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{{Short description|American scientist, surveyor and farmer (1731–1806)}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move-indef}}{{Cleanup|reason=overly detailed quotes in references|date=August 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Infobox person | name= Benjamin Banneker | image=Benjamin Banneker mural cropped.tif | caption=<sup>[[Library of Congress]]</sup><br />Banneker depicted in a 1943 mural by [[Maxine Merlino]] in the Recorder of Deeds Building in [[Washington, D.C.]] (2010)<ref>(1) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190213211303/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Benjamin_Banneker_mural_cropped.tif Cropped image] extracted ''from'' {{cite web|last=Highsmith|first=Carol M. (photographer)|author-link=Carol M. Highsmith|url=http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/highsm.09905/|format=photograph|title="Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor-Inventor-Astronomer", mural by Maxime Seelbinder, at the Recorder of Deeds building, built in 1943. 515 D St., NW, Washington, D.C.|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=November 5, 2017|archive-date=November 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101123251/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/highsm.09905/|url-status=live}}<br />(2) {{cite web|url=https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/recorder-deeds-building-seelbinder-mural-washington-dc/ |title=Recorder of Deeds Building: Seelbinder Mural – Washington DC|publisher=[[The Living New Deal]] |access-date=January 11, 2020|archive-date=January 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111054138/https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/recorder-deeds-building-seelbinder-mural-washington-dc/|url-status=live}}.<br />(3) {{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/09/AR2010030903458.html|title=D.C. Recorder of Deeds moving but fate of murals unclear|first=Nicole|last=Norfleet|date=March 11, 2010|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=October 3, 2016|archive-date=October 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210410/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/09/AR2010030903458.html|url-status=live}}<br>(4) {{cite web|url=http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Recorder%20of%20Deeds%20Building.pdf|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Recorder of Deeds Building|last=Sefton|first=D. P., DC Preservation League, Washington, D.C.|date=July 1, 2010|publisher=District of Columbia Office of Planning|pages=18–19|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=October 3, 2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005064938/http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Recorder%20of%20Deeds%20Building.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_name = | birth_date = November 9, 1731 | birth_place = [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]], [[Province of Maryland]], [[British America]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1806|10|19|1731|11|09}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[Oella, Maryland|Oella]], [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]], Maryland, U.S.}} | nationality = American | other_names = Benjamin Bannaker | occupation = almanac author, surveyor, farmer | known_for = | mother = Mary Banneky | father = Robert }} '''Benjamin Banneker''' (November 9, 1731{{spaced ndash}}October 19, 1806) was an American [[Natural history|naturalist]], [[mathematician]], [[astronomer]] and [[almanac]] author. A [[Land tenure|landowner]], he also worked as a [[surveying|surveyor]] and [[farmer]]. Born in [[Baltimore County, Maryland]], to a free African-American mother and a father who had formerly been [[slavery in the United States|enslaved]], Banneker had little or no formal education and was largely self-taught. He became known for assisting Major [[Andrew Ellicott]] in a survey that established the original borders of the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], the federal capital district of the [[United States]]. Banneker's knowledge of [[astronomy]] helped him author a commercially successful series of almanacs. He corresponded with [[Thomas Jefferson]] on the topics of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and [[racial equality]]. [[Abolitionism in the United States|Abolitionist]]s and advocates of racial equality promoted and praised Banneker's works. Although a fire on the day of Banneker's funeral destroyed many of his papers and belongings, one of his journals and several of his remaining [[Cultural artifact|artifacts]] survived. Banneker [[Mythology of Benjamin Banneker|became a folk-hero]] after his death, leading to many accounts of his life being exaggerated or embellished.<ref name=boyd>{{cite book|editor-first=Julian P.|editor-last=Boyd|editor-link=Julian P. Boyd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|chapter=Locating the Federal District: Editorial Note: Footnote number 119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=printsec|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: 24 January–31 March 1791|volume=19|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1974|pages=41–43|oclc=1045069058|isbn=9780691185255|lccn=50007486|access-date=March 27, 2019|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=Recent biographical accounts of Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)…have done his memory a disservice by obscuring his real achievements under a cloud of extravagant claims to scientific accomplishment that have no foundation in fact. The single notable exception is Silvio A. Bedini's ''The Life of Benjamin Banneker'' (New York, 1972), a work of painstaking research and scrupulous attention to accuracy}}</ref><ref name=mhs>{{cite web|author=Maryland Historical Society Library Department|author-link=Maryland Center for History and Culture#Library|url=https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|title=The Dreams of Benjamin Banneker|work=[[Maryland Historical Society#Library|H. Furlong Baldwin Library]]: Underbelly|publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]|date=February 6, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2020|quote=Over the 200 years since the death of Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806), his story has become a muddled combination of fact, inference, misinformation, hyperbole, and legend. Like many other figures throughout history, the small amount of surviving source material has nurtured the development of a degree of mythology surrounding his story.|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917003106/https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|url-status=live}}<br/></ref> The names of parks, schools and streets [[Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker|commemorate him and his works]], as do other tributes. == Biography == ===Early life=== Banneker was born on November 9, 1731, in Baltimore County, Maryland, to Mary Banneky, a free black woman, and Robert, a [[Freedman|freed slave]] from [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]] who died in 1759.<ref name=Bedini2008>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/mathematics-biographies/benjamin-banneker|title=Benjamin Banneker | Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref name=Heinegg>{{cite web|first=Paul|last=Heinegg|date=December 11, 2016|url=http://freeafricanamericans.com/Adams-Butler.htm|access-date=May 6, 2020|title=Banneker Family|work=Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware: Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware: Adams-Butler|archive-date=June 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624200755/http://freeafricanamericans.com/Adams-Butler.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are two conflicting accounts of Banneker's family history. Banneker himself and his earliest biographers described him as having only African ancestry.<ref>(1) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150122021054/http://etext.virginia.edu/images/modeng/public/BanLett/B24073e.jpg Banneker, 1792b, p. 6]. "Sir, I freely and cheerfully acknowledge, that I am of the African race, and in that color which is natural to them of the deepest dye"<br />(2) McHenry, pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435073185951&view=1up&seq=193 185]-[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435073185951&view=1up&seq=194 186]. "BENJAMIN BANNEKER, a free Negro, has calculated an Almanack for the ensuing Year, 1792, ..... . "This Man is about fifty-nine years in age; he was born in ''Baltimore county''; his father was an ''African'', and his mother, the offspring of ''African'' parents."<br />(3) [https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n12/mode/1up Latrobe, p. 6]. "His father was a native African, and his mother the child of natives of Africa; so that to no admixture of the blood of the white man was he indebted for his peculiar and extraordinary abilities."</ref><ref name=Perot>[http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1215&context=theses Perot, full text], pp. 5, 19–21, 33–36, 67.</ref><ref>(1) {{cite journal|last=Russell|first=George Ely|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32FmAAAAMAAJ&q=Molly+Welsh%3A|title=Molly Welsh: Alleged Grandmother of Benjamin Banneker|journal=National Genealogical Society Quarterly|volume=94|issue=4|publisher=[[National Genealogical Society]]|date=December 2006|pages=305–314|oclc=50612104|issn=0027-934X|lccn=17012813|access-date=June 7, 2015}}</ref> None of Banneker's surviving papers describe a white ancestor or identify the name of his grandmother.<ref name=Perot/> However, two lines of later research both suggest that Banneker's mother was the daughter of a white woman and an African slave, <ref name="Heinegg" /><ref name="Perot"/><ref name="johnson">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Richard |date=18 January 2018 |title=Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610193716/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/banneker-benjamin-1731-1806/ |website=Black Past |quote="Benjamin seems to have served as an indentured laborer on the Prince George’s County plantation of Mary Welsh, who had dealings with the Bannaky family and in 1773 executed her dead husband’s instructions to release several of her labor force including “Negro Ben, born free age 43.” Walsh was surely not Banneker’s grandmother, as argued by many biographers, but she did leave him a substantial legacy. He then lived alone as a tobacco farmer near the Patapsco River."}}</ref><ref name="tyson">{{Cite web|last=Tyson |first=Martha (Ellicott) |date=June 30, 1854 |title=A sketch of the life of Benjamin Banneker; from notes taken in 1836 |url=http://archive.org/details/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso |publisher=[Baltimore] Printed by J. D. Toy |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{rp|4}} although they differ as to whether the Banneker surname came from his mother or father and the origin of the name, which could be from [[Banaka]], a small [[village]] in the present-day [[Klay District]] of [[Bomi County]] in northwestern [[Liberia]] that had once participated in the [[History of slavery#African participation in the slave trade|African slave trade]]<ref name="Heinegg" /><ref>(1) {{cite web|url=http://www.maplandia.com/liberia/bomi-terr/klay/banaka/|title=Banaka Map — Satellite Images of Banaka|work=maplandia.com: [[Google Maps|google maps]] world [[gazetteer]]|year=2016|access-date=May 6, 2020|quote=This place is situated in Klay, Bomi Terr., Liberia, its geographical coordinates are 6° 49' 44" North, 10° 46' 21" West and its original name (with diacritics) is Banaka.|archive-date=May 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506154928/http://www.maplandia.com/liberia/bomi-terr/klay/banaka/|url-status=live}}<br />(2) {{cite web|url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/liberia/bomi/_banaka/|title=Banaka / Bomi County|work=getamap.net|year=2020|access-date=May 6, 2020|quote=Banaka (Banaka) is a populated place .... in Bomi County (Bomi), Liberia (Africa) .... . It is located at an elevation of 117 meters above sea level.|archive-date=May 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506155156/http://www.getamap.net/maps/liberia/bomi/_banaka/|url-status=live}}<br>(3) {{cite web|url=http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/banaka-located.html|title=Where is Banaka in Liberia Located?|work=GoMapper|year=2020|access-date=May 6, 2020|quote=Banaka is a place with a very small population in the country of Liberia .... . Cities, towns and places near Banaka include Bonja, Kuodi, Wuefa and Fassa. The closest major cities include Monrovia, Freetown, Conakry and Daloa.|archive-date=May 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506155431/http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/banaka-located.html|url-status=usurped}}<br>(4) Coordinates of Banaka: {{coord|6.828698|-10.7719071|scale:20000|format=dms|name=Banaka}}</ref> or "Banaka", the home of the [[Vai people]], who have lived there since about 1500 when they left the [[Mali Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Paul|last=Heinegg|year=2021|url=http://freeafricanamericans.com/Adams-Butler.htm|access-date=September 14, 2021|title=Banneker Family|work=Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware: Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware: Adams-Butler|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914230106/http://freeafricanamericans.com/Adams-Butler.htm|archive-date=September 14, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Ellicott City, Maryland (7391807448).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|View of the Patapsco Valley from Ellicott City (June 2012)]] In 1737, when he was 6, Banneker was named on the deed of his family's {{convert|100|acre|km2|abbr=on|adj=on}} farm in the [[Patapsco Valley]] in rural Baltimore County.<ref name="Bedini148">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv|title=The life of Benjamin Banneker|first=Silvio A.|last=Bedini|date=June 30, 1971|publisher=New York, Scribner|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=Hurry>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Hurry|first=Robert J.|editor-last=Hockey|editor-first=Thomas|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=printsec|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|chapter=Banneker, Benjamin|year=2007|pages=91–92|location=New York |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=9780387310220|oclc=65764986|access-date=July 29, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Glawe |first=Eddie |date=13 February 2014 |title=Feature: Benjamin Banneker. |url=http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/#sthash.AWoRGOoZ.dpuf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818211453/http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/ |archive-date=18 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=xyHt |quote=This indenture made this tenth day of March in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred thirty seven between Richard Gist... of the one part, Robert Bannaky and [his son] Benjamin Bannaky... of the other part}}</ref><ref>Facsimile of handwritten deed conveying property from Richard Gist to Robert Bannaky and Benjamin Bannaky. ''In'' {{cite web |last=Clark |first=James W., Maryland Commission on Afro-American and Indian History and Culture, Annapolis, Maryland |date=June 14, 1976 |title=Benjamin Banneker Homesite |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/004000/004300/004382/pdf/msa_se5_4382.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818203231/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/004000/004300/004382/pdf/msa_se5_4382.pdf |archive-date=August 18, 2015 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |work=Maryland State Historical Trust: Inventory Form for State Historic Sites Survey |publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]] |page=16 |location=[[Annapolis, Maryland]]}}</ref> In 1791, a letter writer stated that Banneker's parents had sent him to an obscure school where he learned reading, writing and arithmetic as far as double position.{{what|reason=What is double position|date=November 2022}}<ref>(1) McHenry, pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435073185951&view=1up&seq=193 185]-[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435073185951&view=1up&seq=194 186]. "This man is about fifty-nine years of age; he was born in ''Baltimore county''; his father was an ''African'', and his mother the offspring of ''African'' parents. His father and mother having obtained their freedom, were enabled to send him to an obscure school, where he learned, as a boy, reading, writing, and arithmetic, as far as double position.<br />(2) {{cite web|url=http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/Double+position|title=Double position|work=Webster's 1913 Dictionary|access-date=June 14, 2020|quote=(Arith.) the method of solving problems by proceeding with each of two assumed numbers, according to the conditions of the problem, and by comparing the difference of the results with those of the numbers, deducing the correction to be applied to one of them to obtain the true result.|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614192843/http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/Double+position|url-status=live}}<br>(3) {{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Adams|year=1807|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044096989686&view=1up&seq=225|chapter=Section III. § 10. Position: Double Position|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044096989686&view=1up&seq=11|title=The Scholar's Arithmetic; or, Federal Accountant|edition=4th|pages=201–202|lccn=38021948|oclc=1153971636|location=[[Keene, New Hampshire]]|publisher=Printed by and for John Prentiss, (proprietor of the copy-right) and sold at his book-store, wholesale and retail.--Sold also by the principal booksellers in New-England, and at the Rensselaer book-store, [[Troy, New York|Troy, N.Y.]]|access-date=June 22, 2020|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]}}</ref> In contrast, unverified accounts, first appeared in books published more than 140 years after Banneker's death suggest that, as a young teenager, Banneker met and befriended Peter Heinrich, a [[Quaker]] who later established a school near the Banneker family farm.<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/yourmosthumblese00dubo/page/45/mode/1up/search/school Graham, 1949, p. 45.] Not until all the tobacco was in and "the Christmas" over was the school opened. Among the boys who sat on the smooth log facing Peter Heinrich was the dark boy. .... The dark boy's name seemed rather long. For Peter Heinrich wrote "Benjamin Banneker". .... And thus the spelling was changed from that in the earliest records.<br />(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/300/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 300.] "Martha Tyson's posthumous book was the last work about Banneker to be based on original materials. During the next several decades, numerous articles in periodicals and newspapers mentioned Banneker's life and works, but each was based on earlier publications without contributing new materials. .... Finally, in 1949 another biography of Banneker appeared. This work by Shirley Graham was highly fictionalized and written for young people. It became popular, but the lack of distinction between fact and fiction in its presentation, while a compliment to the writing skill of Shirley Graham, has resulted in yet more confusion concerning Banneker's achievements and their importance."</ref><ref name=Cerami24>(1) [https://archive.org/details/banneker00char/page/24/mode/1up Cerami, 2002, pp. 24–28.]<br />(2) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120905204059/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=7440 Corrigan, 2003, p. 2] "Cerami constructs a credible narrative of Banneker's life, but fails to document his research."</ref> These accounts state that Heinrich shared his personal library and provided Banneker with his only classroom instruction.<ref name=Cerami24/><ref>[https://archive.org/details/yourmosthumblese00dubo/page/52/mode/1up Graham, 1949, p. 52.] "The school was now housed in a building all its own and was supported by the Society of Friends. Though Ben was no longer a regular attendant he still considered himself a pupil. Very often when his days work was done he rode over to Master Heinrich's house for talk or to exchange a book"</ref> Banneker's formal education (if any) presumably ended when he was old enough to help on his family's farm.<ref name=Latrobe7>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog|title=Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read Before the Maryland Historical Society, at ...|first=Maryland Historical Society|last=John Hazlehurst Boneval Latrobe |date=June 30, 1845|publisher=Printed by John D. Toy|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ===Notable works=== Around 1753, at about the age of 21, Banneker reportedly completed a wooden clock that [[Striking clock|struck on the hour]]. He appears to have modelled his clock from a borrowed pocket watch by carving each piece to scale. The clock continued to work until his death.<ref name=Latrobe7/><ref>(1) Tyson, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/5/mode/1up 5], [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/9/mode/1up 9]–[https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/10/mode/1up 10], [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/18/mode/1up 18].<br />(2) {{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA729|title=Book Notice: Banneker, ''the Afric-American Astronomer.'' From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by Her Daughter. Phila. 1020 Arch Street. 1884|journal=Friends Review: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal|volume=37|number=46|page=729|editor=Hartshorne, Henry|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Franklin E. Paige|date=June 21, 1884|access-date=January 16, 2017|archive-date=January 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116214630/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA729|url-status=live}}<br />(3) [https://archive.org/details/bulletinunitedst2311964unit/page/22/mode/1up Bedini, 1964], p. 22.<br />(4) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/44/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 44.] "Completed in 1753, Bannekers' clock continued to operate until his death, more than 50 years later."<br />(5) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_Banneker.aspx Bedini, 2008] "At about the age of twenty-one he (Banneker) constructed a striking wall clock, without ever having seen one. .... The clock continued to function successfully for more than fifty years, until his death."<br />(6) {{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Chris H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6kRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22it+was+destroyed%22|title=Two Hundred Years of American Clocks & Watches|page=73|location=[[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Prentice Hall|Prentice-Hall, Inc.]]|year=1975|oclc=756413530|isbn=0139351302|lccn=75013714|access-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref> After his father died in 1759, Banneker lived with his mother and sisters.<ref name=Bedini2008/><ref name="tyson" /> Records indicate that in 1768 and 1773, he was living in Baltimore.<ref>(1) {{cite web|url=http://freeafricanamericans.com/Adams-Butler.htm|date=December 11, 2016|access-date=June 24, 2017|title=Banneker Family|work=Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware|first=Paul|last=Heinegg|archive-date=June 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624200755/http://freeafricanamericans.com/Adams-Butler.htm|url-status=live}}<br />(2) {{cite journal|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000061/pdf/am61--531.pdf|title=Petitions for and against removal of the county seat of Baltimore County from Joppa to Baltimore Town, 1768: A. Petitions for removal of the County Seat|journal=Maryland State Archives (Archives of Maryland On-Line)|volume=61|pages=520–554|quote=Benjamin Banneker (page 551)|access-date=February 9, 2018|archive-date=February 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209223437/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000061/pdf/am61--531.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/47/mode/1up 47], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/368 368–369].</ref> In 1772, brothers [[Andrew Ellicott (miller)|Andrew Ellicott]], [[John Ellicott (miller)|John Ellicott]] and [[Joseph Ellicott (miller)|Joseph Ellicott]] moved from [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]], and bought land along the Patapsco Falls near Banneker's farm on which to construct [[gristmill]]s, around which the village of [[Ellicott City#History|Ellicott's Mills]] (now [[Ellicott City]]) subsequently developed.<ref name="ellicottcity">{{cite web|url=http://ellicottcity.net/tourism/history|title=Historic Ellicott City's History|work=ellicottcity.net|publisher=Ellicott City Graphic Arts|location=Ellicott City, Maryland|access-date=February 21, 2016|archive-date=August 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810082310/http://ellicottcity.net/tourism/history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tyson2>{{cite book|first=Martha Ellicott|last=Tyson|year=1865|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/briefaccountofse00tyso/page/n6/mode/1up|url=https://archive.org/details/briefaccountofse00tyso/page/n4/mode/1up|chapter=A Brief Account of the Settlement of Ellicott's Mills|title=A Brief Account of the Settlement of Ellicott's Mills, with Fragments of History therewith Connected: Written at the request of Evan T. Ellicott, Baltimore, 1865: Read before the Maryland Historical Society, Nov. 3, 1870|location=Baltimore |publisher=Printed by J. Murphy: Printer to the [[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]|lccn=rc01003387|oclc=777869103|pages=3–4|access-date=December 2, 2020|via=[[Internet Archive]]|quote=The earliest observable change in the agricultural system of Maryland, was occasioned by a purchase made in 1772, by the brothers Joseph, Andrew and John Ellicott, of lands and mill-sites on the Patapsco river, 10 miles west of Baltimore, and by the building of their mills for grinding wheat and other grains. The purchase embraced the lands, on both sides of the Patapsco, for four miles in extent, and included all the water power within that distance, ..... }}</ref><ref name=mayer>{{cite book|last=Mayer|first=Brantz|year=1871|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/baltimorepastpre00maye/page/93/mode/1up|chapter=Baltimore: From the End of the War with Great Britain and the Opening of the South American Trade to the Present Time|url=https://archive.org/details/baltimorepastpre00maye/page/n10/mode/1up|title=Baltimore: Past and Present. With Biographical Sketches of its Representative Men|page=93|lccn=rc01003450|oclc=1041066526|location=Baltimore|publisher=Richardson & Bennett|access-date=December 2, 2020|via=[[Internet Archive]]|quote=In the city, and within the compass of twenty miles around it, there were upwards of sixty grain mills, of various descriptions, in which it was said that fully a million and a quarter of dollars were invested. This, of course, was an element of great prospective wealth, especially as the water power for manufactures, within the radius of those twenty miles, at Patapsco Falls, ....}}</ref><ref name=arnold>{{cite news|first=Melissa|last= Arnold|date=January 2, 2001|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2001-01-02-0101020178-story.html|title=Ellicotts, Banneker found common ground in science|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=January 23, 2021}}</ref> The Ellicotts were Quakers who held the same views on racial equality as did many of their faith.<ref name=ellicottcity/><ref name="Bedini pp185-199">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi|title=The life of Benjamin Banneker|date=June 30, 1999|publisher=Maryland Historical Society|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Banneker studied the mills and became acquainted with their proprietors.<ref name="Williams387">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/historynegrorac05willgoog|title=History of the Negro race in America from 1619 to 1880. Negroes as slaves, as soldiers, and as citizens; together with a preliminary consideration of the unity of the human family, an historical sketch of Africa, and an account of the negro governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia|first=George Washington|last=Williams|date=June 30, 1885|publisher=New York, London, G.P. Putnam's Sons|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="tyson" /> In 1788, [[George Ellicott]], a son of Andrew Ellicott, loaned Banneker books and equipment to begin a more formal study of astronomy.<ref name="Glawe">{{cite web|url=http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/|title=Glawe|date=February 13, 2014 |access-date=August 18, 2015|archive-date=August 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818211453/http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Timeline">{{Cite web|url=http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/time_line/|title=Catonsville, MD – Oella – Benjamin Banneker's Historical Park & Museum – Time Line|date=May 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531152237/http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/time_line/ |archive-date=May 31, 2010 }}</ref><ref>(1) [http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969, p. 8.]<br />(2) Bedini, 1999, [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/81/mode/1up pp. 81–87]; [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/371/mode/1up p. 371, references 3, 4, 5]; [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/382/mode/1up p. 382, reference 12].<br />(3) {{cite news|first=Melissa|last= Arnold|date=January 2, 2001|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2001-01-02-0101020178-story.html|title=Ellicotts, Banneker found common ground in science|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=January 23, 2021}}<br />(4) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435073185951&view=1up&seq=194 McHenry, p. 186.] "It is about three years since mr. George Ellicott lent him Mayer's tables, [[James Ferguson (Scottish astronomer)|Ferguson]]'s astronomy, Leadbeater's lunar tables and some astronomical instruments, but without accompanying them with either hint or instruction, that might further his studies, or lead him to apply them to any useful result. These books and instruments, the first of the kind that he had ever seen, opened a new world to Benjamin, and from thence forward he employed his leisure in astronomical researches."<br />(5) {{cite book|first=Tobias|last=Mayer|editor-first=Nevil|editor-last= Maskelyne|year=1770|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3p6hhGLKfkC&pg=printsec|title=New and correct tables of the motions of the sun and moon|language=la, en|location=London|publisher=William and John Richardson: Sold by John Nourse, John Mount and Thomas Page|oclc=981762891|access-date=June 22, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]}}<br />(6) {{cite book|first=James|last=Ferguson|author-link=James Ferguson (Scottish astronomer)|year=1756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cAAAAQAAJ&pg=printsec|title=Astronomy Explained Upon Sir Isaac Newton's Principles,: And Made Easy to Those who Have Not Studied Mathematics|location=London|publisher=Printed for, and sold by the author, at the Globe, opposite Cecil-street in the Strand|oclc=55560074|lccn=ltf91075548|access-date=June 22, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]}}<br />(7) {{cite book|first=Charles|last=Leadbetter|year=1742|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3gRvA2J3DYC&pg=printsec|title=A Compleat System of Astronomy|edition=2nd|oclc=822001557|lccn=45046785|location=London|publisher=J. Wilcox|access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> During the following year, Banneker sent George his work calculating a [[solar eclipse]].<ref name="Glawe" /><ref name="Timeline" /><ref name="Williams387" /> In 1790, Banneker prepared an [[ephemeris]] for 1791, which he hoped would be placed within a published almanac.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435073185951&view=1up&seq=194 McHenry, p. 186.] "He (Banneker) now took up the idea for calculations for an almanac, and actually completed and entire set for the last year, upon his original stock of arithmetic. Encouraged by this first attempt, he entered upon his calculation for 1792, which as well as the former, he began and finished without the least information, or assistance, from any person or other books, than those that I have mentioned; so that, whatever merit is attached to his present performance, is exclusively and peculiarly his own."</ref> However, he was unable to find a printer that was willing to publish and distribute the work.<ref name=Glawe/><ref name=Tise>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1F1H2KUj80C&pg=PA213|title=The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800|first=Larry E.|last=Tise|date=June 30, 1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811701006 |via=Google Books}}</ref> ====Survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia==== [[File:Map of the District of Columbia, 1835.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|{{center|[[Library of Congress]]}} 1835 map of the District of Columbia showing Washington City in its center, Georgetown to the west of the city, and the town of Alexandria in the District's south corner.]] [[File:Andrew Ellicott.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|1799 portrait of Andrew Ellicott]] In early 1791, [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]], Thomas Jefferson, asked surveyor [[Andrew Ellicott|Maj. Andrew Ellicott]] to survey an area for a new [[federal district]]. In February 1791, Ellicott left a survey in [[western New York]] to begin the district survey and hired Banneker to assist him, advancing him $60 for travel expenses to and at [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]].<ref name=stone>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013259695&view=1up&seq=20|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013259695&view=1up&seq=5|author=National Capital Planning Commission|author-link=National Capital Planning Commission|year=1976|chapter=History|title=Boundary markers of the Nation's Capital: a proposal for their preservation & protection: a National Capital Planning Commission Bicentennial report|page=9|place=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[National Capital Planning Commission]]; For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, [[United States Government Publishing Office|United States Government Printing Office]]|oclc=3772302|access-date=February 22, 2016|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]|quote=... Andrew Ellicott retained Banneker to make the astronomical calculations necessary to establish the location of the south corner stone, while Ellicott and the field crews did the actual surveying.}}</ref><ref name=markers>(1) Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/110/mode/1up 110–114], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/133/mode/1up 133–134].<br />(2) {{cite web |url=http://www.boundarystones.org/ |title=Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia |publisher=boundarystones.org|access-date=January 27, 2014|archive-date=December 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227223318/http://www.boundarystones.org/ |url-status=live }}.<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/centennialhistor00crew/page/87/mode/1up Crew, pp. 87–103.]<br>(4) {{cite web|last=Langelan|first=Chas|title=Andrew Ellicott and his Survey of the Federal Territory on the Potomac, 1791–1793|url=https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/transcripts/2012/120518gmd1300.txt|format=transcript|work=Philip Lee Philips Society Annual Conference: Visualizing The Nation's Capital: Two Centuries of Mapping Washington, D.C., Session 2 (moderator: Bill Stanley)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|date=August 24, 2012|access-date=February 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302182049/https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/transcripts/2012/120518gmd1300.txt|archive-date=March 2, 2016}}</ref> The territory that became the original District of Columbia was formed from land along the [[Potomac River]] ceded by the states of [[Maryland]] and [[Virginia]] to the [[federal government of the United States|federal government]] (see: [[History of Washington, D.C.#Founding|Founding of Washington, D.C.]]).<ref name=stone/><ref name=markers/><ref name="residence act">{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&recNum=253|title=Text of Residence Act|work=American Memory: A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875: Statutes at Large, 1st Congress, 2nd Session, p. 130, July 16, 1790: Chapter 28: An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=September 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913134846/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&recNum=253|url-status=live}}</ref> a square to measure 10 miles (16 km) on each side, totaling 100 square miles (260 km<sup>2</sup>). Ellicott's team placed [[Boundary marker|boundary marker stone]]s at or near every mile point along the borders of the new capital territory.<ref name=stone/><ref name=markers/> Banneker's role in the survey isn't entirely certain. Some biographers have stated that Banneker's duties consisted primarily of making astronomical observations and calculations to establish base points, including one at [[Jones Point (Virginia)|Jones Point]] in [[Alexandria, Virginia]], where the survey started and where the south corner stone was to be located.<ref name=stone/><ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/127/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 137.] "He (Banneker) served in the true sense of an assistant to Ellicott himself, making notes for him, making calculations as required, and using the astronomical equipment for establishing base points."</ref> They have also stated that Banneker maintained a clock that he used to relate points on the ground to the positions of stars at specific times.<ref name=Glawe/><ref name="Bedini148"/> However, there is little documentation to confirm Banneker's role<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/103/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 103.] "Curiously enough, the record of Banneker's participation rests on extremely meager documentation, consisting of a statement written in a letter by Thomas Jefferson and two statements made by Banneker himself."</ref><ref name=Founders>{{cite book|editor-first=Julian P.|editor-last=Boyd|editor-link=Julian P. Boyd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|chapter=Locating the Federal District: Editorial Note: Footnote number 119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=printsec|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: 24 January–31 March 1791|volume=19|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1974|pages=41–43|oclc=1045069058|isbn=9780691185255|lccn=50007486|access-date=March 27, 2019|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and a news report covering the April 15 dedication ceremony for the first boundary stone (the south corner stone) credits Andrew Ellicott with "ascertain[ing] the precise point from which the first line of the district was to proceed" <ref>(1) {{cite news|location=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Benjamin Russell|url=http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/columbian_centinel_1791.pdf|title=New Federal City|work=Columbian Centennial|number=744|date=May 7, 1791|access-date=October 9, 2016|via=boundarystones.org|archive-date=June 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630220952/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/columbian_centinel_1791.pdf|url-status=live}}<br>(2) Bedini, 1972, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/124/mode/1up 124], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/314/mode/1up 314]</ref> and did not mention Banneker.<ref>(1) [http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969, p. 25.]<br>(2) {{cite news|url=http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/columbian_centinel_1791.pdf|title=New Federal City|location=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Benjamin Russell|work=Columbian Centennial|number=744|date=May 7, 1791|access-date=October 9, 2016|via=boundarystones.org|archive-date=June 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630220952/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/columbian_centinel_1791.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Banneker left the boundary survey in April 1791 due to other commitments, particularly the calculation of an ephemeris for the year of 1792.<ref>Banneker, 1792b, pp. [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=19 9]–[https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=20 10]. "And altho I had almost declined to make my calculation for the ensuing year, in consequence of that time which I had allotted therefor being taking up at the Federal Territory by the request of Mr. Andrew Ellicott, yet finding myself under several engagments to Printers of this state, to whom I had communicated my design, upon my return to my place of residence, I industriously applied myself thereto, ....".</ref><ref name=Bedini136>Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/132/mode/1up 132], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/136/mode/1up 136].</ref> The arrival of spring also required him to direct more attention to his farm than was needed during the winter.<ref name=Bedini136/> Banneker, therefore, returned to his home near Ellicott's Mills.<ref name="Glawe" /><ref name="Bedini136" /> Andrew Ellicott's two younger brothers, who usually assisted him, had completed the New York survey about the same time and were able to join the survey of the federal district.<ref name="Bedini136" /> The surveying team laid the remaining Virginia marker stones in 1791, laying the Maryland stones and completed the boundary survey in 1792.<ref name=stone/><ref name=markers /><ref>Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/129/mode/1up 129], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/132/mode/1up 132–136].</ref> ====Banneker's almanacs==== After returning to Ellicott's Mills, Banneker made astronomical calculations that predicted [[eclipse]]s and [[Conjunction (astronomy)|planetary conjunctions]] for inclusion in an almanac and ephemeris for the year of 1792.<ref name=Bedini2008/><ref name=Tise/><ref name="Bedini pp185-199"/> To aid Banneker in his efforts to have his almanac published, Andrew Ellicott (who had been authoring almanacs and ephemerides of his own since 1780)<ref>(1) {{cite web|last=Davis|first=Nancy M.|url=http://www.lewisandclarkphila.org/philadelphia/philadelphiaellicott.html|title=Andrew Ellicott: Astronomer…mathematician…surveyor|work=Philadelphia Connection|publisher=Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation: Philadelphia Chapter|date=August 26, 2001|access-date=March 1, 2019|quote=After the war, he (Ellicott) returned to Fountainvale, the family home in Ellicott Upper Mills, and published a series of almanacs, ''The United States Almanack''. (The earliest known copy is dated 1782.)|archive-date=September 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929041300/http://www.lewisandclarkphila.org/philadelphia/philadelphiaellicott.html|url-status=usurped}}<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/214/mode/1up Drake, p. 214.] "The MARYLAND, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North-Carolina Almanack and Ephemeris for 1781. By Andrew Ellicott. Baltimore: M. K. Goddard: Philadelphia: Benjamin January."<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/511/mode/1up Drake, p. 511.] "UNITED States Almanack for 1782. By Andrew Ellicott. [[Chatham, New Jersey|Chatham]]: Shepard Kollock."<br>(4) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/215/mode/1up Drake, p. 215.] "ELLICOTT'S Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris for 1786. Baltimore: Goddard and Langworthy."<br>(5) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/216/mode/1up Drake, p. 216.] "ELLICOTT'S Maryland and Virginia Almanack, and Ephemeris for 1787. Baltimore: John Hayes."<br>(6) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/216/mode/1up Drake, p. 216.] "The MARYLAND and Virginia Almanack, and Ephemeris for 1788. By Andrew Ellicott. Baltimore: John Hayes."<br>(7) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/216/mode/1up Drake, p. 216.] "POOR Robin's Almanac for 1788. By Andrew Ellicott. Frederick-Town: Matthias Bartgis. .... 2112"<br>(8) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/217/mode/1up Drake, p. 217.] "ELLICOTT'S Maryland and Virginia Almanack, and Ephemeris for 1789. Baltimore: John Hayes."<br>(9) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/217/mode/1up Drake, p. 217.] "ELLICOTT'S Maryland and Virginia Almanack, and Ephemeris for 1790. Baltimore: John Hayes."<br>(10) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/217/mode/1up?q=Ellicott Drake, p. 217.] "ELLICOTT'S Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris for 1791. Baltimore: John Hayes."<br>(11) Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/97/mode/1up 97], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/109/mode/1up 109], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/210/mode/1up 210].</ref> forwarded Banneker's ephemeris to James Pemberton, the president of the [[Pennsylvania Abolition Society|Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage]].<ref name=Glawe/><ref name=Tise/><ref name="Bedini148"/> [[File:Charles Willson Peale - David Rittenhouse - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|<div style="text-align: center;"><sup>[[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]]</sup><br />1796 [[Oil painting|oil portrait]] of David Rittenhouse by [[Charles Willson Peale]]</div>]] Pemberton then asked William Waring, a [[Philadelphia]] mathematician and ephemeris calculator,<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/70/mode/1up Morrison, p. 70.] "The New-Jersey almanack for 1788. The astronomical calculations by Wm. Waring. [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]: Isaac Collins."<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/138/mode/1up Morrison, p. 138.] "Poulson's town and country almanac for 1789. The astronomical calculations by Wm. Waring, teacher of mathematics in the Friends' academy. Philadelphia: Zachariah Poulson, junior".<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/70/mode/1up Morrison, p. 70.] "The New-Jersey almanack for 1789. By Wm. Waring. [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]: Isaac Collins."<br>(4) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/70/mode/1up Morrison, p. 70.] "The New-Jersey almanack for 1790. By Wm. Waring. [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]: Isaac Collins."<br>(5) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/139/mode/1up Morrison, p. 139.] "Poor Will's almanac for 1790. The astronom. calculations by Wm. Waring. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank."<br>(6) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/139/mode/1up Morrison, p. 139.] "Poulson's town and country almanac for 1790. By Wm. Waring. Philadelphia: Zachariah Poulson, jr."<br>(7) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/139/mode/1up Morrison, p. 139.] "Poulson's town and country almanac for 1791. By Wm. Waring. Philadelphia: Zachariah Poulson, jr."</ref> and [[David Rittenhouse]], a prominent American astronomer, almanac author,<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/156/mode/1up?q=Rittenhouse Morrison, p. 156.] "The Virginia Almanac for 1774. By the celebrated Mr. Rittenhouse, Philomath. [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]]: William Rind."<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/157/mode/1up?q=Rittenhouse Morrison, p. 157.] "The Virginia Almanac for 1780. By David Rittenhouse, Philo. [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]]: J. Dixon & T. Nicolson."<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/214/mode/1up Drake, p. 214.] "The MARYLAND, Virginia and Pennsylvania Almanack and Ephemeris for 1780. By David Rittenhouse. Baltimore: M. K. Goddard."<br>(5) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/132/mode/1up Morrison, p. 132.] "The Continental almanac for 1781. By Anthony Sharpe, Philom. Philadelphia: Francis Bailey."<br>(6) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/132/mode/1up Morrison, p. 132.] "The Continental pocket almanac for 1781. By Anthony Sharpe (i.e., David Rittenhouse). Philadelphia: Francis Bailey. 1780."</ref> surveyor and scientific instrument maker who was at the time serving as the president of the [[American Philosophical Society]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/david-rittenhouse|title=David Rittenhouse (1732–1796)|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Archives & Records Center|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123211745/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/david-rittenhouse|url-status=live}}</ref> to confirm the accuracy of Banneker's work.<ref name=Tise/><ref name="Bedini148"/> Waring endorsed Banneker's work, stating, "I have examined Benjamin Banneker's Almanac for 1792, and am of the Opinion that it well deserves the Acceptance and Encouragement of the Public."<ref name="Bedini148"/> Rittenhouse responded to Pemberton by stating that Banneker's ephemeris "was a very extraordinary performance, considering the Colour of the Author" and that he "had no doubt that the Calculations are sufficiently accurate for the purposes of a common Almanac. .... Every instance of Genius amongst the Negroes is worthy of attention, because their suppressors seem to lay great stress on their supposed inferior mental abilities."<ref name="Bedini148"/> A biographer wrote that Banneker replied to Rittenhouse's endorsement by stating: "I am annoyed to find that the subject of my race is so much stressed. The work is either correct or it is not. In this case, I believe it to be perfect."<ref>[https://archive.org/details/banneker00char/page/150/mode/1up Cerami, p. 150.] "I am annoyed to find that the subject of my race is so much stressed," he (Banneker) remarked. "The work is either correct or it is not. In this case, I believe it to be perfect."</ref> [[File:William Goddard.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|<sup>{{center|[[Rhode Island Historical Society]], [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]}}</sup>{{center|Portrait of William Goddard (c. 1780–1785)}}]] Pemberton then made arrangements for Joseph Crukshank (a Philadelphia Quaker who was a founder of the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery and who had since 1770 been publishing almanacs, including at least one that Waring had calculated) to print Banneker's almanac.<ref name=Glawe/><ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/157/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 157.]<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarychec00morrgoog/page/n128 Morrison, p. 123-140.]<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/139/mode/1up Morrison, p. 139.] "Poor Will's almanac for 1790. The astronom. calculations by Wm. Waring. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank."</ref> Having thus secured the support of Pemberton, Rittenhouse and Waring, Banneker delivered a manuscript containing his ephemeris to [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]], a Baltimore printer who had published ''The Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris'' for every year since 1782.<ref>(1) Drake, pp. [https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/214/mode/2up 214]–[https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/218/mode/1up 218.]<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/164/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, pp. 164–173.]<br>(3) {{cite web|url=http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Exhibitions/Inpursuit/casefloor/casefloor_7.htm|title=Almanac|work=In Pursuit of a Vision: Two Centuries of Collecting at the American Antiquarian Society|location=[[Worcester, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[American Antiquarian Society]]|year=2012|access-date=February 11, 2018|quote=Benjamin Banneker. Holographic manuscript of his 1792 almanac and ephemeris, with the published edition: Benjamin Banneker’s Almanack. Baltimore: William Goddard and James Angell …, both 1791. Manuscript: Gift of William Goddard, 1813. Published almanac: Gift of Samuel L. Munson, 1925|archive-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815231606/http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Exhibitions/Inpursuit/casefloor/casefloor_7.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Goddard then agreed to print and distribute Banneker's work within an almanac and ephemeris for the year of 1792.<ref name="Bedini148"/> Banneker's ''Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris, for the Year of our Lord, 1792'' was the first in a six-year series of almanacs and ephemerides that printers agreed to publish and sell.<ref name=Glawe/><ref name=Tise/> At least 28 editions of the almanacs, some of which appeared during the same year, were printed in seven cities in five states: Baltimore; Philadelphia; [[Wilmington, Delaware]]; Alexandria, Virginia; [[Petersburg, Virginia]]; [[Richmond, Virginia]]; and [[Trenton, New Jersey]].<ref name=Glawe/><ref>(1) List of Banneker's almanacs: [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/393/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 393–396.] "Banneker's Letters and Almanacs"<br>(2) List of Banneker's almanacs, with links: {{cite web|access-date=March 14, 2017|date=March 3, 2017|url=https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/persons/person.jsp?pid=1808|title=Benjamin Banneker|work=Shakeospeare|publisher=The [[University of Iowa]] Libraries|archive-date=March 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314131551/https://shakeosphere.lib.uiowa.edu/persons/person.jsp?pid=1808|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>(1) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?st=gallery |title=Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and EPHEMERIS, for the YEAR of our LORD, 1792; Being BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Sixteenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776 |publisher=Printed and sold, Wholesale and Retail, by William Goddard and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street. – Sold, also, by Mr. Joseph Crukshank, Printer, in Market-Street, and Mr. Daniel Humphreys, Printer, in South-Front-Street, Philadelphia – and by Messrs. Hanson and Bond, Printers, in Alexandria |year=1791 |location=Baltimore |format=48 [[Digitization|digitized]] images |lccn=98650590 |oclc=39311640 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |via=[[Library of Congress]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/393/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 393, Reference 2.]] (2) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |title=Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris for 1792 |publisher=[[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and James Angell |year=1791 |location=Baltimore}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/393/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 393, Reference 3.]] (3) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |title=Banneker's almanac for 1792 |publisher=Printed for William Young, Bookseller, No. 52, Second-street, the corner of Chesnut-street |year=1791 |location=Philadelphia}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/393/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 393, Reference 4.]] (4) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |title=Benjamin Banneker's 1793 Almanack and Ephemeris; being The First After Bissextile or Leap-Year |publisher=Printed and Sold by Joseph Crukshank, No. 87, High-Street |year=1792 |location=Philadelphia}} (a) {{cite book |url=https://transcription.si.edu/project/8045 |title=Complete almanac |format=47 [[Digitization|digitized]] images and transcripts |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415164631/https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_009 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |url-status=live |via=Washington, D.C.: [[Smithsonian Institution]]: Smithsonian Digital Volunteers: Transcription Center}} (b) {{cite web |title=Title Page |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/26f8d080661ebae8f3675ea5764fccba.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426154948/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/26f8d080661ebae8f3675ea5764fccba.jpg |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 5.]] (5) (a) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-an-original-copy-of-benjamin-banneker-almanac-10536191.html |chapter=Title Page |title=Benjamin Banneker's almanac, for the year of our Lord, 1793; Being the first after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Seventeenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776 |publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street |year=1792 |location=Baltimore |at=An original copy of Benjamin Banneker Almanac: Contributor: Michael Ventura / Alamy Stock Photo |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |lccn=98650590 |oclc=1053084527 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |via=[[Alamy]]}} (b) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/33125041885/in/photostream/lightbox |chapter=Title Page |title=Benjamin Banneker's almanac, for the year of our Lord, 1793; Being the first after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Seventeenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776 |publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street |year=1792 |location=Baltimore |at=Exhibit in [[Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker#Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland|Benjamin Banneker Museum]], [[Oella, Maryland]]. Photographer: F. Delvanthal |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |lccn=98650590 |oclc=1053084527 |access-date=November 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109165328/https://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/33125041885/in/photostream/lightbox |archive-date=November 9, 2019 |url-status=live |via=[[Flickr]] (February 18, 2017)}} (c) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/32742491780/in/photostream/lightbox/ |chapter=Page for October |date=February 18, 2017 |title=Benjamin Banneker's almanac, for the year of our Lord, 1793; Being the first after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Seventeenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776 |publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street |location=Baltimore |at=Exhibit in [[Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker#Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland|Benjamin Banneker Museum]], [[Oella, Maryland]]. Photographer: F. Delvanthal |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |lccn=98650590 |oclc=1053084527 |access-date=November 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109155952/https://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/32742491780/in/photostream/ |archive-date=November 9, 2019 |url-status=live |via=[[Flickr]] (February 18, 2017)}}. Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 6.]] (6) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/82c070276801cd6144f2821efaf63a6f.jpg |chapter=Title Page |title=Banneker's ALMANACK and EPHEMERIS, for the YEAR of our LORD, 1794; Being The Second After Bissextile or Leap-Year |publisher=Printed and sold by Joseph Crukshank, No. 87, High-Street |year=1793 |location=Philadelphia |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824554 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426173648/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/items/show/11108 |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 7.]] (7) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/6d857f024d765e177a717c5e45dc2d75.jpg |chapter=Title Page |title=Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanack and ephemeris, for the year of our Lord, 1794; Being the second after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Eigtheenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776 |publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by James Angell, at his printing-office, in Market-Street |year=1793 |location=Baltimore |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824561 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301154041/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/6d857f024d765e177a717c5e45dc2d75.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 8.]] (8) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/b4a7eae10460f5e7ce48a8e6d029bcaa.jpg |chapter=Title Page |title=Benjamin Banneker's ALMANAC, for the Year of our Lord, 1794. Being the Second after Leap-Year |publisher=Printed by William Young, No. 52, Second-street, the corner of Chesnut-street |year=1793 |location=Philadelphia |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=226246930 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301153343/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/b4a7eae10460f5e7ce48a8e6d029bcaa.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 9.]] (9) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=348431 |title=The Virginia almanack, for the year of our Lord, 1794. ... / Calculated by that ingenious self taught astronomer Benjamin Banneker, a black man. ... |publisher=Printed by William Prentis |year=1793 |location=Petersburg Va. |oclc=62840340 |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605092044/https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=348431 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |url-status=live |via=General catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 10.]] (10) {{cite web |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |year=1794 |title=Bannaker's Bannaker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, or ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year;——the Nineteenth Year of American Independence, and the Seventh of our Federal Government——Which may the Governor of the World prosper! |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html#078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205063345/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams |via=[[Library of Congress]] |lccn=2002205264 |oclc=49848126 |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]}} ''In'' {{cite book |title=Exhibition: Thomas Jefferson: Creating A Virginia Republic: Benjamin Banneker: Benjamin Banneker's Almanac |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |chapter=Benjamin Banneker's Almanac}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 11.]] (11) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/a6a8f1c0bac8ba4dacf303abb9574c0f.jpg |chapter=Title Page |title=Bannaker's Wilmington almanac, or ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795; ——Being the Third after Leap-Year——; The Nineteenth Year of American Independence and the Seventh of our Federal Government——Which may the Governor of the World prosper! |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams, for Frederick Craig |year=1794 |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]] |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824551 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301163737/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/a6a8f1c0bac8ba4dacf303abb9574c0f.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 12.]]. (12) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=57 |title=Banneker's Almanac, for the Year 1795: Being the Third After Leap Year: Containing, (besides every thing necessary in an almanac,) an Account of the Yellow Fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, with the Number of those who died, from the First of August till the Ninth of November, 1793 |publisher=Printed for William Young, Bookseller, no. 52, the Corner of Chesnut and Second—streets |year=1794 |series=Rhistoric publications |location=Philadelphia |format=35 [[Digitization|digitized]] images |oclc=62824552}} ''In'' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=5 Whiteman, 1969.] (13) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=332701 |title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year |year=1794 |location=Philadelphia: Printed for William Gibbons, Cherry Street |oclc=62824556 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605152926/https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=332701 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |url-status=live |via=General catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 14.]] (14) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year |year=1794 |location=Philadelphia: Printed for Jacob Johnson & Co., No. 147 Market-Street}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 15.]] (15) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/856927 |title=Bannaker's Wilmington almanac, or ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795, .... |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams |year=1794 |series=Early American imprints |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]] |oclc=22052469 |access-date=April 23, 2020 |via=[[Villanova University#Main campus|Villanova University: Falvey Memorial Library]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 16.]] (16) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |title=Bannaker's Wilmington almanac, or ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795, Being the Third after Leap Year |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams, for W. C. Smyth |year=1794 |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 17.]] (17) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |title=Benjamin Bannakar's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac for 1795 |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams |year=1794 |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 18.]] (18) (a) {{cite book |last=Bannaker |first=Benjamin |url=http://www.librarycompany.org/visualculture/aa03.htm |chapter=Title Page (with portrait of Banneker) |title=Bannaker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanac, or Ephemeris, for the Year of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams |year=1794 |location=Baltimore, Maryland |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824547 |access-date=August 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813212035/http://www.librarycompany.org/visualculture/aa03.htm |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |via=[[Library Company of Philadelphia]]}} (b) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/322bf3990be3aa4b849c105b4805758b.jpg |chapter=Title Page (with portrait of Banneker) |title=Banneker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, or Ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams |year=1794 |location=Baltimore |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824547 |access-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170637/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/322bf3990be3aa4b849c105b4805758b.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=dead |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 19.]] (19) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=550981 |title=New-Jersey & Pennsylvania Almanac, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year, and the Twentieth of American Independence, after the Fourth of July, Containing, Besides the Usual Requisites of an Almanac, A Variety of Entertaining Matter, in Prose and Verse. To Which is Added, An Account of the Yellow Fever, in Philadelphia. The Astronomical Calculations by Benjamin Banneker, An African |publisher=Printed and Sold, Wholesale and Retail, by Mathias Day |year=1794 |location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]] |oclc=701855077 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605092338/https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=550981 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |url-status=live |via=General catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 20.]] (20) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/856935 |title=Banneker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, or Ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams |year=1794 |series=Early American imprints |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]] |lccn=2002205264 |oclc=1053444725 |access-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330034027/https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/856935 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |url-status=live |via=[[Villanova University#Main campus|Villanova University: Falvey Memorial Library]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 21.]] (21) {{cite book |last=Bannaker |first=Benjamin |title=The Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Almanack for the Year of our Lord 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year |publisher=Printed by James Angell for Fisher and Cole |year=1794 |location=Baltimore}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 22.]] (22) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |title=The Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, for the Year of Our Lord, 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year |publisher=Printed and sold by S. and J. Adams |year=1794 |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 23.]] (23) (a) {{cite book |last=Bannaker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/eeb6a6782a2f92e1e59d324a63d1e931.jpg |chapter=Title Page (with portrait of Banneker) |title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ALMANAC for the YEAR of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year |publisher=Printed for And Sold by John Fisher, Stationer |year=1794 |location=Baltimore |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=1053398713 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301160933/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/eeb6a6782a2f92e1e59d324a63d1e931.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} (b) {{cite book |last=Bannaker |first=Benjamin |url=http://www.mdhs.org/digitalimage/cover-benjamin-bannakers-sic-pennsylvania-delaware-maryland-and-virginia-almanac-year-1 |chapter=Title Page (with portrait of Banneker) |title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ALMANAC for the YEAR of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year |publisher=Printed for And Sold by John Fisher, Stationer |year=1794 |location=Baltimore |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |access-date=March 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724093153/http://www.mdhs.org/digitalimage/cover-benjamin-bannakers-sic-pennsylvania-delaware-maryland-and-virginia-almanac-year-1 |archive-date=July 24, 2017}} ''In'' {{cite document |title=Cover: Benjamin Bannaker |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]] |year=2018}} (c) {{cite web |title=Africans in America: Part 2: Historical Documents: Bannaker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanac, or Ephemeris, for the Year of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015229/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.html |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |access-date=March 13, 2021 |publisher=[[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)]]}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 24.]] (24) (a) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000003018;view=1up;seq=1 |title=Bannaker's Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina Almanack and EPHEMERIS, for the YEAR of our LORD 1796; Being BISSEXTILE, or LEAP YEAR; The Twentieth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, And Eighth Year of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. |publisher=Printed for Philip Edwards, James Keddie, and Thomas, Andrews and Butler; and Sold at their respective Stores, Wholesale and Retail |year=1795 |location=Baltimore |format=35 [[Digitization|digitized]] images |oclc=62824546 |access-date=June 13, 2017 |via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]}} (b) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/fc147d3c8a39a8689f27491265cc7854.jpg |chapter=Title Page |title=Bannaker's Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina Almanack and EPHEMERIS, for the YEAR of our LORD 1796; Being BISSEXTILE, or LEAP YEAR; The Twentieth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, And Eighth Year of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. |publisher=Printed for Philip Edwards, James Keddie, and Thomas, Andrews and Butler; and Sold at their respective Stores, Wholesale and Retail |year=1795 |location=Baltimore |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302215141/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/fc147d3c8a39a8689f27491265cc7854.jpg |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}}(b) Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 25.]] (25) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/85b98883c94b2899f1108515468e6bfa.jpg |chapter=Title Page |title=Bannaker's Virginia and North Carolina almanack and ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1797 |publisher=Printed by William Prentis and William Y. [i.e. T.] Murray |orig-date=1796 |location=Petersburg VA |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824548 |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301192516/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/85b98883c94b2899f1108515468e6bfa.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 26.]] (26) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/ff8f1def7545b2917ac5ed25dbcfaf91.jpg |chapter=Title Page |title=Bannaker's Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Kentucky Almanack and EPHEMERIS, for the YEAR of our LORD 1797; Being the First after BISSEXTILE or LEAP-YEAR; The Twenty-First Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, And Ninth Year of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT |publisher=Printed by Christopher Jackson, no. 67, Market-Street, for George Keatinge's book-store. [Copy right secured.] |orig-date=1796 |location=Baltimore |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824549 |access-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423142731/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/items/show/11096 |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=dead |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 27.]] (27) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/d017654e87503d2f281d133c7c70db17.jpg |chapter=Title Page |title=Bannaker's Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Kentucky almanack and ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1797; Being the First after BISSEXTILE or LEAP-YEAR; The Twenty-First Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, And Ninth Year of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT |publisher=Printed by Samuel Pleasants, Jun. near the vendue office. By privilege |orig-date=1796 |location=Richmond |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824550 |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301185421/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/d017654e87503d2f281d133c7c70db17.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 28.]] (28) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/224/mode/1up |chapter=Title Page |title=Bannaker's Maryland and Virginia almanack and ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1797 |publisher=Printed by Christopher Jackson, for George Keatinge's Wholesale and Retail book store, no. 140 Market-Street |orig-date=1796 |isbn=9780938420590 |location=Baltimore |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824545}} ''In'' [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/n7/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999]], p. 224. Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 29.]]</ref>[[File:BannekerAlmanac.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Title page of the Baltimore edition of Banneker's 1792 almanac and ephemeris.]] The title pages of the Baltimore editions of Banneker's 1792, 1793 and 1794 almanacs and ephemerides stated that the publications contained: <blockquote> the Motions of the Sun and Moon, the True Places and Aspects of the Planets, the Rising and Setting of the Sun, Place and Age of the Moon, &c. – The [[wikt:lunation|Lunation]]s, Conjunctions, Eclipses, Judgment of the Weather, Festivals, and other remarkable Days; Days for holding the Supreme and Circuit Courts of the ''United States'', as also the useful Courts in ''Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland'', and ''Virginia.'' Also – several useful Tables, and valuable Receipts. – Various Selections from the [[Commonplace book|Commonplace–Book]] of the ''Kentucky Philosopher'', an ''American Sage''; with interesting and entertaining Essays, in Prose and Verse –the whole comprising a greater, more pleasing, and useful Variety than any Work of the ''Kind'' and ''Price'' in ''North America''.<ref name="1792 Almanac">(1) {{cite book|author=Banneker, 1791|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=1|title=Title Page|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image}}<br />(2) [https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n16/mode/1up Latrobe, pp. 10–11.]</ref><ref>(1) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1792|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/33125041885/in/photostream/lightbox|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street|title=Benjamin Banneker's almanac, for the year of our Lord, 1793; Being the first after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Seventeenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776|lccn=98650590|oclc=1053084527|access-date=March 1, 2021|at=Exhibit in [[Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker#Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland|Benjamin Banneker Museum]], [[Oella, Maryland]]. Photographer: F. Delvanthal|via=[[Flickr]] (February 18, 2017)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109165328/https://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/33125041885/in/photostream/|archive-date=November 9, 2019|url-status=live}}<br>(2) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1793|url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/6d857f024d765e177a717c5e45dc2d75.jpg|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|title=Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanack and ephemeris, for the year of our Lord, 1794; Being the second after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Eigtheenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by James Angell, at his printing-office, in Market-Street|oclc=62824561|via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing|access-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301154041/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/6d857f024d765e177a717c5e45dc2d75.jpg|archive-date=March 1, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> </blockquote> [[File:Benjamin Banneker woodcut, age 64.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Woodcut]] portrait of Benjamin Bannaker (Banneker) in title page of a Baltimore edition of his 1795 ''Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Almanac''.<ref name="1795 Almanac2">Woodcut portrait of Benjamin Bannaker (Banneker) ''in'' (a) {{cite book|last=Bannaker|first=Benjamin|year=1794|url=http://www.mdhs.org/digitalimage/cover-benjamin-bannakers-sic-pennsylvania-delaware-maryland-and-virginia-almanac-year-1|chapter=Title Page (with portrait of Banneker)|title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ALMANAC for the YEAR of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed for And Sold by John Fisher, Stationer|access-date=March 1, 2019|archive-date=July 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724093153/http://www.mdhs.org/digitalimage/cover-benjamin-bannakers-sic-pennsylvania-delaware-maryland-and-virginia-almanac-year-1|url-status=dead}} ''In'' {{cite document|title=Cover: Benjamin Bannaker|year=2018|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]}}<br>(b) {{cite book|last=Bannaker|first=Benjamin|year=1794|url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/eeb6a6782a2f92e1e59d324a63d1e931.jpg|chapter=Title Page (with portrait of Banneker)|title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ALMANAC for the YEAR of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed for And Sold by John Fisher, Stationer|oclc=62824557|access-date=June 5, 2020|via=General catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301160933/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/eeb6a6782a2f92e1e59d324a63d1e931.jpg|url-status=live}}<br />(c) {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.html|title=Benjamin Banneker's Almanac: 1795|work=Africans in America: Part 2: Bannaker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanac, or Ephemeris, for the Year of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|publisher=[[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)]]|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015229/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.html|archive-date=November 27, 2020|url-status=live}}<br /> Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 24.]</ref>]] In addition to the information that its title page described, the 1792 almanac contained a [[tide table]] listing the methods for calculating the time of high water at four locations along the [[Chesapeake Bay]] ([[Cape Charles, Virginia|Cape Charles]] and [[Point Lookout, Virginia|Point Lookout]], Virginia; [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]] and Baltimore, Maryland).<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/231/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 231.]<br />(2) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=5 Banneker, 1791, p. 5.] "A Tide-Table for the Chesapeake Bay."</ref> Later almanacs contained tables for making such calculations for those locations as well as for [[Boston]], [[New York City|New York]], Philadelphia, [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Quebec City|Quebec]], [[Cape Hatteras|Hatteras]], [[Nantucket]] and other places.<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/232/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 232.]<br />(2) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119&view=1up&seq=43 Banneker, 1792a, p. 34.] "RULE: To find the Time of High-Water at the following Places."<br />(3) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=60 Banneker, 1794, p. 4.] "RULE to find the Time of High-water at the following Places:"<br />(4) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000003018;view=1up;seq=32 Banneker, 1795, p. 32.] "TABLE, ..."</ref> Monthly tables in each edition listed astronomical data and [[Weather forecasting|weather predictions]] for each of the months' dates.<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/225/mode/2up Bedini, 1999, pp. 225–226.]<br />(2) Banneker, 1791, pp. [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=ody_rbcmisc&fileName=ody/ody0214/ody0214page.db&recNum=6 7]–[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=ody_rbcmisc&fileName=ody/ody0214/ody0214page.db&recNum=17 18].<br />(3) Banneker, 1792a, pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=12 4]–[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=34 26].<br />(4) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/32742491780/in/photostream/lightbox/|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image of photograph|title=Benjamin Banneker's almanac, for the year of our Lord, 1793; Being the first after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Seventeenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776|chapter=Page for October|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by William Goddard and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street|lccn=98650590|oclc=1053084527|orig-date=1792|access-date=November 9, 2019|via=[[Flickr]]|archive-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109155952/https://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/32742491780/in/photostream/|url-status=live}} On display in the [[Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker#Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland|Benjamin Banneker Museum]], [[Oella, Maryland]]. Photographed by F. Delventhal, February 18, 2017.<br />(5) Banneker, 1794, pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=61 5]–[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=72 16].<br>(6) Banneker, 1795, pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000003018;view=1up;seq=4 4]–[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000003018;view=1up;seq=15 15].</ref> A Philadelphia edition of Banneker's 1795 almanac contained a lengthy account of a [[1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic|yellow fever epidemic that had struck that city in 1793]]. Written by a committee whose president was the city's mayor, [[Matthew Clarkson (mayor)|Matthew Clarkson]], the account related the presumed origins and causes of the epidemic, as well as the extent and duration of the event.<ref>{{cite web|author=<nowiki>Committee for relieving the Sick and Distressed, appointed by the Citizens of Philadelphia, September 14, 1793</nowiki>|title=An Account of the Malignant Fever, which prevailed in Philadelphia, 1793|series=Rhistoric publications |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=73}} ''In'' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=57 Banneker, 1794], pp. 16–39.</ref> The title pages of two Baltimore editions of Banneker's 1795 almanac had woodcut portraits of him as he may have appeared.<ref name="1795 Almanac2"/><ref>(1) [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/193/mode/1up|Bedini, 1972, p. 193.]]<br />(2) {{cite book |author=Bannaker, Benjamin |url=http://www.librarycompany.org/visualculture/aa03.htm |title=Bannaker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanac, or Ephemeris, for the Year of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year |work= |publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams |year=1794 |location=Baltimore, Maryland |chapter=Title Page |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824547 |access-date=August 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813212035/http://www.librarycompany.org/visualculture/aa03.htm |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |via=[[Library Company of Philadelphia]]}}</ref> However, a biographer later concluded that the portraits were more likely portrayals of an idealized African-American youth.<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/276/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 276.] "The woodcut represents a representation of Banneker with a tendency to idealize his appearance. It represents a Negro male in his late youth or early middle age, of medium frame. At this time, Banneker was sixty-three years of age and his physical appearance undoubtedly reflected to some degree his past illnesses and discomfort. He was described as being relatively fleshy, which leaves no doubt that the portrait was in fact no more than an artist's conjecture of his appearance."<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/290/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 290.] "The woodcut appears to have been drawn by an artist who had neither seen Banneker nor heard a description of him but who obviously intended to render an idealized portrait of a black man. It represents a Negro male of medium frame in his late youth. At this time, Banneker was in fact sixty-three years of age, suffering from arthritis or rheumatism, and his physical appearance may have reflected to some degree his past illnesses and disabilities. He was described as being relatively fleshy, with a stocky build, which leaves no doubt that the portrait was in fact no more than an artist's conception of a young male Negro youth."</ref> A Baltimore edition of Banneker's 1796 almanac contained a table enumerating the population of each U.S. state and the [[Southwest Territory]] as recorded in the [[1790 United States census]]. The table listed the number of free persons and slaves in each state and the territory according to race and gender, as well as to whether they were above or below the age of 16 years. The table also listed the number of members of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] that each state had during the almanac's year.<ref>"[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000003018&view=1up&seq=18 Population]". ''In'' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000003018&view=1up&seq=1 Banneker, 1795], p. 18.]</ref> [[File:James McHenry.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|<sup>{{center|[[Independence National Historical Park]], [[Philadelphia]]}}</sup>{{center|Portrait of James McHenry (ca. 1795–1800)}}]] The almanacs' editors prefaced the publications with adulatory references to Banneker and his race.<ref name=Tise/><ref>(1) Banneker, 1791, pp. [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=2 2], [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=3 3], [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=4 4]<br />(2) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=10 Banneker 1792a, p. 2.]<br />(3) [https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n15/mode/1up Latrobe, p. 9]: "In their editorial notice, Messrs. Goddard and Angell say, "they feel gratified in the opportunity of presenting to the public, through their press, what must be considered as an extraordinary effort of genius – a complete and accurate Ephemeris for the year 1792, calculated by a [[wikt:sable|sable]] descendant of Africa," &c. And they further say, that "they flatter themselves that a philanthropic public, in this enlightened era, will be induced to give their patronage and support to this work, not only on account of its intrinsic merits, (it having met the [[wikt:approbation|Approbation]] of several of the most distinguished astronomers of America, particularly the celebrated Mr. Rittenhouse,) but from similar motives to those which induced the editors to give this calculation the preference, the ardent desire of drawing modest merit from obscurity and controverting the long established illiberal prejudice against the blacks."</ref> Editions of Banneker's 1792 and 1793 almanacs contained full or abridged copies of a lengthy commendatory letter that [[James McHenry]],<ref>(1) United States Army Center of Military History, 1985, pp. [https://archive.org/details/jamesmchenryprep00wash/ 1]– [https://archive.org/details/jamesmchenryprep00wash/page/n1/mode/1up 2], [https://archive.org/details/jamesmchenryprep00wash/page/n5/mode/1up 6].<br>(2) {{cite book|last=Steiner|first=Bernard Christian|author-link=Bernard Christian Steiner|year=1907|url=https://archive.org/details/lifecorresponden00steine/page/n8/mode/1up|title=The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry: Secretary of War under Washington and Adams|lccn=07024607|oclc=563557689|location=Cleveland|publisher=The Burrows Brothers Company|via=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=December 5, 2020}}</ref> the Secretary of the 1787 [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|United States Constitutional Convention]] and self-described friend of Banneker, had written to Goddard and his partner, James Angell, in August 1791 to support the almanac's publication.<ref>(1) [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/151/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 151]]. ".. in 1789 he (Goddard) took as his partner ... James Angell. The partnership continued until August 1792, during the period that Banneker's almanac was being considered for publication."<br />(2) {{cite book |title=Letter from James McHenry regarding Benjamin Banneker |date=April 20, 1791 |location=Baltimore}} ''In'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA114 Phillips, pp. 115–116.] "The following notice of Banneker is found, first published in his almanac for 1792, and republished with some abridgement in the one of 1793, from which we are making extracts. It was written by Banneker's esteemed admirer, [[James McHenry]], who was afterward senator of Maryland, and evidently a man who appreciated intellect whether in the soul of the black or white. ..."<br />(3) Banneker, 1791, pp. [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=2 2], [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=3 3], [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=4 4.]<br />(4) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=10 Banneker 1792a, p. 2.] "Baltimore, August 20, 1791. BENJAMIN BANNEKER, a free black, is about fifty-nine years of age... It is about three years since Mr. George Ellicott lent him Mayer's Tables, Ferguson's Astronomy, Leadbeater's Lunar Tables, and some astronomic instruments, but without accompanying them with either hint or instruction, that might further his studies, or lead him to apply them to any useful result. These books and instruments, the first of the kind he had ever seen, opened a new world to Benjamin, and from thenceforward he employed his leisure in astronomical researches. He now took up the idea of the calculations for an Almanack, and actually completed an entire set for the last year, upon his original stock of arithmetic. Encouraged by this first attempt, he entered upon his calculation for 1792, which, as well as the former, he began and finished without the least information of assistance from any person, or other books than those I have mentioned; so that whatever merit is attached to his present performance, is exclusively and peculiarly his own. I have been the more careful to investigate those particulars, and to ascertain their reality, as they form an interesting fact in the History of Man; and as you may want them to gratify curiosity, I have no objection to your selecting them for your account of Benjamin."</ref> As first published in Banneker's 1792 almanac and later given an increased circulation when re-published in Philadelphia within ''[[The American Museum (magazine)|The American Museum, or Universal Magazine]]'', McHenry's full letter began: <blockquote>Benjamin Banneker, a free Negro, has calculated an Almanack, for the ensuing year, 1792, which being desirous to dispose of, to the best advantage, he has requested me to aid his application to you for that purpose. Having fully satisfied myself, in respect to his title to this type of authorship, if you can agree to him for the price of his work, I may venture to assure you it will do you credit, as Editors, while it will afford you the opportunity to encourage talents that have thus far surmounted the most discouraging circumstances and prejudices."<ref>(1) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=2 Banneker, 1791, p. 2.]<br />(2) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435073185951&view=1up&seq=193 McHenry, p. 185.]</ref></blockquote> In their preface to Banneker's 1792 almanac, the editors of the work wrote that they:<blockquote>feel themselves gratified in the Opportunity of presenting to the Public, through the Medium of their Press, what must be considered as an extraordinary Effort of Genius — a complete and accurate EPHEMERIS for the Year 1792, calculated by a [[wikt:sable|sable]] Descendant of Africa, .... — They flatter themselves that a philanthropic Public, in this enlightened Era, will be induced to give their Patronage and Support to this Work, not only on Account of its intrinsic Merit, (it having met the [[wikt:approbation|Approbation]] of several of the most distinguished Astronomers in America, particularly the celebrated Mr. Rittenhouse) but from similar Motives to those which induced the Editors to give this Calculation the Preference, the ardent desire of drawing modest Merit from Obscurity, and controverting the long-established illiberal Prejudice against the Blacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?sp=2|title=Image 2 of Page view|newspaper=The Library of Congress}}</ref></blockquote> After Goddard and Angell had published their 1792 Baltimore edition of the almanac, Angell wrote in the 1793 edition (which he alone edited) that abolitionists [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]], [[Charles James Fox]] and [[William Wilberforce]] had introduced the 1792 edition into the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|British House of Commons]] to aid their effort to end the [[History of slavery#British slave trade|British slave trade]] in Africa.<ref name=Bedini190>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/190/mode/1up Bedini 1999, p. 190.]</ref><ref name=Bedini190a>(2) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1792|url=https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=332704|title=Benjamin Banneker's almanac, for the year of our Lord, 1793; Being the first after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Seventeenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street|page=2|lccn=98650590|oclc=1053084527|access-date=June 4, 2020|via=General catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]|archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091352/https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=332704|url-status=live}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/190/mode/1up Bedini 1999, p. 190], reference 2.</ref> However, the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British Parliament]]'s report of the debate that accompanied this effort did not mention either Banneker or his almanac.<ref>{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Parliament|author-link=Parliament of Great Britain|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075911671&view=1up&seq=11|title=The debate on a motion for the abolition of the slave-trade: in the House of Commons on Monday the second of April, 1792, reported in detail|year=1792|location=London|publisher=Printed by W. Woodfall|oclc=669400387|lccn=84221585|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]|access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref> Supported by Andrew, George and Elias Ellicott and heavily promoted by the Maryland and Pennsylvania abolition societies, the early editions of the almanacs achieved commercial success.<ref>[[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/184/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, pp. 184-187, 191, 195-197]]</ref> Printers then distributed at least nine editions of Banneker's 1795 almanac.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/195/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 195–197.] "The almanacs for 1795 enjoyed a substantially increased circulation. .... The total of at least nine known editions of Banneker's almanac for the same year was remarkable, ....".</ref> A Wilmington, Delaware, printer issued five editions for distribution by different vendors. Printers in Baltimore issued three versions of the almanac, while three Philadelphia printers also sold editions. A Trenton, New Jersey, printer additionally sold a version of the work.<ref> [https://books.google.com/books?id=T1F1H2KUj80C&pg=PA213 Tise, 1998, p. 215.] "The 1795 edition saw three separate versions (of Banneker's almanac) published in Baltimore alone; a [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] publisher produced five editions for various distributors; and three [[Philadelphia]] printers offered editions, as did another in [[Trenton, New Jersey]]."</ref><ref>(1) {{cite web|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/mcc.029|title=Title Page|work=Bannaker's Bannaker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, or ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year;——the Nineteenth Year of American Independence, and the Seventh of our Federal Government——Which may the Governor of the World prosper!|location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]|oclc=49848126|lccn=2002205264|publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams|year=1794|access-date=February 28, 2021|via=[[Library of Congress]]}} ''In'' {{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html#078|title=Benjamin Banneker's Almanac|work=Exhibition: Thomas Jefferson: Creating A Virginia Republic: Benjamin Banneker: Benjamin Banneker's Almanac|date=April 24, 2000 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=March 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205063345/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html#078|archive-date=February 5, 2021|url-status=live}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 11.]<br />(2) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1794|url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/a6a8f1c0bac8ba4dacf303abb9574c0f.jpg|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|title=Bannaker's Wilmington almanac, or ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795; ——Being the Third after Leap-Year——; The Nineteenth Year of American Independence and the Seventh of our Federal Government——Which may the Governor of the World prosper!|location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]|publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams, for Frederick Craig|oclc=62824551|access-date=March 1, 2021|via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301163737/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/a6a8f1c0bac8ba4dacf303abb9574c0f.jpg|archive-date=March 1, 2021|url-status=live}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 12.].<br>(3) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=57|title=Banneker's Almanac, for the Year 1795: Being the Third After Leap Year: Containing, (besides every thing necessary in an almanac,) an Account of the Yellow Fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, with the Number of those who died, from the First of August till the Ninth of November, 1793|series=Rhistoric publications |format=35 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|year=1794|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Printed for William Young, Bookseller, no. 52, the Corner of Chesnut and Second—streets|oclc=62824552}} ''In'' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=5 Whiteman, 1969.]<br>(4) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1794|url=https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=332701|title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year|location=Philadelphia: Printed for William Gibbons, Cherry Street|oclc=62824556|access-date=June 5, 2020|via=General catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]|archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605152926/https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=332701|url-status=live}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 14.]<br>(5) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1794|title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year|location=Philadelphia: Printed for Jacob Johnson & Co., No. 147 Market-Street}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 15.]<br />(6) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|url=https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/856927|title=Bannaker's Wilmington almanac, or ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795, ....|series=Early American imprints |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]|oclc=22052469|publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams|year=1794|access-date=April 23, 2020|via=[[Villanova University#Main campus|Villanova University: Falvey Memorial Library]]}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 16.]<br />(7) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|title=Bannaker's Wilmington almanac, or ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795, Being the Third after Leap Year|location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]|publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams, for W. C. Smyth|year=1794}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 17.]<br>(8) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|title=Benjamin Bannakar's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac for 1795|location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]|publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams|year=1794}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 18.]<br>(9) (a) {{cite book|last=Bannaker|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.librarycompany.org/visualculture/aa03.htm|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|title=Bannaker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanac, or Ephemeris, for the Year of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams|oclc=62824547|year=1794|access-date=August 13, 2014|via=[[Library Company of Philadelphia]]|archive-date=August 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813212035/http://www.librarycompany.org/visualculture/aa03.htm|url-status=dead}}<br>(b) {{cite book|first=Benjamin|last=Banneker|url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/322bf3990be3aa4b849c105b4805758b.jpg|title=Banneker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, or Ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|oclc=62824547|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams|year=1794|access-date=April 23, 2020|via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301170637/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/322bf3990be3aa4b849c105b4805758b.jpg|archive-date=March 1, 2021|url-status=dead}}<br /> Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 19.]<br />(10) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1794|url=https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=550981|title=New-Jersey & Pennsylvania Almanac, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year, and the Twentieth of American Independence, after the Fourth of July, Containing, Besides the Usual Requisites of an Almanac, A Variety of Entertaining Matter, in Prose and Verse. To Which is Added, An Account of the Yellow Fever, in Philadelphia. The Astronomical Calculations by Benjamin Banneker, An African|location=[[Trenton, New Jersey]]|publisher=Printed and Sold, Wholesale and Retail, by Mathias Day|oclc=701855077|access-date=June 5, 2020|via=General catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]|archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605092338/https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=550981|url-status=live}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 20.]<br>(11) {{cite book|first=Benjamin|last=Banneker|url=https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/856935|title=Banneker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, or Ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1795: Being the Third after Leap-Year|series=Early American imprints |lccn=2002205264|oclc=1053444725|location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]|publisher=Printed by S. & J. Adams|year=1794|access-date=April 23, 2020|via=[[Villanova University#Main campus|Villanova University: Falvey Memorial Library]]|archive-date=March 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330034027/https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/856935|url-status=live}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 21.]<br>(12) {{cite book|last=Bannaker|first=Benjamin|title=The Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Almanack for the Year of our Lord 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed by James Angell for Fisher and Cole|year=1794}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 22.]<br>(13) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|title=The Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanac, for the Year of Our Lord, 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]]|publisher=Printed and sold by S. and J. Adams|year=1794}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/395/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 395, Reference 23.]<br>(14) (a) {{cite book|last=Bannaker|first=Benjamin|year=1794|url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/eeb6a6782a2f92e1e59d324a63d1e931.jpg|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|oclc=62824557|title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ALMANAC for the YEAR of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed for And Sold by John Fisher, Stationer|via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing|access-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301160933/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/eeb6a6782a2f92e1e59d324a63d1e931.jpg|archive-date=March 1, 2021|url-status=live}}<br>(b) {{cite book|last=Bannaker|first=Benjamin|year=1794|url=http://www.mdhs.org/digitalimage/cover-benjamin-bannakers-sic-pennsylvania-delaware-maryland-and-virginia-almanac-year-1|chapter=Title Page (with portrait of Banneker)|title=Benjamin Bannaker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ALMANAC for the YEAR of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed for And Sold by John Fisher, Stationer|access-date=March 1, 2019|archive-date=July 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724093153/http://www.mdhs.org/digitalimage/cover-benjamin-bannakers-sic-pennsylvania-delaware-maryland-and-virginia-almanac-year-1}} ''In'' {{cite document|title=Cover: Benjamin Bannaker|year=2018|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]}}<br />(c) {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.html|title=Benjamin Banneker's Almanac: 1795|series=Africans in America: Part 2: Bannaker's New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanac, or Ephemeris, for the Year of our LORD 1795; Being the Third after Leap-Year|publisher=[[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)]]|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015229/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h68.html|archive-date=November 27, 2020|url-status=live}}<br />Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 24.]</ref> ====Banneker's journals==== [[File:17 Year Cicada - Brood X.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Brood X periodical cicada]] [[File:Cicada with extensive abdomen fungus 2021-05-31 093621 1 crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Brood X periodical cicada with ''[[Massospora cicadina]]'' infection]] Banneker kept a series of journals that contained his notebooks for astronomical observations, his diary and accounts of his dreams.<ref name=Glawe/><ref name=journal1>{{cite web|author=Maryland Historical Society Library Department|author-link=Maryland Center for History and Culture#Library|url=https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|title=The Dreams of Benjamin Banneker|work=[[Maryland Historical Society#Library|H. Furlong Baldwin Library]]: Underbelly|publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]|date=February 6, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2020|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917003106/https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|url-status=live}}</ref> The journals additionally contained a number of mathematical calculations and puzzles.<ref name=Glawe/><ref name=journal1/><ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/340/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 340–343.]<br>(2) [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/17/mode/1up Tyson, pp. 17–18.]<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/historynegrorac05willgoog/page/n430 Williams, p. 398.]<br>(4) {{cite journal|last1=Fasanelli|first1=Florence|last2=Jagger|first2=Graham|last3=Lumpkin|first3=Bea|url=http://www.maa.org/publications/periodicals/convergence/benjamin-bannekers-trigonometry-puzzle|title=Benjamin Banneker's Trigonometry Puzzle|journal=Loci|volume=2|date=June 2010|publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]]|access-date=July 23, 2017|archive-date=July 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723050150/https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/benjamin-bannekers-trigonometry-puzzle|url-status=live}}<br>(5) {{cite journal|last=Mahoney|first=John F.|date=March 2004|url=https://www.nctm.org/Publications/mathematics-teaching-in-middle-school/2004/Vol9/Issue7/Mathematical-Roots_-Benjamin-Banneker-and-the-Method-of-Single-Position/|title=Mathematical Roots: Benjamin Banneker and Single Position|journal=[[National Council of Teachers of Mathematics#Journals|Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School]]|volume=10|number=7|pages=368–371|doi=10.5951/MTMS.9.7.0368|jstor=41181944|oclc=45114561|issn=2328-5486|location=[[Reston, Virginia]]|publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of Mathematics]]|access-date=June 22, 2020|archive-date=June 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622094331/https://www.nctm.org/Publications/mathematics-teaching-in-middle-school/2004/Vol9/Issue7/Mathematical-Roots_-Benjamin-Banneker-and-the-Method-of-Single-Position/|url-status=live}}<br>(6) {{cite journal|last=Mahoney|first=John F.|url=https://www.nctm.org/Publications/mathematics-teacher/2005/Vol98/Issue6/Benjamin-Banneker-and-the-Law-of-Sines/|title=Benjamin Banneker and the Law of Sines|journal=[[National Council of Teachers of Mathematics#Journals|Mathematics Teacher]]|date=February 2005|volume=98|number=6|pages=390–393|doi=10.5951/MT.98.6.0390|jstor=27971750|oclc=1101624904|issn=0025-5769|location=[[Reston, Virginia]]|publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of Mathematics]]|access-date=June 22, 2020|archive-date=June 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622085245/https://www.nctm.org/Publications/mathematics-teacher/2005/Vol98/Issue6/Benjamin-Banneker-and-the-Law-of-Sines/|url-status=live}}<br>(7) {{cite journal|last=Mahoney|first=John F.|url=http://www.maa.org/publications/periodicals/convergence/benjamin-bannekers-inscribed-equilateral-triangle|title=Benjamin Banneker's Inscribed Equilateral Triangle|journal=Loci|volume=2|date=July 2010|publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]]|access-date=February 6, 2014|archive-date=February 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215046/http://www.maa.org/publications/periodicals/convergence/benjamin-bannekers-inscribed-equilateral-triangle|url-status=live}}<br>(8) {{cite web |last=Mahoney |first=John F.|url=http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/34224.html |title=The Mathematical Puzzles of Benjamin Banneker|work=AP Central|publisher=[[College Board]] |year=2014|access-date=July 23, 2017|archive-date=July 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723050624/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/resources/mathematical-puzzles-benjamin-banneker |url-status=live }}.</ref> On the day of his funeral, a fire destroyed all but one of which Banneker's journals. The surviving journal described in April 1800 Banneker's recollections of the 1749, 1766 and 1783 emergences of [[Brood X]] of the seventeen-year [[periodical cicada]] (''[[Magicicada septendecim]]'' and related species)<ref name=":0"> [https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n17/mode/1up Latrobe, pp. 11–12.]</ref><ref name="nkwanta">{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=Janet E. |last2=Nkwanta |first2=Asamoah |year=2014 |title=Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada |url=http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Humanistic Mathematics |volume=4 |pages=112–122 |doi=10.5642/jhummath.201401.07 |issn=2159-8118 |oclc=700943261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827123841/http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm |archive-date=August 27, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2014 |doi-access=free |number=1}} Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791–1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. [[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]], Baltimore, Maryland.</ref> and described an effect that the [[pathogenic fungus]], ''[[Massospora cicadina]]'', has on its [[Host (biology)|host]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="nkwanta" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooley|first1=John R.|last2=Marshall|first2=David C.|last3=Hill|first3=Kathy B. R.|date=January 23, 2018|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19813-0.pdf|title=A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|language=En|volume=8|number=1432|page=1432|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0|pmid=29362478|pmc=5780379|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1432C|issn=2045-2322|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|access-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830021718/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19813-0.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8583153f-e936-4bd8-8799-7537bd673cdd|archive-date=August 30, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The journal also recorded Banneker's observations on the [[Beehive|hive]]s and behavior of [[honey bee]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/262/mode/1up|Bedini, 1972, pp. 262–263]]</ref> ===Political views=== Banneker's 1792 almanac contained an extract from an anonymous essay entitled "''On Negro Slavery, and the Slave Trade''" that the ''[[Columbian Magazine]]'' had published in 1790.<ref>(1) {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/columbianmagazin41790phil/page/n21|title=On Negro Slavery, and the Slave Trade|journal=[[Columbian Magazine|The Columbian Magazine or Monthly Miscellany]]|date=January 1790|pages=18–19|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Printed for the Proprietors, by William Spotswood|access-date=August 31, 2019|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/175/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 175.]</ref> After quoting a statement that David Rittenhouse had made (that Negroes "have been doomed to endless slavery by us — merely because ''their'' bodies have been disposed to reflect or absorb the rays of light in a way different from ''ours''"), the extract concluded:<blockquote>The time, it is hoped ''is not very remote'', when those ill-fated people, dwelling in this land of freedom, shall commence a participation with the white inhabitants, in the blessings of liberty; and experience the kindly protection of government, for the essential rights of human nature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/rbc/rbcmisc/ody/ody0214/0214033v.jpg|title=Banneker, 1791, p. 33.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301160924/http://memory.loc.gov/rbc/rbcmisc/ody/ody0214/0214033v.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2019 }}</ref></blockquote> A Philadelphia edition of Banneker's 1793 almanac that Joseph Crukshank published contained copies of pleas for peace that the English anti-slavery poet [[William Cowper]] and others had authored,<ref>Banneker, 1792a(2), pp. [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_015 15], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_019 19], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_021 21].</ref> as well as anti-slavery speeches and writings from England and America. The latter included extracts from speeches that William Pitt, [[Matthew Montagu, 4th Baron Rokeby|Matthew Montagu]] and Charles James Fox had given to the British House of Commons in 1792 during the debate on a motion for the abolition of the British slave trade,<ref>(1) Banneker, 1792a(2), pp. [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_011 11], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_013 13].<br />(2) {{cite book|author=Great Britain. Parliament|author-link=Parliament of Great Britain|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075911671&view=1up&seq=11|title=The debate on a motion for the abolition of the slave-trade: in the House of Commons on Monday the second of April, 1792, reported in detail|year=1792|location=London|publisher=Printed by W. Woodfall|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075911671&view=1up&seq=106 96 (M. Montegu)], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075911671&view=1up&seq=144 134]-[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075911671&view=1up&seq=145 135 (Charles James Fox)], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075911671&view=1up&seq=160 142]-[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075911671&view=1up&seq=161 143 (William Pitt)]|oclc=669400387|lccn=84221585|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]|access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref> an extract from a 1789 poem by an English Quaker, Thomas Wilkinson,<ref>(1) Banneker 1792a(2), pp. [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_023 23], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_025 25].<br />(2) {{cite book|last=Wilkinson |first=Thomas, of [[Yanwath]]|title=An Appeal to England, On Behalf of the Abused Africans; A Poem|year=1789|location=London|publisher=Printed and sold by J. Phillips|oclc=83274510|lccn=27007950}}<br />(3) Discussion of Thomas Wilkinson's background, poems and influence ''in'' {{cite book|last=Manning|first=Peter J.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me4O_ktz_IQC&pg=PA241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me4O_ktz_IQC&pg=printsec|chapter=Chapter 11: "Will No One Tell Me What She Sings?": ''The Solitary Reaper'' and the Contexts of Criticism|title=Reading Romantics: Texts and Contexts|pages=241–254|year=1990|location=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0195057872|lccn=89038917|oclc=607351211|access-date=February 20, 2018|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and an extract from a query in Thomas Jefferson's 1787 ''[[Notes on the State of Virginia]]''.<ref>(1) Banneker, 1792a(2), pp. [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_015 15], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_017 17], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_019 19].<br />(2) {{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KlbAAAAQAAJ&pg=270|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KlbAAAAQAAJ&pg=printsec|chapter=Query XVIII: Manners|title=Notes on the State of Virginia.: written by Thomas Jefferson: Illustrated with a Map, including the States of Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania|location=London|publisher=Printed for John Stockdale, Opposite Burlington-House, Piccadilly|year=1787|pages=270–273|access-date=February 20, 2018|oclc=24294019}}</ref><ref name="Bedini pp185-199"/> [[File:Benjamin Rush Painting by Peale 1783.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8| <sup><div style="text-align: center;">[[Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library|Winterthur Museum]],<br />[[Winterthur, Delaware]]</div></sup>1783 [[Oil painting|oil portrait]] of Dr. Benjamin Rush by [[Charles Willson Peale]]]] Crukshank's edition of Banneker's 1793 almanac also contained a copy of "A Plan of a ''Peace-Office'', for the United States".<ref name="1793 Almanac5">(1) Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/190/mode/1up 190]–[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/191/mode/1up 191.]<br>(2) A Plan of a ''Peace-Office'', for the United States. ''In'' Banneker, 1792a(2), pp. [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_005 5], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_007 7], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_009 9].<br>(3) [https://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA116 Phillips, pp. 116–119.]</ref> Although the almanac did not identify the Plan's author, writers later attributed the work to [[Benjamin Rush|Dr. Benjamin Rush]], a signer of the 1776 Declaration of Independence.<ref>(1) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=7 Whiteman, Maxwell (1969). BENJAMIN BANNEKER: Surveyor and Astronomer: 1731–1806: A biographical note] ''In'' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=5 Whiteman, Maxwell (ed.)] "The plan for a "Peace Office" in the Government of the United States, which also appeared in this issue (Banneker's 1793 Philadelphia almanac) has been attributed to Banneker. According to Edwin Wolf 2nd, Librarian of the [[Library Company of Philadelphia]] from whose institution these copies have been made, the "Peace Office" is the work of Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]]."<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/186/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 186.] "Another important item included in the 1793 almanac was "A Plan of a Peace Office for the United States", which aroused considerable comment at the time. Many believed it to have been Banneker's own work. Even recently its authorship has been debated, but in 1947 it was identified beyond question as the work of Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]] in a volume of his own writings that appeared in that year." (Reference ([https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/361/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 361])): {{cite book|editor-first=Dagobert D.|editor-last=Runes|editor-link=Dagobert D. Runes|title=The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush|pages=19–23|location=New York|publisher=[[Philosophical Library]]|year=1947}}) ([[E-book]] (partial text of book): {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQf4CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQf4CAAAQBAJ&pg=printsec|chapter=A Plan of a Peace Office for the United States (1799)|editor-last=Runes|editor-first=Dagobert D.|editor-link=Dagobert D. Runes|title=The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush|pages=29–33|oclc=928885110|isbn=9781504013062|publisher=[[Open Road Integrated Media]]|date=May 26, 2015|access-date=June 23, 2019|via=[[Google Books]]}} (Full text of book: {{cite web|editor-last=Runes|editor-first=Dagobert D.|editor-link=Dagobert D. Runes|url=https://archive.org/stream/selectedwritings030242mbp/selectedwritings030242mbp_djvu.txt|title=A Plan of a Peace Office for the United States (1799)|pages=19–23|access-date=April 6, 2020|location=New York|publisher=[[Philosophical Library]]|year=1947|via=[[Internet Archives]]}}<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/187/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 187.] "For some unexplained reason, it was published without identifying the author. Rush included the "Plan" in a collection of essays published five years later, with substantial additions to the text." (Reference ([https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/361/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 361])): {{cite book|author=Benjamin Rush|author-link=Benjamin Rush|title=Essays, Literal and Moral|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Thomas and William Bradford|year=1798|pages=183–188}}) ([[E-book]]: {{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/DKC0021/page/n188/mode/1up|url=https://archive.org/details/DKC0021/mode/1up|chapter=A plan of a Peace-Office for the United States|title=Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical.|last=Rush|first=Benjamin, M.D.|author-link=Benjamin Rush|orig-date=1798|pages=183–188|place=Philadelphia|publisher=Thomas and William Bradford|access-date=June 13, 2019|oclc=53177918|isbn=0912756225|lccn=88080672|via=[[Internet Archive]] Digital Library}})<br>(4) {{cite book|first=Charles H.|last=Wesley|editor-first=James L.|editor-last=Conyers, Jr.|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjWCBHygpQ0C&pg=PA99|chapter=Biographical Studies: Carter G. Woodson—As a Scholar|title=Charles H. Wesley: The Intellectual Tradition of a Black Historian|page=99|isbn=0815327544|lccn=96037837|oclc=36029629|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|access-date=April 14, 2020}}<br>(5) {{cite web|url=http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/rush.html|title=Benjamin Rush: 1745-1813: Representing Pennsylvania at the Continental Congress|work=Signers of the Declaration of Independence|publisher=ushistory.org|access-date=February 7, 2018|archive-date=February 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207213452/http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/rush.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Plan proposed the appointment of a "[[Department of Peace|Secretary of Peace]]", described the Secretary's powers and advocated federal support and promotion of the [[Christianity|Christian religion]].<ref>Banneker, 1792a(2), pp. [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_005 5], [https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_007 7].</ref> ====Correspondence with Thomas Jefferson==== [[File:T Jefferson by Charles Willson Peale 1791 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|alt=Thomas Jefferson|<sup><div style="text-align: center;">[[Independence National Historical Park]], [[Philadelphia]]</div></sup>1791 [[Oil painting|oil portrait]] of Thomas Jefferson by [[Charles Willson Peale]]]] On August 19, 1791, after departing the federal capital area, Banneker wrote a letter to Thomas Jefferson, who in 1776 had drafted the United States Declaration of Independence and in 1791 was serving as [[United States Secretary of State]].<ref name=Cullen>(1) [https://archive.org/details/blackpresenceint00kap_ktt/page/140/mode/2up/search/Banneker Kaplan, pp. 140–141.]<br>(2) {{cite web|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0049|title="To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Banneker, 19 August 1791" (with editorial notes)|work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson|publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=August 31, 2019}} (Original source: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 22: 6 August 1791 – 31 December 1791|editor-first=Charles T.|editor-last=Cullen|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1986|pages=49–54|isbn=9780691184654|oclc=1043555596|lccn=50007486|access-date=August 31, 2019|via=[[Google Books]])}}<br>(3) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65 Allaben, pp. 65-69.]</ref><ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/155/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 155–163.]<br>(2) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=13 Banneker, 1792b(1).]<br>(3) {{cite book|first=William|last=Andrews|editor-last1=Carretta|editor-first1=Vincent|year=2001|editor-last2=Gould|editor-first2=Phillip|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ka0fBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ka0fBgAAQBAJ&pg=printsec|chapter=Benjamin Banneker's Revision of Thomas Jefferson: Conscience vs. Science in the Early American Antislavery Debate|title=Genius in Bondage: Literature of the Early Black Atlantic|pages=218–241|location=[[Lexington, Kentucky]]|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky|The University Press of Kentucky]]|oclc=903963319|isbn=9780813159461|lccn=2001002581|access-date=March 12, 2019}}<br>(4) {{cite book|last1=Freidel|first1=Frank|author-link1=Frank Freidel|last2=Sidey|first2=Hugh|author-link2=Hugh Sidey|chapter=Thomas Jefferson|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/presidentsofunit00fran/page/10/mode/2up|url=https://archive.org/details/presidentsofunit00fran/page/n2/mode/1up|title=The Presidents of the United States of America|year=2006|edition=17th|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[White House Historical Association]]|pages=10–11|isbn=1857594096|lccn=2007295201|oclc=123955305|access-date=March 2, 2018|via=[[whitehouse.gov|WhiteHouse.gov]]}}</ref> Quoting language in the Declaration, the letter expressed a plea for justice for African Americans. To support his plea, Banneker included within his letter a handwritten manuscript of an almanac for 1792 containing his ephemeris with his astronomical calculations. He retained handwritten copies of the letter and Jefferson's August 30, 1791, reply in a volume of manuscripts that became part of a journal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65|title=Magazine of Western History|date=June 30, 1893|via=Google Books}}</ref> In late 1792, James Angell published a Baltimore edition of Banneker's 1793 almanac that contained copies of Banneker's letter and Jefferson's reply.<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/189/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 189–190.]<br>(2) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1792|url=https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=332704|title=Benjamin Banneker's almanac, for the year of our Lord, 1793; Being the first after BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Seventeenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed and sold, wholesale and retail, by [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street|lccn=98650590|oclc=1053084527|access-date=June 4, 2020|via=General catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]|archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091352/https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=332704|url-status=live}} Cited in [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/394/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 394, Reference 6.]</ref> Soon afterwards, a Philadelphia printer distributed two sequential editions of a widely circulated pamphlet that also contained the letter and reply.<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/191/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 191.]<br>(2) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=11 Banneker, 1792b.]<br>(3) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=13 Banneker, 1792b(1).]<br>(4) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=21 Banneker, 1792b(2).]</ref> ''The Universal Asylum, and Columbian Magazine'' also published Banneker's letter and Jefferson's reply in Philadelphia in late 1792.<ref name=Asylum>(1) [https://archive.org/details/universalasylum21792phil/page/222 A Society of Gentlemen]<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/158/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 158.]</ref> The ''Magazine''{{'s}} editors (A Society of Gentlemen) titled the letter as being "from the famous self-taught astronomer, Benjamin Banneker, a black man".<ref name=Asylum/> In his letter, Banneker accused Jefferson of criminally using fraud and violence to oppress his slaves.<ref name="Cullen" /><ref>(1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA67 Allaben, p. 67.]<br>(2) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132841/http://etext.virginia.edu/images/modeng/public/BanLett/B24073g.jpg Banneker, 1792b(1), p. 8.]<br>(3) Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/160/mode/1up 160], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/162/mode/1up 162]<br>(4) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=18&r=-0.656,-0.065,2.312,1.12,0 Banneker, 1792b(1), p. 8].</ref><ref>(1) Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/160/mode/1up 160], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/163/mode/1up/ 163.]<br>(2) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=20 Banneker, 1792b(1), p. 10.]</ref> Jefferson's reply did not directly respond to Banneker's accusations, but instead expressed his support for the advancement of his "black brethren". His reply, which writers have characterized as "courteous", but "ambiguous" and "noncommittal",<ref name=flawed>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/74059227.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+31%2C+1992&author=&desc=A+Great+Man%2C+but+Flawed|title=A Great Man, but Flawed|work=OP/ED|publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 31, 1992|page=A.21|access-date=May 17, 2010|quote=Wefald writes that when Jefferson received a letter and almanac from Benjamin Banneker, Jefferson was "honest enough to change his position." [However,] Jefferson did not say that he had changed his opinion of the intellectual abilities of blacks.... Jefferson merely said: "No body wishes more than I do to see such proofs as you exhibit... Closely read, Jefferson's letter is only an indication that he "wishes to see such proofs", but there is no definite indication that he changed his mind. On Banneker's abilities Jefferson was ambivalent.|archive-date=November 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102075043/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/74059227.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+31,+1992&author=&desc=A+Great+Man,+but+Flawed|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610193716/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/banneker-benjamin-1731-1806/ Johnson]."Banneker sent a manuscript copy of his work to Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson along with a plea against the continuance of black slavery and received a courteous, if evasive, reply."</ref><ref name=Asim>{{cite journal|first=Jabari|last=Asim|date=October 12, 2018|url=https://yalereview.yale.edu/getting-it-twisted|title=Getting It Twisted|journal=[[The Yale Review]]|volume=106|issue=4|pages=47–59|doi=10.1111/yrev.13405|lccn=08008158|oclc=192042624|issn=0044-0124|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]]|publisher=[[Yale University]]|s2cid=149788609|access-date=July 18, 2020|quote=<br>Jefferson’s letter in reply was tepid and noncommittal:|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626171228/https://yalereview.yale.edu/getting-it-twisted|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=shane>{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Shane|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1999-02-28-9902270086-story.html|title=Two letters offer intriguing look at issue of race; Exchange: Maryland's Benjamin Banneker, son of a freed slave, elicits from Thomas Jefferson, a slave owner, a polite but vague observation on the status of blacks|date=February 28, 2020|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=June 29, 2020|quote=<br>Jefferson replied promptly and politely – but ambiguously on the subject of slavery:}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/mcc.028/|title=Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Banneker expressing his belief that blacks possess talents equal to those of "other colours of men," 30 August 1791.|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image and explanatory notes|work=Manuscript/Mixed Material|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=June 29, 2020|quote=In a polite response to Banneker's August 1791 letter, Jefferson expressed his ambivalent feelings about slavery"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629014327/https://www.loc.gov/item/mcc.028/|archive-date=June 29, 2020|url-status=live}} ''In'' {{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html#079|title=Exhibition: Thomas Jefferson: Creating A Virginia Republic: Benjamin Banneker: Talents equal to those of the other colors of men|date=April 24, 2000 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=February 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205063345/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html#079|archive-date=February 5, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> stated: <blockquote>Philadelphia Aug. 30. 1791.<br>Sir,<br>I thank you sincerely for your letter of the 19th. instant and for the Almanac it contained. no body wishes more than I do to see such proofs as you exhibit, that nature has given to our black brethren, talents equal to those of the other colours of men, & that the appearance of a want of them is owing merely to the degraded condition of their existence both in Africa & America. I can add with truth that no body wishes more ardently to see a good system commenced for raising the condition both of their body & mind to what it ought to be, as fast as the imbecillity of their present existence, and other circumstance which cannot be neglected, will admit. I have taken the liberty of sending your almanac to Monsieur de Condorcet, Secretary of the [[French Academy of Sciences|Academy of sciences at Paris]], and member of the Philanthropic society because I considered it as a document to which your whole colour had a right for their justification against the doubts which have been entertained of them. I am with great esteem, Sir,<br>Your most obedt. humble servt.<br>Th: Jefferson<ref name="Jefferson letter1">(1) {{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.014_1009_1009/?st=text|format=[[Digitization|Digitized]] image and transcript|title=Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Banneker, August 30, 1791|date=July 30, 1791|work=Manuscript/Mixed Material|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=April 13, 2020}}<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0091|title="From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Banneker, 30 August 1791" (with editorial notes)|work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson|publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=December 11, 2020|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831193223/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0091|url-status=live}} (Original source: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 22: 6 August 1791 – 31 December 1791|editor-first=Charles T.|editor-last=Cullen|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1986|pages=97–98|isbn=9780691184654|oclc=1043555596|lccn=50007486|access-date=2019-08-31}})<br>(3) [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=21 Banneker, 1792b(2).]<br>(4) Allaben pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA68 68]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA69 69.]<br>(5) Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/164/mode/1up/ 164]–[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/165/mode/1up/ 165.]</ref></blockquote>[[Marquis de Condorcet|Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet]], to whom Jefferson sent Banneker's almanac, was a noted French mathematician and abolitionist who was a member of the French [[Society of the Friends of the Blacks|Société des Amis des Noirs (Society of the Friends of the Blacks)]].<ref name=Glawe/><ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/167/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, pp. 167.]<br>(2) {{cite encyclopedia|first=Harry Burrows|last=Acton|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas-de-Caritat-marquis-de-Condorcet|title=Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2016|access-date=February 28, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102005007/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas-de-Caritat-marquis-de-Condorcet|url-status=live}}<br>(3) {{cite web|first=David M.|last=Hart|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/condorcet-1743-1794|title=Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794)|work=Online Library of Liberty|publisher=[[Liberty Fund|Liberty Fund, Inc.]]|date=April 10, 2014|access-date=February 28, 2016|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906053030/http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/condorcet-1743-1794|url-status=live}}</ref> It appears that the Academy of Sciences itself did not receive the almanac.<ref name="Bedini pp185-199"/> When writing his letter, Banneker informed Jefferson that his 1791 work with Andrew Ellicott on the District boundary survey had affected his work on his 1792 ephemeris and almanac.<ref name="Cullen" /><ref name="allotted">(1) Allaben, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA67 67]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA68 68.]<br>"..., but that having taken up my pen in order to direct to you as a present a copy of my Almanac which I have calculated for the Succeeding year, ..... and altho I had almost declined to make my calculation for the ensuing year, in consequence of that time which I had allotted therefor being taking up at the Federal Territory by the request of Mr. Andrew Ellicott, yet finding my Self underal several engagements to printers of this State to whom I have communicated my design, on my return to my place of residence, I industrially applied my Self thereto, ...."<br>(2) Banneker, 1792b, pp. [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=19 9]–[https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=20 10]. "And altho I had almost declined to make my calculation for the ensuing year, in consequence of that time which I had allotted therefor being taking up at the Federal Territory by the request of Mr. Andrew Ellicott, ....".</ref> On the same day that he replied to Banneker (August 30, 1791), Jefferson sent a letter to the Marquis de Condorcet that contained the following paragraph relating to Banneker's race, abilities, almanac and work with Andrew Ellicott:<blockquote>I am happy to be able to inform you that we have now in the United States a negro, the son of a black man born in Africa, and of a black woman born in the United States, who is a very respectable mathematician. I procured him to be employed under one of our chief directors in laying out the new federal city on the Patowmac, & in the intervals of his leisure, while on that work, he made an Almanac for the next year, which he sent me in his own hand writing, & which I inclose to you. I have seen very elegant solutions of Geometrical problems by him. Add to this that he is a very worthy & respectable member of society. He is a free man. I shall be delighted to see these instances of moral eminence so multiplied as to prove that the want of talents observed in them is merely the effect of their degraded condition, and not proceeding from any difference in the structure of the parts on which intellect depends.<ref name=Condorcet>{{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|title=Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Marquis de Condorcet|pages=[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/vc004808.jpg pp. 1]– [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/vc004807.jpg 2]|date=August 30, 1791}} Two [[Digitization|digitized]] images of letter ''in'' {{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures|title=American Treasures of the Library of Congress|date=August 2007 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=February 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>(1) {{cite web|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0092|title="From Thomas Jefferson to Condorcet, 30 August 1791" (with editorial notes)|work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson|publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831202119/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0092|url-status=live}} (Original source: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 22: 6 August 1791 – 31 December 1791|editor-first=Charles T.|editor-last=Cullen|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1986|pages=98–99|isbn=9780691184654|oclc=1043555596|lccn=50007486|access-date=2019-08-31}}<br />(2) {{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/mtjbib005580/|title=Thomas Jefferson to Marquis de Condorcet|date=August 30, 1791|work=Manuscript/Mixed Material|format=2 [[Digitization|digitized]] images and transcripts|pages=[https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.014_1010_1011/?sp=1&st=text pp. 1]–[https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.014_1010_1011/?sp=2&st=text 2]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=February 28, 2021}}<br />(3) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/165/mode/1uphttps://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/166/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 166.]</ref></blockquote> In 1809, three years after Banneker's death, Jefferson expressed a different opinion of Banneker in a letter to [[Joel Barlow]] that criticized a "diatribe" that a French abolitionist, [[Henri Grégoire]], had written in 1808<ref>(1) {{cite book|last=Grégoire|first=Henri|author-link=Henri Grégoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ngRAAAAIAAJ&pg=printsec|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ngRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA211|title=De la littérature des nègres, ou Recherches sur leurs facultés intellectuelles, leurs qualités morales et leur littérature, suivies de Notices sur la vie et les ouvrages des Nègres qui se sont distingués dans les Sciences, les Lettres et les Arts|chapter=Bannaker (Benjamin)|language=fr|publisher=Chez Maradan, Libraire|location=Paris|year=1808|pages=211–212|oclc=14928892|lccn=25020330|access-date=June 13, 2019|via=[[Google Books]]}}<br>(2) Partial English translation: {{cite book|last=Grégoire|first=Henri|author-link=Henri Grégoire|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/anenquiryconcer00wardgoog/page/n205|url=https://archive.org/details/anenquiryconcer00wardgoog/page/n9/mode/1up|title=An enquiry concerning the intellectual and moral faculties, and literature of negroes; followed with an account of the life and works of fifteen negroes & mulattoes, distinguished in science, literature and the arts; Translated by D.B. Warden|chapter=Bannaker|location=[[Brooklyn, New York]]|publisher=Thomas Kirk|year=1810|pages=187–188|oclc=25657539|lccn=68001371|via=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=November 26, 2015}}<br>(3) Complete English translation: {{cite book|first=Henri|last=Grégoire|author-link=Henri Grégoire|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOonnbofOgwC&pg=PA88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOonnbofOgwC&pg=printsec|chapter=Banneker|title=On the Cultural Achievements of Negroes: Translated with notes and an introduction by Thomas Cassirer & Jean-François Brière|year=1996|pages=88–89|location=[[Amherst, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=0585142300|lccn=95047293|oclc=44961624|access-date=May 31, 2016|archive-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130223810/https://books.google.com/books?id=JOonnbofOgwC&pg=PA88|url-status=live}}<br>(4) Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/296/mode/1up 296]–[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/297/mode/1up 297.]</ref> saying that while "we know ourselves of Banneker. we know he had [[spherical trigonometry]] enough to make almanacs, but not without the suspicion of aid from Ellicot, who was his neighbor & friend, & never missed an opportunity of puffing him. I have a long letter from Banneker which shews him to have had a mind of very common stature indeed".<ref name="Barlow">{{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|date=October 8, 1809|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.044_0296_0297/?st=gallery|title=Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow, October 8, 1809|format=2 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|work=The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress: Manuscript/Mixed Material|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=May 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>(1) {{cite book |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWIFAAAAQAAJ&pg=printsec |title=The Writings of Thomas Jefferson; being his Autobiography, Correspondence, Reports, Messages, Addresses, and Other Writings, Official and Private. Published by the order of the Joint Committee of Congress on the Library, from the original manuscripts, deposited in the Department of State. |date=October 8, 1809 |publisher=Taylor & Maury |editor=Washington |editor-first=H.A. |volume=5 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=475–476 |chapter=Correspondence: To Mr Barlow |lccn=06007150 |oclc=924409 |access-date=2019-06-13 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWIFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA476 |via=[[Google Books]]}}<br />(2) {{cite web |title=Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow, 8 October 1809 (with editorial notes) |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-01-02-0461 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831231259/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-01-02-0461 |archive-date=August 31, 2019 |access-date=2019-08-31 |work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson |publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]}} (Original source: {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA588 |title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 1, 4 March 1809 to 15 November 1809 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780691184593 |editor-last=Looney |editor-first=J. Jefferson |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] |pages=588–590 |lccn=2004048327 |oclc=1045069067 |access-date=2019-08-31 |via=[[Google Books]]}})<br />(3) [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/297/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 297.]]</ref> ===Death=== [[File:Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum Feb 18, 2017, 1-47 PM edit (33003870211).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|{{center|Replica of Banneker's log cabin in [[Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker#Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland|Benjamin Banneker Historical Park]], [[Oella, Maryland]] (2017)}}]] For reasons that are unclear, the four editions of his 1797 almanac were the last ones that printers published.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/206/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 206–207] "Banneker's almanac for the year 1797 was the last of his almanacs to be published. ...."</ref><ref>(1) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/85b98883c94b2899f1108515468e6bfa.jpg |title=Bannaker's Virginia and North Carolina almanack and ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1797 |work= |publisher=Printed by William Prentis and William Y. [i.e. T.] Murray |orig-date=1796 |location=Petersburg VA |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824548 |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301192516/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/85b98883c94b2899f1108515468e6bfa.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} Cited in [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 26.]]<br />(2) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/ff8f1def7545b2917ac5ed25dbcfaf91.jpg |title=Bannaker's Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Kentucky Almanack and EPHEMERIS, for the YEAR of our LORD 1797; Being the First after BISSEXTILE or LEAP-YEAR; The Twenty-First Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, And Ninth Year of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT |work= |publisher=Printed by Christopher Jackson, no. 67, Market-Street, for George Keatinge's book-store. [Copy right secured.] |orig-date=1796 |location=Baltimore |format=image |oclc=62824549 |access-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423142731/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/items/show/11096 |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=dead |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 27.]]<br />(3) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/d017654e87503d2f281d133c7c70db17.jpg |title=Bannaker's Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Kentucky almanack and ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1797; Being the First after BISSEXTILE or LEAP-YEAR; The Twenty-First Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, And Ninth Year of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT |work= |publisher=Printed by Samuel Pleasants, Jun. near the vendue office. By privilege |orig-date=1796 |location=Richmond |format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image |oclc=62824550 |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301185421/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/blackpublishing/files/original/d017654e87503d2f281d133c7c70db17.jpg |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[American Antiquarian Society]]: Black Self-Publishing}} [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 28.]]<br />(4) {{cite book |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |title=Bannaker's Maryland and Virginia almanack and ephemeris, for the year of our Lord 1797 |publisher=Printed by Christopher Jackson, for George Keatinge's Wholesale and Retail book store, no. 140 Market-Street |orig-date=1796 |location=Baltimore |oclc=62824545}} [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/396/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 396, Reference 29.]]</ref> After selling much of his homesite to the Ellicotts and others,<ref name=Hurry/><ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/241/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 241–251.]<br>(2) {{cite web|last=Clark|first=James W., Maryland Commission on Afro-American and Indian History and Culture, Annapolis, Maryland|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/004000/004300/004382/pdf/msa_se5_4382.pdf|title=Benjamin Banneker Homesite|work=Maryland State Historical Trust: Inventory Form for State Historic Sites Survey|date=June 14, 1976|page=16|publisher=[[Maryland State Archives]]|location=[[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]], Maryland|access-date=November 15, 2015|archive-date=August 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818203231/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/004000/004300/004382/pdf/msa_se5_4382.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> he probably died in his [[log cabin]] nine years later on October 19, 1806, aged 74.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bedini |first=Silvio A. |author-link=Silvio Bedini |date=December 2, 1999 |editor1-last=Garraty |editor1-first=John Arthur |editor1-link=John A. Garraty |editor2-last=Carnes |editor2-first=Mark Christopher |title=Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806), farmer and astronomer |url=https://www.anb.org/search?q=Banneker%2C+Benjamin+%281731-1806%29%2C+farmer+and+astronomer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020204621/https://www.anb.org/search?q=Banneker%2C+Benjamin+%281731-1806%29%2C+farmer+and+astronomer |archive-date=October 20, 2019 |access-date=October 20, 2019 |work=[[American National Biography]], Vol. 2, Baker-Blatch |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], 1999 |page=116 |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1300081 |isbn=0195127811 |lccn=98020826 |oclc=963809285 |quote=Banneker, Benjamin (09 November 1731–19 October 1806), farmer and astronomer, ... |location=New York}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> (Some sources state that Banneker died on Sunday, October 9, 1806, which was actually a Thursday.)<ref name=Bedini2008/><ref>Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/270/mode/1up 270], [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/272/mode/1up 272–273].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mdhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/photo-7.jpg|title=Obituary of Benjamin Banneker|date=October 28, 1806|publisher=Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser|access-date=September 17, 2020|quote=On Sunday, this 9th instant, departed this life at his residence in Baltimore county, in the 73rd year of his age, Mr. BENJAMIN BANNEKER, a black man, and immediate descendant of an African father.|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917011051/https://www.mdhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/photo-7.jpg|url-status=live}} ''In'' {{cite web|author=Maryland Historical Society Library Department|author-link=Maryland Center for History and Culture#Library|url=https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|title=The Dreams of Benjamin Banneker|work=[[Maryland Historical Society#Library|H. Furlong Baldwin Library]]: Underbelly|publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]|date=February 6, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2020|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917003106/https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2019 |title=Benjamin Banneker (Researcher's Note: death date) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher= |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-Banneker/additional-info#Researchers-Note |access-date=29 March 2025 |author-link=Encyclopædia Britannica#Staff |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |author=}}</ref> His chronic [[alcoholism]], which worsened as he aged, may have contributed to his death.<ref>(1) Tyson, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/10/mode/1up 10], [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/12/mode/1up 12].<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/253/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 253–254.]</ref> Banneker never married.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Conway |first=Moncure D. |author-link=Moncure D. Conway |date=January 1863 |title=Benjamin Banneker, the Negro Astronomer |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103018420&view=1up&seq=94 |journal=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |location=[[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] |publisher=Ticknor & Fields |volume=11 |page=94 |via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]] |number=63}}</ref> An obituary concluded "Mr. Banneker is a prominent instance to prove that a descendant of Africa is susceptible of as great mental improvement and deep knowledge into the mysteries of nature as that of any other nation".<ref>(1) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/272/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, pp. 272–273.]<br>(2) {{cite web|url=https://www.mdhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/photo-7.jpg|title=Obituary of Benjamin Banneker|date=1806-10-28|publisher=Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser|access-date=2016-03-29|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917011051/https://www.mdhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/photo-7.jpg|url-status=live}} ''In'' {{cite web|author=Maryland Historical Society Library Department|author-link=Maryland Center for History and Culture#Library|url=https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|title=The Dreams of Benjamin Banneker|work=[[Maryland Historical Society#Library|H. Furlong Baldwin Library]]: Underbelly|date=February 6, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2020|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917003106/https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|url-status=live}}</ref> A commemorative [[obelisk]] that the Maryland [[United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial]] Commission and the State Commission on [[African American history|Afro American History]] and [[African American culture|Culture]] erected in 1977 near his unmarked grave stands in the [[Churchyard|yard]] of the Mount Gilboa [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[Oella, Maryland|Oella]], Maryland (see [[Mount Gilboa Chapel]]).<ref>(1) [http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5859 "Benjamin Banneker" marker]. ''In'' [[Historical Marker Database|HMdb: The Historical Marker Database]]<br />(2) Coordinates of Benjamim Banneker obelisk: {{coord|39.2749641|-76.778807|type:landmark|format=dms|name=Benjamin Banneker obelisk}}</ref> ==Artifacts== On the day of his funeral in 1806, a fire burned Banneker's log cabin to the ground, destroying many of his belongings and papers.<ref name=Bedini2008/><ref name=Sun1>{{cite news |last=Respers |first=Lisa |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/08/01/18th-century-banneker-items-to-be-auctioned-museum-organizers-hope-to-buy-rare-artifacts/ |title=18th-century Banneker items to be auctioned: Museum organizers hope to buy rare artifacts |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=August 1, 1996 |access-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226170044/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-08-01/news/1996214126_1_banneker-ellicott-samuel-hopkins |url-status=live }}.</ref><ref>(1) [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/18/mode/1up Tyson p. 18.]<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/270/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, pp. 270–271.]</ref> * In 1813, William Goodard, who had published the Baltimore edition of Banneker's 1792 almanac (Banneker's first published almanac), donated the [[manuscript]] for the almanac to the [[American Antiquarian Society]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].<ref>(1) {{cite web|url=http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Exhibitions/Inpursuit/casefloor/casefloor_7.htm|title=Almanac|format=15 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|work=In Pursuit of a Vision: Two Centuries of Collecting at the American Antiquarian Society|location=[[Worcester, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[American Antiquarian Society]] (www.americanantiquarian.org)|year=2012|access-date=April 26, 2020|quote=Benjamin Banneker. Holographic manuscript of his 1792 almanac and ephemeris, with the published edition: Benjamin Banneker’s Almanack. Baltimore: William Goddard and James Angell …, both 1791. Manuscript: Gift of William Goddard, 1813. Published almanac: Gift of Samuel L. Munson, 1925.|archive-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815231606/http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Exhibitions/Inpursuit/casefloor/casefloor_7.htm|url-status=live}} Note: This web page contains links to three [[Digitization|digitized]] images of pages in the manuscript for the almanac and to 12 digitized images of printed pages of the published almanac.<br>(2) {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|url=https://gigi.mwa.org/netpub/server.np?quickfind=271193&site=manuscripts&catalog=catalog&sorton=Cataloged&template=results.np&ascending=1|format=19 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|title=GIGI: The AAS Digital Archive|oclc=950911530|location=[[Worcester, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[American Antiquarian Society]] (www.americanantiquarian.org)|access-date=April 26, 2020|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426043925/https://gigi.mwa.org/netpub/server.np?quickfind=271193&site=manuscripts&catalog=catalog&sorton=Cataloged&template=results.np&ascending=1|url-status=live}} Note: This manuscript, attributed to Banneker by Baltimore printer William Goddard (1740–1817), was printed as Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris for the Year of Our Lord 1792, Baltimore: Printed and Sold, Wholesale and Retail, by William Goddard and James Angell, at their Printing-Office, in Market Street. The web page contains 19 links to [[Digitization|digitized]] images of handwritten editorial notes describing the [[provenance]] of the manuscript, sequential digitized images of each page in the manuscript, and additional digitized images of pages in the manuscript.<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/181/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 181] "First page of manuscript original, with calculations for the month of January 1792 for his first almanac. From the manuscript of his ephemeris for 1792 that he had submitted to Goddard & Angell in 1791. Found among the papers of [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]]. ''[[American Antiquarian Society]]''."</ref> * The [[Massachusetts Historical Society]] in Boston holds in its collections the August 17, 1791, handwritten letter that Banneker sent to Thomas Jefferson.<ref>(1) {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpresenceint00kap_ktt/page/140/mode/2up|title=Kaplan|year=1989 |pages=140–141|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image}}<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0031|title=I. Correspondence, 1705–1826|work=Collection Guides: Coolidge Collection of Thomas Jefferson Manuscripts|date=October 2016|location=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Massachusetts Historical Society]]|access-date=March 1, 2020|quote=Volumes 8–12 (1790–1793) contain papers covering Jefferson's service as secretary of state, including letters from Jefferson to his daughters at Monticello and many promissory notes demonstrating the degree of his indebtedness.|archive-date=November 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126205608/http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0031|url-status=live}}<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/378/mode/1up/ Bedini, 1999, p. 378.] "17. Banneker to Thomas Jefferson, August 19, 1791, 7S. I. 38–43, Jefferson-Coolidge Papers, [[Massachusetts Historical Society]]."</ref> Jefferson endorsed the letter as received on August 21, 1791.<ref>{{cite web|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|date=August 19, 1791|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0049|title=To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Banneker, 19 August 1791|work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson|publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=August 31, 2019|quote=Footnote: RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State”; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Aug. 1791 and so recorded in SJL." (Abbreviations: "MHi": "Massachusetts Historical Society"; "RC": Recipient's Copy"; "SJL": "Jefferson's "Summary Journal of Letters" written and received"; "TJ": "Thomas Jefferson").|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831183920/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0049|url-status=live}} (Original source: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 22: 6 August 1791 – 31 December 1791|editor-first=Charles T.|editor-last=Cullen|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1986|page=52|isbn=9780691184654|oclc=1043555596|lccn=50007486|access-date=August 31, 2019|quote=Footnote: RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State”; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Aug. 1791 and so recorded in SJL.}})</ref> * The [[Library of Congress]] holds a copy of Jefferson's August 30, 1791, handwritten reply to Banneker.<ref>(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/mcc.028/|title=Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Banneker expressing his belief that blacks possess talents equal to those of "other colours of men," 30 August 1791.|work=Manuscript/Mixed Material|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629014327/https://www.loc.gov/item/mcc.028/|archive-date=June 29, 2020|url-status=live}}<br />(2) {{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|date=August 30, 1791|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.014_1009_1009/|title=Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Banneker, August 30, 1791|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|work=The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress: Manuscript/Mixed Material|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=April 13, 2020|archive-date=June 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623180352/https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.014_1009_1009/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jefferson produced this document on a [[Duplicating machines#Letter copying presses|letter copying press]] made by [[James Watt#Copying machine|James Watt & Co.]] that he used before he sent his reply to Banneker.<ref>(1) {{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|date=August 30, 1791|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0091|title=From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Banneker, 30 August 1791|work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson|publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=August 31, 2019|quote=Footnote: "PrC (DLC)”. (Abbreviations: "DLC": "Library of Congress"; "PrC": "Press Copy".)|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831193223/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0091|url-status=live}} (Original source: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 22: 6 August 1791 – 31 December 1791|editor-first=Charles T.|editor-last=Cullen|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1986|pages=97–98|isbn=9780691184654|oclc=1043555596|lccn=50007486|access-date=August 31, 2019|quote=Footnote: PrC (DLC)}})<br>(2) Note: Jefferson produced this document on a [[Copying#In office work|copying press]] that he used between 1785 and 1804, when he acquired his first [[Polygraph (duplicating device)|polygraph device]]. See:<br>(a) {{cite web|url=http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm|title=Letter Copying Presses|work=Antique Copying Machines|year=2016|publisher=Early Office Museum (www.officemuseum.com)|access-date=April 13, 2020|quote=In 1785, Jefferson was using both stationary and portable presses made by [[James Watt#Copying machine|James Watt & Co.]]|archive-date=February 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212070619/http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm|url-status=live}} (Reference: [https://books.google.com/books?id=QnptQgAACAAJ Bedini, Silvio A., Thomas Jefferson and His Copying Machines, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1984].)<br>(b) {{cite web|author=Thomas Jefferson|author-link=Thomas Jefferson|url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/polygraph|title=Historical Notes|work=Polygraph|location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]|publisher=Th: Jefferson's [[Monticello]]|access-date=April 13, 2010|quote=Marked "Hawkins & Peale's Patent Polygraph No. 57," this machine was used by Jefferson from 1806 until his death. Jefferson first acquired the letter-copying device he called "the finest invention of the present age" in March of 1804.|archive-date=July 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160141/https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/polygraph|url-status=live}}<br />(c) {{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|date=January 15, 1809|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9549|title=From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 15 January 1809|work=Founders Online|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=April 13, 2020|quote=the use of the polygraph has spoiled me for the old copying press the copies of which are hardly ever legible, ... I could not, now therefore, live without the Polygraph. ....|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413082202/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9549|url-status=live}}</ref> He retained the copy in his files.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/378/mode/1up/ Bedini, 1999, p. 378.] "18. Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Banneker, August 30, 1791, .... Jefferson's file copy is in the ''Thomas Jefferson Papers'' f. 11481, Library of Congress."</ref> * The Library of Congress also holds a copy of Jefferson's August 30, 1791, handwritten letter to the Marquis de Condorcet that described Banneker's race, abilities, almanac and work with Andrew Ellicott.<ref name="Condorcet" /> Jefferson produced this document on his copying press before sending the handwritten letter to the Marquis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0092|title="From Thomas Jefferson to Condorcet, 30 August 1791" (with editorial notes)|work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson|publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=August 31, 2019|quote=Footnote: "PrC (DLC); at foot of first page of text: “M. de Condorcet.”" (Abbreviations: "DLC": "Library of Congress"; "PrC": "Press Copy".)|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831202119/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0092|url-status=live}} (Original source: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 22: 6 August 1791 – 31 December 1791|editor-first=Charles T.|editor-last=Cullen|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1986|pages=98–99|isbn=9780691184654|oclc=1043555596|lccn=50007486|access-date=August 31, 2019|quote=Footnote: "PrC (DLC); at foot of first page of text: “M. de Condorcet.”"}}</ref> * The Library of Congress holds a handwritten duplicate of Jefferson's letter to the Marquis de Condorcet. The [[pagination]] in the duplicate differs from that in the copy that Jefferson produced on his copying press. The Library attributes the duplicate to Jefferson.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|date=August 30, 1791|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.014_1010_1011/?st=gallery|title=Thomas Jefferson to Marquis de Condorcet, August 30, 1791|format=2 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|work=The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress: Manuscript/Mixed Material|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=May 12, 2020}}</ref> * The [[Princeton University Library]] holds within its Straus Autograph Collection the recipient's copy of the handwritten letter that Jefferson sent to Joel Barlow in 1809. Jefferson's letter cited the letter that Banneker had sent to him in 1791. Barlow endorsed Jefferson's letter after he received it.<ref name="recipient's copy">(1) {{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|date=October 8, 1809|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-01-02-0461|title=Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow, 8 October 1809 (with editorial notes)|work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson|publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=August 31, 2019|quote=Footnote: "RC (NjP: Straus Autograph Collection); endorsed by Barlow. PoC (DLC)" (Abbreviations: "DLC: "Library of Congress"" "NjP: "Princeton University"; "Poc": "Polygraph Copy";"RC": "Recipient's copy".)|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831231259/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-01-02-0461|url-status=live}} (Original source: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA588|title=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 1, 4 March 1809 to 15 November 1809|editor-first=J. Jefferson|editor-last=Looney|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2004|pages=588–590|access-date=August 31, 2019|isbn=9780691184593|oclc=1045069067|lccn=2004048327|quote=Footnote: "RC (NjP: Straus Autograph Collection); endorsed by Barlow. PoC (DLC)"}})<br>(2) {{cite web|url=https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/collections/straus-autograph-collection|title=Straus Autograph Collection|work=Special Collections|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Library]]|access-date=May 10, 2020|quote=The collection consists of Americana dating, primarily, from the period of the American Revolution and the thirty years immediately following, collected by Straus. Included are autograph letters from, and documents signed by, some of the leading figures of the period, such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, ....|archive-date=May 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510225840/https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/collections/straus-autograph-collection|url-status=live}}</ref> * The Library of Congress holds a copy of Jefferson's 1809 letter to Joel Barlow that Jefferson had retained in his files after sending his handwritten letter to Barlow.<ref name="Barlow" /> Jefferson used a [[Polygraph (duplicating device)|polygraph device]] that enabled him to make the copy at the same time that he was writing the original. An Englishman, [[John Isaac Hawkins]], and an American, [[Charles Willson Peale]], had earlier developed this device with the help of Jefferson's suggestions.<ref name="recipient's copy" /><ref>(1) {{cite web|url=http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm|title=Polygraphs|work=Antique Copying Machines|year=2016|publisher=Early Office Museum (www.officemuseum.com)|access-date=April 13, 2020|quote=Hawkins & Peale patented a polygraph in the US in 1803, and beginning in 1804 Thomas Jefferson collaborated with them in working on improvements in the machine. Jefferson used a polygraph for the rest of his life.|archive-date=February 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212070619/http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm|url-status=live}} (Reference: [https://books.google.com/books?id=QnptQgAACAAJ Bedini, Silvio A., Thomas Jefferson and His Copying Machines, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1984].)<br>(2) {{cite web|author=Thomas Jefferson|author-link=Thomas Jefferson|url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/polygraph|title=Polygraph|location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]|publisher=Th: Jefferson's [[Monticello]]|access-date=May 10, 2020|quote='''Historical Notes''': Marked "Hawkins & Peale's Patent Polygraph No. 57," this machine was used by Jefferson from 1806 until his death. Jefferson first acquired the letter-copying device he called "the finest invention of the present age" in March of 1804. Invented and named by Englishman [[John Isaac Hawkins]], the polygraph used the principles of the pantograph, a draftsman's tool for reducing and enlarging drawings. The writer's hand moves one pen whose action is duplicated by the second one, producing a copy strikingly like the original.<br>Before he returned to England in 1803, Hawkins assigned his American patent rights to [[Charles Willson Peale]], who developed and marketed the invention. Jefferson was one of his most eager clients, purchasing one for the President's House and one for Monticello. He soon exchanged these machines for new ones, as Peale continued to perfect the design — often according to Jefferson's suggestions. By 1809 Jefferson wrote that "the use of the polygraph has spoiled me for the old copying press the copies of which are hardly ever legible . . . . I could not, now therefore, live without the Polygraph."|archive-date=July 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160141/https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/polygraph|url-status=live}}<br>(3) {{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|date=January 15, 1809|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.043_0269_0270/|title=Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, January 15, 1809|work=The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress: Manuscript/Mixed Material|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=May 12, 2020}}<br>(4) {{cite web|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|date=January 15, 1809|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9549|title=From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 15 January 1809|work=Founders Online|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=April 13, 2020|quote=the use of the polygraph has spoiled me for the old copying press the copies of which are hardly ever legible, ... I could not, now therefore, live without the Polygraph. ....|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413082202/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9549|url-status=live}}<br>(5) {{cite book|editor-first=Lillian B.|editor-last=Miller|year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fN8xAQAAIAAJ&q=%22live+without+the+polygraph%22|chapter=From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 15 January 1809|title=The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family: Volume 2, Part 2, The Artist as Museum Keeper, 1791–1810|pages=1168–1169|oclc=557596227|isbn=978-0300034226|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]]|publisher=[[Yale University Press]] for the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]], [[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=May 12, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> [[File:Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum Feb 18, 2017, 1-034 edit (32280933004).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Interior of Benjamin Banneker Museum in Oella, Maryland. A drop-leaf table that Banneker used is in the background. (2017)]] * In 1987, a member of the Ellicott family, which had retained Banneker's only remaining journal, donated that document and other Banneker manuscripts to the [[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]] in Baltimore.<ref>(1) {{cite web|author=Maryland Historical Society Library Department|author-link=Maryland Center for History and Culture#Library|url=https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|title=The Dreams of Benjamin Banneker|work=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture#Library|H. Furlong Baldwin Library]]: Underbelly|location=[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]]|publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]|date=February 6, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2020|quote=The astronomical journal is the only remaining artifact written in Banneker's hand, as his cabin and most of his belongings burned down in a fire as his body was being laid in the ground in 1806. On his instruction, the astronomical journal and some other loose manuscripts were removed upon his death and left to George Ellicott (1760–1832). The journal stayed in the hands of the Ellicott family until 1844 when it was deposited here at MdHS, where it was used by John H.B. Latrobe the following year. Quaker philanthropist and MdHS member [[Moses Sheppard]] (1771–1857) had the book rebound in Russian leather in 1852, and at this date most likely combined the astronomical journal with some of Banneker's loose manuscripts as well as a day book. At some unknown date the astronomical journal left MdHS and returned to the hands of the Ellicott family. It stayed there, away from the public's eye until 1987 when Ellicott family descendant Dorothea West Fitzhugh donated it in honor of her late husband Robert Tyson Fitzhugh. In 1999 MdHS sent the journal to the Center for Conservation in Philadelphia where it was rebound, deacidified, and given full conservation treatment.|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917003106/https://www.mdhistory.org/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/|url-status=live}}<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://m60006.eos-intl.net/M60006/OPAC/Details/Record.aspx?SearchType=1&BibCode=MM60006%7C9682055%7C15%7C9318734|title=Banneker Astronomical Journal, 1781; 1790–1802; 1806.|work=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture#Library|H. Furlong Baldwin Library]]|location=[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]]|date=February 2020|publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]|access-date=March 2, 2020|via=EOS.Web® Enterprise, [[Online public access catalog|OPAC]] Discovery: [[SirsiDynix#Sirsi Corporation|Sirsi Corporation]]|archive-date=March 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302003904/http://m60006.eos-intl.net/M60006/OPAC/Details/Record.aspx?SearchType=1&BibCode=MM60006%7C9682055%7C15%7C9318734|url-status=live}}<br>(3) Tyson, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/n5/mode/2up 2], [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/18/mode/1up 18].</ref> The family also retained several items that Banneker had used after borrowing them from George Ellicott, as well as some that Banneker himself had owned.<ref name="Sun1" /><ref>(1) [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/17/mode/1up Tyson, pp. 17–18.]<br>(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/301/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, pp. 301–302.]<br>(3) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/319/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 319.]</ref> * In 1996, a descendant of George Ellicott decided to sell at [[auction]] some of those items, including a [[drop-leaf table]], [[candlestick]]s, candle [[Molding (process)|molds]], maps, letters and diaries.<ref>(1) {{cite news |last=Respers |first=Lisa |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/08/01/18th-century-banneker-items-to-be-auctioned-museum-organizers-hope-to-buy-rare-artifacts/ |title=18th-century Banneker items to be auctioned: Museum organizers hope to buy rare artifacts |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=August 1, 1996 |access-date=December 26, 2017 |quote=A selection of rare items used by Benjamin Banneker, noted black American scientist, is to be auctioned early next month, but organizers of the planned Banneker museum and park in Baltimore County hope to raise money to buy the artifacts first.<br>The items – which include a William and Mary drop-leaf table, candlesticks and molds, and several documents – are scheduled to be put on the block at Sloane's Auction House in Bethesda.<br>Jean Walsh, a member of the Friends of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, said the items had been in the possession of a descendant of George Ellicott, who at age 17 befriended the much older Banneker – known as "the first black man of science."<br>"George was interested in astronomy, and he loaned a number of things to Banneker, including the table and several books," Walsh said.... <br> Groundbreaking is planned for September for the long-awaited Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum in Oella, and Walsh and other supporters would like to exhibit the items there.<br />Gwen Marable, president of the organization, said an attempt had been made to persuade the owner, Elizabeth Wilde of Indianapolis, to donate or sell some of the artifacts to the museum.<br />"We want to spearhead an effort to keep these things here in Maryland," said Marable, a descendant of one of Banneker's three sisters.<br>Samuel Hopkins – a descendant of the Ellicott family, who were mill owners and co-founders of Ellicott City – said he encouraged Wilde to turn the artifacts over to the museum.<br />"I spoke to her some time ago and told her I thought it would be fine if she gave some of the stuff to the museum," Hopkins said. "I suggested to her that, if she did not give it to the society, that she might let the society make copies of the documents for display."<br>Patrick O'Neill, who is helping to arrange the auction for Sloane's, said the items are being appraised. Appraisal of historic pieces can be difficult, though officials expect the table to sell for $10,000 to $30,000. ....<br /> According to Silvio A. Bedini, author of ''The Life of Benjamin Banneker'', the scientist instructed his nephews to return the table and books to the Ellicott family and give them some of his effects. The day of his funeral in 1806, Banneker's log cabin burned to the ground. It is on that site where the museum and park are to be built.<br>Bedini said the artifacts are especially valuable because they are among the few remaining privately owned Banneker items. |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226170044/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-08-01/news/1996214126_1_banneker-ellicott-samuel-hopkins |url-status=live }}.<br />(2) {{cite news|first=Susan|last=Saulny|date=August 16, 1996|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/08/16/banneker-kin-decry-auctioning-of-his-artifacts/e136c401-5767-425c-8408-85dab97d84e1/|title=Banneker Kin Decry Auctioning Of His Artifacts|department=Politics|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 19, 2020}}<br />(3) {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1996/08/22/the-banneker-artifacts/4018fe44-7100-4995-9e64-dc0a35c22220/|title=The Banneker Artifacts|department=Opinion|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 22, 1996|access-date=October 19, 2020}}<br />(4) {{cite news|first=Glenn|last=McNatt|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/08/25/banneker-items-close-to-being-auctioned/|title=Banneker items close to being auctioned|date=August 25, 1996|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=December 26, 2017|quote=Elizabeth Wilde, the Ellicott family member who inherited the Banneker-related items, plans to sell more than 20 Banneker artifacts and documents next month through C. G. Sloan auction house in Bethesda. Wilde, who lives in Indianapolis, has rebuffed appeals from Banneker historians, relatives and admirers to donate the artifacts to the new Banneker museum or give the sponsoring group more time to raise money so it can buy the items itself.|archive-date=December 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226170756/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-08-25/news/1996238035_1_banneker-ellicott-first-african-american-man|url-status=live}}<br />(5) {{cite news|last=Respers|first=Lisa|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/08/29/50000-donated-to-banneker-museum-friends-hope-to-keep-rare-artifacts-in-md/|title=$50,000 donated to Banneker museum 'Friends' hope to keep rare artifacts in Md|date=August 29, 1996|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=December 26, 2017|archive-date=December 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226171128/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-08-29/news/1996242025_1_banneker-artifacts-maryland-historical-trust|url-status=live}}<br />(6) {{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/09/04/for-sale-benjamin-bannekers-legacy-artifacts-on-the-block-business-leaders-should-help-bring-rare-items-home/|title=For sale: Benjamin Banneker's legacy: Artifacts on the block: Business leaders should help bring rare items home|date=September 4, 1996|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=March 31, 2015|archive-date=December 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202154009/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-09-04/news/1996248030_1_banneker-oella-artifacts|url-status=live}}<br />(7) {{cite news|last=Levine|first=Susan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/01/04/a-banneker-plan/2c5d4441-4058-4164-b620-bd43c7fa4ea7/|title=A Banneker Plan|department=Local|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 4, 1997|access-date=October 10, 2020|quote=The items, including a drop-leaf table, candlestick and candle mold, maps, letters and diaries, .... .}}</ref> Although supporters of the planned [[Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker#Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland|Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum]] in Oella, Maryland, had hoped to obtain these and several other items related to Banneker and the Ellicotts, a Virginia investment banker won most of the items with a series of bids that totaled $85,000. The purchaser stated that he expected to keep some of the items and to donate the rest to the planned [[African American Civil War Memorial]] museum in Washington, D.C.<ref name=respers09SE96>{{cite news|last=Respers|first=Lisa|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/09/09/coveted-banneker-items-going-going-gone-dismayed-local-group-outbid-by-va-banker/|title=Coveted Banneker items going, going . . . gone: Dismayed local group outbid by Va. banker|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=September 9, 1996|access-date=December 17, 2017|quote=Emanuel Friedman, an investment banker and chairman of Friedman, Billings and Ramsey in Rosslyn, Va., made winning bids of $32,500 for the table, $7,500 for letters, a scrapbook and personal papers from the Ellicott estate, $6,000 for the candlesticks, and $3,750 for the ledger. .... Friedman said he planned to keep some for a personal collection and donate the rest to a new [[African American Civil War Memorial|African-American Civil War Foundation museum]] being planned in Washington, which he believed would be willing to share the artifacts with the Banneker museum.|archive-date=December 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226171715/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-09-09/news/1996253022_1_banneker-ellicott-artifacts|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=jeter>{{cite news|first=Jon|last=Jeter|date=September 9, 1996|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/09/09/a-mystery-bidder-buys-the-show-at-banneker-auction/90184cb0-62ca-4937-b2c8-be0f0556bebb/|title=A Mystery Bidder Buys The Show At Banneker Auction|department=Local|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 19, 2020|quote=The stranger with the deep pockets was Emanuel Freedman, and, when the auction was over, he had dropped a cool $85,000 on the collection of artifacts.}}</ref><ref name=respers23SE96>{{cite news|last=Respers|first=Lisa|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/09/23/banneker-artifacts-sought-on-loan-oella-museum-backers-want-to-borrow-items-bought-by-dc-banker/|title=Banneker artifacts sought on loan: Oella museum backers want to borrow items bought by D.C. banker|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=September 23, 1996|access-date=December 26, 2012|archive-date=December 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226171947/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-09-23/news/1996267004_1_banneker-oella-friedman|url-status=live}}</ref> * In 1997, it was announced that the artifacts would initially be exhibited in the [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] in Washington, D.C., and then loaned to the [[Banneker-Douglass Museum]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]]. After completion of the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum in Oella, the artifacts would be loaned to that facility for a period of twenty years.<ref>(1) {{cite news |last=Levine |first=Susan |date=January 4, 1997 |title=A Banneker Plan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/01/04/a-banneker-plan/2c5d4441-4058-4164-b620-bd43c7fa4ea7/ |access-date=October 19, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |department=Local |quote=More than 190 years after his death, some prized possessions of renowned black scientist Benjamin Banneker soon will be coming home. The collection, which Banneker historians, relatives and admirers once feared would be dispersed forever when it was auctioned in Sep 1996, will be sent to two Maryland museums that bear his name.}}<br />(2) {{cite news |last=Respers |first=Lisa |date=January 4, 1997 |title=Museum to display Banneker artifacts: Owner will allow objects to be shown for 20 years |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1997/01/04/museum-to-display-banneker-artifacts-owner-will-allow-objects-to-be-shown-for-20-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401180402/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-01-04/news/1997004034_1_banneker-artifacts-oella |archive-date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=April 1, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |quote=A happy ending is in sight for the planned Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum in Oella, outbid at auction last fall for valuable artifacts once owned by the noted African-American astronomer and inventor.... Friedman, a history buff, donated the artifacts to a [[African American Civil War Memorial|Civil War monument and visitors center]] being built by his friend [[Frank Smith (D.C. Council)|Frank Smith Jr.]], a Washington councilman. He said the entire collection, which includes other items of Banneker's period that did not relate to him, will be part of a Black History exhibit at The [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] in Washington. They will then be turned over to the [[Banneker-Douglas Museum]] in Annapolis, until construction of the Oella museum is completed.}}<br />(3) {{cite web |date=February 8, 1997 |title=Benjamin Banneker 1731–1806: His Life and Place: Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.: February 8 — March 30, 1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/cor5_0_s06_ss01_boxrg5_0_2008_026_30/page/n27/mode/2up |access-date=November 15, 2020 |publisher=[[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] |page=28 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |quote=This exhibition and related materials is made possible by a generous grant from Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. |location=Washington, D.C.}}<br />(4) {{cite news |date=July 2, 1998 |title=Banneker dream a reality Oella: Artifacts of the 'first black man of science' on display in new museum and park |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/07/02/banneker-dream-a-reality-oella-artifacts-of-the-first-black-man-of-science-on-display-in-new-museum-and-park/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401182149/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-07-02/news/1998183111_1_banneker-oella-museum |archive-date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=April 1, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |quote=The artifacts donated by Mr. Friedman, including a William and Mary drop-leaf table, candlesticks and documents, will be brought to the museum next year.}}</ref> The Oella museum displayed the table, candle molds and candlesticks after it opened in 1998.<ref>(1) {{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/06/10/benjamin-banneker-park-and-museum-dedicated-in-oella/|title=Benjamin Banneker park and museum dedicated in Oella|work=The Baltimore Sun|date=June 10, 1998|access-date=May 13, 2010|archive-date=November 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040550/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-06-10/news/1998161096_1_benjamin-banneker-oella-museum-dedicated|url-status=live}}<br />(2a) {{cite web|url=http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/gallery/pages/IMG_5265_JPG.htm|title=Mannequin of Benjamin Banneker sitting at his desk|format=photograph|work=Benjamin Banneker's Historical Park & Museum Gallery|access-date=September 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320193602/http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/gallery/pages/IMG_5265_JPG.htm|archive-date=March 20, 2012}}<br />(2b) {{cite web|url=http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/gallery/pages/IMG_5287_JPG.htm|title=Candlestick, candlestick holder and candle molds|work=Benjamin Banneker's Historical Park & Museum Gallery|format=photograph|access-date=April 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430145803/http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/gallery/pages/IMG_5287_JPG.htm|archive-date=April 30, 2019}}<br />''In'' {{cite web|url=http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/gallery/|title=Benjamin Banneker's Gallery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419182727/http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/gallery/index.htm|archive-date=April 19, 2016}}, ''in'' {{cite web|url=http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park|title=Benjamin Banneker Historical Park & Museum, Oella, Maryland|work=Explore Catonsville, MD, part of the ExploreMD.us network|publisher=Ellicott City Graphic Arts Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911125903/http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/|archive-date=September 11, 2009}}<br />(3) {{cite web|last=Whittle|first=Syd|url=https://www.hmdb.org/Photos2/203/Photo203980o.jpg|format=photograph|date=May 15, 2012|title=Desk used by Benjamin Banneker, Benjamin Banneker Museum, Oella, Maryland|access-date=October 6, 2019|archive-date=December 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221012206/https://www.hmdb.org/Photos2/203/Photo203980o.jpg|url-status=live}} ''In'' {{cite web|editor-first=Craig|editor-last=Swain|title=Benjamin Banneker (1731—1806) marker|url=https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407|work=HMdb: [[Historical Marker Database|The Historical Marker Database]]|date=August 17, 2019|access-date=October 6, 2019|archive-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006214009/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407|url-status=live}}<br />(4) {{cite web|last=Scible|first=Kelly|url=http://www.carrollcountytimes.com/publications/community_times/cct-embracing-history-at-the-benjamin-banneker-historical-park-and-museum-20141118-column.html|title=Embracing history at the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum|publisher=[[Carroll County Times]]|location=[[Westminster, Maryland]]|date=November 19, 2014|access-date=December 21, 2017|quote=The museum has desk and candle molds used by Benjamin.|archive-date=December 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221014250/http://www.carrollcountytimes.com/publications/community_times/cct-embracing-history-at-the-benjamin-banneker-historical-park-and-museum-20141118-column.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mythology and commemorations== {{Further|Mythology of Benjamin Banneker|Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker}} [[File:Benjamin Banneker statue at the National Museum of African American History and Culture.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Statue of Benjamin Banneker in the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] in Washington, D.C. (2020)]] A substantial [[mythology]] exaggerating Banneker's accomplishments has developed during the two centuries that have elapsed since his death, becoming a part of [[African-American culture]].<ref name=Haverford>{{cite web|url=https://www.haverford.edu/library/news/book-month-bannekers-almanac|title=A look into Benjamin Banneker's 1793 Almanac.|work=Book of the Month: Banneker's Almanac|date=April 18, 2016|location=[[Haverford, Pennsylvania]]|publisher=[[Haverford College]]|access-date=April 9, 2020|quote=In 1806, shortly after Banneker's death, a fire at his home destroyed most of his personal papers (Gillispie). This gap in substantial archival material has hardly hindered the development of the Benjamin Banneker legend; perhaps it has even aided its growth. ..... The narrative that tells of Banneker's life as one of mythical success and unprecedented exceptionalism easily draws an audience, but it washes over what might be more intellectually rewarding questions about the man's life. .... For now, the legend of Benjamin Banneker will continue to exist in his old almanacs and in present culture, serving as an inspiring enigma for those who wonder what lies beyond the surface-level stories of the past.|archive-date=October 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021012630/https://www.haverford.edu/library/news/book-month-bannekers-almanac|url-status=live}}<br /></ref><ref name=keane> {{cite web|first=Louis|last=Keene|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/benjamin-banneker|title=Benjamin Banneker: The Black Tobacco Farmer Who The Presidents Couldn't Ignore|publisher=[[White House Historical Association|The White House Historical Association]]|access-date=February 25, 2020|quote=Perhaps owing to the scarcity of recorded fact about his remarkable life, and because he was often invoked symbolically to advance social causes like abolition, Banneker’s story has been susceptible to mythmaking. He has been incorrectly credited with drawing the street grid of Washington, D.C., making the first clock on the Eastern seaboard, being the first professional astronomer in America, and discovering the seventeen-year birth cycle of cicadas.|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831054904/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/benjamin-banneker|url-status=live}}<br /></ref> Several such [[urban legend]]s describe Banneker's alleged activities in the [[Washington, D.C.]], area around the time that he assisted Andrew Ellicott in the federal district boundary survey.<ref name=Founders/><ref name=Shipler>{{cite book|last=Shipler|first=David K.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rLbI73FctUC&pg=PA196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rLbI73FctUC&pg=printsec|chapter=The Myths of America|title=A Country of Strangers: Blacks and Whites in America|pages=196–197|year=1998|location=New York|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|isbn=0679734546|lccn=97002810|oclc=39849003|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=The Banneker story, impressive as it was, got embellished in 1987, when the public school system in Portland, Oregon, published ''[[African-American Baseline Essays]]'', a thick stack of loose-leaf background papers for teachers, commissioned to encourage black history instruction. They have been used in Detroit, Atlanta, Fort Lauderdale, Newark, and scattered schools elsewhere, although they have been attacked for gross inaccuracy in an entire literature of detailed criticism by respected historians. ....}}</ref><ref>(1) [http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969, p. 7.] "The name of Benjamin Banneker, the Afro-American self-taught mathematician and almanac-maker, occurs again and again in the several published accounts of the survey of Washington City [D.C.] begun in 1791, but with conflicting reports of the role which he played. Writers have implied a wide range of involvement, from the keeper of horses or supervisor of the woodcutters, to the full responsibility of not only the survey of the ten-mile square but the design of the city as well. None of these accounts has described the contribution which Banneker actually made."<br />(2) [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/126/mode/1up|Bedini, 1972, p. 126.]] "Benjamin Banneker's name does not appear on any of the contemporary documents or records relating to the selection, planning, and survey of the City of Washington. An exhaustive search of the files under Public Buildings and Grounds in the U.S. National Archives and of the several collections in the Library of Congress have proved fruitless. A careful perusal of all known surviving correspondence and papers of Andrew Ellicott and of Pierre Charles L'Enfant has likewise failed to reveal mention of Banneker. This conclusively [sic] dispels the legend that after L'Enfant's dismissal and his refusal to make available his plan of the city, Ellicott was able to reconstruct it in detail from Banneker's recollection.”<br />(3) [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/403/mode/1up|Bedini, 1972, p. 403, Item 85]] "William Loren Katz. ''Eyewitness, the Negro in American History''. New York. Putnam Publishing Corp., 1967 pp. 19–31, 61–62.<br />Among the misstatements are the claims.... that George Ellicott worked with Banneker in the survey of Washington, that Banneker was appointed to the Commission at a suggestion made by Jefferson to Washington, and that Banneker selected the sites of the principal buildings. The fiction that Banneker re-created L'Enfant's plan from memory is again presented, and his almanacs are said to have been published for a period of ten years."<br />(4) [https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=567 Toscano, 2000.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912002204/https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=567|date=September 12, 2019}} "Some writers, in an effort to build up their hero, claim that Banneker was the designer of Washington. Other writers have asserted that Banneker's role in the survey is a myth without documentation. Neither group is correct. Bedini does a professional job of sorting out the truth from the falsehoods."<br />(5) {{cite news |last=Martel |first=Erich |date=February 20, 1994 |title=The Egyptian Illusion |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/02/20/the-egyptian-illusion/ee123656-ca7f-4ef7-8f28-99d7edd166ba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918055745/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/02/20/the-egyptian-illusion/ee123656-ca7f-4ef7-8f28-99d7edd166ba/ |archive-date=September 18, 2018 |access-date=September 17, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |department=Opinions |quote=Had the author consulted "The Life of Benjamin Banneker" by Silvio Bedini, considered the definitive biography, he would have discovered no evidence for these claims. Jefferson appointed Andrew Ellicott to conduct the survey; Ellicott made Banneker his assistant for three months in 1791.}}<br />(6) [[iarchive:lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/132/mode/1up|Bedini, 1999, p. 132-136.]] "An exhaustive search of government repositories, including the Public Buildings and Grounds files in the National Archives, and various collections in the Library of Congress, failed to turn up Banneker's name on any of the contemporary documents or records related to the selection, planning and survey of the City of Washington. Nor was he mentioned in any of the surviving correspondence and papers of Andrew Ellicott and of Pierre Charles L'Enfant.... Although the exact date of Banneker's departure from the survey is not specified in Ellicott's report of expenditures, it occurred sometime late in the month of April 1791, following the arrival of one of Ellicott's brothers. It was not until some ten months after Banneker's departure from the scene that L'Enfant was dismissed, by means of a letter from Jefferson dated February 27, 1792. This conclusively [sic] dispels any basis for the legend that after L'Enfant's dismissal and his refusal to make available his plan of the city, Banneker recollected the plan in detail from which Ellicott was able to reconstruct it."<br />(7) [[iarchive:banneker00char/page/142/mode/1up|Cerami, 2002, pp. 142–143.]]<br />(8) {{cite web |last=Levine |first=Michael |date=November 10, 2003 |title=L'Enfant designed more than D.C.: He designed a 200-year-old controversy |url=http://dcpages.ari.net/History/Planning_DC.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206191132/http://dcpages.ari.net/History/Planning_DC.shtml |archive-date=December 6, 2003 |access-date=December 31, 2016 |work=History: Planning Our Capital City: Get to know the District of Columbia |publisher=DCpages.com}}<br />(9) {{cite book |last=Weatherly |first=Myra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9iwiT_k4WoC&pg=printsec |title=Benjamin Banneker: American Scientific Pioneer |publisher=[[Capstone Publishers|Compass Point Books]] |year=2006 |isbn=0756515793 |location=[[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]] |pages=76–77 |chapter=An Important Task |lccn=2005028708 |oclc=61864300 |quote=<br>The conflicts surrounding L'Enfant gave rise to an often—repeated story that involved Banneker. According to the story, Banneker, having seen the original design for the city only once, re-created it in detail after L'Enfant returned to France with the original plans. This legend has led some people to credit Banneker with a greater role in creating the capital city. However, there is no evidence that Banneker contributed anything to the design of the city or that he ever met L'Enfant.<br>Modern historians acknowledge that the inaccurate information—the myths surrounding Banneker—resulted in his contributions to the city being overvalued. Unfortunately, those myths sometimes obscure Banneker's greatest contribution to society—the almanacs that he would publish in his later years. |access-date=August 27, 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9iwiT_k4WoC&pg=PA76 |via=[[Google Books]]}}.<br />(10) {{cite web |author=Bigbytes |title=Benjamin Banneker Stories |url=http://dcsymbols.com/ovason/banneker.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208194042/http://dcsymbols.com/ovason/banneker.htm |archive-date=December 8, 2010 |access-date=January 1, 2017 |publisher=dcsymbols dot com}}<br />(11) {{cite web |last=Keene |first=Louis |title=Benjamin Banneker: The Black Tobacco Farmer Who The Presidents Couldn't Ignore |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/benjamin-banneker |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831054904/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/benjamin-banneker |archive-date=August 31, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2020 |publisher=[[White House Historical Association|The White House Historical Association]] |quote=Perhaps owing to the scarcity of recorded fact about his remarkable life, and because he was often invoked symbolically to advance social causes like abolition, Banneker’s story has been susceptible to mythmaking. He has been incorrectly credited with drawing the street grid of Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Others involve his clock, his astronomical works, his almanacs and his journals.<ref name=Shipler/><ref>(1) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=7 Whiteman, Maxwell (1969). BENJAMIN BANNEKER: Surveyor and Astronomer: 1731–1806: A biographical note] ''In'' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=5 Whiteman, Maxwell (ed.)] "The plan for a "Peace Office" in the Government of the United States, which also appeared in this issue (Banneker's 1793 Philadelphia almanac) has been attributed to Banneker. According to Edwin Wolf 2nd, Librarian of the [[Library Company of Philadelphia]] from whose institution these copies have been made, the "Peace Office" is the work of Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]]."<br />(2) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/186/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 186.] "Another important item in the 1793 almanac was "A Plan Of a ''Peace-Office'' for the United States," which aroused a good deal of comment at the time. It was believed by many to have been Banneker's own work. Even within recent decades its authorship has been debated. In 1947 it was identified without question as the work of Dr. Benjamin Rush, in a volume of his writings that appeared in that year."<br />(3) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/403/mode/1up Bedini, 1972, p. 403, Item 85] "William Loren Katz. ''Eyewitness, the Negro in American History''. New York. Putnam Publishing Corp., 1967 pp. 19–31, 61–62.<br />Brief account of Banneker's career and contributions, which are stated to have been in "the fields of science, mathematics, and political affairs, .... ." Among the misstatements are the claims that Banneker produced the first clock made entirely with American parts, .... ."<br />(4) {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/02/20/the-egyptian-illusion/ee123656-ca7f-4ef7-8f28-99d7edd166ba/|title=The Egyptian Illusion|last=Martel|first=Erich|department=Opinions|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 20, 1994|access-date=September 17, 2018|quote=.... "Banneker "wrote a proposal for the establishment of a United States Department of Peace," according to the essay on African American scientists.<br>Had the author consulted "The Life of Benjamin Banneker" by Silvio Bedini, considered the definitive biography, he would have discovered no evidence for these claims. .... Benjamin Rush authored the Department of Peace proposal; the confusion arose among earlier biographers because the proposal appeared in Banneker's 1793 almanac.|archive-date=September 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918055745/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/02/20/the-egyptian-illusion/ee123656-ca7f-4ef7-8f28-99d7edd166ba/|url-status=live}}<br />(5) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/43/mode/1up Bedini, 1999, p. 43.] "Banneker's clock was by no means the first timepiece in tidewater Maryland, as occasionally has erroneously been claimed. Timepieces were well known and available from the very earliest English settlements, ...."<br />(6) {{cite web|first=Louis|last=Keene|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/benjamin-banneker|title=Benjamin Banneker: The Black Tobacco Farmer Who The Presidents Couldn't Ignore|publisher=[[White House Historical Association|The White House Historical Association]]|access-date=February 25, 2020|quote=Perhaps owing to the scarcity of recorded fact about his remarkable life, and because he was often invoked symbolically to advance social causes like abolition, Banneker’s story has been susceptible to mythmaking. He has been incorrectly credited with ......, making the first clock on the Eastern seaboard, being the first professional astronomer in America, and discovering the seventeen-year birth cycle of cicadas.|archive-date=August 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831054904/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/benjamin-banneker|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States|United States postage stamp]] and the names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities, schools, streets, and other facilities and institutions throughout the [[United States]] have commemorated Banneker's documented and mythical accomplishments throughout the years since he lived. In 1983, [[Rita Dove]], a future [[United States Poet Laureate|Poet Laureate of the United States]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Comprehensive Biography of Rita Dove|url=http://people.virginia.edu/~rfd4b/compbio.html|work=The Rita Dove Home Page|publisher=[[University of Virginia]]|access-date=February 20, 2018|quote=In 1993 Rita Dove was appointed Poet Laureate of the United States and Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, making her the youngest person — and the first African-American — to receive this highest official honor in American poetry.|archive-date=February 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152646/http://people.virginia.edu/~rfd4b/compbio.html|url-status=live}}</ref> wrote a biographical poem about Banneker while on the faculty of [[Arizona State University]].<ref>(1) {{cite web|last=Dove|first=Rita|author-link=Rita Dove|url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/172127|work=Poems & Poets|title=Banneker|publisher=[[Poetry Foundation]]|year=1983|access-date=February 20, 2018|archive-date=February 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220134254/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43354/banneker|url-status=live}}<br>(2) {{cite web|first=Amanda|last=Newton|url=http://ritadoveatwandl.blogspot.com/2012/03/analysis-on-banneker-and-parsley.html|title=Analysis on "Banneker" and "Parsley"|work=Spotlight on Rita Dove|date=March 4, 2012|publisher=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]]|access-date=February 20, 2018|archive-date=February 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220141926/http://ritadoveatwandl.blogspot.com/2012/03/analysis-on-banneker-and-parsley.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Comprehensive Biography of Rita Dove|url=http://people.virginia.edu/~rfd4b/compbio.html|work=The Rita Dove Home Page|publisher=[[University of Virginia]]|access-date=February 20, 2018|quote=Ms. Dove taught creative writing at Arizona State University from 1981 to 1989|archive-date=February 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152646/http://people.virginia.edu/~rfd4b/compbio.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Electronic copies of Banneker's publications== * {{cite web|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1791|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?st=gallery|title=Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and EPHEMERIS, for the YEAR of our LORD, 1792; Being BISSEXTILE, or LEAP-YEAR, and the Sixteenth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, which commenced July 4, 1776|format=48 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed and sold, Wholesale and Retail, by [[William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)|William Goddard]] and James Angell, at their printing-office, in Market-Street. – Sold, also, by Mr. Joseph Crukshank, Printer, in Market-Street, and Mr. Daniel Humphreys, Printer, in South-Front-Street, Philadelphia – and by Messrs. Hanson and Bond, Printers, in Alexandria|lccn=98650590|oclc=39311640|via=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=April 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421134154/https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amal50590/?st=gallery|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|year=1792a|title=Banneker's Almanack and Ephemeris for the Year of Our Lord 1793; being The First After Bissextile or Leap Year|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Printed and Sold by Joseph Crukshank, No. 87, High-Street}} ::(1) ''In'' {{cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=9|title=Banneker's Almanack and Ephemeris for the Year of Our Lord 1793; being The First After Bissextile or Leap Year and Banneker's Almanac, For the Year 1795, Being the Third After Leap Year: Afro-American History Series: Rhistoric Publication No. 202|series=Rhistoric publications |edition=1969 Reprint|format=47 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|editor=Whiteman, Maxwell|publisher=Rhistoric Publications, a division of Microsurance Inc.|lccn=72077039|oclc=907004619|access-date=June 14, 2017|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]}} ::(2) ''In'' {{cite web|url=https://transcription.si.edu/project/8045|title=Benjamin Banneker's 1793 Almanack and Ephemeris|format=47 [[Digitization|digitized]] images and transcripts|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]: Smithsonian Digital Volunteers: Transcription Center|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=April 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415164631/https://transcription.si.edu/view/8045/NMAAHC-2014_63_31_009|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=11&r=-1.207,-0.053,3.414,1.653,0|title=Copy of a letter from Benjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|publisher=Printed and sold by Daniel Lawrence, No. 33. North Fourth-Street, Near Race.|location=Philadelphia |lccn=17022848 |oclc=614046208 |year=1792b|access-date=March 16, 2020|via=[[Library of Congress]]}} ::(1) Pages 3–10: {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|date=August 19, 1791|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=13|title=Copy of a letter from Benjamin Banneker, &c.|format=8 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|location=[[Baltimore County, Maryland]]}} ::(2) Pages 11–12: {{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019amimp22848/?sp=21|title=To Mr. Benjamin Banneker|format=2 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|date=August 30, 1791|location=[[Philadelphia]]}} * {{cite journal|editor=A Society of Gentlemen|date=October 1792|url=https://archive.org/details/universalasylum21792phil/page/n6/mode/1up|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|journal=The Universal Asylum, and Columbian Magazine| volume=6|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Printed for the Proprietors, by William Young, Bookseller, Philadelphia |lccn=sn98034230|oclc=50655818|access-date=September 23, 2019|via=[[Internet Archive]]|title=(1) Letter from the famous self-taught astronomer, Benjamin Banneker, a black man, to Thomas Jefferson, Esq., Secretary of State (2) Mr. Jefferson's answer to the preceding letter: To Mr. Benjamin Banneker|pages=222-224}} * {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=57|title=Banneker's Almanac, for the Year 1795: Being the Third After Leap Year: Containing, (besides every thing necessary in an almanac,) an Account of the Yellow Fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, with the Number of those who died, from the First of August till the Ninth of November, 1793|series=Rhistoric publications |format=35 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|year=1794|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Printed for William Young, Bookseller, no. 52, the Corner of Chesnut and Second—streets|oclc=62824552}} ''In'' {{cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=5|title=Banneker's Almanack and Ephemeris for BISSEXTILE or Leap Year and Bannekeer's Almanac, For the Year 1795, Being the Third After Leap Year: Afro-American History Series: Rhistoric Publication No. 202|series=Rhistoric publications |edition=1969 Reprint|editor=Whiteman, Maxwell|publisher=Rhistoric Publications, a division of Microsurance Inc.|format=1 [[Digitization|digitized]] image|lccn=72077039|oclc=907004619|access-date=June 14, 2017|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]}} * {{cite book|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000003018;view=1up;seq=1|title=Bannaker's Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina Almanack and EPHEMERIS, for the YEAR of our LORD 1796; Being BISSEXTILE, or LEAP YEAR; The Twentieth Year of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, And Eighth Year of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.|format=35 [[Digitization|digitized]] images|location=Baltimore|publisher=Printed for Philip Edwards, James Keddie, and Thomas, Andrews and Butler; and Sold at their respective Stores, Wholesale and Retail|oclc=62824546|year=1795|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]|access-date=June 13, 2017}} ==See also== * [[List of African-American inventors and scientists]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== * {{cite book|last=Allaben|first=Frank|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ|chapter=Original Document: Banneker's Appeal to Jefferson for Emancipation|title=The National Magazine: A Journal Devoted To American History: Vol. XVII, November, 1892 — April, 1893|year=1893|pages=65–73|location=New York|publisher=The National History Company|lccn=sf89099051|oclc=608678167|access-date=January 19, 2021|via=[[Google Books]]}} * {{cite book|last=Arnebeck|first=Bob|year=1991|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/throughfierytria00arne/page/33/mode/1up|chapter=Chapter 5. Heavy Rain and Thick Mists|url=https://archive.org/details/throughfierytria00arne/page/n6/mode/1up|title=Through a Fiery Trial: Building Washington, 1790–1800|pages=33–42|place=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Madison Books. Distributed by National Network|isbn=0-8191-7832-2|lccn=90042343|oclc=859155254|access-date=October 7, 2017|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite journal|last=Bedini|first=Silvio A.|author-link=Silvio Bedini|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2311964unit#page/22/mode/2up|title=Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers: The Mathematical Practitioners: Benjamin Banneker|place=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[National Museum of American History|Smithsonian Institution Museum of History and Technology]]|year=1964|pages=22–25|lccn=64062352|oclc=999972|access-date=October 7, 2017|journal=United States National Museum Bulletin|number=231|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite journal|last=Bedini|first=Silvio A.|url=http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf|title=Benjamin Banneker and the Survey of the District of Columbia, 1791|journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society|publisher=[[Historical Society of Washington, D.C.|Columbia Historical Society]]|location=Washington, D.C.|volume=69/70|pages=7–30|year=1969|jstor=40067703|oclc=3860814|access-date=January 13, 2013|via=boundarystones.org|archive-date=October 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007223056/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf}} * {{cite book|last=Bedini|first=Silvio A.|year=1972|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00silv/page/n8/mode/1up|title=The Life of Benjamin Banneker|place=New York|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]]. Republished by Landmark Enterprises, [[Rancho Cordova, California]], 1984.|isbn=0910845204|oclc=593414330|lccn=78162755|access-date=August 29, 2019|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite journal|last=Bedini |first=Silvio A.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40072968|title=The Survey of the Federal Territory: Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker|journal=Washington History|jstor=40072968|issn=1042-9719|oclc=5544043370|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Historical Society of Washington, D.C.]]|volume=3|date=Spring–Summer 1991|number=1|pages=76–95}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Bedini|first=Silvio A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIMYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Banneker%2C+Benjamin%22|editor1-last=Salzman|editor1-first=Jack|editor2-first=David Lionel|editor2-last=Smith|editor3-first=Cornel|editor3-last=West|title=Banneker, Benjamin|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History|edition=1st|volume=1: Aar-Cit|year=1996a|pages=251–253|lccn=95033607|oclc=847445826|isbn=0028973453|location=New York|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Library Reference]]|via=[[Google Books]]}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Bedini|first=Silvio A.|editor-first=Colin A.|editor-last=Palmer|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/mathematics-biographies/benjamin-banneker|edition=2nd|title=Banneker, Benjamin (updated bibliography)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History|location=[[Detroit, Michigan]]|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Thomson Gale]] (2008); [[Cengage|Boston, Massachusetts: CENGAGE]]|oclc=938830525|access-date=March 16, 2020|year=1996b|via=[[Encyclopedia.com]]|archive-date=June 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623164452/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/mathematics-biographies/benjamin-banneker|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Bedini|first=Silvio A.|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/n7/mode/1up|year=1999|title=The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science|edition=2nd|location=Baltimore|publisher=[[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]]|isbn=0-938420-59-3|oclc=894558859|lccn=98022848|access-date=September 11, 2019|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} ** {{cite journal|last=Toscano|first=Patrick|date=March 2000|url=https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=567|title=Book Review: Bedini, Silvio A. (1999), "The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science", 2nd ed., Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society|journal=Professional Surveyor Magazine|volume=20|number=3|location=[[Frederick, Maryland]]|publisher=Flatdog Media, Inc.|access-date=September 12, 2019|archive-date=September 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912002204/https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=567|url-status=live}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Bedini|first=Silvio A.|editor1-first=Charles Coulston|editor1-last=Gillispie|editor2-first=Frederic Lawrence|editor2-last=Holmes|editor3-first=Noretta|editor3-last=Koertge|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_Banneker.aspx|title=Banneker, Benjamin|encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography|Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]|year=2008|isbn=9780684315591|oclc=187313311|location=[[Detroit, Michigan]]|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]; [[Cengage|Boston, Massachusetts: CENGAGE]]|via=[[Encyclopedia.com]]|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=February 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223234416/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/mathematics-biographies/benjamin-banneker|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=https://friendsofbenjaminbanneker.com/history/benjamin-banneker-2/|title=Benjamin Banneker Timeline|work=Benjamin Banneker|date=January 16, 2019 |publisher=[[Mythology_of_Benjamin_Banneker#Historical_marker_in_Benjamin_Banneker_Historical_Park,_Baltimore_County,_Maryland|Benjamin Banneker Historical Park & Museum]]|location=[[Oella, Maryland]]|access-date=September 12, 2019|via=[[WordPress]]|archive-date=September 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912012421/https://friendsofbenjaminbanneker.com/history/benjamin-banneker-2/|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Bowling|first=Kenneth R.|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwBPAAAAMAAJ|title=Creating the federal city, 1774–1800 : Potomac fever|publisher=American Institute of Architects Press|series=Octagon research series|place=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9781558350113|lccn=88016810|oclc=18068942|access-date=October 7, 2017|via=[[Google Books]]}} * {{cite book|last=Cerami|first=Charles A.|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/banneker00char/page/n5/mode/1up|title=Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor, Astronomer, Publisher, Patriot|place=New York|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0585423946|lccn=2001046960|oclc=50739343|access-date=September 19, 2019|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} ** {{cite web|last=Corrigan|first=Mary Beth|date=April 2003|title=Benjamin Banneker: Fabled Genius Considered": Review of Cerami, Charles A. (2002), ''Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor, Astronomer, Publisher, Patriot'', New York: John Wiley & Sons ''"H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences: H-Net Maryland''|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=7440|work=H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online|location=[[Lansing, Michigan]]|publisher=MATRIX: The Center for Humane Arts, Letters and Social Sciences Online: Department of History: [[Michigan State University]]|access-date=July 8, 2013|archive-date=September 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905204059/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=7440|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Crew|first1=Harvey W.|last2=Webb|first2=William Bensing|last3=Wooldridge|first3=John|year=1892|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/centennialhistor00crew/page/87/mode/1up|chapter=Chapter IV. Permanent Capital Site Selected|url=https://archive.org/details/centennialhistor00crew/page/n6/mode/1up|title=Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C.|pages=87–107|publisher=United Brethren Publishing House|location=[[Dayton, Ohio]]|lccn=06028029|oclc=612798983|access-date=May 7, 2009|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite book|last=Drake|first=Milton|year=1962|url=https://archive.org/details/almanacsofunited00drak/page/n8/mode/1up|title=Almanacs of the United States|volume=Part I|oclc=1024176442|location=New York|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield#Imprints|Scarecrow Press]]|access-date=June 7, 2020|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite journal|last=Glawe|first=Eddie|url=http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/|title=Feature: Benjamin Banneker|journal=Professional Surveyor Magazine|date=February 13, 2014|volume=39|issue=6|publisher=Flatdog Media, Inc.|access-date=February 18, 2018|via=xyHt|archive-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130044246/http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Graham|first=Shirley|author-link=Shirley Graham Du Bois|year=1949|url=https://archive.org/details/yourmosthumblese00dubo/page/n8/mode/1up|title=Your Most Humble Servant|lccn=49011346|oclc=1036934508|access-date=April 15, 2020|location=New York|publisher=[[Julian Messner|Julian Messner, Inc.]]|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Richard|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/banneker-benjamin-1731-1806/|title=Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806)|work=Black Past|date=January 18, 2018|publisher=BlackPast.org|access-date=July 22, 2020|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610193716/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/banneker-benjamin-1731-1806/|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|first1=Sidney|last1=Kaplan|first2=Emma Nogrady|last2=Kaplan|year=1989|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/blackpresenceint00kap_ktt/page/132/mode/1up|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpresenceint00kap_ktt/page/n6/mode/1up|chapter=Chapter V. The Emergence of Gifts and Powers: Benjamin Banneker|title=The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution|edition=revised|location=[[Amherst, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|pages=132–151|lccn=88022111|oclc=43475547|isbn=0870236628|access-date=February 29, 2020|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite book|last=Latrobe|first=John H. B.|author-link=John H. B. Latrobe|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n7/mode/1up|title=Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=Printed by John D. Toy|year=1845|lccn=rc01003345|oclc=85791076|access-date=February 29, 2020|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromle00maso#page/n9/mode/2up|title=Selections from the letters and manuscripts of the late Susanna Mason; with a brief memoir of her life, by her daughter|last=Mason|first=Rachel|year=1836|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Rackliff & Jones, Printers, S.W. corner of George & Swanwick Streets|lccn=unk83001993|oclc=786297945|access-date=March 1, 2018|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite journal|last=McHenry|first=James C. |author-link=James McHenry|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435073185951&view=1up&seq=193|title=A letter from Mr. James McHenry, to messrs. Goddard and Angel, containing particulars respecting Benjamin Banneker, a free negro|journal=[[The American Museum (magazine)|The American Museum, or Universal Magazine]]|volume=12|number=2|date=September 1792|pages=185–187|lccn=unk80015153|oclc=367988208|location=Philadelphia|publisher=[[Mathew Carey]]|access-date=June 14, 2020|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]}} * {{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Hugh Alexander|url=https://archive.org/details/preliminarycheck00morr/page/n6/mode/1up|title=Preliminary Check List of American Almanacs: 1639–1800|year=1907|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|oclc=577096527|lccn=06035021|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=December 31, 2018|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite thesis|last=Perot|first=Sandra W.|date=February 2014|title=Reconstructing Molly Welsh: Race, Memory and the Story of Benjamin Banneker's Grandmother|type=M.A.|location=[[Amherst, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]|work=Masters Theses 1911 – February 2014: Paper 210|oclc=314413559}} :*{{cite thesis|url=http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/210/|title=Introduction and abstract.|journal=Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 |date=January 2008 |access-date=November 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929100518/http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/210/|archive-date=September 29, 2015|url-status=live|via=ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst|last1=Perot |first1=Sandra }} :*{{cite thesis|url=http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1215&context=theses|title=Full text|access-date=March 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001211829/http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1215&context=theses|archive-date=October 1, 2015|url-status=live|via=ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst}} * {{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=P. Lee|year=1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA114|title=The Negro, Benjamin Banneker; Astronomer and Mathematician, Plea for Universal Peace (Read before the Society, April 18, 1916)|journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society|publisher=[[Historical Society of Washington, D.C.|Columbia Historical Society]]|location=Washington, D.C.|volume=20|pages=114–120|issn=0897-9049|lccn=18019397|oclc=1564221|access-date=April 15, 2009|via=[[Google Books]]}} * {{cite journal|last=Stewart|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA48|title=Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C.|year=1899|journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society|publisher=[[Historical Society of Washington, D.C.|Columbia Historical Society]]|location=Washington, D.C.|volume=2|pages=48–71|issn=0897-9049|oclc=40326234|access-date=August 15, 2011|via=[[Google Books]]}} * {{cite book|last=Tise|first=Larry E.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1F1H2KUj80C&pg=PA213|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1F1H2KUj80C&pg=printsec|chapter=Africans in the Land of Liberty: African-American Enlightenment|title=The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800|pages=213–215|location=[[Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania]]|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1998|isbn=0585347220|oclc=47009059|access-date=April 22, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]|archive-date=June 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616001926/https://books.google.com/books?id=T1F1H2KUj80C&pg=PA213|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso/page/n4/mode/1up|title=A sketch of the life of Benjamin Banneker: from notes taken in 1836: read by J. Saurin Norris, before the Maryland Historical Society, October 5th, 1854|first=Martha Ellicott|last=Tyson|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=Printed for the [[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]] by John D. Toy|lccn=rc01003357|oclc=85794847|access-date=October 7, 2017|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite book|author=United States Army Center of Military History|author-link=United States Army Center of Military History|year=1985|url=https://archive.org/details/jamesmchenryprep00wash/|title=James McHenry|series=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution: A Bicentennial Series|id=CMH Pub 71-4|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=United States Army Center of Military History|oclc=1047471045|access-date=December 6, 2020|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite book|editor=Whiteman, Maxwell|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=5|title=Banneker's Almanack and Ephemeris for the Year of Our Lord 1793; being The First After Bisixtile or Leap Year and Bannekeer's Almanac, For the Year 1795, Being the Third After Leap Year: Afro-American History Series: Rhistoric Publication No. 202| series=Rhistoric publications |edition=1969 Reprint|publisher=Rhistoric Publications, a division of Microsurance Inc.|lccn=72077039|oclc=907004619|access-date=June 14, 2017|via=[[HathiTrust|HathiTrust Digital Library]]}} * {{cite book|first=George Washington|last=Williams|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historynegrorac05willgoog/page/n418/mode/1up|url=https://archive.org/details/historynegrorac05willgoog|title=History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880: Negroes as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens; Together with a Preliminary Consideration of the Unity of the Human Family, an Historical Sketch of Africa, and an Account of the Negro Governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia|chapter=Banneker The Astronomer|pages=386–398|year=1882|location=New York|publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons#History|G. P. Putnam's Sons: The Knickerbocker Press]]|lccn=09003580|oclc=6510556|access-date=October 7, 2017|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} == Further reading == * {{cite web|last=Blakely|first=Julia|date=February 15, 2017|url=https://blog.library.si.edu/2017/02/americas-first-known-african-american-scientist-mathematician/|title=America's First Known African American Scientist and Mathematician|work=Unbound (blog)|publisher=[[Smithsonian Libraries]], [[Smithsonian Institution]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815222445/https://blog.library.si.edu/2017/02/americas-first-known-african-american-scientist-mathematician/|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Klinkowitz|first=Jerome|editor1-last=Inge|editor1-first=M. Thomas |editor2-last=Duke|editor2-first=Maurice|editor3-last=Bryer|editor3-first=Jackson R.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_uuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|chapter=Early Writers: Jupiter Hammon, Phillis Wheatley, and Benjamin Banneker: Benjamin Banneker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_uuCwAAQBAJ&pg=printsec|title=Black American Writers: Biographical Essays|volume=1: Beginnings Through the Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes|pages=15–20|location=New York|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|year=1978|isbn=0333258924|lccn=77085987|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-81436-7|oclc=836217768|access-date=December 24, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]}} * {{cite book|last=Tyson|first=Martha Ellicott|editor=Kirk, Anne Tyson|url=https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=561647|title=Banneker, the Afric-American Astronomer. From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by her daughter|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|publisher=Friends' Book Association|year=1884|lccn=04013085|oclc=79879919|access-date=January 16, 2021|via=General Catalog of the [[American Antiquarian Society]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605155129/https://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=561647|archive-date=June 5, 2020|url-status=live}}. [https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/314/mode/1up Title page from Bedini, 1999, p. 314.] * {{cite book|last=Webster |first=Rachel Jamison |title=Benjamin Banneker and Us: Eleven Generations of an American Family |location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt |year=2023}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Appletons' Poster|year=1900|Banneker, Benjamin|Benjamin Banneker}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Benjamin Banneker}}. * {{Librivox author |id=8188}}. * [https://guides.loc.gov/benjamin-banneker Resource guide] linking to digital files and further resources about Banneker, from the Library of Congress * {{cite book|last=Bragg|first=George F. Jr. |year=1914|chapter=Benjamin Banneker|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/menofmaryland00brag#page/29/mode/1up|title=Men of Maryland| publisher=Church Advocate Press, Baltimore, Maryland|pages=29–34|oclc=4346580|access-date=February 1, 2010|via=[[Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite web|last1=O'Connor|first1=John J.|last2=Robertson|first2=Edmund F.|author-link2=Edmund F. Robertson|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Banneker.html|title=Benjamin Banneker|work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]|publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] School of Mathematics and Statistics|location=[[St Andrews]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]|date=May 2000|access-date=November 29, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729173350/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Banneker/|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|author=Phoenix Films|year=1981|url=https://archive.org/details/themanwholovedthestarsreel2|title=The Man Who Loved the Stars|format=video|work= [[Docudrama]] starring [[Ossie Davis]] (59:11 minutes)|publisher= Cinemonde International, Ltd.|access-date=April 15, 2016|via=[[Internet Archive]] ''Educational Films''}} Archived on July 28, 2015. {{Portal bar|Biography|History|Astronomy|Geography||United States|Maryland}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Banneker, Benjamin}} [[Category:Benjamin Banneker| ]] [[Category:1731 births]] [[Category:1806 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century African-American people]] [[Category:18th-century American landowners]] [[Category:19th-century African-American scientists]] [[Category:18th-century American farmers]] [[Category:19th-century American farmers]] [[Category:19th-century American landowners]] [[Category:18th-century American male writers]] [[Category:18th-century American astronomers]] [[Category:19th-century American astronomers]] [[Category:African-American male writers]] [[Category:People from Baltimore County, Maryland]] [[Category:American people of Guinean descent]] [[Category:African-American mathematicians]] [[Category:American naturalists]] [[Category:African-American farmers]] [[Category:American surveyors]] [[Category:People from colonial Maryland]]
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