ====
[[File:Vogtsbauernhof 1999.jpg|thumb|The ''Vogtsbauernhof'' (1612) of the [[Black Forest Open Air Museum]] in the Gutach valley]]

The [[Black Forest Open Air Museum]] at the Vogtsbauernhof farm in [[Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn)|Gutach]] has original [[Black Forest house]]s offering insights into farming life of the 16th and 17th centuries. The buildings were dismantled at their original sites, the individual pieces numbered and then re-erected to exactly the same plan in the museum. The open-air museum shows the life of 16th and 17th century farmers in the region featuring the ''Vogtsbauernhof'' which dates back to 1612.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Open Air Museum Vogtsbauernhof – Vogtsbauernhof|url=https://www.vogtsbauernhof.de/en/museum/walk-around/vogtsbauernhof|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927044318/https://www.vogtsbauernhof.de/en/museum/walk-around/vogtsbauernhof|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2021|access-date=2020-11-29|website=Open Air Museum Vogtsbauernhof Gutach|language=en}}</ref>

The [[German Clock Museum]] in [[Furtwangen im Schwarzwald|Furtwangen]] gives a comprehensive cross-section of the history of the [[watchmaking]] and [[clockmaking]] industries.

From this early precision engineering a formerly important phonographic industry developed in the 20th century; the history of leisure electronics is presented in the [[German Phono Museum]] in [[St. Georgen im Schwarzwald|St. Georgen]].

The [[Schüttesäge Museum]] in [[Schiltach]] has information and living history demonstrations covering the themes of [[lumbering]] and [[timber rafting]] in the Kinzig valley as well as [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]].

The [[Black Forest Costume Museum]] in [[Haslach im Kinzigtal]] offers an overview of the traditional costume of the whole of the Black Forest and its peripheral regions. Also located in Haslach: the Hansjakob Museum and the Hansjakob Archive with numerous works of the writer, priest, politician, historian and chronicler, [[Heinrich Hansjakob]].

==== Nature and science ====
The [[MiMa Mineralogy and Mathematics Museum]] in [[Oberwolfach]] houses minerals and mining exhibits from the whole of the Black Forest and links them to mathematical explanations.

=== Infrastructure ===

==== Road transport ====
Several tourist routes run through the Black Forest. Well known [[holiday route]]s are the [[Black Forest High Road]] ([[Bundesstraße 500|B 500]]) and the [[German Clock Road]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parallelus|title=On the trail of the Black Forest Cuckooclock » Black Forest Clock Association|url=http://www.black-forest.org/on-the-trail-of-the-black-forest-cuckooclock|access-date=2020-09-01|language=en-US|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508061732/http://www.black-forest.org/on-the-trail-of-the-black-forest-cuckooclock|url-status=live}}</ref>

Thanks to its winding country roads, the Black Forest is a popular destination for [[motorcyclist]]s. This arm of tourism is controversial due to the high number of accidents and the wide-ranging noise pollution<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/baden-wuerttemberg-startet-bundesratsinitiative-gegen-motorradlaerm-a-846166.html ''Baden-Württemberg: Landesregierung will Motorradlärm eindämmen.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203148/https://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/baden-wuerttemberg-startet-bundesratsinitiative-gegen-motorradlaerm-a-846166.html |date=1 June 2022 }} In: ''Spiegel Online'' date 24 July 2012</ref> and has been restricted through the introduction of speed limits and by placing certain roads out of bounds. For example, since 1984, motorcyclists have been banned from using the [[ADAC Schauinsland Races|mountain-racing route]] on the [[Schauinsland]] during summer weekends.<ref>[http://www.badische-zeitung.de/freiburg/schauinsland-motorradfahrer-ignorieren-fahrverbot-radler-in-angst--32673594.html Schauinsland: Motorradfahrer ignorieren Fahrverbot – Radler in Angst.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184313/https://www.badische-zeitung.de/freiburg/schauinsland-motorradfahrer-ignorieren-fahrverbot-radler-in-angst--32673594.html |date=2 April 2015 }} In: ''Badische Zeitung'' dated 28 June 2010</ref>

==== Railway transport ====
[[File:Gutachbrücke mit VT 611.JPG|thumb|The Gutach bridge on the [[Höllentalbahn (Black Forest)|Höllental Railway]]]]

The whole of the Black Forest was once linked by [[railway]]. In the eastern part of the Northern Black Forest by the [[Enz Valley Railway]] from [[Pforzheim]] to [[Bad Wildbad]], by the [[Nagold Valley Railway]] from Pforzheim via [[Calw]] and [[Nagold (town)|Nagold]] to [[Horb am Neckar]], by the [[Black Forest Railway (Württemberg)|Württemberg Black Forest Railway]] from [[Stuttgart]] to Calw and the Gäu Railway from Stuttgart to Freudenstadt or its present-day [[Gäu Railway (Eutingen–Freudenstadt)|section from Eutingen to Freudenstadt]].

Many railway lines run from the Rhine Plain up the valleys into the Black Forest: the [[Alb Valley Railway]] runs from [[Karlsruhe]] to [[Bad Herrenalb]], the [[Murg Valley Railway]] from [[Rastatt]] to [[Freudenstadt]], the [[Acher Valley Railway]] from [[Achern]] to [[Ottenhöfen im Schwarzwald]] and the [[Rench Valley Railway]] from [[Appenweier]] to [[Bad Griesbach im Schwarzwald|Bad Griesbach]]. The [[Black Forest Railway (Baden)|Baden Black Forest Railway]] has linked [[Offenburg]] with [[Konstanz]] on [[Lake Constance]] since 1873, running via [[Hausach]], [[Triberg]], [[St. Georgen im Schwarzwald|St. Georgen]], [[Villingen-Schwenningen|Villingen]] and [[Donaueschingen]]. In Hausach the [[Kinzig Valley Railway (Black Forest)|Kinzig Valley Railway]] branches off to Freudenstadt, in [[Denzlingen]] the [[Elz Valley Railway]] peels off towards [[Elzach]], the [[Höllental Railway (Black Forest)|Höllental Railway]] runs from [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] through the Höllental valley to Donaueschingen, the [[Münstertal Railway]] from [[Bad Krozingen]] to [[Münstertal/Schwarzwald|Münstertal]], the [[Kander Valley Railway]] from [[Haltingen]] near [[Basel]] through the Kander valley to [[Kandern]] and the [[Wiesen Valley Railway]] from [[Basel]] to [[Zell im Wiesental]].

The [[Three Lakes Railway]] branches off at the [[Titisee-Neustadt|Titisee]] from the Höllental Railway and runs to the [[Windgfällweiher]] and the [[Schluchsee]]. The [[Wutach Valley Railway]] runs along the border between Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland, linking [[Waldshut-Tiengen]] with [[Immendingen]] on the Black Forest Railway.

Most of these routes are still busy today, whilst some are popular [[heritage line]]s.

=== Administration ===
Since January 2006, the Black Forest Tourist organisation, ''Schwarzwald Tourismus'', whose head office is in [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]], has been responsible for the administration of tourism in the 320 municipalities of the region. Hitherto there had been four separate tourist associations.

=== Points of interest ===
[[File:Windbuchencom.jpg|thumb|Winter on [[Schauinsland]]: famous "Windbuchen" [[beech]]es bent by the wind]]

There are many historic towns in the Black Forest. Popular tourist destinations include [[Baden-Baden]], [[Freiburg]], [[Calw]] (the birth town of [[Hermann Hesse]]), [[Gengenbach]], [[Staufen, Germany|Staufen]], [[Schiltach]], [[Haslach im Kinzigtal|Haslach]] and [[Altensteig]]. Other popular destinations include such mountains as the Feldberg, the [[Belchen (Black Forest)|Belchen]], the [[Kandel (Black Forest)|Kandel]], and the Schauinsland; the [[Titisee]] and [[Schluchsee]] lakes; the [[All Saints Waterfalls]]; the [[Triberg Waterfalls]], not the highest, but the most famous waterfalls in Germany; and the [[canyon|gorge]] of the River [[Wutach (river)|Wutach]].

For drivers, the main route through the region is the fast [[Bundesautobahn 5|A 5]] (E35) motorway, but a variety of signposted scenic routes such as the [[Schwarzwaldhochstraße]] ({{convert|60|km|abbr=on}}, [[Baden-Baden]] to [[Freudenstadt]]), Schwarzwald Tälerstraße ({{convert|100|km|abbr=on}}, the [[Murg (Northern Black Forest)|Murg]] and [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig]] valleys) or Badische Weinstraße (Baden Wine Street, {{convert|160|km|abbr=on}}, a wine route from [[Baden-Baden]] to [[Weil am Rhein]]) offers calmer driving along high roads.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-complete-guide-to-the-black-forest-587560.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308090953/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-complete-guide-to-the-black-forest-587560.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2009 |title=The complete guide to The Black Forest |newspaper=The Independent |date=19 March 2014 |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The last is a picturesque trip starting in the south of the Black Forest going north and includes numerous old wineries and tiny villages. Another, more specialized route is the [[German Clock Route]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Apropos Werbung, Telefon 07721-98770 |url=http://www.deutscheuhrenstrasse.de/sofindensieunsen.htm |title=German Clock Route Location |publisher=Deutsche Uhrenstrasse |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209205931/http://www.deutscheuhrenstrasse.de/sofindensieunsen.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> a circular route that traces the [[horology|horological]] history of the region.

[[File:Photo01 1A.jpg|thumb|Black Forest track]]

Due to the rich mining history dating from medieval times (the Black Forest was one of the most important mining regions of Europe {{Circa|1100}}) there are many mines re-opened to the public. Such mines may be visited in the Kinzig valley, the Suggental, the Muenster valley, and around Todtmoos.

The Black Forest was visited on several occasions by Count [[Otto von Bismarck]] during his years as Prussian and later German chancellor (1862–1890). Allegedly, he was especially interested in the [[Triberg Waterfalls]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOwOyUl7-TMC&q=bismarck+triberg&pg=PA147 |title=A Rough Passage, Volume II: Memories of Empire |author=Ken Barnes |publisher=The Radcliffe Press |date=2007 |access-date=9 August 2014 |isbn=9781845112646 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203148/https://books.google.com/books?id=GOwOyUl7-TMC&q=bismarck+triberg&pg=PA147 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is now a monument in Triberg dedicated to Bismarck, who apparently enjoyed the tranquility of the region as an escape from his day-to-day political duties in Berlin.

The Black Forest featured in the philosophical development of [[Martin Heidegger]]. Heidegger wrote and edited some of his philosophical works in a small hut in the Black Forest,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharr |first=Adam |url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/heideggers-hut |title=Heidegger's Hut &#124; The MIT Press |date=27 October 2006 |publisher=Mitpress.mit.edu |isbn=9780262195515 |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510182113/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/heideggers-hut |url-status=live }}</ref> and would receive visitors there for walks, including his former pupil [[Hannah Arendt]]. This hut features explicitly in his essay ''Building, Dwelling, Thinking''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger-aesthetics/ |title=Heidegger's Aesthetics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |publisher=Plato.stanford.edu |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211012425/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger-aesthetics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His walks in the Black Forest are supposed to have inspired the title of his collection of essays ''Holzwege'', translated as ''Off The Beaten Track''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC&q=path |title=Heidegger: Off the Beaten Track – Martin Heidegger, Julian Young, Kenneth Haynes |year=2002 |isbn=9780521805070 |last1=Heidegger |first1=Martin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214254/https://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC&q=path |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy and craftsmanship ==
=== Mining ===
[[File:Hornisgrinde 1.jpg|thumb|Hornisgrinde plateau and raised bog (2004). Behind: transmission mast and wind generators]]

Mining developed in the Black Forest due to its ore deposits, which were often lode-shaped. The formation of these deposits ([[Schauinsland Pit]]: [[zinc]], [[lead]], about 700–1000 g [[silver]]/ton of lead; [[baryte]], [[fluorite]], less lead and zinc in the Kinzig valley; [[BiCoNi Formation|BiCoNi]] ores near [[Wittichen]], [[uranium]] discovered in the [[Krunkelbach Pit|Krunkelbach valley]] near [[Menzenschwand]] but never officially mined) often used to be linked to the intrusion of Carboniferous granite in the para- and orthogneisses. More recent research has revealed that most of these lode fillings are much younger ([[Triassic]] to [[Tertiary]]). Economic deposits of other minerals included: fluorite in the Northern Black Forest near [[Pforzheim]], baryte in the central region near [[Freudenstadt]], fluorite along with lead and silver near Wildschapbach, baryte and fluorite in the Rankach valley and near Ohlsbach, in the Southern Black Forest near [[Todtnau]], [[Wieden (Black Forest)|Wieden]] and Urberg.

Small liquid magmatic deposits of nickel-magnetite gravel in [[norite]] were mined or prospected in the Hotzenwald forest near Horbach and [[Todtmoos]]. Strata-bound deposits include iron ores in the Dogger layer of the foothill zone and uranium near Müllenbach/Baden-Baden. [[Stone coal]] is only found near [[Berghaupten]] and [[Hohberg|Diersburg]], but was always only of local importance.

Chronology: [[Stone Age]] mining of [[haematite]] (as red pigment) near [[Sulzburg]]. By the 5th and 6th centuries B.C. [[iron ore]] was being mined by the [[Celts]] in the Northern Black Forest (for example in [[Neuenbürg]]). Especially in the Middle Black Forest, but also in the south (for example in the [[Münstertal/Schwarzwald|Münster valley]]) ore mining was already probably taking place in Roman times ([[mining]] of silver and lead ore; evidence of this at Sulzburg and possibly [[Badenweiler]]). Until the [[High Middle Ages]] the High Black Forest was practically unsettled. In the course of inland colonisation in the Late High Middle Ages even the highlands were cultivated by settlers from the abbeys ([[St. Peter's Abbey, Black Forest|St. Peter's]], [[St. Märgen's Abbey|St. Märgen's]]). In the Late High Middle Ages (from about 1100) mining experienced another boom, especially around Todtnau, in the Münster and Suggen valleys and, later, on the [[Schauinsland]] too. It is believed that around 800–1,000 miners lived and worked in the Münster valley until the end of the Middle Ages. After the Plague, which afflicted the valley in 1516, the [[German Peasants' War]] (1524–26) and the [[Thirty Years' War]], mining in the region declined until just a few pits remained.

An important mining area was the [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig valley]] and its side valleys. The small mining settlement of [[Wittichen Abbey|Wittichen]] near [[Schenkenzell]] in the upper Kinzig valley had many pits from which miners dug [[baryte]], [[cobalt]] and [[silver]] of many kinds. A circular, geological footpath runs today past the old pits and [[tip (mining)|tips]].

Another boom began in the early 18th century after the loss of the [[Alsace]] to France. It lasted until the 19th century. Many pits from this period may be visited today as [[show mine]]s; for example the Teufelsgrund Pit ([[Münstertal/Schwarzwald|Münstertal]]), the [[Finstergrund]] Pit near Wieden, the Hoffnungsstollen ("Hope Gallery") at Todtmoos, the mine in the [[Schauinsland]], the formerly especially silver-rich [[Wenzel Pit]] in [[Oberwolfach]] and Gr. [[Segen Gottes Show Mine|Segen Gottes]] ("God's Great Blessing") in [[Haslach im Kinzigtal|Haslach]]-Schnellingen.

Non-ferrous metal mining in the Black Forest continued until the middle of the 20th century near [[Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach|Wildschapbach]] and on the Schauinsland (to 1954); fluorite and baryte are still mined today at the [[Clara Pit]] in the Rankach valley in [[Oberwolfach]]. Iron ores of the Dogger formation was worked until the 1970s near [[Ringsheim]] and was smelted in [[Kehl]].

Compared with the [[Harz]] and [[Ore Mountains]] the quantities of silver extracted in the Black Forest were rather modest and reached only about ten percent of that produced in the other silver-mining regions.

There are many [[show mine]]s in the Black Forest. These include: the Frischglück Pit near [[Neuenbürg]], the Hella Glück Pit near [[Neubulach]], the Silbergründle Pit near [[Seebach (Baden)|Seebach]], the Himmlich Heer Pit near [[Hallwangen]], the Heilige Drei Könige Pit near [[Freudenstadt]], the [[Segen Gottes Pit]] near [[Haslach im Kinzigtal|Haslach]], the Wenzel Pit near [[Oberwolfach]], the [[Caroline Pit]] near [[Sexau]], the Suggental Silver Mine near [[Waldkirch]], the Schauinsland Pit near [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]], the Teufelsgrund Pit near [[Münstertal/Schwarzwald|Münstertal]], the Finstergrund Pit near [[Wieden (Black Forest)|Wieden]] and the Hoffnungsstollen Pit near [[Todtmoos]].

=== Forestry ===
[[File:Expo 2000 Dach Holzkonstruktion.jpg|thumb|Trunks of [[White Fir]] from [[Gersbach (Schopfheim) Forestry|Gersbach]] hold up the largest unsupported wooden roof in the world at [[Expo 2000]].]]

For several centuries logs from the Black Forest were rafted down the [[Enz]], [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig]], [[Murg (Northern Black Forest)|Murg]], [[Nagold (river)|Nagold]] and [[Rhine]] rivers for use in the [[ship]]ping industry, as construction [[Lumber|timber]] and for other purposes. This branch of industry boomed in the 18th century and led to large-scale clearances. As most of the long, straight pine logs were transported downriver for shipbuilding in the [[Netherlands]], they were referred to as "Dutchmen". The logs were used in the Netherlands, above all, as [[Pile (type of foundation)|piles]] for house construction in the sandy and wet ground. Even today in Amsterdam large numbers of historic building are built on these posts and the reforestation of the Black Forest with spruce [[monoculture]]s testifies to the destruction of the original [[mixed forest]]. With the expansion of the railway and road network as alternative transportation, rafting largely came to an end in the late 19th century.

Today, loggers harvest fir trees—especially very tall and branchless ones—mainly to ship to Japan. The global advertising impact of [[Expo 2000]] fuelled a resurgence of timber exports. The importance of the timber resources of the Black Forest has also increased sharply recently due to the increasing demand for [[wood pellet]]s for heating.

=== Glass-making, charcoal-burning and potash-mining ===
The timber resources of the Black Forest provided the basis for other sectors of the economy that have now largely disappeared. [[Charcoal burner]]s (''Köhler'') built their wood piles (''Meiler'') in the woods and produced charcoal, which, like the products of the [[potash]] boilers—further processed ''inter alia'' for the [[glassmaking]] industry. The Black Forest supplied raw materials and energy for the manufacture of [[forest glass]]. This is evidenced today by a number of [[glassblowing]] houses e.g. in the Hoellental in Todtnau and [[Wolfach]] and the Forest Glass Centre in [[Gersbach (Schopfheim)]], which is open to visitors.

=== Precision-engineering, clock and jewellery manufacture ===
{{Main|Clock production in the Black Forest}}
[[File:Clockmakers black forest.jpg|thumb|[[Clockmaker]]'s workshop in a sitting room (postcard from around 1900)]]

In the relatively inaccessible Black Forest valleys, [[industrialization]] did not arrive until late in the day. In winter, many [[farmer]]s made wooden [[cuckoo clock]]s to supplement their income. This developed in the 19th century into the [[precision engineering]] and watch industry, which boomed with the arrival of the railway in many of the Black Forest valleys. The initial disadvantage of their remote location, which led to the development of precision-engineered wooden handicrafts, became a competitive advantage because of their access to raw materials: timber from the forest and metal from the mines. As part of a structural support programme the Baden State Government founded the first clockmaking school in 1850 in [[Furtwangen]] to ensure that small artisans were given good training and thus better sales opportunities. Due to the increasing demand for mechanical devices, large companies such as [[Junghans]] and [[Kienzle Uhren|Kienzle]] became established. In the 20th century, the production of consumer electronics was developed by companies such as [[SABA (electronics manufacturer)|SABA]], [[Dual (brand)|Dual]] and [[Harman Becker Automotive Systems|Becker]]. In the 1970s, the industry declined due to Far Eastern competition. Nevertheless, the Black Forest remains a centre for the metalworking industry and is home to many high-tech companies.

Since the start of industrialisation there have been numerous firms in [[Pforzheim]] that manufacture jewellery and work with precious metals and stones. There is also a [[goldsmith]]'s school in Pforzheim.

=== Hydropower ===
[[File:Hornberg Straßerhofmühle.jpg|thumb|The Straßerhof Mill in [[Hornberg]], a typical Black Forest farming mill]]
[[File:Hornbergbecken leer.jpg|thumb|The [[Hornberg Basin]] near [[Herrischried]], upper reservoir of the Wehr [[pumped storage station]] (emptied, May 2008)]]

Due to the large amounts of precipitation and elevation changes the Black Forest has significant [[hydropower]] potential. This was used until the 19th century especially for operating numerous [[water mill|mills]], including [[sawmill]]s and [[hammer mill]]s and was one of the local factors in the industrialization of some Black Forest valleys.

Since the 20th century, the Black Forest has seen the large-scale generation of electrical power using [[run-of-the-river power plant]]s and [[pumped storage power station]]s. From 1914 to 1926, the Rudolf Fettweis Company was established in the Murg valley in the Northern Black Forest with the construction of the [[Schwarzenbach Dam]]. In 1932, the [[Schluchsee]] reservoir, with its new dam, became the upper basin of a pumped-storage power plant. In 2013 the association of the Southern Black Forest's ''Schluchseewerk'' owned five power plants with 14 storage tanks. At the [[Hornberg Basin]] topographical conditions allow an average head of water of 625&nbsp;m to drive the turbines before it flows into the [[Wehra Reservoir]].

In the 21st century, in the wake of the [[German Renewable Energy Sources Act|Renewable Energy Sources Act]], numerous smaller run-of-the-river power stations were re-opened or newly constructed.

== Notable people and residents ==
* [[Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen]] (1621/22–1676), German novelist; in 1665–67, he kept an inn in Gaisbach in the Black Forest while writing his famous [[picaresque novel]] ''[[Simplicius Simplicissimus]]'' (1669)
* [[Hans Thoma]], born in [[Bernau im Schwarzwald|Bernau]] (1839–1924), German painter
* [[Hermann Hesse]], born in [[Calw]] (1877–1962), German poet and novelist
* [[Jürgen Klopp]], football manager, who grew up in village of [[Glatten]]
* [[Martin Heidegger]], German philosopher, who spent much of his time in [[Todtnauberg]], where he wrote most of ''[[Being and Time]]''.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="200px">
File:Luftaufnahme-Feldberg-Seebuck-30122004.jpg|The [[Feldberg (Black Forest)|Feldberg]]
File:Belchen - Gipfel.JPG|View from the [[Belchen (Black Forest)|Belchen]] towards the Alps
File:Zweitaelersteig Eckleberg04.jpg|Cattle near [[Simonswald]]
File:Titisee winter.jpg|The [[Titisee]], popular year-round
File:Münster Freiburg.jpg|The [[Freiburg Minster|Minster]] in [[Freiburg]], the region's biggest city
File:Kinzig.jpg|The River [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzig]] passing through the Black Forest
File:Mummelsee.jpg|The [[Mummelsee]]
File:Jugendherberge Schloss Ortenberg.jpg|[[Ortenberg, Baden-Württemberg|Ortenberg]] Castle near [[Offenburg]] (now a youth [[hostel]])
File:Murgtalbahn Tennetschluchtbruecke Stadtbahn-dvdb.jpg|The [[Murg Valley Railway]]
File:Clock forest.jpg|The Black Forest is known for its native [[clockmaker]]s
File:Vogtsbauernhof klein.jpg|Traditional farmhouse of the Black Forest
File:Hausach 4.jpg|[[Hausach]]
File:Schiltach Altstadt 3.JPG|[[Schiltach]]
File:Paragleiter.JPG|Paragliding above [[Baden-Baden]]
File:Palais thermal aussenansicht.jpg|The former ''Graf-Eberhard-Bad'' (now: [[Palais Thermal]]) in [[Bad Wildbad]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Baden-Württemberg|Trees}}
* [[Hercynian Forest]] (historic)
* [[Schwarzwaldverein]] (Black Forest Association)
* [[German Clock Museum]]
* [[Black Forest gateau]]
* [[Black Forest ham]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Geography ===
* {{citation|author1=Hartwig Haubrich |author2=Wolfgang Hug |author3=Herbert Lange|title=Das große Buch vom Schwarzwald|publisher=Theiss|location=Stuttgart|year=1991|isbn=3-8062-0819-0|language=de|ref=none}}.
* {{citation|editor-surname1=Ekkehard Liehl, Wolf Dieter Sick|periodical=Veröffentlichung des Alemannischen Instituts Freiburg I. Br.|title=Der Schwarzwald. Beiträge zur Landeskunde|edition=4.|volume=47|publisher=Konkordia|location=Bühl|year=1989|isbn=3-7826-0047-9|language=de|ref=none}}.
* {{citation|surname1=Kurt Klein|periodical=Edition Morstadt|title=Verborgener Schwarzwald. Unbekanntes aus Volkskunde und Geschichte|volume=Bd. 18|publisher=Morstadt|location=Kehl, Strasbourg, Basel|isbn=3-88571-172-9|date=1988|language=de|ref=none}}.
* {{citation|surname1=Max Scheifele|title=Aus der Waldgeschichte des Schwarzwaldes. Die Trift von Brenn- und Kohlholz. Wenn Grenzsteine reden|publisher=DRW-Verlag|location=Stuttgart|year=2004|isbn=3-87181-010-X|language=de|ref=none}}.
* {{citation|surname1=Horst Friedrich Vorwerk (Text), Erich Spiegelhalter (Abb.)|title=Der Schwarzwald. Eine deutsche Kulturlandschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart|publisher=Herder|location=Freiburg|year=1992|isbn=3-451-22658-8|language=de|ref=none}}.

=== Economy, geology and mining ===
* {{citation|surname1=Michael Bliedtner, Manfred Martin|title=Erz- und Minerallagerstätten des Mittleren Schwarzwaldes|publisher=Geologisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg|location=Freiburg im Breisgau|year=1986|isbn=978-88-12-65452-9|language=de|ref=none}}.
* [[Eberhard Gothein]]: ''Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Schwarzwaldes und der angrenzenden Landschaften. Erster Band: Städte- und Gewerbegeschichte'', Verlag Karl J. Trübner, Strassburg 1892 ([http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Gothein/gothein_index.html digitalised]).
* {{citation|editor-surname1=Gregor Markl, Sönke Lorenz|title=Silber, Kupfer, Kobalt. Bergbau im Schwarzwald|publisher=Markstein|location=Filderstadt|year=2004|isbn=3-935129-10-6|language=de|ref=none}}.
* {{citation|surname1=Georg Sawatzki, Horst Peter Hann|periodical=Geologische Karte von Baden-Württemberg 1:50000|title=Badenweiler-Lenzkirch-Zone (Südschwarzwald): Erläuterungen mit Hinweisen für Exkursionen|publisher=Landesamt für Geologie, Rohstoffe und Bergbau Baden-Württemberg|location=Freiburg im Breisgau|year=2003|language=de|ref=none}}.
* {{citation|surname1=Wolfgang Werner, Volker Dennert|title=Lagerstätten und Bergbau im Schwarzwald|publisher=Landesamt für Geologie, Rohstoffe und Bergbau Baden-Württemberg|location=Freiburg im Breisgau|year=2004|language=de|ref=none}}.

=== Art history ===
* Richard Schmidt: ''Schwarzwald'' (Deutsche Lande – Deutsche Kunst). Munich/Berlin, 1965.

=== Nature ===
* Adolf Hanle: ''Nordschwarzwald'' (Meyers Naturführer). Mannheim/Vienna/Zurich, 1989.
* Adolf Hanle: ''Südschwarzwald'' (Meyers Naturführer). Mannheim/Vienna/Zurich, 1989.
* Ulrike Klugmann (Hrsg.): ''Südschwarzwald, Feldberg und Wutachschlucht'' (Naturmagazin Draußen). Hamburg, 1983.
* Hans-Peter Schaub: ''Der Schwarzwald. Naturvielfalt in einer alten Kulturlandschaft''. Mannheim, 2001.

=== Fiction ===
* Jürgen Lodemann (ed.): ''Schwarzwaldgeschichten''. Klöpfer & Mayer, Tübingen, 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-940086-04-4}}.
* Herbert Schnierle-Lutz (ed.): ''Schwarzwald-Lesebuch. Geschichten aus 6 Jahrhunderten mit zahlreichen Bildern'', 224 pages, Hohenheim Verlag, Stuttgart, 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-89850-213-9}}.

=== General ===
* Barnes, K. J. (2007). ''A Rough Passage: Memories of an Empire''
* Bremke, N. (1999). ''Schwarzwald quer''. Karlsruhe: Braun. {{ISBN|3-7650-8228-7}}.
* {{Cite book
  | last1 = Käflein
  | first1 = Achim (photographs)
  | last2 = Huber
  | first2 = Alexander (German text)
  | last3 = Freund
  | first3 = BethAnne (English translation)
  | title = Schwarzwald: Natur und Landschaft
  | publisher = edition-kaeflein.de
  | year = 2012
  | page = 228
  | isbn = 978-3-940788-16-0
  | ref = none}}
* Lamparski, F. (1985). Der Einfluß der Regenwurmart Lumbricus badensis auf Waldböden im Südschwarzwald. ''Schriftenreihe des Institut für Bodenkunde und Waldernährungslehre der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br., 15''. {{ISSN|0344-2691}}. [http://www.bodenkunde.uni-freiburg.de/veroeffentlichungen/fba/inhalt_15 English summary]

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Black Forest}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Black Forest |volume=4 |short=x}}

{{Germany tourism Freiburg area}}
{{German Central Uplands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Black Forest| ]]
[[Category:Forests and woodlands of Germany]]
[[Category:Horsts (geology)]]
[[Category:Mountain and hill ranges of Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Natural regions of the South German Scarplands]]
[[Category:Regions of Baden-Württemberg]]