Editing Benjamin Henry Latrobe

{{short description|English architect (1764-1820)}}
{{For|his son|Benjamin Henry Latrobe II}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name                  = Benjamin Henry Latrobe
|image                 = Benjamin latrobe by peale.jpg
|caption               = Latrobe, {{circa|1804}}. Portrait by [[Charles Willson Peale]].
|office              = [[Architect of the Capitol]]
|term_start         = April 6, 1815
|term_end           = November 20, 1817
|president          = James Madison<br />[[James Monroe]]
|predecessor         = ''Himself''
|successor          = [[Charles Bulfinch]]
|term_start2          = March 6, 1803
|term_end2            = July 1, 1811
|president2           = [[Thomas Jefferson]]<br />[[James Madison]]
|predecessor2         = [[William Thornton]]
|successor2           = ''Himself''
|nationality           = [[British people|British]]-[[Americans|American]]
|birth_date            = {{Birth date|1764|05|01}}
|birth_place           = [[Fulneck Moravian Settlement|Fulneck]], Leeds, [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England
|death_date            = {{Death date and age|1820|09|03|1764|05|01}}
|death_place           = [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, U.S.
|spouse                = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lydia Sellon|1790|1793|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst|1800}}
}}
|children              = {{hlist|[[Henry Sellon Boneval Latrobe|Henry]]|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe II|Benjamin II]]|[[John H. B. Latrobe|John]]}}
|relations             = [[Christian Ignatius Latrobe]] (brother)<br />[[Charles Hazlehurst Latrobe]] (grandson)<br />[[Ferdinand Claiborne Latrobe]] (grandson)<br />[[Charles La Trobe]] (nephew)
|alma_mater            =
|influences            =
|influenced            =
|known_for = [[Hammerwood Park]], [[Ashdown House, East Sussex]], [[Decatur House]], [[Pope Villa]], [[Old West, Dickinson College]], [[Adena Mansion]], [[Baltimore Basilica]], [[United States Capitol]], [[White House]] porticos
|significant_projects  = 
|awards                =
|signature             = Signature of Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764–1820).png
}}
'''Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe''' (May 1, 1764 – September 3, 1820) was a British-American [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[architect]] who immigrated to the [[United States]]. He was one of the first formally trained, professional architects in the new United States, drawing on influences from his travels in Italy, as well as British and [[Neoclassical architecture#France|French Neoclassical]] architects such as [[Claude Nicolas Ledoux]]. In his thirties, he immigrated to the new [[United States]] and designed the [[United States Capitol]], on "[[Capitol Hill]]" in [[Washington, D.C.]], as well as the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Old Baltimore Cathedral or The Baltimore Basilica]], (later renamed the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary). It is the first Cathedral constructed in the United States for any Christian denomination. Latrobe also designed the largest structure in America at the time, the "Merchants' Exchange" in Baltimore. With extensive balconied atriums through the wings and a large central rotunda under a low dome which dominated the city, it was completed in 1820 after five years of work and endured into the early twentieth century.

Latrobe immigrated to America from England in 1796, initially settling in [[Virginia]] where he worked on the [[Virginia State Penitentiary]] in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]. Latrobe then moved to [[Philadelphia]] where he established his practice. In 1803, he was hired as Surveyor of the Public Buildings of the United States, and spent much of the next fourteen years working on projects in the new national capital of [[Washington, D.C.]], (in the newly-laid out Federal capital of the [[District of Columbia]]) where he served as the second [[Architect of the Capitol]]. He also was responsible for the design of the [[White House]] porticos. Latrobe spent the later years of his life in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana working on a waterworks project, and died there in 1820 from [[yellow fever]].

Latrobe has been called the "father of American architecture".<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravetz |first=Alison |url=http://www.c-span.org/Events/C-SPAN-Event/10737429148/ |title=Benjamin Henry Latrobe: "Father of American Architecture" |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=11 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212150109/http://www.c-span.org/Events/C-SPAN-Event/10737429148/ |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref> He was the uncle of [[Charles La Trobe]], who was the first [[Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria]] in [[Australia]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==Biography==
[[File:BlakeCollectionDuettsTitle.png|thumb|upright|right|An engraving ({{Circa|1807}}) by [[George E. Blake]] of Latrobe's Center Square Water Works in Philadelphia]]
Latrobe was born on May 1, 1764, at the [[Fulneck Moravian Settlement]], near [[Pudsey]] in the city of [[Leeds]], in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England. His parents were [[the Reverend]] Benjamin Latrobe, a leader of the [[Moravian Church]] who was of [[Huguenot]] (French [[Protestant]]) ancestry, and Anna Margaretta Antes whose father was [[Germans|German]] and whose maternal line was Dutch.<ref name="journal-pVII">{{harvnb|Latrobe|1905|p=VII}}</ref> Antes was born in the American colony of [[Pennsylvania]], but was sent to England by her father, a wealthy landowner, to attend a Moravian school at Fulneck.

Latrobe's father, who was responsible for all Moravian schools and establishments in Britain, had an extensive circle of friends in the higher ranks of society. He stressed the importance of education, scholarship, and the value of social exchange; while Latrobe's mother instilled in her son a curiosity and interest in America.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=6–8}}</ref> From a young age, Benjamin Henry Latrobe enjoyed drawing landscapes and buildings.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=11}}</ref> He was a brother of Moravian leader and musical composer [[Christian Ignatius Latrobe]].

In 1776, at the age of 12, Latrobe was sent away to the Moravian School at [[Niesky]] in [[Silesia]] near the border of [[Saxony]] and [[Poland]].<ref>{{harvnb|Formwalt|1980}}{{page needed|date=July 2022}}</ref> At age eighteen, he spent several months traveling around Germany, and then joined the [[Royal Prussian Army]], becoming close friends with a distinguished officer in the [[United States Army]]. Latrobe also may have served briefly in the [[Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars|Austrian Imperial Army]], and suffered some injuries or illness.<ref name="journal-pX">{{harvnb|Latrobe|1905|p=X}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=13–15}}</ref> After recovering, he embarked on a continental "[[Grand Tour]]", visiting eastern Saxony, [[Paris]], [[Italy]], and other places.<ref name="hamlin-p16">{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=16}}</ref> Through his education and travels, Latrobe mastered German, French, ancient and modern Greek, and Latin. He had advanced ability in Italian and Spanish and some knowledge of Hebrew.<ref name="hamlin-p17">{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=17}}</ref> Latrobe was elected a member of the [[American Antiquarian Society]] in 1815.<ref>[http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistl American Antiquarian Society Members Directory]</ref>

His son, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe, II]], (sometimes referred to as "Junior"), also worked as a civil engineer. In 1827, he joined the newly organized [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] and designed the longest, most challenging bridge on its initial route: the curving [[Thomas Viaduct]], (the third of four multi-arched "[[viaduct]]s").<ref name="herb.harwood">{{cite book |last=Harwood |first=Herbert H. Jr. |title=Impossible Challenge II: Baltimore to Washington and Harpers Ferry on the Potomac River from 1828 to 1994 |year=1994 |publisher=Barnard, Roberts & Co. |location=Baltimore, MD |isbn=0934118221|page=50}}</ref>

Another son, [[John H. B. Latrobe|John Hazlehurst Boneval Latrobe]] (1803–1891), was a noted civic leader, lawyer, author, historian, artist, inventor, sometime architect, intellectual, and social activist in [[History of Maryland|Maryland]] While Park Commissioner for the City of Baltimore he co-founded the Baltimore Zoo. Among his inventions and patents, he invented the Latrobe Stove, also known as the "Baltimore Heater", a cast iron coal fired parlor heater.

A grandson, [[Charles Hazlehurst Latrobe]] (1834–1902), Benjamin Henry Latrobe II's son,<ref>"Latrobe, Charles Hazelhurst", in ''Concise [[Dictionary of American Biography]]'' (1964), New York: Scribner's.</ref> continued the tradition of architect and engineer building bridges for the city of Baltimore and for the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]. Charles Hazlehurst fought on the side of the confederacy during the Civil War.

Another grandson, [[Ferdinand Claiborne Latrobe]], was a seven-term mayor of Baltimore.

[[Latrobe Park, Baltimore|Latrobe Park]] in south Baltimore is named for the family, as is [[Latrobe Park, New Orleans]], in the [[French Quarter]].

==Travels==

===England===
Latrobe returned to England in 1784, and was apprenticed to [[John Smeaton]], an engineer known for designing [[Eddystone Lighthouse]].<ref name="hamlin-p16" /> Then in 1787 or 1788, he worked in the office of [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] architect [[Samuel Pepys Cockerell]] for a brief time.<ref name="journal-pXI">{{harvnb|Latrobe|1905|p=XI}}</ref> In 1790, Latrobe was appointed Surveyor of the Public Offices in London, and established his own private practice in 1791.<ref name="journal-pXI"/><ref name="Hamlin 1955 42">{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=42}}</ref> Latrobe was commissioned in 1792 to design [[Hammerwood Park|Hammerwood Lodge]], near [[East Grinstead]] in [[Sussex]], his first independent work,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hammerwood.mistral.co.uk/latrobe.htm |title=Benjamin Henry Latrobe |publisher=Hammerwood Park}}</ref> and he designed nearby [[Ashdown House, East Sussex|Ashdown House]] in 1793.<ref name="colvin">{{cite book |title=A Biographical Dictionary of English Architects, 1660–1840 |author=Colvin, H. M. Colvin |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1954 |pages=357 |isbn=0-7808-0042-7}}</ref> Latrobe was involved in construction of the [[Basingstoke Canal]] in [[Surrey]], together with engineers [[John Smeaton]] and [[William Jessop]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fazio|Snadon|2006|p=601}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Formwalt|1979|pp=11–12}}</ref> In spring 1793, Latrobe was hired to plan improvements to the River Blackwater from Maldon to Beeleigh, so that the port of Maldon could compete with the [[Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation]], which bypassed the town.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Canals of Eastern England |author1=John Boyes  |author2=Ronald Russell  |name-list-style=amp|publisher=David and Charles |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-7153-7415-3 |pages=70}}</ref> The project lasted until early 1795, when Parliament denied approval of his plan. Latrobe had problems getting payment for his work on the project,<ref>{{harvnb|Formwalt|1979|pp=16–30}}</ref> and faced bankruptcy.<ref name="hamlin-p34">{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=34}}</ref>

In February 1790, Latrobe married Lydia Sellon, and they lived a busy social life in London. The couple had a daughter (Lydia Sellon Latrobe) and a son ([[Henry Sellon Boneval Latrobe]]), before she died giving birth during November 1793.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=32}}</ref> Lydia had inherited her father's wealth, which in turn was to be left to the children through a trust with the children's uncles, but never ended up going to the children.<ref name="hamlin-p30">{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=30}}</ref> In 1795, Latrobe suffered a breakdown and decided to immigrate to America, departing on November 25 aboard the ''Eliza''.<ref name="hamlin-p34"/><ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=53}}</ref>

In America, Latrobe was known for his series of topological and landscape watercolors; the series started with a view of the White Cliffs of the south coast of England viewed from the ''Eliza''. The series was preceded by a watercolor of East Grinstead, dated September 8, 1795.

===Virginia===
[[File:Benjamin Henry Latrobe by Filippo Costaggini.jpg|thumb|left|Benjamin Henry Latrobe, by [[Filippo Costaggini]]]]
Latrobe arrived in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], in mid-March 1796 after a harrowing four-month journey aboard the ship, which was plagued with food shortages under near-starvation conditions.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=54–64}}</ref> Latrobe initially spent time in Norfolk, where he designed the "William Pennock House," then set out for [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] in April 1796.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=69}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fazio|Snadon|2006|pp=210–221}}</ref> Soon after arriving in Virginia, Latrobe became friends with [[Bushrod Washington]], nephew of President [[George Washington]], along with [[Edmund Randolph]] and other notable figures.<ref name="journal-pXVII">{{harvnb|Latrobe|1905|p=XVII}}</ref> Through Bushrod Washington, Latrobe was able to pay a visit to [[Mount Vernon]] to meet with the president in the summer of 1796.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=75–79}}</ref>

Latrobe's first major project in the United States was the State Penitentiary in Richmond, commissioned in 1797.<ref name="Formwalt 1977 388">{{harvnb|Formwalt|1977|p=388}}</ref> The penitentiary included many innovative ideas in [[penal reform]], then being espoused by [[Thomas Jefferson]] and various other figures, including cells arranged in a semicircle, that allowed for easy [[surveillance]], as well as improved living conditions for sanitation and ventilation.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Concise History of American Architecture |author=Roth, Leland M. |publisher=Westview Press |year=1980 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000roth/page/67 67] |isbn=0-06-438490-X |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000roth/page/67 }}</ref> He also pioneered the use of solitary confinement in the Richmond penitentiary.<ref>{{harvnb|Frary|1969|p=64}}</ref> While in Virginia, Latrobe worked on the [[Green Spring Plantation|Green Spring]] mansion near [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]], which had been built by Governor Sir [[William Berkeley (governor)|William Berkeley]] in the seventeenth century but fell into disrepair after the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/green-spring-plantation.htm |title=Historic Jamestown, Green Spring Plantation |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2007-07-07}}</ref> Latrobe created designs for [[Fort Nelson (Virginia)|Fort Nelson]] in Virginia in 1798.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fortress America: The Forts That Defended America, 1600 to the Present |last1=Kaufmann |first1=J.E. |first2=H.W. |last2=Kaufmann |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2007 |page=145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/designs_for_democracy/symbols_and_substance/symbols_and_substance_page_1.html |title=Designs for Democracy |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |access-date=2012-01-02}}</ref> He also made drawings for a number of houses that were not built, including the "Mill Hill" plantation house near Richmond.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=98–99}}</ref>

After spending a year in Virginia, the novelty of being in a new place wore off, and Latrobe was lonely and restless in Virginia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=92}}</ref> [[Giambattista Scandella]], a friend, suggested [[Philadelphia]] as an ideal location for him.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=80}}</ref> In April 1798, Latrobe visited [[Philadelphia]] for the first time, meeting with [[Bank of Pennsylvania]] president Samuel J. Fox, and presented to him a design for a new bank building. At the time, the political climate in Philadelphia was quite different than Virginia, with a strong division between the [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] and Jefferson's [[Democratic-Republican]]s, along with anti-French sentiment, thus the city was not entirely welcoming for Latrobe.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=128–130}}</ref> On his way to Philadelphia, Latrobe passed through the national capital city of [[Washington, D.C.]], then under construction (congress and the president would not arrive until the year 1800), where he met with the first architect of the capitol, [[William Thornton]], and viewed the United States Capitol for the first time. He stopped by Washington again on his way back to Richmond.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=130–131}}</ref> Latrobe remained in Richmond, Virginia, until November 1798, when his design was selected for the Bank of Pennsylvania. He moved to [[Philadelphia]], so that he could supervise the construction,<ref>{{Harvnb|Latrobe|1905|p=132}}</ref><ref name="journal-pXIV">{{Harvnb|Latrobe|1905|p=XIV}}</ref> although he continued to do occasional projects for clients in Virginia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=110–120}}</ref>

===Philadelphia===
[[File:Birch2ndbankpa.jpg|thumb|[[Bank of Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia. Engraving by [[William Russell Birch]].]]
By the time he arrived in Philadelphia, Latrobe's two friends, Scandella and Volney, had left due to concerns regarding the [[Alien and Sedition Acts]], but Latrobe made friends with some of their acquaintances at the [[American Philosophical Society]]. Latrobe submitted several papers to the society, on his geology and natural history observations, and became a member of the society in 1799.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=133}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Benjamin+H.+Latrobe&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-03-31|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> With his charming personality, Latrobe quickly made other friends among the influential financial and business families in Philadelphia, and became close friends with [[Nicholas Roosevelt (inventor)|Nicholas Roosevelt]], a talented steam-engine builder who would help Latrobe in his waterworks projects.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=134–145}}</ref>

Latrobe's first major project in Philadelphia was to design the Bank of Pennsylvania, which was the first example of [[Greek Revival]] architecture in the United States. It was demolished in 1870.<ref name="philabldgs">{{Philadelphia Architects and Buildings |ar=25618 |Latrobe, Benjamin Henry (1764-1820)}}</ref> This commission is what convinced him to set up his practice in Philadelphia, where he developed his reputation.<ref name="tatum-p59">{{harvnb|Tatum|1961|p=59}}</ref>

Latrobe also was hired to design the [[Center Square Water Works]] in Philadelphia. The Pump House, located on the common at Broad and Market Streets (now the site of [[Philadelphia City Hall]]), was designed by Latrobe in a Greek Revival style.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatum|1961|p=58}}</ref> It drew water from the [[Schuylkill River]], {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=on}} away, and contained two steam engines that pumped it into wooden tanks in its tower. Gravity then fed the water by wooden mains into houses and businesses. Following his work on the Philadelphia water works project, Latrobe worked as an engineer of the [[Chesapeake and Delaware Canal]].<ref name="Formwalt 1977 388"/>

In addition to Greek Revival designs, Latrobe also used [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] designs in many of his works, including the 1799 design of [[Sedgeley]], a country mansion in Philadelphia.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatum|1961|p=75}}</ref> The Gothic Revival style was used in Latrobe's design of the Philadelphia Bank building as well, which was built in 1807 and demolished in 1836.<ref name="tatum-p76">{{harvnb|Tatum|1961|p=76}}</ref> As a young architect, [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]] worked as an assistant with Latrobe from 1803 until 1808 when he set up his own practice.<ref name="tatum-p64">{{harvnb|Tatum|1961|p=64}}</ref>

While in Philadelphia, Latrobe married Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst (1771–1841), in 1800.<ref name="philabldgs"/> The couple had several children together.

===Washington, D.C.===
In the United States, Latrobe quickly achieved eminence as the first professional architect working in the country.<ref name=roth>{{cite book |first=Leland M. |last=Roth |year=1993 |title=Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning |edition=First |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, CO |isbn=0-06-430158-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/117 117–18, 415] |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/117 }}</ref> Latrobe was a friend of [[Thomas Jefferson]], influencing Jefferson's design for the [[University of Virginia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loi |first1=M. |title=Buildings for Education |chapter=Origins and Development of the American Campus: The "Academical Village" of Thomas Jefferson |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-33687-5_8#Fig3 |series=Research for Development |year=2020 |pages=85–94 |publisher=Springer, Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-33687-5_8 |isbn=978-3-030-33686-8 |s2cid=212899470 |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> Latrobe also knew [[James Monroe]], as well as [[New Orleans]] architect and pirate, [[Barthelemy Lafon]], was [[Aaron Burr]]'s preferred architect, and he trained architect [[William Strickland (architect)|William Strickland]].<ref name=roth/>

In 1803, Jefferson hired Latrobe as [[Surveying|Surveyor]] of the Public Buildings of the United States, and to work as superintendent of construction of the [[United States Capitol]].<ref name="Carter 1972 128">{{harvnb|Carter|1972|p=128}}</ref> As construction of the capitol was already underway, Latrobe was tasked to work with [[William Thornton]]'s plans,<ref>{{harvnb|Frary|1969|pp=60–61}}</ref> which Latrobe criticized. In an 1803 letter to Vice President [[Aaron Burr]], he characterized the plans and work done as "faulty construction".<ref name="journal-p117">{{harvnb|Latrobe|1905|p=117}}</ref> Nonetheless, President [[Thomas Jefferson]] insisted that Latrobe follow Thornton's design for the capitol.<ref name="dumbauld-p75">{{harvnb|Dumbauld|1980|p=75}}</ref>
[[File:Latrobe Gate, Washington Navy Yard.jpg|thumb|left|[[Latrobe Gate]] at the [[Washington Navy Yard]]]]
Although Latrobe's major work was overseeing construction of the [[United States Capitol]], he also was responsible for numerous other projects in Washington. In 1804, became chief engineer in the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="Carter 1972 128" /> As chief surveyor, Latrobe was responsible for the [[Washington City Canal|Washington Canal]].<ref name="carter-p139">{{harvnb|Carter|1972|p=139}}</ref> Latrobe faced bureaucratic hurdles in moving forward with the canal, with the directors of the company rejecting his request for stone [[Lock (water transport)|locks]]. Instead, the canal was built with wooden locks, which were subsequently destroyed in a heavy storm in 1811.<ref name="carter-p140">{{harvnb|Carter|1972|p=140}}</ref> Latrobe also designed the [[Latrobe Gate|main gate]] of the [[Washington Navy Yard]].<ref name="latrobefamily">{{cite web |url=http://www.latrobefamily.com/gedpage/nti/nti00001.htm |title=Latrobe Family – Benjamin Henry Latrobe |author=Latrobe Jr., John H. B. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910165414/http://www.latrobefamily.com/gedpage/nti/nti00001.htm |archive-date=2007-09-10 }}</ref> Latrobe worked on other transportation projects in Washington, D.C., including the Washington and Alexandria Turnpike, which connected Washington with [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], as well as a road connecting with [[Frederick, Maryland]], and a third road, the Columbia Turnpike going through [[Bladensburg, Maryland|Bladensburg]] to [[Baltimore]].<ref name="formwalt-p41">{{harvnb|Formwalt|1980|p=41}}{{full citation needed|date=March 2014}}</ref> Latrobe also provided consulting on the construction of the Washington Bridge across the [[Potomac River]] in a way that would not impede navigation and commerce to [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]].<ref name="formwalt-p39">{{harvnb|Formwalt|1980|p=39}}</ref>
[[File:Latrobe White House cropa2.jpg|right|thumb|Principal story plan for the [[White House]] by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1807]]
Benjamin Latrobe was responsible for several other projects located around [[President's Park#Lafayette Square|Lafayette Square]], including [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C.|St. John's Episcopal Church]], [[Decatur House]], and the [[White House]] porticos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.decaturhouse.org/museum/spaces.htm |title=Public, Private and Service Spaces at Decatur House |publisher=Decatur House Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216174119/http://decaturhouse.org/museum/spaces.htm |archive-date=2007-02-16 }}</ref> Private homes designed by Latrobe include commissions by [[John P. Van Ness]] and [[Peter Casanove]].<ref name="formwalt-p38">{{harvnb|Formwalt|1980|p=38}}</ref>

In June 1812, construction of the Capitol came to a halt with the outbreak of the [[War of 1812]] and the failure of the [[First Bank of the United States]].<ref name="carter-p141">{{harvnb|Carter|1972|p=141}}</ref> During the war, Latrobe relocated to [[Pittsburgh]], and returned to Washington in 1815, as [[Architect of the Capitol]], charged with responsibility of rebuilding the capitol after it was destroyed in the war. Latrobe was given more freedom in rebuilding the capitol, to apply his own design elements for the interior.<ref name="dumbauld-p75" /> Through much of Latrobe's time in Washington, he remained involved with his private practice to some extent and with other projects in Philadelphia and elsewhere. His clerk of works, John Lenthal, often urged Latrobe to spend more time in Washington.<ref name="frary">{{harvnb|Frary|1969|p=69}}</ref>

By 1817, Latrobe had provided President [[James Monroe]] with complete drawings for the entire building.<ref name="carter-p142">{{harvnb|Carter|1972|p=142}}</ref> He resigned as [[Architect of the Capitol]] on November 20, 1817, and without this major commission, Latrobe faced difficulties and was forced into bankruptcy. Latrobe left Washington, for [[Baltimore]] in January 1818.<ref name="journal-p150">{{harvnb|Latrobe|1905|p=150}}</ref>

Latrobe left Washington with pessimism, with the city's design contradicting many of his ideals. Latrobe disliked the Baroque-style plan for the city, and other aspects of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant]]'s plan, and resented having to conform to Thornton's plans for the Capitol Building.<ref name="carter-p149">{{harvnb|Carter|1972|p=149}}</ref> One of the greatest problems with the overall city plan, in the view of Latrobe, was its vast interior distances, and Latrobe considered the Washington Canal as a key factor that, if successful, could help alleviate this issue.<ref name="carter-p143">{{harvnb|Carter|1972|p=143}}</ref> Latrobe also had concerns about the city's economic potential, and argued for constructing a road connecting Washington with [[Frederick, Maryland|Frederick]] to the northwest to enhance economic commerce through Washington.<ref name="carter-p140" />

[[File:BasilicaExterior.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] in [[Baltimore]], Maryland]]
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===Baltimore===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2014}}

Latrobe also worked on projects in [[Baltimore]], including the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Old Baltimore Cathedral or Baltimore Basilica]], the surviving first Roman Catholic Cathedral constructed in the United States, commissioned by [[John Carroll (bishop)|John Carroll]], first Bishop in America for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore]]. Construction of the old Baltimore Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary (later elevated to a Basilica) on Cathedral Hill at Cathedral Street, between West Franklin and Mulberry Streets, commenced in 1806 and the incomplete building was opened in 1821, after several financial setbacks slowed construction.

Latrobe also worked on the "Baltimore Exchange" (also known as the "Merchants' Exchange") project beginning in 1816 to 1819/21/?? – which became the largest domed building in America – an originally planned H-shaped, four-story building facing South Gay Street with its north wing along Second (later Water) Street and its south wing along East Lombard Street. A large, impressive [[Rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] lay under the low dome with a catwalk promenade along the second-floor level of the interior [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]], with space for various federal offices of the Customs Service, U. S. Courthouse, Post Office, and a branch of the [[First Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]]; other wings housing an early location of City Hall with offices for the municipal government of [[Baltimore City Hall|Baltimore]]; and offices for shipping companies, brokers, attorneys, and other maritime businesses. On the western wing side (adjacent to Commerce Street), the "Exchange Hotel" of five stories was constructed, which lasted until 1870 when it was replaced by an annex for the Post Office.

As years went by, the city government moved out in 1830 to a temporary City Hall of its own at the old [[Peale Museum]] farther north on Holliday Street (until 1875, when the block-sized current City Hall was dedicated); a new U. S. Courthouse was constructed in 1862–65 (dedicated in 1860??), with President [[James Buchanan]] in attendance, at the northwest corner of East Fayette and North Streets (now Guilford Avenue) – site of old colonial, twin-spired [[First Presbyterian Church and Manse (Baltimore, Maryland)|First Presbyterian Church]]; and in 1889 a newer Federal Courthouse, along with a General Post Office, of Italian Renaissance-style with nine towers including a large central clock tower, for the embellishment of the city, was constructed on the east side of [[Battle Monument]] Square at North Calvert and East Fayette Streets. This was west of the older Civil War-era U. S. courthouse, which was razed in 1907 for an eastern extension-annex of the 1889 Federal Courthouse and Post Office.

Latrobe's landmark structure, a block north of the waterfront and wharves of "the Basin" (now the "[[Inner Harbor]]") on the northern shore of the northwest branch of the [[Patapsco River]], which forms [[Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore|Baltimore Harbor]], was the site of a number of important events in the nineteenth century, including the 1865 viewing of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s coffin in the rotunda under the low dome, midway in the funeral procession through the streets of the city on its one-day stop in Baltimore, during its week-long journey by train through Northern cities and to [[Springfield, Illinois]], for burial.

The "Exchange" formed the largest commercial structure in America and one of the most important landmarks in nineteenth-century Baltimore. It lasted until unfortunately, being razed around 1902. It was replaced by the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|beaux-arts]] classical granite and marble structure of a new [[United States Custom House (Baltimore, Maryland)|U. S. Customs House]], for which the cornerstone was laid in 1903. Although the [[Great Baltimore Fire]] of February 7–8, 1904, swept over the unfinished foundation along with the entire central business district, construction resumed. The building was dedicated in 1906 and is noted for the beautiful historical maritime murals in its massive "Call Room" in the seldom-seen interior. Over the years, additional [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury]] and [[United States Department of Justice|Justice]] Departmental units and agencies have used that building for offices and security details. It was also the location of significant protest demonstrations against the [[Selective Service System]] and against U. S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]], during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Latrobe also had hopes of generating more financial capital to use for the waterworks project, completing that project in 1818. He left for [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, in December 1818, arriving on January 10, 1819.
-->

===New Orleans===
Latrobe saw great potential for growth in New Orleans, situated at the mouth of the [[Mississippi River]], with the advent of the [[steamboat]] and great interest in steamboat technology. Latrobe's first project in New Orleans was the first New Orleans United States Customs building, constructed in 1807.

In 1810, Latrobe sent his son, Henry Sellon "Boneval" Latrobe, to the city to present a plan for a waterworks system to the New Orleans city council. Latrobe's plan for the waterworks system was based on that of Philadelphia, which he earlier designed. The system in Philadelphia was created as a response to [[yellow fever]] epidemics affecting the city. Latrobe's system used steam pumps to move water from the [[Schuylkill River]] to a reservoir, located upstream; so that gravity could be used to transmit the water from there to residents in the city. The New Orleans waterworks project also was designed to [[Desalination|desalinate water]], using [[steam-power]]ed pumps. While in New Orleans, Latrobe's son participated in the [[Battle of New Orleans]] against British forces in 1815, and took on other projects including building a lighthouse, a new Charity Hospital, and the [[French Opera House]].<ref name="Donaldson 1987 381-396">{{harvnb|Donaldson|1987|pp=381–396}}</ref>

New Orleans agreed to commission the waterworks project in 1811, although Latrobe was not ready to take on the project immediately and faced financial problems in securing enough investors for the project. His work on the [[United States Capitol]] was completed shortly before the [[War of 1812]] started, ending his source of steady income. During the war Latrobe unsuccessfully tried several wartime schemes to make money, including some steamboat projects. In 1814, Latrobe partnered with [[Robert Fulton]] in a [[steamship]] venture based at [[Pittsburgh]]. While in Pittsburgh, Latrobe designed and built a theater for the [[Circus of Pepin and Breschard]].<ref>Semmes, John Edward. ''John H. B. Latrobe and His Times, 1803–1891''. Baltimore: The Norman Remington Co., 1917.</ref> After the U. S. Capitol and White House were burned by the British Army, Latrobe remained in Washington to help with rebuilding, and Latrobe's son took on much of the work for the New Orleans waterworks project.<ref name="Donaldson 1987 381-396" />

Latrobe faced further delays trying to get an engine built for the waterworks, which he finally accomplished in 1819. The process of designing and constructing the waterworks system in New Orleans spanned eleven years. In addition to this project, Latrobe designed the central tower of the [[St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans|St. Louis Cathedral]], which was his last architectural project.<ref name="Donaldson 1987 381-396" />

Latrobe died September 3, 1820, from [[yellow fever]], while working in Louisiana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latrobefamily.com/ |title=Latrobe Family | last=Latrobe | first=John H.B. Jr. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210104820/http://www.latrobefamily.com/ |archive-date=2009-02-10 }}</ref> He was buried in the [[Protestant]] section of the [[Saint Louis Cemetery]] in [[New Orleans]], where his eldest son, architect [[Henry Sellon Boneval Latrobe]] (1792–1817), had been buried three years earlier, having also succumbed to yellow fever.<ref name="latrobefamily" />

==Architecture==

===Influences===
[[File:Latrobe-Walter-LoC-mosaic.JPG|upright|thumb|For his architectural accomplishments, Benjamin Latrobe is honored, together with [[Thomas U. Walter]], in a ceiling mosaic in the East Mosaic Corridor at the entrance to the Main Reading Room of the [[Library of Congress]].]]
While studying in Germany, Latrobe was mentored by Baron Karl von Schachmann, a classical scholar interested in art and collecting. Around 1783, Latrobe made the decision to become an architect, a decision influenced by the baron.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=15}}</ref> While Latrobe was in Germany, a new architectural movement, led by [[Carl Gotthard Langhans]] and others, was emerging with return to more [[Classical architecture|Classical]] or [[Vitruvian]] designs.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=35}}</ref>

In 1784, Latrobe set off on a [[Grand Tour]] around Europe, visiting Paris where the [[Panthéon (Paris)|Panthéon]], a church dedicated to St. [[Genevieve]], was nearing completion. The Panthéon in Paris, designed by [[Jacques Germain Soufflot]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Rondelet]], represented an early example of [[Neoclassicism]]. At that time, [[Claude Nicolas Ledoux]] was designing numerous houses in France, in Neoclassical style. Latrobe also visited [[Rome]], where he was impressed by the [[Pantheon, Rome|Roman Pantheon]] and other ancient structures with Greek influence.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=36}}</ref> Influential architects in Britain, at the time when Latrobe returned in 1784, adhered to a number of different styles. [[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]] was at the forefront, designing in [[Palladian architecture|Palladianism]] style, while Chambers' rival, [[Robert Adam]]'s designs had Roman influence, in a style known as [[Adam style]]. Latrobe was not interested in either the Palladian nor Adam style, but Neoclassicalism also was being introduced to Great Britain at the time by [[George Dance the Younger]]. Other British architects, including [[John Soane]] and [[Henry Holland (architect)|Henry Holland]], also designed in the Neoclassical style while Latrobe was in London.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|pp=35–40}}</ref>

During his European tour, Latrobe gathered ideas on how American cities should be designed. He suggested [[city block]]s be laid out as thin rectangles, with the long side of the blocks oriented east–west so that as many houses as possible could face south. For a city to succeed, he thought it needed to be established only in places with good prospects for commerce and industrial growth, and with a good water supply.

Public health was another key consideration of Latrobe, who believed that the eastern shores of rivers were unhealthy, due to prevailing direction of the wind, and recommended cities be built on the western shores of rivers.<ref name="carter-p136">{{harvnb|Carter|1972|p=136}}</ref>

===Greek Revival in America===
Latrobe brought from England influences of British Neoclassicism, and was able to combine it with styles introduced by Thomas Jefferson, to devise an American Greek Revival style. [[John Summerson]] described the Bank of Pennsylvania, as an example of how Latrobe "married English Neo-Classicism to Jeffersonian Neo-Classicism [and] ... from that moment, the classical revival in America took on a national form".<ref name="crook77">{{Harvnb|Crook|1972|p=77}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Summerson|1993|pp=522–527}}</ref> The American form of Greek Revival architecture that Latrobe developed became associated with political ideals of [[democracy]]—a meaning that was less apparent in Britain.<ref name="crook77"/> The direct link between the Greek Revival architecture and American democracy has been disputed by recent scholars such as W. Barksdale Maynard, who sees the Greek Revival as an international phenomenon.<ref>W. Barksdale Maynard, "The Greek Revival: Americanness, politics, and economics," in Eggener, ''American Architectural History: A Contemporary Reader'', 2004.</ref>

==Selected works==
{{main article|List of works by Benjamin Henry Latrobe}}

===Houses===
[[File:Pope Villa (Lexington, Kentucky) - DSC09308.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The [[Pope Villa]]]]

When Latrobe began private practice in England, his first projects were alterations to existing houses, designing [[Hammerwood Park]], and designing [[Ashdown House, East Sussex]]. Alterations completed early in his career may have included Tanton Hall, Sheffield Park, Frimley, and Teston Hall, although these homes have since been altered and it is difficult now to isolate Latrobe's work in the current designs.<ref name="Hamlin 1955 42"/> His designs were simpler than was typical at the time, and had influences of Robert Adam.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=43}}</ref> Features in his designs often included as part of the front [[portico]]s, Greek [[ionic order|ionic]] columns, as used in Ashdown House,<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=44}}</ref> or [[doric order|doric]] columns, seen in Hammerwood Park.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=45}}</ref>

The book, ''The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe'', lists buildings he designed in England, including [[Listed building|Grade II* listed]] [[Alderbury]] House (late 1800s) in Wiltshire. This structure had previously been misattributed to [[James Wyatt]]. It has been described as "one of Wiltshire's most elegant Georgian country houses".<ref>{{cite book |last=Fazio |first=Michael W. |date=19 June 2006 |title=The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9N9xjk8tbPcC&q=Benjamin+Latrobe+alderbury+house+james+wyatt&pg=PA713 |location= |publisher= JHU Press|page=713 |isbn=0801881048 |author-link= }}</ref><ref>[https://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/eight-of-the-biggest-country-house-sales-in-britain-in-2020-221245 Eight of the biggest country house sales in Britain in 2020]</ref>

Latrobe continued to design houses after he immigrated to the United States, mostly using Greek Revival designs. Four houses still stand that Latrobe designed: the [[Decatur House]] in Washington, D.C.; [[Adena Mansion|Adena]] in Chillicothe, Ohio; the [[Pope Villa]] in Lexington, Kentucky; and the [[Sedgeley#Porter House|Sedgeley Porter's house]] in Philadelphia. As one of Latrobe's most avant-garde designs, the Pope Villa has national significance for its unique design. He also introduced [[Gothic Revival architecture]] to the United States with the design of [[Sedgeley]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Woods|2004|p=122}}</ref> The mansion was built in 1799 and demolished in 1857; however, the stone Porter's house at Sedgeley remains as his only extant building in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fairmountpark.org/Sedgeley.asp |title=Sedgeley (Porter's House) |website=fairmountpark.org |publisher=Fairmount Park |access-date=2009-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006093932/http://www.fairmountpark.org/Sedgeley.asp |archive-date=2008-10-06 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> A theme seen in many of Latrobe's designs is plans with squarish-dimensions and a central, multi-story hall with a [[cupola]] to provide lighting, which was contrary to the popular trend of the time of building houses with long narrow plans.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamlin|1955|p=103}}</ref>

==Personal life==
* First wife: Lydia Sellon (1760–1793)
** Lydia Sellon Mary Latrobe (1791–1878) m. [[Nicholas James Roosevelt]]
** [[Henry Sellon Boneval Latrobe]] (1792–1817)
** Unnamed (1793)
* Second wife: Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst (1771–1841)
** Juliana Latrobe (1801)
** [[John Hazlehurst Boneval Latrobe]] (1803–1891)
** Juliana Elizabeth Boneval Latrobe (1804–1890)
** Mary Agnes Latrobe (1805–1806)
** [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe Jr.]] (1806–1878)
** Louisa Latrobe (1808)

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
* {{cite journal |last=Addison |first=Agnes |title=Latrobe vs. Strickland |journal=The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |date=July 1942 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=26–29 |doi=10.2307/901161|jstor=901161 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Burchard |first1=John |first2=Albert |last2=Bush-Brown |title=The Architecture of America: A Social and Cultural History |url=https://archive.org/details/architectureofam00john |url-access=registration |year=1966 |publisher=Little, Brown}}
* {{cite journal |last=Carter II |first=Edward C. |title=Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington, 1798–1818 |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society |date=1971–1972|ref={{harvid|Carter|1972}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Cohen |editor-first=Jeffrey A. |editor-first2=Charles E. |editor-last2=Brownell |title=The Architectural Drawings of Benjamin Henry Latrobe |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |last=Crook |first=Joseph Mordaunt |title=The Greek Revival: Neo-Classical Attitudes in British Architecture 1760–1870 |publisher=John Murray |year=1972 |isbn=0-7195-2724-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Donaldson |first=Gary A. |title=Bringing Water to the Crescent City: Benjamin Latrobe and the New Orleans Waterworks System |journal=Louisiana History |publisher=Louisiana Historical Association |year=1987 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=381–396 |pmid=11617566}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dumbauld |first=Edward |title=Thomas Jefferson and the City of Washington |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society |year=1980 |volume=50}}
* {{cite book |title=The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|last1=Fazio |first1=Michael W. |first2=Patrick A. |last2=Snadon |year=2006 |isbn=0-8018-8104-8}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/990429 |last=Fazio |first=Michael W. |title=Benjamin Latrobe's Designs for a Lighthouse at the Mouth of the Mississippi River |jstor=990429 |journal=The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=48 |issue=3 |date=September 1989 |pages=232–247}}
* {{cite journal |last=Formwalt |first=Lee W. |title=Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Development of Transportation in the District of Columbia, 1802–1817 |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society |year=1980 |volume=50}}
* {{cite journal |last=Formwalt |first=Lee W. |title=An English Immigrant Views American Society: Benjamin Henry Latrobe's Virginia Years, 1796–1798 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |publisher=Virginia Historical Society |volume=85 |issue=4 |date=October 1977 |pages=387–410}}
* {{cite news |last=Formwalt |first=Lee W. |title=Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Development of Internal Improvements in the New Republic, 1796–1820 |publisher=Ayer Publishing / Catholic University of America |year=1979}}
* {{cite book |last=Frary |first=Ihna Thayer |title=They Built the Capitol |year=1969 |publisher=Ayer Publishing |isbn=0-8369-5089-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/theybuiltcapitol0000frar }}
* {{cite book |last=Hamlin |first=Talbot |title=Benjamin Henry Latrobe |url=https://archive.org/details/benjaminhenrylat0000haml |url-access=registration |year=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamlin |first=Talbot |title=Greek Revival Architecture in America: Being an Account of Important Trends in American Architecture and American Life Prior to the War Between the States |url=https://archive.org/details/greekrevivalarch0000haml |url-access=registration |year=1944 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-486-21148-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Roger G. |title=Orders from France: The Americans and the French in a Revolutionary World, 1780–1820 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1989 |isbn=0-394-55592-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ordersfromfrance00kenn }}
* {{cite book |last=Kimball |first=Fiske |title=Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early Republic |year=1922 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QckVAAAAYAAJ_2 |isbn=0-486-41705-0}}
* [[James C. Klotter|Klotter, James C.]], and Daniel Rowland, eds. ''Bluegrass Renaissance: The History and Culture of Central Kentucky, 1792–1852'' (University Press of Kentucky; 2012) 371 pages; emphasis on Benjamin Henry Latrobe and "neoclassical" Lexington
* {{cite book |last=Latrobe |first=Benjamin Henry |title=The Journal of Latrobe |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924099427696 |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |year=1905 |isbn=0-917860-21-7}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3047345 |last=Norton |first=Paul F. |title=Latrobe and Old West at Dickenson College |jstor=3047345 |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=33 |issue=2
|date=June 1951 |pages=125–132}}
* {{cite book |last=Norton |first=Paul F. |title=Latrobe, Jefferson, and the National Capitol |year=1977 |publisher=Garland Pub. |isbn=0-8240-2716-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Charles E. |title=Early Prisons |journal=The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |date=December 1953 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=26–31 |doi=10.2307/987648|jstor=987648 }}
* {{cite book |last=Roth |first=Leland M. |year=2001 |title=American Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/americanarchitec0000roth |url-access=registration |publisher=Westview Press}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Stapleton |first1=Darwin H. |first2=Edward C. |last2=Carter II |title="I have the itch of Botany, of Chemistry, of Mathematics...strong upon me": the Science of Benjamin Henry Latrobe |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |publisher=American Philosophical Society |date=September 1984 |volume=128 |issue=3  |pages=173–192 |pmid=11615972}}
* {{cite book |last=Summerson |first=John |title=Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830: 1530–1830 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-300-05886-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Tatum |first=George B. |title=Penn's Great Town: 250 Years of Philadelphia Architecture Illustrated in Prints and Drawings |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1961}}
* {{cite book |last=Woods |first=Mary N. |editor=Eggener, Keith |title=American Architectural History |chapter=Chapter 6, The First Professional: Benjamin Henry Latrobe |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=3-7757-1406-5}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{Commons category|Benjamin Henry Latrobe}}
{{wikisourceauthor}}
* [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/fisher/search.html?q=latrobe Fine Arts Library Image Collection] – University of Pennsylvania
* [https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/jeff1.html#ecorr Library of Congress, Jefferson Building East Corridor mosaics]
* [https://www.pbs.org/benjaminlatrobe/ Benjamin Latrobe: America's First Architect] on [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
* [http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_229347 Benjamin Henry LaTrobe Sketches of Fishes, 1796–1797, 1882] from the [[Smithsonian Institution Archives]]
* {{Find a Grave|604}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Stephen Hallet]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Architect of the Capitol]]|years=1803–1811<br />1815–1817}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Bulfinch]]}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Latrobe, Benjamin Henry}}
[[Category:American neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:British neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Architects of the United States Capitol]]
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[[Category:American ecclesiastical architects]]
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[[Category:18th-century American architects]]
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[[Category:Architects from Leeds]]
[[Category:Latrobe family]]