Editing Bes

{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian deity of households}}
{{Other uses|BES (disambiguation){{!}}BES}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Egyptian
| name = Bes
| image = Deity Bes.png
| caption = A depiction of Bes based on various sources
| cult_center = [[Hermopolis]], but worshipped everywhere
| symbol = [[Ostrich]] feather
| parents = [[Min (god)]] (in some myths)
| siblings = [[Taweret]]
| consort = Beset, [[Taweret]]
| hiero = <hiero>D58-S29-F28</hiero>
}}
'''Bes''' ({{IPAc-en|'|b|ɛ|s}}; also spelled as Bisu, {{langx|cop|Ⲃⲏⲥ, Ⲃⲏⲥⲁ}}, {{Langx|ar|ويصا|translit=Wīsa}}), together with his feminine counterpart '''Beset''', is an [[Ancient Egyptian deities|ancient Egyptian deity]], likely of Kushite/Nubian or Nehesi [[ C-Group culture]] origin <ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Bes, the Odd God: Egypt's Nubian Party Boy |url=https://www.historicmysteries.com/bes/}}</ref> worshipped as a [[Household deity|protector of households]] and, in particular, of [[List of fertility deities|mothers, children, and childbirth]]. Bes later came to be regarded as the defender of everything good and the enemy of all that is bad.<ref name="El-Kilany-2017">{{Cite journal |last=El-Kilany |first=Engy |date=2017 |title=The Protective Role of Bes- image for Women and Children in Ancient Egypt |journal=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=19–28 |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_48140_319a43394276bcbf483cae15ae2b2503.pdf |doi=10.21608/jaauth.2017.48140 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> According to Donald Mackenzie in 1907, Bes may have been a [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] import from [[Nubia]] or [[Somalia]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mackenzie |first1=Donald A. |author-link=Donald Alexander Mackenzie |title=Egyptian myth and legend. With historical narrative, notes on race problems, comparative, etc. |date=1907 |publisher=The Gresham Publishing |place=London |page=312 |quote=The grotesque god Bes also came into prominence during the Eighteenth Dynasty; it is possible that he was introduced as early as the Twelfth. Although his worship spread into Syria he appears to have been of African origin and may have been imported from Somaliland.}}</ref> and his cult did not become widespread until the beginning of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], but more recently several Bes-like figurines have been found in deposits from the [[Naqada Period|Naqada]] period of pre-dynastic Egypt, like the thirteen figurines found at Tell el-Farkha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Teeter |first1=Emily |author-link=Emily Teeter |title=Before the pyramids |date=2011 |publisher=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago |place=Chicago,Illinois |page=59 |quote=Thirteen dwarf figurines (fig.6.8) were found at Tell el-Farkha, the largest group of such figurines so far discovered anywhere in Egypt (Buszek 2008). Dwarfs played an important role in the culture as indicated by images of them in art, but also by burials of dwarfs found in the immediate vicinity of tombs of the kings and aristocracy. The depictions from Tell el-Farkha attract particular attention because of the high level of workmanship of most of them, as well as the realism of their facial expressions and the representation of their bodies. These are far more skillfully done than any of the previously known early dwarf sculptures}}</ref>

Worship of Bes spread as far north as the area of [[Syria]] and as far west as the [[Balearic Islands]] ([[Ibiza]]) in Spain, and later into the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Empires]].<ref name="Abdi-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Abdi |first=Kamyar |date=2002 |title=Notes on the Iranianization of Bes in the Achaemenid Empire |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=32 |pages=133–162 |jstor=4629595}}</ref>

== Origin ==
{{Infobox deity
| type = Egyptian
| image = Statuette of Beset (Besis) MET 66.123.3 001.jpg
| caption = A Statuette of Beset
| name = Beset
| symbol = [[Ostrich]] feather
| consort = Bes
}}
{{Ancient Egyptian religion}}
People in Upper Egypt started venerating Bes long before people in [[Lower Egypt]]. The word “bes” means “cat” in Nubian, suggesting a possible Nubian or southern origin of Bes.<ref name="El-Kilany-2017"/> It is also possible that the name Bes originated from one of two hieroglyphs: "''bs",'' meaning "flame", possibly in connection to Re, and/or "''bz",'' meaning "to be initiated" or "to introduce" possibly in reference to masks apparently used in the cult of the god.<ref name="El-Kilany-2017"/> Bes originally looked like a cat standing on his hind legs, before becoming more [[anthropomorphic]] and usually depicted with a leopard skin around his neck and resembling a person with [[dwarfism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Karen |date=2017-06-18 |title=Who was the African god Bes? |url=https://quatr.us/egypt/egyptian-god-bes.htm |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Quatr.us Study Guides |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bes is first mentioned in the [[Pyramid Texts]], but seems to have been best known and most widely worshiped in the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]]. Evidence of Bes worship in some capacity exists into [[Copts|Coptic Egypt]], with the latest evidence being a jug depicting Bes found in [[Edfu|Tell Edfu]] dating to the 10th century CE.<ref name="Charvat-1980">{{Cite journal |last=Charvat |first=Petr |date=1980 |title=The Bes Jug - Its Origin and Development in Egypt |url=https://www.academia.edu/8191860 |journal=Zeitschrift für ägyptische sprache und altertumskunde |volume=107 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref>

== Worship ==
[[File:Flickr - Gaspa - Dendara, tempio di Hator (67).jpg|thumb|left|Egyptian composite capital with a Bes capital above it, in the [[Dendera Temple complex]] (Egypt)]]

Bes was a [[Household deity|household protector]], becoming responsible– throughout ancient Egyptian history– for such varied tasks as killing snakes, fighting off evil spirits, watching after children, and aiding women in labour by fighting off evil spirits, and thus present with [[Taweret]] at births.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statue of the Goddess Taweret |website=The Fitzwilliam Museum |url=https://fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/explore-our-collection/highlights/E221955 |access-date=2024-03-02 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Erika |date=2022 |title=Coping with Trauma: Evidence that Suggests the Ancient Egyptians used Transpersonal Psychology to Cope with Birth-Related Trauma |journal=History in the Making |volume=15 |url=https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1260&context=history-in-the-making |via=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref name="van Oppen de Ruiter-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=van Oppen de Ruiter |first1=Branko |date=17 April 2020 |title=Lovely Ugly Bes! Animalistic Aspects in Ancient Egyptian Popular Religion |journal=Arts |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/arts9020051 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0752 }}</ref>

Images of the deity, quite different from those of the other gods, were kept in homes. Normally Egyptian gods were shown in [[wiktionary:profile|profile]], but instead Bes appeared in full face [[Portrait painting|portrait]], [[Ithyphallic#Ancient Egypt|ithyphallic]], and sometimes in a soldier's [[tunic]], so as to appear ready to launch an attack on any approaching evil. He scared away demons from houses, so his statue was put up as a protector.<ref name="El-Kilany-2017"/> Since he drove off evil, Bes also came to symbolize the good things in life– [[music]], [[dance]], and sexual pleasure.<ref name="El-Kilany-2017"/> In the Middle Kingdom, Bes is depicted on a variety of objects, including masks, amulets, infant feeding bottles, and magic knives.<ref name="El-Kilany-2017"/> In the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], [[tattoos]] of Bes could be found on the thighs of dancers, musicians and servant girls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faience Figurine and Bowl - Archaeology Magazine, from the Archaeological Institute of America |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/107-features/tattoos/1352-faince-egypt-amunet-hathor-bes |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref>

Later, in the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemaic]] period of Egyptian history, [[Room|chambers]] were constructed at [[Saqqara]], painted with images of Bes and his female counterpart Beset, thought by [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]] to have been for the purpose of curing [[fertility]] problems or general [[healing]] rituals.<ref name="van Oppen de Ruiter-2020" />

Like many Egyptian gods, the [[worship]] of Bes or Beset was exported overseas. While the female variant had been more popular in [[Minoan civilization|Minoan Crete]], the male version would prove popular with the [[Phoenicians]] and the ancient [[Cyprus|Cypriots]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Weingarten |first=Judith |chapter=The Arrival of Bes[et] on Middle-Minoan Crete |editor1=Jana Mynárová |editor2=Pavel Onderka |editor3=Peter Pavúk |name-list-style=and |title=There and Back Again – the Crossroads II. Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Prague, September 15-18, 2014 |publisher=Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts of the Charles University |location=Prague |publication-date=2015 |isbn=978-80-7308-575-9 |pages=181–196}}</ref>

At the end of the 6th century BC, images of Bes began to spread across the [[Achaemenid Empire]], which Egypt belonged to at the time. Images of Bes have been found at the Persian capital of [[Susa]], and as far away as central Asia. Over time, the image of Bes became more Persian in style, as he was depicted wearing Persian clothes and headdress.<ref name="Abdi-2002"/>

== Iconography ==

=== Figurines ===
Modern scholars such as James Romano - Egyptologist and former Curator of Egyptian Art at the Brooklyn Museum - claim that in its earliest inception Bes was a representation of a lion rearing up on its hind legs.<ref>[[Richard H. Wilkinson]]: ''The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt''. Thames & Hudson, London 2017, {{ISBN|0-500-05120-8}}, p. 104.</ref> After the [[Third Intermediate Period]], Bes can be found on a variety of household objects including furniture, toiletries, infant feeding bottles, game pieces, and more beginning in the Middle Kingdom.<ref name="El-Kilany-2017"/><ref name="van Oppen de Ruiter-2020"/>
<gallery widths="170" heights="170">
File:Amuleto raffigurante il dio Bes 1DSC4945.tif|Amulet depicting the god Bes, blue [[Egyptian faience]], between 1540 and 1076 BC, [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]. [[Museo Egizio]], Turin.
File:Amulet of the God Bes MET DP109383.jpg|Amulet of Bes; 1070–712 BC; [[faience]]; height: 3.7 cm; [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)
File:Bes and Beset-E 11138-IMG 8039-gradient.jpg|Bes and Beset; 664–332 BC; [[limestone]]; height: 31.7 cm, width: 22.5 cm; [[Louvre]]
File:Limestone Bes MET DP263916.jpg|Cypriot statuette of Bes; late 6th – early 5th century BC; limestone; overall: 14 × 8.3 × 7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Egypt, Late Period, Dynasty 27 or later - Statuette of Bes - 1976.10 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Statuette of Bes; 525 BC; [[bronze]]; Late Period, Dynasty 27 or later; overall: 8 × 3.5 × 2.2 cm; [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] ([[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], USA)
File:Cosmetic Container in the Form of a Bes-image MET DP112565.jpg|Cosmetic container; 525–404 BC; faience; height: 9.2 cm, width: 4.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Stela of the God Bes MET DP112573.jpg|Stela of Bes; 4th century BC-1st century AD; painted limestone; height: 38.7 cm, width: 17.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Bell in the form of Bes MET DP239403 (cropped).jpg|Bell in the form of Bes; 332-30 BC; [[Copper|cupreous]] metal; height: 6.3 cm, diameter: 4.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Fresco from the Temple of Isis in Pompeii depicting the Egyptian god Bes, protector of women and children, North wall of Sacrarium, Naples National Archaeological Museum (14399374958).jpg|[[Fresco]] from the Temple of Isis in [[Pompeii]] depicting Bes, in the [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|Naples National Archaeological Museum]] (Italy)
File:Dendera Bes 01.JPG|Bes as depicted on a column capital from the [[Dendera Temple complex]], [[Roman Egypt|Roman Period]]
</gallery>

=== Tattoos ===
As mentioned above, Bes is also seen depicted in tattoos. Wall art from the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|19th Dynasty]] found at the workman's village of [[Deir el-Medina|Deir El-Medina]] depicts a tattoo of a dancing Bes on the thigh of a female musician playing her instrument.<ref name="El-Kilany-2017"/>

=== Jugs ===
[[File:Pottery_Jug_Depicting_Egyptian_God_Bes,_5th_Century_BC_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Pottery Jug Depicting Bes, 5th Century BCE]]
Jugs, vases, and other storage containers represent the majority of pottery containing Bes iconography. The depiction of an anthropomorphic head on jugs is a style predominately found in West Asian pottery, suggesting that there may be influence from the Syro-Palestinian region.<ref name="Charvat-1980"/> Further supporting the possibility of West Asian influence is tomb 1300 of the Mayana cemetery near [[Sedment]] dating from the [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period]] that contains both vases depicting Bes and five small faience jugs almost certainly of [[Palestine (region)|Palestinian]] origin. This, along with other objects likely of West Asian origin indicates that the occupant likely maintained contact with Palestine, and as such the West Asian style Bes jug may have been manufactured there.<ref name="Charvat-1980"/>

Painted storage jars depicting Bes have also been found in the site of [[Amarna]] dating to the late [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]], in addition to a multitude of jars found in Deir el-Medina.<ref name="Charvat-1980"/> In addition to these jars as well as aforementioned depictions on bedroom paraphernalia, faience baby bottles have been found in [[Lisht|el-Lisht]], further showing Bes as a protector of children.<ref name="Charvat-1980"/>

Traces of ''[[Peganum harmala]]'', and ''[[Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea|Nimphaea nouchali var. caerulea]]'' were identified in an Egyptian ritual Bes-vase, of the 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tanasi |first1=Davide |last2=van Oppen de Ruiter |first2=Branko F. |last3=Florian |first3=Fiorella |last4=Pavlovic |first4=Radmila |last5=Chiesa |first5=Luca Maria |last6=Fochi |first6=Igor |last7=Stani |first7=Chiaramaria |last8=Vaccari |first8=Lisa |last9=Chaput |first9=Dale |last10=Samorini |first10=Giorgio |last11=Pallavicini |first11=Alberto |last12=Semeraro |first12=Sabrina |last13=Gaetano |first13=Anastasia Serena |last14=Licen |first14=Sabina |last15=Barbieri |first15=Pierluigi |date=2024-11-13 |title=Multianalytical investigation reveals psychotropic substances in a ptolemaic Egyptian vase |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=27891 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-78721-8 |pmid=39537764 |pmc=11561246 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1427891T |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
* Bes appears, as part of the delegation of Egyptian gods, in ''[[The Sandman: Season of Mists]]'' (December 1990 – July 1991), by [[Neil Gaiman]].
* Bes appears as a trickster in ''[[Mummies Alive!]]'' (1997) animated series.
*Bes appears as a character in ''[[Mountain of Black Glass|Otherland: volume 3 Mountain of Black Glass]]'' (1999) by [[Tad Williams]]. His physical description reflects traditional iconography. 
* Bes is a friend and helper to the heroes in [[Eric_Flint_bibliography#Pyramid_series|''Pyramid Scheme'']] (2001) by [[Eric Flint]] and [[Dave Freer]].
* Bes appears, as a god of love in the Egyptian movie ''Secret Service Suitor (Aris min geha amneya)'' (2004). 
* Bes is an important character in the books of the saga ''[[The Kane Chronicles]]'' (2010–2012) by [[Rick Riordan]].
* Bes appears in the video game ''[[Realm of the Mad God]]'' (2011) as a boss of an Egyptian themed dungeon known as the "Tomb of the Ancients", alongside [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]] and [[Geb]].
* Bes appears in “the Nikopol Trilogy” (1980-1992), by Enki Bilal, alongside several of the ancient gods of Egypt, hovering over a dystopian Paris and world.

== Bibliography ==
{{Commons}}
* ''The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt'', Richard H. Wilkinson. {{ISBN|0-500-05120-8}}
* ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', Ian Shaw. {{ISBN|0192804588}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[[Véronique Dasen|Dasen, Veronique]] (2013). ''Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt and Greece''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-199-68086-8}}.
* Schollmeyer, Patrick; Stylianou, Andreas (2007). ''Der Sarkophag aus Amathous als Beispiel kontaktinduzierten Wandels / Der Sarkophag aus Golgoi. Zur Grabrepräsentation eines zyprischen Stadtkönigs'' [The sarcophagus from Amathous as an example of contact-induced change / The sarcophagus from Golgoi. On the funerary representation of a Cypriot city king]. Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, vol. 2.2. Mainz: Zabern, {{ISBN|978-3-8053-3572-0}}, pp. 127-149.

{{Ancient Egyptian religion footer|collapsed}}{{Kushite religion footer}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arts gods]]
[[Category:Childhood gods]]
[[Category:Domestic and hearth gods]]
[[Category:Egyptian gods]]
[[Category:Fertility gods]]
[[Category:Fortune gods]]
[[Category:Tutelary gods]]
[[Category:Love and lust gods]]
[[Category:Nubian gods]]