Editing Biculturalism

{{use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Short description|Coexistence of originally distinct cultures}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{also|Bicultural identity}}
{{More references|date=December 2008}}

'''Biculturalism''' in [[sociology]] describes the co-existence, to varying degrees, of two originally distinct [[culture]]s.

Official policy recognizing, fostering, or encouraging '''biculturalism''' typically emerges in countries that have emerged from a history of national or ethnic conflict in which neither side has gained complete victory. This condition usually arises from [[Colonialism|colonial settlement]]. Resulting conflicts may take place either between the colonisers and [[indigenous people]]s (as in [[Fiji]]) and/or between rival groups of colonisers (as in, for example, [[South Africa]]). A deliberate policy of biculturalism influences the structures and decisions of governments to ensure that they allocate political and [[economic power]] and influence equitably between people and/or groups identified with each side of the cultural divide. 

Examples include the conflicts between [[Anglophone Canadians|Anglophone]] and [[French Canadian|Francophone Canadians]], between Anglophone White [[South Africa]]ns and [[Boer]]s, and between the indigenous [[Māori people]] and European settlers in [[New Zealand]]. The term biculturalism was originally adopted in Canada, most notably by the [[Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism]] (1963–1969), which recommended that Canada become [[official bilingualism in Canada|officially bilingual]].

Because the term biculturalism suggests, more or less explicitly, that only two cultures merit formal recognition, advocates of [[multiculturalism]] (for which biculturalism formed a precedent) may regard bicultural outlooks as an inadequate descriptor by comparison. This was the case in Canada where [[Ukrainian Canadian]]s activists such as [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]], [[Paul Yuzyk]] and other "third force"{{Explain|date=October 2017}} successfully pressured the Canadian government to adopt multiculturalism as official policy in 1971.

In the context of relations between the cultures of [[deaf]]ness and non-deafness, people find the word "biculturalism" less controversial because the distinction between spoken [[language]] and [[sign language]] commonly seems like a genuine binary distinction—transcending the distinctions between various spoken languages.

In the context of the United States of America, bicultural distinctions have traditionally existed between the US and Mexico, and between the White and the African-American population of the US.

Regions which formally recognize biculturalism include:

* [[Belgium]], divided basically between speakers of French and of Dutch
* [[Vanuatu]], formerly a [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] with both French and British politico-administrative traditions
* the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], retrospectively termed "The Commonwealth of Both Peoples"
* [[Switzerland]], overwhelmingly German and French in language (though with recognition of Italian and Romansch)
* [[Paraguay]], with a population 90% of which speaks Guaraní and 99% of which speaks Spanish
* [[New Zealand]], where the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] forms the basis of a relationship between [[the Crown]] and [[Māori people|Māori]] [[iwi]] (tribes) through which [[Māori language|te reo Māori]] is recognised as an official language, and Māori have protected representation in [[Parliament]] through the [[Māori electorates]]
*[[Hong Kong]], where both Chinese and English are official languages<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Text of the Constitution and the Basic Law - chapter (1)|url=https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html|access-date=2020-11-01|website=www.basiclaw.gov.hk}}</ref>

Biculturalism can also refer to individuals (see [[bicultural identity]]).

== See also ==
* [[Bilingualism]]
* [[Creolization]]
* [[Interracial marriage]]
* [[Canadian identity]]
* [[Bilingualism in Canada]]
* [[Melting pot]]
* [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)]]
* [[Cultural mosaic]]
* [[Plurinationalism]]
* [[One-state solution]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Socio-stub}}
[[Category:Political terminology in Canada]]
[[Category:Multiculturalism]]
[[Category:Cultural politics]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]
[[Category:Interculturalism]]
[[Category:Cross-cultural studies]]
[[Category:National identity]]
[[Category:Sociology of culture]]