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{{Short description|Military transport tiltrotor}} {{Redirect|V-22|other uses|V22 (disambiguation)}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}} <!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout, and guidelines. --> {{Infobox aircraft |name = V-22 Osprey |image = MV-22 mcas Miramar 2014.JPG |image_caption = A MV-22 being used during a [[MAGTF]] demonstration during the 2014 [[Miramar Air Show]] |alt = |aircraft_type = [[Tiltrotor]] [[military transport aircraft]] |national_origin = United States |first_flight = 19 March 1989 |introduction = 13 June 2007<ref name=USMC_IOC/> |manufacturer = {{ubl |[[Bell Helicopter]] |[[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]}} |status = In service |primary_user = [[United States Marine Corps]] |more_users = {{ubl |[[United States Air Force]] |[[United States Navy]] |[[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]]}} |produced = 1988βpresent |number_built = 400 {{as of|2020|lc=on}}<ref name=brothers>{{Cite web |last1=Brother |first1=Eric |url=https://www.aerospacemanufacturinganddesign.com/article/bell-boeing-delivers-400th-v-22-osprey/ |title=Bell Boeing delivers 400th V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626034616/https://www.aerospacemanufacturinganddesign.com/article/bell-boeing-delivers-400th-v-22-osprey/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Aerospace Manufacturing and Design |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=22 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> |developed_from = [[Bell XV-15]] |variants = [[Bell Boeing Quad TiltRotor]] }} The '''Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey''' is an American multi-use, [[tiltrotor]] [[military transport aircraft|military transport and cargo aircraft]] with both vertical takeoff and landing ([[VTOL]]) and short takeoff and landing ([[STOL]]) capabilities. It is designed to combine the functionality of a conventional [[helicopter]] with the long-range, high-speed [[Cruise (aeronautics)|cruise]] performance of a [[turboprop]] aircraft. The V-22 is operated by the United States and Japan, and is not only a new aircraft design, but a new type of aircraft that entered service in the 2000s, a tiltrotor compared to fixed wing and helicopter designs. The V-22 first flew in 1989 and after a long development was fielded in 2007. The design combines the vertical takeoff ability of a helicopter with the speed and range of a fixed-wing airplane. The failure of [[Operation Eagle Claw]] in 1980 during the [[Iran hostage crisis]] underscored that there were military roles for which neither conventional helicopters nor fixed-wing transport aircraft were well-suited. The [[United States Department of Defense]] (DoD) initiated a program to develop an innovative transport aircraft with long-range, high-speed, and vertical-takeoff capabilities, and the Joint-service Vertical take-off/landing Experimental (JVX) program officially began in 1981. A partnership between [[Bell Textron|Bell Helicopter]] and [[Boeing Rotorcraft Systems|Boeing Helicopters]] was awarded a development contract in 1983 for the V-22 tiltrotor aircraft. The Bell-Boeing team jointly produces the aircraft.<ref name=Boeing_V22overview/> The V-22 first flew in 1989 and began flight testing and design alterations; the complexity and difficulties of being the first tiltrotor for military service led to many years of development. The [[United States Marine Corps]] (USMC) began crew training for the MV-22B Osprey in 2000 and fielded it in 2007; it supplemented and then replaced their [[Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight]]s. The [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] (USAF) fielded its version of the tiltrotor, the CV-22B, in 2009. Since entering service with the Marine Corps and Air Force, the Osprey has been deployed in transportation and [[Medical evacuation|medevac]] operations over Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, and Kuwait. The [[U.S. Navy]] began using the CMV-22B for [[carrier onboard delivery]] duties in 2021. ==Development== [[File:XV-15 takeoff.jpg|thumb|XV-15 experimental tiltrotor, 1980]] ===Origins=== The failure of [[Operation Eagle Claw]], the Iran hostage rescue mission, in 1980 demonstrated to the U.S. military a need<ref name=AF_mag_Finally>Kreisher, Otto. {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20090211080603/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2009/February%202009/0209Osprey.aspx "Finally, the Osprey"]}}. ''[[Air Force Magazine]]'', February 2009.</ref><ref>Whittle 2010, p. 62.</ref> for "a new type of aircraft, that could not only take off and land vertically but also could carry combat troops, and do so at speed."<ref name=fotv22o>Mackenzie, Richard (writer). [http://military.discovery.com/tv/osprey/osprey.html "Flight of the V-22 Osprey" (Television production)]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228021640/http://military.discovery.com/tv/osprey/osprey.html |date=28 February 2009}} ''Mackenzie Productions'' for ''[[Military Channel]]'', 7 April 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2009.</ref> Additionally, a concentrated force is vulnerable to a single [[nuclear weapon]]. Airborne solutions with high speed and range allow for their rapid dispersal to reduce this vulnerability.<ref>Whittle 2010, p. 55.</ref> The U.S. Department of Defense began the JVX aircraft program in 1981, under [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] leadership.<ref name=Norton_p35/> [[File:V-22 concept.jpg|thumb|left|Early concept illustrations|alt=Early concept illustrations from late 1980s timeframe. The top view is an isometric view. Front, side and top views are shown below with a view of the wing folded.]] The established tactical purpose of the USMC is to perform an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious landing]], which the JVX program promised to facilitate. The USMC's primary helicopter model, the [[Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight|CH-46 Sea Knight]], was aging, and no replacement had been accepted.<ref>Whittle 2010, p. 91.</ref> Because the USMC's amphibious capability would be significantly reduced without the CH-46, USMC leadership believed a proposal to merge the Marine Corps with the Army was a credible threat.<ref>Whittle 2010, p. 87: "As Kelly saw it, the future of the Marine Corps was riding on it."</ref><ref>Whittle 2010, p. 155.</ref> This potential merger was akin to a proposal by [[Harry S. Truman|President Truman]] following [[World War II]].<ref>Whittle 2010, pp. 53, 55β56.</ref> The [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] and Navy administration opposed the tiltrotor project, but pressure from Congress had a significant effect on the program's development.<ref>Scroggs, Stephen K. "Army Relations with Congress: Thick Armor, Dull Sword, Slow Horse" p. 232. Greenwood Press, 2000. {{ISBN|9780313019265}}.</ref> The Navy and USMC were given the lead in 1983.<ref name=Norton_p35>Norton 2004, p. 35.</ref><ref name="Long_Road">Moyers, Al (Director of History and Research). [https://www.afotec.af.mil/News/story/id/123057888/ "The Long Road: AFOTEC's Two-Plus Decades of V-22 Involvement"]. [https://www.afotec.af.mil/News/story/id/123057888/] ''Headquarters Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center, United States Air Force'', 1 August 2007.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120805115239/http://www.history.army.mil/books/DAHSUM/1982/ch09.htm "Chapter 9: Research, Development, and Acquisition"]. ''Department of the Army Historical Summary: FY 1982''. Center of Military History (CMH), United States Army, 1988. {{ISSN|0092-7880}}.</ref> The JVX combined requirements from the USMC, USAF, Army and Navy.<ref name=Norton_p22-30>Norton 2004, pp. 22β30.</ref><ref>[http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable=mtgpaper&gID=79150 "AIAA-83-2726, Bell-Boeing JVX Tilt Rotor Program"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211115555/http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable=mtgpaper&gID=79150 |date=11 February 2009}} ''American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)'', 16β18 November 1983.</ref> A request for preliminary design proposals was issued in December 1982. Interest was expressed by [[AΓ©rospatiale]], Bell Helicopter, Boeing Vertol, [[Grumman]], [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]], and [[Westland Helicopters|Westland]]. Contractors were encouraged to form teams. Bell partnered with Boeing Vertol to submit a proposal for an enlarged version of the [[Bell XV-15]] prototype on 17 February 1983. Since this was the only proposal the JVX program received, a preliminary design contract was awarded on 26 April 1983.<ref name=Norton_p31-3>Norton 2004, pp. 31β33.</ref><ref>Kishiyama, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105112424/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/672749922.html?dids=672749922:672749922&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+31,+1984&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Hybrid+Craft+Being+Developed+for+Military+and+Civilian+Use&pqatl=google "Hybrid Craft Being Developed for Military and Civilian Use"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 31 August 1984.</ref> The JVX aircraft was designated ''V-22 Osprey'' on 15 January 1985; by that March, the first six prototypes were being produced, and Boeing Vertol was expanded to handle the workload.<ref>Adams, Lorraine. [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3CD43A7B71E1B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "Sales Talk Whirs about Bell Helicopter"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125433/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3CD43A7B71E1B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=24 October 2012}} ''Dallas Morning News'',10 March 1985.</ref><ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB299149DB47D2B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "Boeing Vertol launches Three-Year, $50 Million Expansion Program"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125459/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB299149DB47D2B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=24 October 2012}} ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', 4 March 1985.</ref> Production work is split between Bell and Boeing. Bell Helicopter manufactures and integrates the wing, nacelles, rotors, drive system, tail surfaces, and aft ramp, as well as integrating the [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce]] engines and performing final assembly. Boeing Helicopters manufactures and integrates the fuselage, cockpit, avionics, and flight controls.<ref name=Boeing_V22overview>[http://www.boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/v22/docs/V-22_overview.pdf "V-22 Osprey Backgrounder"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206025214/http://www.boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/v22/docs/V-22_overview.pdf |date=6 February 2010}} ''Boeing Defense, Space & Security'', February 2010.</ref><ref name=Bell_V-22>[http://www.bellhelicopter.com/en/aircraft/military/bellV-22.cfm "Military Aircraft: The Bell-Boeing V-22"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328013808/http://www.bellhelicopter.com/en/aircraft/military/bellV-22.cfm |date=28 March 2010}} ''Bell Helicopter'', 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</ref> The USMC variant received the MV-22 designation, and the USAF variant received CV-22; this was reversed from normal procedure to prevent USMC Ospreys from having a conflicting CV designation with [[aircraft carrier]]s.<ref name=Norton_p30>Norton 2004, p. 30.</ref> Full-scale development began in 1986.<ref name=V-22_CRS_RL31384>[http://opencrs.com/document/RL31384 RL31384, "V-22 Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft: Background and Issues for Congress"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210092501/http://www.opencrs.com/document/RL31384 |date=10 February 2009}} ''Congressional Research Service'', 22 December 2009.</ref> On 3 May 1986, Bell Boeing was awarded a US$1.714 billion contract for the V-22 by the U.S. Navy. At this point, all four U.S. military services had acquisition plans for the V-22.<ref>Goodrich, Joseph L. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105112439/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/601922891.html?dids=601922891:601922891&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+03,+1986&author=JOSEPH+L.+GOODRICH+Journal-Bulletin+Financial+Editor&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Bell-Boeing+team+lands+contract+to+develop+new+tilt-rotor+aircraft+600+jobs+expected+from+$1.714-billion+project+for+Navy&pqatl=google "Bell-Boeing team lands contract to develop new tilt-rotor aircraft, 600 jobs expected from $1.714-billion project for Navy"]. ''Providence Journal'', 3 May 1986.</ref> The first V-22 was publicly rolled out in May 1988.<ref>Belden, Tom. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107035035/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/473702671.html?dids=473702671:473702671&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+23%2C+1988&author=Tom+Belden+Special+to+The+Star&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Vertical-takeoff+plane+may+be+the+21st+century%27s+intercity+bus&pqatl=google "Vertical-takeoff plane may be the 21st century's intercity bus"]. ''Toronto Star'', 23 May 1988.</ref><ref>[https://sportsghoda.com/osprey-v-22-aircraft/ "Tilt-rotor craft flies like copter, plane"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828074532/https://sportsghoda.com/osprey-v-22-aircraft/ |date=28 August 2023}} ''Sports Ghoda'', 28 August 2023.</ref> That year, the U.S. Army left the program, citing a need to focus its budget on more immediate aviation programs.<ref name=Norton_p35/> In 1989, the V-22 survived two separate [[United States Senate|Senate]] votes that could have resulted in cancellation.<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB95F7F483B29F2&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "2 Senators key to fate of Boeing's V-22 Osprey"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125550/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB95F7F483B29F2&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=24 October 2012}} ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', 6 July 1989.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Jim. [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D0816D568CFD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "Gramm defends Osprey's budget cost: Senator makes pitch for V-22 as president stumps for B-2 bomber"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125607/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D0816D568CFD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=24 October 2012}} ''Dallas Morning News'', 22 July 1989.</ref> Despite the Senate's decision, the Department of Defense instructed the Navy not to spend more money on the V-22.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107035121/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24666558.html?dids=24666558:24666558&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+03%2C+1989&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Pentagon+halts+spending+on+V-22+Osprey&pqatl=google "Pentagon halts spending on V-22 Osprey"]. ''Chicago Tribune'', 3 December 1989.</ref> As development cost projections greatly increased in 1988, Defense Secretary [[Dick Cheney]] tried to defund it from 1989 to 1992, but was overruled by [[United States Congress|Congress]],<ref name=Long_Road/><ref name=Wired_200507/> which provided unrequested program funding.<ref name=Norton_p49>Norton 2004, p. 49.</ref> Multiple studies of alternatives found the V-22 provided more capability and effectiveness with similar operating costs.<ref name=Norton_p52>Norton 2004, p. 52.</ref> The [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton Administration]] was supportive of the V-22, helping it attain funding.<ref name=Long_Road/> Although the Army departed the program, it eventually developed and chose a tiltrotor to replace the [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|UH-60 Blackhawk]] in the 21st century, and as of the mid-2020s the Army is planning to field the [[Bell V-280 Valor|V-280 Valor]] tiltrotor.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Meredith |last=Roaten |date=5 December 2022 |title=Army Chooses Bell Textron's V-280 Valor Tiltrotor to Replace Black Hawk |url=https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2022/12/5/bell-tiltrotor-wins-billion-dollar-helo-contract |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=National Defense}}</ref> ===Flight testing and design changes=== [[File:V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft.jpg|thumb|A V-22 during tests in 2003]] The first of six prototypes first flew on 19 March 1989 in the helicopter mode<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OXwUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-gIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4248,6782946&dq=v22+osprey&hl=en "Revolutionary plane passes first test"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222150201/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OXwUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-gIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4248,6782946&dq=v22+osprey&hl=en |date=22 December 2020}}. ''Toledo Blade'', 20 March 1989.</ref> and on 14 September 1989 in fixed-wing mode.<ref>Mitchell, Jim. [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D0966AF1C330&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "V-22 makes first flight in full airplane mode"]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125618/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D0966AF1C330&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=24 October 2012}} ''Dallas Morning News'', 15 September 1989.</ref> The third and fourth prototypes successfully completed the first sea trials on {{USS|Wasp|LHD-1|6}} in December 1990.<ref>Jones, Kathryn. [https://archive.today/20120629160852/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D14925CBE8FF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "V-22 tilt-rotor passes tests at sea"]. ''Dallas Morning News'', 14 December 1990.</ref> The fourth and fifth prototypes crashed in 1991β92.<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8E1952EE8AB7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "Navy halts test flights of V-22 as crash investigated"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125649/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8E1952EE8AB7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=24 October 2012}} ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram'', 13 June 1991.</ref> From October 1992 to April 1993, the V-22 was redesigned to reduce empty weight, simplify manufacture, and reduce build costs; it was designated V-22B.<ref name=Norton_p52-4/> Flights resumed in June 1993 after safety changes were made to the prototypes.<ref name=Norton_p55>Norton 2004, p. 55.</ref> Bell Boeing received a contract for the engineering manufacturing development (EMD) phase in June 1994.<ref name=Norton_p52-4>Norton 2004, pp. 52β54.</ref> The prototypes were also modified to resemble the V-22B standard. At this stage, testing focused on flight envelope expansion, measuring flight loads, and supporting the EMD redesign. Flight testing with the early V-22s continued into 1997.<ref name=Norton_p55-7>Norton 2004, pp. 55β57.</ref> [[File:aircraft.osprey.678pix.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. Marines jump from an Osprey. |alt=Four U.S. Marine paratroopers jump from the rear loading ramp of an MV-22 Osprey.]] Flight testing of four full-scale development V-22s began at the Naval Air Warfare Test Center, [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River]], [[Maryland]]. The first EMD flight took place on 5 February 1997. Testing soon fell behind schedule.<ref>Schinasi 2008, p. 23.</ref> The first of four [[low rate initial production]] aircraft, ordered on 28 April 1997, was delivered on 27 May 1999. The second sea trials were completed onboard {{USS|Saipan|LHA-2|6}} in January 1999.<ref name=V-22_CRS_RL31384/> During external load testing in April 1999, a V-22 transported the lightweight [[M777 howitzer]].<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/M777-He-Aint-Heavy-Hes-my-Howitzer-04829/ "M777: He Ain't Heavy, He's my Howitzer"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064433/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/M777-He-Aint-Heavy-Hes-my-Howitzer-04829/ |date=10 September 2012}}''Defense Industry Daily'', 18 July 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/lots-riding-on-v22-osprey-03110/ "Lots Riding on V-22 Osprey"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105091127/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/lots-riding-on-v22-osprey-03110/ |date=5 January 2012}}''Defense Industry Daily'', 12 March 2007.</ref> In 2000, there were two fatal crashes, [[2000 Marana V-22 crash|killing a total of 23 marines]], and the V-22 was again grounded while the crashes' causes were investigated and various parts were redesigned.<ref name=Wired_200507>Berler, Ron. [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.07/osprey.html?pg=1&topic=osprey "Saving the Pentagon's Killer Chopper-Plane"]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106120946/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.07/osprey.html?pg=1&topic=osprey |date=6 November 2012}} ''Wired'' (CondΓ©Net, Inc), Volume 13, Issue 7, July 2005.</ref> In June 2005, the V-22 completed its final operational evaluation, including long-range deployments, high altitude, desert and shipboard operations; problems previously identified had reportedly been resolved.<ref name=InsideNavy_Castelli_20050912>{{cite web |last=Castelli |first=Christopher J. |url=http://www.navair.navy.mil/V22/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.detail&id=130 |title=Pentagon Testing Office Concurs With Naval Testers, Supports MV-22 |work=Naval Air Systems Command, United States Navy |via=Inside the Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201235013/http://www.navair.navy.mil/V22/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.detail&id=130 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |date=12 September 2005 |access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref> U.S. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) worked on software upgrades to increase the maximum speed from {{convert|250|to|270|kn|km/h mph|sigfig=2}}, increase helicopter mode altitude limit from {{convert|10000|to|12000|ft|m|sigfig=2}} or {{convert|14000|ft|m|sigfig=2}}, and increase lift performance.<ref>Chavanne, Bettina H. [http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=mro&id=news/ospr6259.xml&headline=V-22%20To%20Get%20Performance%20Upgrades "V-22 To Get Performance Upgrades"].{{dead link |date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}''Aviation Week'', 25 June 2009.</ref> By 2012, changes had been made to the hardware, software, and procedures in response to hydraulic fires in the nacelles, vortex ring state control issues, and opposed landings;<ref>Pappalardo, Joe. [http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/planes-uavs/the-ospreys-real-problem-isnt-safety-its-money-8347657 "The Osprey's Real Problem Isn't Safety{{snd}}It's Money"]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617034117/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/planes-uavs/the-ospreys-real-problem-isnt-safety-its-money-8347657 |date=17 June 2012}}''Popular Mechanics'', 14 June 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.thebaynet.com/news/index.cfm/fa/viewStory/story_ID/24235/d/09202011 "Software Change Gives V-22 Pilots More Lift Options"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925051728/http://www.thebaynet.com/news/index.cfm/fa/viewStory/story_ID/24235/d/09202011 |date=25 September 2011}}''thebaynet.com''. Retrieved 24 April 2012.</ref> reliability has improved accordingly.<ref>Capaccio, Tony. [https://archive.today/20120723025010/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-01-13/v-22-osprey-aircraft-s-reliability-improves-in-pentagon-testing.html "V-22 Osprey Aircraft's Reliability Improves in Pentagon Testing"]. ''Bloomberg News'', 13 January 2012.</ref> An MV-22 landed and refueled on board {{USS|Nimitz|CVN-68|2}} in an evaluation in October 2012.<ref name=USN_MV-22_Nimitz_tests>{{cite web |first1=Renee |last1=Candelario |title= MV-22 Osprey Flight Operations Tested Aboard USS ''Nimitz'' |url= http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=70031 |work= NNS121008-13 |publisher= USS Nimitz Public Affairs |date= 8 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130524120127/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=70031 |archive-date= 24 May 2013 |url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2013, cargo handling trials occurred on {{USS|Harry S. Truman|CVN-75|2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3aee72908b-a786-455f-8510-c35b64849f10 |title=Osprey on the Truman, Fishing for COD |last1=Butler |first1=Amy |date=18 April 2013 |work=Aviation Week |publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520135407/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3aee72908b-a786-455f-8510-c35b64849f10 |archive-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> In October 2015, NAVAIR tested [[SRVL|rolling landings and takeoffs]] on a carrier, preparing for [[carrier onboard delivery]].<ref name=aw2015-11-12>{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/v-22-testing-could-lead-higher-takeoff-weights |title=V-22 Osprey Testing Could Lead To Higher Takeoff Weights |author=Tony Osborne |date=12 November 2015 |work=[[Aviation Week]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116175310/http://aviationweek.com/defense/v-22-testing-could-lead-higher-takeoff-weights |archive-date=16 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Discussions=== [[File:CV-22 Osprey - RIAT 2017 (38727361971).jpg|thumb|CV-22 at RIAT 2017]] <!-- Consider moving parts of content here to other sections as appropriate. See talk page. --> Development was protracted and controversial, partly because of large cost increases,<ref name=texasobs>Bryce, Robert. [http://www.texasobserver.org/article.php?aid=1679 "Review of political forces that helped shape V-22 program"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194024/http://www.texasobserver.org/article.php?aid=1679 |date=27 September 2007}}''Texas Observer'', 17 June 2004.</ref> some of which were caused by a requirement to fold wings and rotors to fit aboard ships.<ref name=nyp2015>Whittle, Richard. "[https://nypost.com/2015/05/24/the-osprey-half-airplane-half-helicopter-totally-badass/ Half-airplane, half-helicopter, totally badass]" NY Post, 24 May 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150525104748/http://nypost.com/2015/05/24/the-osprey-half-airplane-half-helicopter-totally-badass/ Archived] on 25 May 2015.</ref> The development budget was first set at US$2.5 billion in 1986, increasing to a projected US$30 billion in 1988.<ref name=Wired_200507/> By 2008, US$27 billion had been spent and another US$27.2 billion was required for planned production numbers.<ref name=V-22_CRS_RL31384/> Between 2008 and 2011, the V-22's estimated lifetime cost grew by 61%, mostly for maintenance and support.<ref>Capaccio, Tony. [http://www.star-telegram.com/2011/11/29/3559148/lifetime-cost-of-v-22s-rose-61.html "Lifetime cost of V-22s rose 61% in three years"]. {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} ''Bloomberg News'', 29 November 2011.</ref> {{Blockquote||text=Its [The V-22's] production costs are considerably greater than for helicopters with equivalent capability{{snd}}specifically, about twice as great as for the [[Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion|CH-53E]], which has a greater payload and an ability to carry heavy equipment the V-22 cannot ... an Osprey unit would cost around $60 million to produce, and $35 million for the helicopter equivalent.<ref name="ohanlon 119">O'Hanlon 2002, p. 119.</ref>|author=Michael E. O'Hanlon, 2002}} In 2001, Lieutenant Colonel Odin Leberman, commander of the V-22 squadron at [[Marine Corps Air Station New River]], was relieved of duty after allegations that he instructed his unit to falsify maintenance records to make it appear more reliable.<ref name=V-22_CRS_RL31384/><ref>Ricks, Thomas E. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105114126/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/66970987.html?dids=66970987:66970987&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+19,+2001&author=Thomas+E.+Ricks&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Marines+Fire+Commander+Of+Ospreys%3B+Alleged+Falsification+Of+Data+Investigated&pqatl=google "Marines Fire Commander Of Ospreys; Alleged Falsification Of Data Investigated"]. ''The Washington Post'', 19 January 2001.</ref> Three officers were implicated for their roles in the falsification scandal.<ref name= texasobs/> [[File:V-22 Osprey wing rotated.jpg|thumb|left|A V-22 in a compact storage configuration during the Navy's evaluation, 2002|alt= A V-22 with its wing rotated 90 degrees so it runs the length of the fuselage.]] In October 2007, a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article condemned the V-22 as unsafe, overpriced, and inadequate;<ref name=time/> the USMC responded that the article's data was partly obsolete, inaccurate, and held high expectations for any new field of aircraft.<ref name=MCT_Hoellwarth_20071016>Hoellwarth, John. [http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2007/10/marine_osprey_071014/ "Leaders, experts slam Time article on Osprey"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210130333/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2007/10/marine_osprey_071014/ |date=10 December 2007}} ''[[Marine Corps Times]]'' (Army Times Publishing Company), 16 October 2007.</ref> In 2011, the controversial defense industry-supported [[Lexington Institute]]<ref name="POL1">{{cite web|author1=DiMascio, Jen|title=Playing defense β but at a price?|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1210/46155.html|work=[[Politico]]|date=9 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525224040/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1210/46155.html|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WIR1">{{cite magazine|author1=Ackerman, Spencer|title=Defense Industry's Favorite Think Tank Daydreams of Obama Defeat|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/04/lexington-obama/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=12 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416231844/http://www.wired.com/2012/04/lexington-obama/|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live|author1-link=Spencer Ackerman}}</ref><ref name="HAR1">{{cite magazine|author1=Silverstein, Ken|title=Mad men β Introducing the defense industry's pay-to-play ad agency|magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]]|date=1 April 2010|author1-link=Ken Silverstein}}</ref> reported that the average mishap rate per flight hour over the past 10 years was the lowest of any USMC rotorcraft, approximately half of the average fleet accident rate.<ref>[http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/v-22-is-the-safest-most-survivable-rotorcraft-the-marines-have?a=1&c=1171 "V-22 Is The Safest, Most Survivable Rotorcraft The Marines Have"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303034110/http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/v-22-is-the-safest-most-survivable-rotorcraft-the-marines-have?a=1&c=1171 |date=3 March 2011}} [[Lexington Institute]], February 2011.</ref> In 2011, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine reported that the safety record had excluded ground incidents;<ref>Axe, David. [https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/10/marines-respond-osprey-safety/ "Marines: Actually, Our Tiltrotor Is 'Effective And Reliable' (Never Mind Those Accidents)"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209023744/http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/10/marines-respond-osprey-safety/ |date=9 December 2013}}''Wired'', 13 October 2011.</ref> the USMC responded that MV-22 reporting used the same standards as other Navy aircraft.<ref>[http://www.marines.mil/unit/hqmc/Pages/USMCSTATEMENTINRESPONSETOARTICLEONTHESAFETYRECORDOFTHEMARINEV-22OSPREY.aspx "USMC Statement in Response to Article on the Safety Record of the Marine V-22 Osprey"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116172050/http://www.marines.mil/unit/hqmc/Pages/USMCSTATEMENTINRESPONSETOARTICLEONTHESAFETYRECORDOFTHEMARINEV-22OSPREY.aspx |date=16 January 2012}} ''USMC'', 13 October 2011.</ref> By 2012, the USMC reported fleetwide readiness rate had risen to 68%;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20130813/NEWS04/308130010/DoD-watchdog-audits-Osprey-readiness|title=Pentagon watchdog to release classified audit on V-22 Osprey|work=Marine Corps Times|access-date=6 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817095918/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20130813/NEWS04/308130010/DoD-watchdog-audits-Osprey-readiness|archive-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> however, the DOD's Inspector General later found 167 of 200 reports had "improperly recorded" information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-25/pentagon-s-inspector-general-finds-v-22-readiness-rates-flawed |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131025231009/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-25/pentagon-s-inspector-general-finds-v-22-readiness-rates-flawed |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2013 |title=Pentagon's Inspector General Finds V-22 Readiness Rates Flawed |last1=Capaccio |first1=Tony |date=25 October 2013 |website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=Bloomberg News}}</ref> Captain Richard Ulsh blamed errors on incompetence, saying that they were "not malicious" or deliberate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/us/are-the-marines-faking-the-reliability-record-of-their-79-million-superplane-1.250587 |title=Are the Marines faking the reliability record of their $79 million superplane? |last1=Lamothe |first1=Dan |date=2 November 2013 |work=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103045618/http://www.stripes.com/news/us/are-the-marines-faking-the-reliability-record-of-their-79-million-superplane-1.250587 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The required mission capable rate was 82%, but the average was 53% from June 2007 to May 2010.<ref name=shal>Shalal-Esa, Andrea. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bell-boeing-v22-international-idUSTRE81P0ND20120226 "U.S. eyes V-22 aircraft sales to Israel, Canada, UAE"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162523/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/26/us-bell-boeing-v22-international-idUSTRE81P0ND20120226 |date=24 September 2015}}''[[Reuters]]'', 26 February 2012.</ref> In 2010, [[Naval Air Systems Command]] aimed for an 85% reliability rate by 2018.<ref>Reed, John. [https://archive.today/20120919002442/http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/05/military_osprey_boeing_050510w/ "Boeing to make new multiyear Osprey offer"]. ''[[Navy Times]]'', 5 May 2010.</ref> From 2009 to 2014, readiness rates rose 25% to the "high 80s", while [[operating cost|cost per flight hour]] had dropped 20% to $9,520 through a rigorous maintenance improvement program that focused on diagnosing problems before failures occur.<ref>Hoffman, Michael. "[http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/04/09/osprey-readiness-rates-improved-25-over-5-years/ Osprey Readiness Rates Improved 25% over 5 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124502/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/04/09/osprey-readiness-rates-improved-25-over-5-years/ |date=2014-04-13}}" ''DODbuzz'', 9 April 2014.</ref> {{as of|2015}}, although the V-22 requires more maintenance and has lower availability (62%) than traditional helicopters, it also has a lower mishap rate. The average cost per flight hour is {{usd|9,156}},<ref name="whittle2015-05">Whittle, Richard. "[http://vtol.org/74BFE740-E9BA-11E4-8AB70050568D0042 Osprey Shows Its Mettle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125033114/https://vtol.org/files/dmfile/VertifliteMJ15-OspreyWhittle1.pdf |date=25 January 2024}}" pp. 23β26. ''[[American Helicopter Society]]'' / Vertiflite May/June 2015, Vol. 61, No. 3.</ref> whereas the [[Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion]] cost about $20,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=20000|start_year=2007}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) per flight hour in 2007.<ref name=op>Whittle, Richard. [http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/commercial/eng/Rotorcraft-Report_7571.html USMC CH-53E Costs Rise With Op Tempo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502013618/http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/commercial/eng/Rotorcraft-Report_7571.html |date=2 May 2014}}''Rotor & Wing, Aviation Today'', January 2007. Quote: For every hour the Corps flies a β53E, it spends 44 maintenance hours fixing it. Every hour a Super Stallion flies it costs about $20,000.</ref> V-22 [[Total cost of ownership|ownership cost]] was $83,000 per hour in 2013.<ref name=mag2015>Magnuson, Stew. "[http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2015/July/Pages/FutureofTiltRotorAircraftUncertainDespiteV22sSuccesses.aspx Future of Tilt-Rotor Aircraft Uncertain Despite V-22's Successes]" ''National Defense Industrial Association'', July 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150621212900/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2015/July/Pages/FutureofTiltRotorAircraftUncertainDespiteV22sSuccesses.aspx Archive]</ref> In 2022, the Pentagon evaluated its cost per flight hour at $23,941.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/rates/fy2022/2022_b_c.pdf|title=Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 Department of Defense (DoD) Fixed Wing and Helicopter Reimbursement Rates|access-date=29 August 2023|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112120521/https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/rates/fy2022/2022_b_c.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><!--TCO includes purchase price, running cost does not--> [[File:Bell-Boeing CVM-22B Osprey of VRM-50 lands on USS Nimitz (CVN-68) on 12 March 2022 (220312-N-DU622-1010).JPG|thumb|A CMV-22B lands on USS ''Nimitz'' in March 2022.]] While technically capable of [[autorotation]] if both engines fail in helicopter mode, a safe landing is difficult.{{r|v22fly}} In 2005, a director of the Pentagon's testing office stated that in a loss of power while hovering below {{convert|1600|ft|m|sigfig=2}}, emergency landings "are not likely to be survivable." V-22 pilot Captain Justin "Moon" McKinney stated that: "We can turn it into a plane and glide it down, just like a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]]."<ref name=time>Thompson, Mark. [http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1665835-1,00.html "V-22 Osprey: A Flying Shame"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011055732/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1665835-1,00.html |date=11 October 2008}} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 26 September 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2011.</ref> A complete loss of power requires both engines to fail, as one engine can power both proprotors via interconnected drive shafts.<ref name=Norton_p98-9/> Though [[Vortex ring state#Vortex ring effect in helicopters|vortex ring state]] (VRS) contributed to [[Accidents and incidents involving the V-22 Osprey|a deadly V-22 accident]], flight testing found it to be less susceptible to VRS than conventional helicopters.<ref name=AF_mag_Finally/> A GAO report stated that the V-22 is "less forgiving than conventional helicopters" during VRS.<ref>Schinasi 2008, p. 16.</ref> Several test flights to explore VRS characteristics were canceled.<ref>Schinasi 2008, p. 11.</ref> The USMC trains pilots in the recognition of and recovery from VRS, and has instituted operational envelope limits and instrumentation to help avoid VRS conditions.<ref name=Wired_200507/><ref name=Proceedings_Sept2004>Gross, Kevin, Lt. Col. U.S. Marine Corps and Tom Macdonald, MV-22 test pilot and Ray Dagenhart, MV-22 lead government engineer. [http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190, NI_Myth_0904,00.html "Dispelling the Myth of the MV-22"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125033111/https://www.military.com/benefits |date=25 January 2024}}. ''Proceedings: The Naval Institute''. September 2004.</ref> ===Production=== On 28 September 2005, [[the Pentagon]] formally approved full-rate production,<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091206022925/http://defensetech.org/2005/09/28/osprey-okd/ "Osprey OK'd"]}}. ''Defense Tech'', 28 September 2005.</ref> increasing from 11 V-22s per year to between 24 and 48 per year by 2012. Of the 458 total planned, 360 are for the USMC, 50 for the USAF, and 48 for the Navy at an average cost of $110 million per aircraft, including development costs.<ref name=V-22_CRS_RL31384/> The V-22 had an incremental flyaway cost of $67 million per aircraft in 2008,<ref name=usaf_fy2008_budget>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080227122030/http://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080204-081.pdf "FY 2009 Budget Estimates"]. p. 133. ''[[United States Air Force]]'', February 2008.</ref> The Navy had hoped to shave about $10 million off that cost via a five-year production contract in 2013.<ref name=DJ_Christie_20070531>{{cite web |last=Christie |first=Rebecca |url=http://www.navair.navy.mil/v22/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.detail&id=177 |title=DJ US Navy Expects Foreign Interest In V-22 To Ramp Up Next Year |work=Naval Air Systems Command, United States Navy |agency=Dow Jones Newswires |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201231351/http://www.navair.navy.mil/v22/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.detail&id=177 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |date=31 May 2007}}</ref> Each CV-22 cost $73 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=73000000|start_year=2014}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in the FY 2014 budget.<ref>{{cite web |title=War Funding Climbs in Omnibus Bill for First Time Since 2010 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140114/DEFREG02/301140032/War-Funding-Climbs-Omnibus-Bill-First-Time-Since-2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140401071506/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140114/DEFREG02/301140032/War-Funding-Climbs-Omnibus-Bill-First-Time-Since-2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2014 |work=[[Defense News]] |author=John T. Bennett |date=14 January 2014}}</ref> On 15 April 2010, the Naval Air Systems Command awarded Bell Boeing a $42.1 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=42100000|start_year=2010}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) contract to design an integrated processor in response to avionics obsolescence and add new network capabilities.<ref>Keller, John. [http://www.militaryaerospace.com/index/display/article-display/373712/articles/military-aerospace-electronics/executive-watch-2/2010/04/bell-boeing-to-design-new-integrated-avionics-processor-for-v-22-osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft.html "Bell-Boeing to design new integrated avionics processor for V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714094702/http://www.militaryaerospace.com/index/display/article-display/373712/articles/military-aerospace-electronics/executive-watch-2/2010/04/bell-boeing-to-design-new-integrated-avionics-processor-for-v-22-osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft.html |date=14 July 2011}}''Militaryearospace.com'', 18 April 2010.</ref> By 2014, [[Raytheon]] began providing an avionics upgrade that includes [[Situation awareness|situational awareness]] and [[blue force tracking]].<ref>[http://www.defenseworld.net/go/defensenews.jsp?id=4691 "Raytheon wins $250 million contract for V-22 aircraft avionics from US"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723091619/http://www.defenseworld.net/go/defensenews.jsp?id=4691 |date=23 July 2011}} ''defenseworld.net''. Retrieved: 30 December 2010.</ref> In 2009, a contract for Block C upgrades was awarded to Bell Boeing.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100301224951/http://www.defense.gov/contracts/contract.aspx?contractid=4168 "DOD Contracts"]. [https://www.defense.gov/contracts/contract.aspx?contractid=4168] United States Department of Defense. 24 November 2009.</ref> In February 2012, the USMC received the first V-22C, featuring a new radar, additional mission management and electronic warfare equipment.<ref>McHale, John. [http://mil-embedded.com/news/block-c-v-22-osprey-with-new-radar-cockpit-displays-and-electronic-warfare-features-delivered-to-marines/ "Block C V-22 Osprey with new radar, cockpit displays, and electronic warfare features delivered to Marines"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522192505/http://mil-embedded.com/news/block-c-v-22-osprey-with-new-radar-cockpit-displays-and-electronic-warfare-features-delivered-to-marines/ |date=22 May 2013}}. ''Military Embedded Systems'', 15 February 2012.</ref> In 2015, options for upgrading all aircraft to the V-22C standard were examined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://breakingdefense.com/2015/08/ltg-davis-talks-to-boeing-on-upgrading-half-of-marine-v-22-fleet/|title=LTG Davis Talks To Boeing On Upgrading Half Of Marine V-22 Fleet|work=Breaking Defense|date=13 August 2015|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080945/http://breakingdefense.com/2015/08/ltg-davis-talks-to-boeing-on-upgrading-half-of-marine-v-22-fleet/|archive-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:JGSDF V-22 Osprey landing on the JS IseοΌDDH-182οΌ-03.jpg|thumb|left|A Japanese V-22 lands on {{JS|Ise}}]] On 12 June 2013, the U.S. DoD awarded a $4.9 billion contract for 99 V-22s in production Lots 17 and 18, including 92 MV-22s for the USMC, for completion in September 2019.<ref name="contract">[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bell-boeing-award-v-22-multi-year-contract-387024/ Bell-Boeing award V-22 multi-year contract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006234554/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bell-boeing-award-v-22-multi-year-contract-387024/ |date=6 October 2013}} β Flightglobal.com, 12 June 2013</ref> A provision gives NAVAIR the option to order 23 more Ospreys.<ref>[http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/us-military-orders-additional-22-v-22-ospreys/ US military orders additional V-22 Ospreys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222930/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/us-military-orders-additional-22-v-22-ospreys/ |date=1 February 2014}} β Shephardmedia.com, 13 June 2013</ref> As of June 2013, the combined value of all contracts placed totaled $6.5 billion.<ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_06_13_2013_p0-588065.xml Pentagon Signs Multiyear V-22 Deal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203074941/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fawx_06_13_2013_p0-588065.xml |date=3 February 2014}} β Aviationweek.com, 13 June 2013</ref> In 2013, Bell laid off production staff following the US's order being cut to about half of the planned number.<ref name=bell325>Berard, Yamil. "[https://archive.today/20140517165952/http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/05/05/5793642/bell-to-lay-off-325-workers-as.html?rh=1 Bell to lay off 325 workers as V-22 orders decline]". ''[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]'', 5 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/05/05/5793642/bell-to-lay-off-325-workers-as.html |title=Bell to lay off 325 workers as V-22 orders decline |last1=Berard |first1=Yamil |date=5 May 2014 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702060207/http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/05/05/5793642/bell-to-lay-off-325-workers-as.html |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Production rate went from 40 in 2012 to 22 planned for 2015.<ref name=ain2015-02-25>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Huber |url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2015-02-25/bells-garrison-new-programs-full-speed |title=New Programs at Full Speed |work=Aviation International News |date=25 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302151655/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2015-02-25/bells-garrison-new-programs-full-speed |archive-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Manufacturing robots have replaced older automated machines for increased accuracy and efficiency; large parts are held in place by suction cups and measured electronically<!--older method is fixing with clamps-->.<ref>Laird, Robbin. "[http://www.manufacturingnews.com/news/2015/V-22-Osprey-0827152.html A Hybrid Manufacturer For A Hybrid Airplane]" ''Manufacturing & Technology News'', 27 August 2015 Volume 22, No. 10. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150831071650/http://www.manufacturingnews.com/news/2015/V-22-Osprey-0827152.html Archive]</ref><ref>Laird, Robbin. "[http://www.sldinfo.com/the-maturation-of-the-osprey-a-perspective-from-visiting-the-boeing-plant-near-philadelphia/ A Perspective from Visiting the Boeing Plant Near Philadelphia]" ''SLD'', 28 May 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150831074010/http://www.sldinfo.com/the-maturation-of-the-osprey-a-perspective-from-visiting-the-boeing-plant-near-philadelphia/ Archive]</ref> In March 2014, [[Air Force Special Operations Command]] issued a Combat Mission Need Statement for armor to protect V-22 passengers. NAVAIR worked with a Florida-based composite armor company and the Army Aviation Development Directorate to develop and deliver the advanced ballistic stopping system (ABSS) by October 2014. Costing $270,000, the ABSS consists of 66 plates fitting along interior bulkheads and deck, adding {{convert|800|lb|kg|abbr=on}} to the aircraft's weight, affecting payload and range. The ABSS can be installed or removed when needed in hours and partially assembled in pieces for partial protection of specific areas. As of May 2015, 16 kits had been delivered to the USAF.<ref name="airforcetimes17sep14">[https://archive.today/20140920011939/http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20140917/NEWS04/309170042/Air-Force-special-ops-looks-add-armor-firepower-Ospreys Air Force special ops looks to add armor, firepower to Ospreys] β ''Air Force Times'', 17 September 2014</ref><ref name=whittle2015-05-15>Whittle, Richard. "[http://breakingdefense.com/2015/05/afsoc-ospreys-armor-up-after-painful-lessons-learned-in-south-sudan/ AFSOC Ospreys Armor Up After Painful Lessons Learned In South Sudan]" ''Breaking Defense'', 15 May 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150516002422/http://breakingdefense.com/2015/05/afsoc-ospreys-armor-up-after-painful-lessons-learned-in-south-sudan/ Archive]</ref> In 2015, Bell Boeing set up the V-22 Readiness Operations Center at Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, to gather information from each aircraft to improve fleet performance in a similar manner as the F-35's Autonomic Logistics Information System.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/shownews/aliss-children-networked-prognostics-v-22 |title=ALIS's Children: Networked Prognostics For The V-22 |last1=Batey |first1=Angus |date=12 July 2016 |website=Aviation Week & Space Technology |publisher=Penton |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713192757/http://aviationweek.com/shownews/aliss-children-networked-prognostics-v-22 |archive-date=13 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two programs, the ''V-22 Cockpit Technology Replacement'' (VeCToR) and ''Renewed V-22 Aircraft Modernization Program'' (ReVAMP), are being studied to upgrade the aircraft and extend its life. VeCToR would upgrade the cockpit with more modern electronics in the 2030s and 40s, and ReVAMP would be a fuselage life extension program to extend the V-22's service beyond the 2060s.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Eckstein |first=Megan |date=1 May 2024 |title=V-22 Osprey could see second life, with new drive system, wings in 2050s |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2024/05/01/v-22-osprey-could-see-second-life-with-new-drive-system-wings-in-2050s/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> ==Design== [[File:CV-22 Osprey - RIAT 2015 (19988442549).jpg|thumb|CV-22B Osprey]] ===Overview=== The Osprey is the world's first production [[tiltrotor]] aircraft,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a26242129/v-22-osprey-tiltrotor-bell-boeing/|title=The V-22 Osprey: How America's Controversial Tiltrotor Plane Works|first=Kyle|last=Mizokami|date=8 February 2019|website=Popular Mechanics|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526050053/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a26242129/v-22-osprey-tiltrotor-bell-boeing/|url-status=live}}</ref> with one three-bladed [[proprotor]], turboshaft engine, and transmission [[nacelle]] mounted on each wingtip.<ref name=Tilters>Croft, John. [http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/osprey.html "Tilters"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725043315/http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/osprey.html |date=25 July 2008}} [http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/tilters-21162862/?all Alternate link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506021317/http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/tilters-21162862/?all |date=6 May 2015}}''[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]]'', 1 September 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2015.</ref> It is classified as a [[powered lift]] aircraft by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19990220043218/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1997/news_release_970821a.html Osprey Pilots Receive First FAA Powered Lift Ratings] (1999 Archive from Boeing)</ref><!--ref should be for aircraft, not pilots--> For takeoff and landing, it typically operates as a helicopter with the nacelles vertical and rotors horizontal. Once airborne, the nacelles rotate forward 90Β° in as little as 12 seconds for horizontal flight, converting the V-22 to a more fuel-efficient, higher-speed aircraft, like a turboprop aircraft.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mahaffey |first=Jay Douglas |year=1991 |title=The V-22 tilt rotor, a comparison with existing Coast Guard aircraft |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36721467.pdf |journal=Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517132256/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36721467.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[STOL]] rolling-takeoff and landing capability is achieved by having the nacelles tilted forward up to 45Β°.<ref name=Bell_pocket_guide>[http://www.bellhelicopter.com/MungoBlobs/126/268/V-22%20Guidebook%202013_update_PREVIEW_LR2.pdf "V-22 Osprey Guidebook, 2013/2014"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020133122/http://www.bellhelicopter.com/MungoBlobs/126/268/V-22%20Guidebook%202013_update_PREVIEW_LR2.pdf |date=20 October 2014}} ''Bell-Boeing'', 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020133122/http://www.bellhelicopter.com/MungoBlobs/126/268/V-22%20Guidebook%202013_update_PREVIEW_LR2.pdf Archived] in 2014.</ref><ref>Chavanne, Bettina H. [http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/01/11/AW_01_11_2010_p44-193636.xml&headline=USMC%20V-22%20Osprey%20Finds%20Groove%20In%20Afghanistan "USMC V-22 Osprey Finds Groove In Afghanistan"]. {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} ''Aviation Week'', 12 January 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.</ref> Other orientations are possible.{{r|foldisk}} Pilots describe the V-22 in airplane mode as comparable to the C-130 in feel and speed.{{r|adde20210414}} It has a ferry range of over 2,100 nmi. Its operational range is 1,100 nmi.<ref>[http://en.airforceworld.com/a/20150817/695_2.html "V-22 Osprey range and ceiling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071523/http://en.airforceworld.com/a/20150817/695_2.html |date=4 March 2016}}. AirForceWorld.com, 6 October 2015.</ref> [[Composite material]]s make up 43% of the [[airframe]], and the proprotor blades also use composites.<ref name=Bell_pocket_guide/> For storage, the V-22's rotors fold in 90 seconds and its wing rotates to align, front-to-back, with the fuselage.<ref name=USAF_Study_CV-22>Currie, Major Tom P. Jr., USAF. [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/99-033.pdf "A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty, In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements: The CV-22 'Osprey' and the Impact on Air Force Combat Search and Rescue"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306213726/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/99-033.pdf |date=6 March 2016}} ''Air Command and Staff College'', April 1999.</ref> Because of the requirement for folding rotors, their {{convert|38|ft|m|adj=on}} diameter is {{convert|5|ft|m}} less than would be optimal for an aircraft of this size to conduct vertical takeoff, resulting in high [[disk loading]].<ref name="foldisk">Whittle, Richard. "[http://defense.aol.com/2012/09/05/flying-the-osprey-is-not-dangerous-just-different-veteran-pilo/ Flying The Osprey Is Not Dangerous, Just Different: Veteran Pilots] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914073208/http://defense.aol.com/2012/09/05/flying-the-osprey-is-not-dangerous-just-different-veteran-pilo|date=2012-09-14}}" ''[[defense.aol.com]]'', 5 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131003121815/http://breakingdefense.com/2012/09/05/flying-the-osprey-is-not-dangerous-just-different-veteran-pilo/ Archived] on 3 October 2013.</ref> Most missions use fixed wing flight 75% or more of the time, reducing wear and tear and operational costs. This fixed wing flight is higher than typical helicopter missions allowing longer range [[Line-of-sight propagation|line-of-sight communications]] for improved [[command and control]].<ref name=V-22_CRS_RL31384/> Exhaust heat from the V-22's engines can potentially damage ships' flight decks and coatings. NAVAIR devised a temporary fix of portable heat shields placed under the engines and determined that a long-term solution would require redesigning decks with heat resistant coating, passive thermal barriers, and ship structure changes. Similar changes are required for [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35B]] operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navair.navy.mil/v22/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.detail&id=213 |title=Tenacious Efforts to Accomplish Another V-22 Milestone |work=U.S. Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201222542/http://www.navair.navy.mil/v22/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.detail&id=213 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref> In 2009, [[DARPA]] requested solutions for installing robust flight deck cooling.<ref name=darpaheat>Lazarus, Aaron. [https://www.fbo.gov/utils/view?id=2edeadbf3996eebd7c51240c4db16f67 DARPA-BAA 10-10, Thermal Management System (TMS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004440/https://www.fbo.gov/utils/view?id=2edeadbf3996eebd7c51240c4db16f67 |date=16 January 2018}} ''[[DARPA]]'', 16 November 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2012. Quote: "MV-22 Osprey has resulted in ship flight deck buckling that has been attributed to the excessive heat impact from engine exhaust plumes. Navy studies have indicated that repeated deck buckling will likely cause deck failure before planned ship life."</ref> A heat-resistant anti-skid metal spray named Thermion has been tested on USS ''Wasp''.<ref name=aw2013-09-05>{{cite news |first=Amy |last=Butler |url=http://aviationweek.com/blog/f-35b-dt-2-update-few-hours-uss-wasp |title=F-35B DT 2 Update: A few hours on the USS Wasp |work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |date=5 September 2013 |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903051254/http://aviationweek.com/blog/f-35b-dt-2-update-few-hours-uss-wasp |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Propulsion=== [[File:V-22-166480-FAR01.jpg|thumb|Closeup of rotor and engine of a MV-22B |alt=A closeup of an MV-22B's rotor and engine tilted slightly upward.]] The V-22's two [[Rolls-Royce T406|Rolls-Royce AE 1107C]] engines are connected by [[drive shaft]]s to a common central [[Transmission (mechanics)|gearbox]] so that one engine can power both proprotors if an engine failure occurs.<ref name=Norton_p98-9>Norton 2004, pp. 98β99.</ref> Either engine can power both proprotors through the wing driveshaft.<ref name=v22fly/> However, the V-22 is generally not capable of hovering on one engine.<ref>Whittle, Richard. "[http://breakingdefense.com/2015/07/fatal-crash-prompts-marines-to-change-osprey-flight-rules/ Fatal Crash Prompts Marines To Change Osprey Flight Rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719000019/http://breakingdefense.com/2015/07/fatal-crash-prompts-marines-to-change-osprey-flight-rules/ |date=2015-07-19}}". ''Breaking Defense'', 16 July 2015.</ref> If a proprotor gearbox fails, that proprotor cannot be [[Propeller (aircraft)#Feathering|feathered]], and both engines must be stopped before an [[emergency landing]]. The autorotation characteristics are poor because of the rotors' low [[inertia]].<ref name=v22fly/> The AE 1107C engine has a two-shaft axial design with a 14-stage compressor, an effusion-cooled annular combustor, a two-stage gas generator turbine, and two-stage power turbine.<ref>{{cite web |last=Welt |first=Flying |date=14 May 2023 |title=Bell Boeing V 22 Osprey, the World's First Production Military Tiltrotor Aircraft |url=https://www.flyingwelt.com/2023/05/bell-boeing-v-22-osprey-the-worlds-first-production-military-tiltrotor-aircraft/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=Flying Welt |language=en-US |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124051636/https://www.flyingwelt.com/2023/05/bell-boeing-v-22-osprey-the-worlds-first-production-military-tiltrotor-aircraft/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:V22-Osprey.jpg|thumb|left|V-22 with rotors tilted, condensation trailing from propeller tips]] In September 2013, Rolls-Royce announced that it had increased the AE-1107C engine's power by 17% via the adoption of a new Block 3 turbine, increased fuel valve flow capacity, and software updates; it should also improve reliability in high-altitude, high-heat conditions and boost maximum payload limitations from {{convert|6000|to|8000|ft|m|abbr=on}}. A Block 4 upgrade is reportedly being examined, which may increase power by up to 26%, producing close to {{convert|10000|shp|kW|abbr=on}}, and improve fuel consumption.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130920190720/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130916/DEFREG02/309160009/Rolls-Royce-Boosts-Power-V-22-Engines "Rolls-Royce Boosts Power for V-22 Engines"]. Defense News, 16 September 2013.</ref> In August 2014, the U.S. military issued a [[request for information]] for a potential drop-in replacement for the AE-1107C engines. Submissions must have a power rating of no less than {{convert|6100|shp|kW|abbr=on}} at 15,000 rpm, operate at up to {{convert|25000|ft|m|abbr=on}} at up to {{convert|130|F|C|abbr=off}}, and fit into the existing wing nacelles with minimal structural or external modifications.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-military-seeking-replacement-v-22-engines-403177/ US military seeking replacement V-22 engines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907171441/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-military-seeking-replacement-v-22-engines-403177/ |date=7 September 2014}} β Flightglobal.com, 29 August 2014</ref> In September 2014, the U.S. Navy, who already purchase engines separately to airframes, was reportedly considering an alternative engine supplier to reduce costs.<ref>Wall, Robert, "US mulls engine options for its Osprey aircraft", ''The Wall Street Journal'', 2 September 2014, p.B3</ref> The [[General Electric GE38]] is one option, giving commonality with the [[Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion]].<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-developing-early-plans-for-v-22-mid-life-upgrade-411212/ "US Navy developing early plans for V-22 mid-life upgrade"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416231330/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-developing-early-plans-for-v-22-mid-life-upgrade-411212/ |date=16 April 2015}} β Flightglobal.com, 15 April 2015.</ref> The V-22 has a maximum rotor [[downwash]] speed of over {{convert|80|kn|mph kph}}, more than the {{convert|64|kn|mph kph|adj=on}} lower limit of a [[hurricane]].<ref name=randwash>John Gordon IV et al. [https://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/2005/RAND_DB472.pdf Assessment of Navy Heavy-Lift Aircraft Options] p39. ''[[RAND Corporation]]'', 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2012. {{ISBN|0-8330-3791-9}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927172859/https://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/2005/RAND_DB472.pdf Archived] in 2011.</ref><ref name=NOAA>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080226215213/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/fwd/wcm/hurric.pdf "Hurricanes... Unleashing Nature's Fury: A Preparedness Guide"]. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], [[National Weather Service]], September 2006.</ref> The rotorwash usually prevents the starboard door's usage in hover; the rear ramp is used for rappelling and hoisting instead.<ref name="v22fly">McKinney, Mike. [http://www.verticalmag.com/features/features_article/20112-flying-the-v-22.html "Flying the V-22"] ''[[Vertical (magazine)|Vertical]]'', 28 March 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140430000553/http://www.verticalmag.com/features/features_article/20112-flying-the-v-22.html Archived] on 30 April 2014.</ref><ref name=fastrope>Waters, USMC Cpl. Lana D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041120010423/http://www.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=18900 V-22 Osprey Fast rope 1] ''[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]]'', 6 November 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050321095806/http://www.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=18900 Archived] on 21 March 2005.</ref> The V-22 loses 10% of its vertical lift over a [[tiltwing]] design when operating in helicopter mode because of the wings' airflow resistance, while the tiltrotor design has better short takeoff and landing performance.<ref>Trimble, Stephen. [http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2009/06/boeing-looks-ahead-to-a-v-23-o.html "Boeing looks ahead to a 'V-23' Osprey"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625022409/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2009/06/boeing-looks-ahead-to-a-v-23-o.html |date=25 June 2009}} ''Flight Global'', 22 June 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150112022437/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2009/06/boeing-looks-ahead-to-a-v-23-o/ Archived] on 12 January 2015.</ref> V-22s must keep at least {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}} of vertical separation between each other to avoid each other's rotor wake, which causes turbulence and potentially control loss.<ref name=whittle2015-05-15/> The extreme rotor downwash of the V-22 has caused incidents when rappelling or fast roping from the aircraft, including a soldier being blown 3 meters away from his intended dismount point by the force of the downwash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=1996-03-13 |title=Concerns about V-22 downwash crop |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/concerns-about-v-22-downwash-crop/10171.article |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref> The downwash is strong enough to destroy unstrengthened helipads and can create flying debris in the landing zone that can injure bystanders or potentially damage the aircraft; an incident involving a Marine Corps Osprey in 2010 resulted in 10 bystanders suffering downwash-related injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2021-04-22 |title=Watch This CV-22 Osprey's Rotor Downwash Absolutely Demolish A Hospital's Helipad |url=https://www.twz.com/40289/watch-this-cv-22-ospreys-rotor-downwash-absolutely-demolish-a-hospitals-helipad |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>"Marine aircraft blows tree branches, injures 10 on ground during NYC landing for Fleet Week" May 31, 2010 Fox News https://www.foxnews.com/us/marine-aircraft-blows-tree-branches-injures-10-on-ground-during-nyc-landing-for-fleet-week</ref> ===Avionics=== [[File:Cockpit of V-22 Osprey.jpg|thumb|left|An MV-22 cockpit on display at 2012 [[AirShow San Diego|Wings over Gillespie]] ]] The V-22 is equipped with a [[glass cockpit]], which incorporates four [[multi-function display]]s (MFDs, compatible with [[Night-vision device|night-vision goggles]])<ref name=v22fly/> and one shared central display unit, to display various images including: digimaps, imagery from the Turreted [[forward-looking infrared]] system<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/ospreynews/2011/issue_01/final_8jun2010_179638.pdf|title=Boeing: V-22 Osprey|publisher=Boeing|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127065001/http://www.boeing.com/ospreynews/2011/issue_01/final_8jun2010_179638.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> primary flight instruments, navigation ([[Tactical air navigation system|TACAN]], [[VHF omnidirectional range|VOR]], [[Instrument landing system|ILS]], [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], [[Inertial Navigation System|INS]]), and system status. The flight director panel of the cockpit management system allows for fully coupled (autopilot) functions that take the aircraft from forward flight into a {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} hover with no pilot interaction other than programming the system.<ref name=AIAA>Ringenbach, Daniel P. and Scott Brick. [http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1995/PV1995_3385.pdf "Hardware-in-the-loop testing for development and integration of the V-22 autopilot system, pp. 28β36"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053940/http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1995/PV1995_3385.pdf |date=28 June 2007}} ''Technical Papers (A95-39235 10β01): AIAA Flight Simulation Technologies Conference Technical Papers'', Baltimore, MD, 3 August 2008.</ref> The fuselage is not [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]], and personnel must wear on-board [[oxygen mask]]s above 10,000 feet.<ref name=v22fly/> [[File:USAF Boeing V-22 cockpit.jpg|thumb|V-22 cockpit, 2021]] The V-22 has triple-redundant [[fly-by-wire]] flight control systems; these have computerized damage control to automatically isolate damaged areas.<ref>Landis, Kenneth H., et al. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207179408923078?journalCode=tcon20 "Advanced flight control technology achievements at Boeing Helicopters"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203442/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207179408923078?journalCode=tcon20 |date=15 April 2021}}. ''International Journal of Control'', Volume 59, Issue 1, 1994, pp. 263β290.</ref><ref>[http://www.sldinfo.com/an-afghan-report-the-osprey-returns-from-afghanistan-2012/ "An Afghan Report: The Osprey Returns from Afghanistan, 2012"]. ''SLD'', 13 September 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150111234044/http://www.sldinfo.com/an-afghan-report-the-osprey-returns-from-afghanistan-2012/ Archived] on 11 January 2015.</ref> With the nacelles pointing straight up in conversion mode at 90Β° the flight computers command it to fly like a helicopter, cyclic forces being applied to a conventional [[swashplate]] at the rotor hub. With the nacelles in airplane mode (0Β°) the [[flaperon]]s, rudder, and elevator fly similar to an airplane. This is a gradual transition, occurring over the nacelles' rotation range; the lower the nacelles, the greater effect of the airplane-mode control surfaces.<ref name=Norton_p6-96>Norton 2004, pp. 6β9, 95β96.</ref> The nacelles can rotate past vertical to 97.5Β° for rearward flight.<ref name=Markman_Holder_p58>Markman and Holder 2000, p. 58.</ref><ref name=Norton_p97>Norton 2004, p. 97.</ref> The V-22 can use the "80 Jump" orientation with the nacelles at 80Β° for takeoff to quickly achieve high altitude and speed.{{r|foldisk}} The controls automate to the extent that it can hover in low wind without hands on the controls.{{r|foldisk}}{{r|v22fly}} New USMC V-22 pilots learn to fly helicopter and multiengine fixed-wing aircraft before the tiltrotor.<ref name="freedberg20210430">{{Cite web |last=Freedberg |first=Sydney J. Jr. |date=30 April 2021 |title=FVL: Don't Pick The Tiltrotor, V-22 Test Pilot Tells Army |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/fvl-dont-pick-the-tiltrotor-v-22-test-pilot-tells-army/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=Breaking Defense |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503082258/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/fvl-dont-pick-the-tiltrotor-v-22-test-pilot-tells-army/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some V-22 pilots believe that former fixed-wing pilots may be preferable over helicopter users, as they are not trained to constantly adjust the controls in hover. Others say that experience with helicopters' hovering and precision is most important.{{r|foldisk}}{{r|v22fly}} {{as of|2021|04}} the US military does not track whether fixed-wing or helicopter pilots transition more easily to the V-22, according to USMC Colonel Matthew Kelly, V-22 project manager. He said that fixed-wing pilots are more experienced at instrument flying, while helicopter pilots are more experienced at scanning outside when the aircraft is moving slowly.<ref name="adde20210414">{{Cite magazine |last=Adde |first=Nick |date=14 April 2021 |title=V-22 Upgrades in Works as Aircraft Passes Milestones |url=https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2021/4/14/v-22-upgrades-in-works-as-aircraft-passes-milestones |magazine=[[National Defense Industrial Association|National Defense]] |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423010108/https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2021/4/14/v-22-upgrades-in-works-as-aircraft-passes-milestones |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Armament=== [[File:V-22 M240 machine gun.jpg|thumb|[[M240 machine gun]] mounted on V-22 loading ramp in Iraq, 2007 |alt= [[M240 machine gun]] mounted on V-22 loading ramp with a view of Iraq landscape with the aircraft in flight]] The V-22 can be armed with one [[7.62Γ51mm NATO]] ([[.308 Winchester|.308]] in [[caliber]]) [[M240 machine gun]] or [[.50 BMG|.50 in caliber]] (12.7 mm) [[M2 Browning machine gun|M2]] machine gun on the rear loading ramp. A 12.7 mm (.50 in) [[GAU-19]] three-barrel Gatling gun mounted below the nose was studied.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030312152840/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2002gun/depasqual.pdf "Defensive Armament for the V-22 Selection, Integration, and Development"]. ''Bell Helicopter and General Dynamics''. Retrieved: 30 December 2010.</ref> [[BAE Systems]] developed a belly-mounted, remotely operated [[gun turret]] system,<ref name=BAE_20071002>[http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_10792205149.html "BAE Systems Launches New V-22 Defensive Weapon System, Begins On-The-Move Testing"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118180645/https://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_10792205149.html |date=18 November 2018}} ''BAE Systems'', 2 October 2007.</ref> the Interim Defense Weapon System (IDWS);<ref name=Afghan_turret>McCullough, Amy. "Ospreys, with boost in firepower, enter Afghanistan". ''[[Marine Corps Times]]'', 7 December 2009, p. 24.</ref> it is remotely operated by a gunner, targets are acquired via a separate pod using color television and forward looking infrared imagery.<ref name=Remote_Guardians>Whittle, Richard. [http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/military/attack/BAE-Remote-Guardians-Join-Osprey-Fleet_65220.html "BAE Remote Guardians Join Osprey Fleet"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622010137/http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/military/attack/BAE-Remote-Guardians-Join-Osprey-Fleet_65220.html |date=22 June 2011}} ''Rotor & Wing'', 1 January 2010.</ref> The IDWS was installed on half of the V-22s deployed to Afghanistan in 2009;<ref name=Afghan_turret/> it found limited use because of its {{convert|800|lb|kg|abbr=on}} weight and restrictive [[rules of engagement]].<ref>Lamothe, Dan. [http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/06/marine_belly_gun_062810w/ "Ospreys leave new belly gun in the dust"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108023530/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/06/marine_belly_gun_062810w |date=8 January 2012}} ''Marine Corps Times'', 28 June 2010.</ref> There were 32 IDWSs available to the USMC in June 2012; V-22s often flew without it as the added weight reduced cargo capacity. The V-22's speed allows it to outrun conventional support helicopters, thus a self-defense capability was required on long-range independent operations. The infrared gun camera proved useful for reconnaissance and surveillance. Other weapons were studied to provide all-quadrant fire, including nose guns, door guns, and non-lethal countermeasures to work with the current ramp-mounted machine gun and the IDWS.<ref>[http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20120213/NEWS/202130313/Corps-seeks-better-weaponry-Ospreys "Corps seeks better weaponry on Ospreys"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193754/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20120213/NEWS/202130313/Corps-seeks-better-weaponry-Ospreys |date=2 January 2014}}. ''Marine Corps Times'', 13 February 2012.</ref> In 2014, the USMC studied new weapons with "all-axis, stand-off, and precision capabilities", akin to the [[AGM-114 Hellfire]], [[AGM-176 Griffin]], [[Joint Air-to-Ground Missile]], and [[GBU-53/B]] SDB II.<ref>[http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/tech/2014/11/23/armed-osprey-mv22b-weapons-marine-corps-aviation-plan/19325051/ Corps' aviation plan calls for armed Ospreys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218113444/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/tech/2014/11/23/armed-osprey-mv22b-weapons-marine-corps-aviation-plan/19325051/ |date=18 December 2014}} β ''Marine Corps Times'', 23 November 2014</ref> In November 2014, Bell Boeing conducted self-funded weapons tests, equipping a V-22 with a [[hardpoint#pylon|pylon]] on the front fuselage and replacing the AN/AAQ-27A EO camera with an L-3 Wescam MX-15 sensor/[[laser designator]]. 26 unguided [[Hydra 70]] rockets, two guided [[Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System|APKWS]] rockets, and two Griffin B missiles were fired over five flights. The USMC and USAF sought a traversable nose-mounted weapon connected to a helmet-mounted sight; [[recoil]] complicated integrating a forward-facing gun.<ref>[http://aviationweek.com/defense/osprey-fires-guided-rockets-and-missiles-new-trials Osprey Fires Guided Rockets And Missiles In New Trials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212205057/http://aviationweek.com/defense/osprey-fires-guided-rockets-and-missiles-new-trials |date=12 February 2015}} β Aviationweek.com, 8 December 2014</ref> A pylon could carry {{convert|300|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of munitions.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/v-22-demonstrates-forward-firing-missile-capability-407171/ V-22 demonstrates forward-firing missile capability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227062731/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/v-22-demonstrates-forward-firing-missile-capability-407171/ |date=27 December 2014}} β Flightglobal.com, 23 December 2014</ref> However, by 2019, the USMC opted for IDWS upgrades over adopting new weapons.<ref>[https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2019/05/14/the-corps-is-working-on-an-advanced-reconnaissance-drone-that-will-be-launched-out-the-back-of-the-mv-22-osprey/ The Corps is working on an advanced reconnaissance drone that will be launched out the back of the MV-22 Osprey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531100740/https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2019/05/14/the-corps-is-working-on-an-advanced-reconnaissance-drone-that-will-be-launched-out-the-back-of-the-mv-22-osprey/ |date=31 May 2019}}. ''Marine Corps Times''. 14 May 2019.</ref> ===Refueling capability=== [[File:CV-22 Osprey (29429078350).jpg|thumb|left|CV-22 Osprey connects to a refueling probe]] Boeing is developing a roll-on/roll-off [[aerial refueling]] kit, which would give the V-22 the ability to refuel other aircraft. Having an aerial refueling capability that can be based on [[Wasp-class amphibious assault ship]]s would increase the F-35B's strike power, removing reliance on refueling assets solely based on large ''Nimitz''-class aircraft carriers or land bases. The roll-on/roll-off kit can also be applicable to [[intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance]] (ISR) functions.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-developing-osprey-aerial-refuelling-kit-384446/ Boeing developing Osprey aerial refueling kit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825035459/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-developing-osprey-aerial-refuelling-kit-384446/ |date=25 August 2013}} Flightglobal.com, 10 April 2013</ref> Boeing funded a non-functional demonstration on a VMX-22 aircraft; a prototype kit was successfully tested with an F/A-18 on 5 September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://boeing.mediaroom.com/Bell-Boeing-V-22-Osprey-Deploys-Refueling-Equipment-in-Flight-Test |title= Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey Deploys Refueling Equipment in Flight Test |date= 5 September 2013 |publisher=Boeing |access-date= 4 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150410002215/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/Bell-Boeing-V-22-Osprey-Deploys-Refueling-Equipment-in-Flight-Test |archive-date= 10 April 2015 |url-status= live}}</ref> [[File:USAF CV-22B Osprey 11-0058 and MC-130J Hercules 08-6205 RIAT 2023 01.jpg|thumb|V-22 in refueling operations with a MC-130J Hercules, 2023]] The high-speed version of the hose/drogue refueling system can be deployed at {{convert|185|knot|mph km/h}} and function at up to {{convert|250|knot|mph km/h}}. A mix of tanks and a roll-on/roll-off bladder house up to {{convert|12000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of fuel. The ramp must open to extend the hose, then raised once extended. It can refuel rotorcraft, needing a separate drogue used specifically by helicopters and a converted nacelle.<ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3a7b46f4c9-6558-467b-8114-d8e9eaed54a8 "New Pics: MV-22, Hornet in Refueling Tests"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200438/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3a7b46f4c9-6558-467b-8114-d8e9eaed54a8 |date=2 January 2014}}. Aviationweek.com, 3 September 2013.</ref> Many USMC ground vehicles can run on aviation fuel; a refueling V-22 could service these. In late 2014, it was stated that V-22 tankers could be in use by 2017,<ref>[http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/tech/2014/12/28/v-22-osprey-to-become-a-tanker/20804783/ V-22 to get a tanker option] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229191507/http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/tech/2014/12/28/v-22-osprey-to-become-a-tanker/20804783/ |date=29 December 2014}} β ''[[Sightline Media Group|MilitaryTimes]]'', 28 December 2014.</ref> but contract delays pushed IOC to late 2019.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-marines-set-2019-target-for-osprey-tanker-fit-433899/ US Marines set 2019 target for Osprey tanker fit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207155246/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-marines-set-2019-target-for-osprey-tanker-fit-433899/ |date=7 February 2017}} β Flightglobal.com, 7 February 2017</ref> As part of a 26 May 2016 contract award to Boeing,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://breakingdefense.com/2016/05/v-22-refueling-contract-highlights-close-ties-to-f-35/ |title=V-22 Refueling Contract Highlights Close Ties To F-35 |last1=Whittle |first1=Richard |date=27 May 2016 |website=breakingdefense.com |publisher=Breaking Media, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028024015/http://breakingdefense.com/2016/05/v-22-refueling-contract-highlights-close-ties-to-f-35/ |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cobham plc|Cobham]] was contracted to adapt their FR-300 hose drum unit as used by the KC-130 in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dodbuzz.com/2016/10/26/new-system-will-allow-ospreys-refuel-f-35s-flight/ |title=New System Will Allow Ospreys to Refuel F-35s in Flight |last1=Seck |first1=Hope Hodge |date=26 October 2016 |website=dodbuzz.com |publisher=Military.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027130957/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2016/10/26/new-system-will-allow-ospreys-refuel-f-35s-flight/ |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2025, the Navy confirmed that V-22s were not training for aerial refueling missions, and that neither NAVAIR nor the V-22 program office intends to pursue such a capability as there was no interest from the fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |date=2025-05-01 |title=Marine MV-22 Ospreys Won't Get Tanker Capability To Refuel F-35Bs Anytime Soon |url=https://www.twz.com/air/mv-22-osprey-will-not-be-getting-tanker-capability-to-refuel-f-35bs |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operational history== In October 2019, the fleet of 375 V-22s operated by the U.S. Armed Forces surpassed the 500,000 flight hour mark.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2019-10-07-Bell-Boeing-V-22-Osprey-Fleet-Surpasses-500-000-Flight-Hours |title= Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey Fleet Surpasses 500,000 Flight Hours |date= 7 October 2019 |publisher= Boeing |access-date= 8 October 2019 |archive-date= 8 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191008031401/https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2019-10-07-Bell-Boeing-V-22-Osprey-Fleet-Surpasses-500-000-Flight-Hours |url-status= live}}</ref> A fatal accident in December 2023, led the fleet being grounded until March 2024 by the US and Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navy Clears Return to Flight for V-22 Osprey Aircraft |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3701321/navy-clears-return-to-flight-for-v-22-osprey-aircraft/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3701321/navy-clears-return-to-flight-for-v-22-osprey-aircraft/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ===U.S. Marine Corps=== [[File:Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 263 disembarks from MV-22B Osprey (48464541017).jpg|thumb|Marines disembark from an MV-22 near [[Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms]], California, 2019.]] Since March 2000, [[VMMT-204]] has conducted training for the type. In December 2005, Lieutenant General [[James F. Amos|James Amos]], commander of [[II Marine Expeditionary Force]], accepted delivery of the first batch of MV-22s. The unit reactivated in March 2006 as the first MV-22 squadron, redesignated as [[VMM-263]]. In 2007, HMM-266 became Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 266 ([[VMM-266]])<ref name=USMC_VMM-266_history>[http://www.marines.mil/unit/2ndmaw/mag26/vmm266/Pages/History.aspx "Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 266 History"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122000416/http://www.marines.mil/unit/2ndmaw/mag26/vmm266/Pages/History.aspx |date=22 January 2012}} ''U.S. Marine Corps''. Retrieved 16 October 2011.</ref> and reached [[initial operating capability|initial operational capability]].<ref name="USMC_IOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.navair.navy.mil/v22/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.detail&id=178 |title=Osprey Deemed Ready for Deployment |publisher=U.S. Marine Corps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201231225/http://www.navair.navy.mil/v22/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.detail&id=178 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref> The MV-22 started replacing the CH-46 Sea Knight in 2007; the CH-46 was retired in October 2014.<ref name="USAToday_Carter_20080318">Carter, Chelsea J. [https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-18-316395978_x.htm "Miramar Base to Get Osprey Squadrons"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317124313/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-18-316395978_x.htm |date=17 March 2012}} ''[[USA Today]]'' (Associated Press), 18 March 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/10/03/venerable-sea-knight-makes-goodbye-flights.html Venerable 'Sea Knight' Makes Goodbye Flights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221183828/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/10/03/venerable-sea-knight-makes-goodbye-flights.html |date=21 December 2014}} β Military.com, 3 October 2014</ref> On 13 April 2007, the USMC announced the first V-22 combat deployment at [[Al Asad Airbase]], Iraq.<ref name="CNN_Mount_20070414">Mount, Mike. [http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/04/13/osprey/index.html "Marines to deploy tilt-rotor aircraft to Iraq"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531131417/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/04/13/osprey/index.html |date=31 May 2007}} CNN, 14 April 2007.</ref><ref name="MSNBC_20070413">[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18098457 "Controversial Osprey aircraft heading to Iraq; Marines bullish on hybrid helicopter-plane despite past accidents"] . MSNBC, 13 April 2007.</ref> [[File:20080406165033!V-22 Osprey refueling edit1.jpg|thumb|left|Crew refuels an MV-22 before a night mission in Iraq, 2008|alt= Ground crew refuels an MV-22 before a mission in central Iraq at night. The rotors are turning and the tips are green, forming green circles.]] V-22s in Iraq's [[Al Anbar Governorate|Anbar province]] were used for transport and scout missions. General [[David Petraeus]], the top U.S. military commander in Iraq, used one to visit troops on Christmas Day 2007;<ref name="CNN_2008-02-08">Mount, Mike. [http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/02/08/osprey/index.html "Maligned aircraft finds redemption in Iraq, military says"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210001349/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/02/08/osprey/index.html |date=10 February 2009}} CNN, 8 February 2008.</ref> as did [[Barack Obama]] during his [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|2008 presidential campaign tour in Iraq]].<ref name="PhotoOp">Hambling, David. [http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/07/httpwwwaviati-1.html "Osprey's 'Excellent Photo Op{{'"}}]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805205511/http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/07/httpwwwaviati-1.html |date=5 August 2008}} ''Wired'' (CondΓ©Net, Inc.), 31 July 2008.</ref> USMC Col. Kelly recalled how visitors were reluctant to fly on the unfamiliar aircraft, but after seeing its speed and ability to fly above ground fire, "All of a sudden, the entire flight schedule was booked. No senior officer wanted to go anywhere unless they could fly on the V-22".{{r|adde20210414}} Obtaining spares proved problematic.<ref name="Flight_2008-02-07">Warwick, Graham. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/02/07/221396/picture-us-marine-corps-says-v-22-osprey-performing-well-in-iraq.html "US Marine Corps says V-22 Osprey performing well in Iraq"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209204148/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/02/07/221396/picture-us-marine-corps-says-v-22-osprey-performing-well-in-iraq.html |date=9 February 2009}} ''Flightglobal'', 7 February 2008.</ref> By July 2008, the V-22 had flown 3,000 sorties totaling 5,200 hours in Iraq.<ref>Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/07/22/225803/farnborough-2008-usmc-eyes-afghan-challenge-for-v-22.html "USMC eyes Afghan challenge for V-22 Osprey"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207203443/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/07/22/225803/farnborough-2008-usmc-eyes-afghan-challenge-for-v-22.html |date=7 December 2008}} ''[[Flight International]]'', 22 July 2008.</ref> General [[George J. Trautman III]] praised its greater speed and range over legacy helicopters, saying "it turned his battle space from the size of Texas into the size of Rhode Island."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121021458/http://www.defense.gov/dodcmsshare/BloggerAssets/2009-05/05060916313620090506_Trautman_transcript.pdf "Department of Defense Bloggers Roundtable with Lieutenant General George Trautman, Deputy Commandant of the Marines for Aviation via teleconference from Iraq"]. U.S. Department of Defense, 6 May 2009. .</ref> Despite attacks by [[man-portable air-defense system]]s and small arms, none were lost to enemy fire by late 2009.<ref name="gert2009">Gertler, Jeremiah. (quoting USMC Karsten Heckl) [http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL31384_20091222.pdf "V-22 Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft: Background and Issues for Congress"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105084633/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL31384_20091222.pdf |date=5 November 2012}}, p. 30. ''[[Congressional Research Service reports]]'', 22 December 2009.<!--other versions at http://opencrs.com/document/RL31384/ --></ref> A [[Government Accountability Office]] study stated that by January 2009, the 12 MV-22s in Iraq had completed all assigned missions; mission capable rates averaged 57% to 68%, and an overall full mission capable rate of 6%. It also noted weaknesses in situational awareness, maintenance, shipboard operations and transport capability.<ref name=GAO-09-482>[http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-482 "GAO-09-482: Defense Acquisitions, Assessments Needed to Address V-22 Aircraft Operational and Cost Concerns to Define Future Investments" (summary)]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624215716/http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-482 |date=24 June 2009}} Government Accountability Office. Retrieved: 30 December 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09482.pdf "GAO-09-482: Defense Acquisitions, Assessments Needed to Address V-22 Aircraft Operational and Cost Concerns to Define Future Investments" (full report)"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624124401/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09482.pdf |date=24 June 2009}} U.S. Government Accountability Office, 11 May 2009.</ref> The report concluded: "deployments confirmed that the V-22's enhanced speed and range enable personnel and internal cargo to be transported faster and farther than is possible with the legacy helicopters".<ref name=GAO-09-482/> MV-22s deployed to [[War in Afghanistan (2001β2021)|Afghanistan]] in November 2009 with [[VMM-261]];<ref name=Trial_by_Fire>McLeary, Paul. [http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/dti/2010/02/01/DT_02_01_2010_p41-197406.xml&headline=MV-22%20and%20ABV%20Meet%20Expectations "Trial By Fire"]. {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Aviation Week & Space Technology|Aviation Week]]'', 15 March 2010.</ref><ref>Schanz, Marc V. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120616233151/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/DRArchive/Pages/2009/February%202009/February%2025%202009/V-22sGotDirtyinAnbar.aspx "V-22s Got Dirty in Anbar"]}}. ''Air Force magazine, Daily Report'', 25 February 2009.</ref> it saw its first offensive combat mission, [[Operation Cobra's Anger]], on 4 December 2009. V-22s assisted in inserting 1,000 USMC and 150 Afghan troops into the Now Zad Valley of [[Helmand Province]] in southern Afghanistan to disrupt [[Taliban]] operations.<ref name=Afghan_turret/> General James Amos stated that Afghanistan's MV-22s had surpassed 100,000 flight hours, calling it "the safest airplane, or close to the safest airplane" in the USMC inventory.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120708072806/http://defensetech.org/2011/02/18/mv-22-logs-100000-flight-hours/ "MV-22 Logs 100,000 Flight Hours"]}}. ''DefenseTech'', February 2011.</ref> The V-22's Afghan deployment was set to end in late 2013 with the drawdown of combat operations; however, VMM-261 was directed to extend operations for [[casualty evacuation]], being quicker than helicopters enabled more casualties to reach a hospital within the '[[Golden hour (medicine)|golden hour]]'; they were fitted with medical equipment such as heart monitors and triage supplies.<ref>[http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20140517/NEWS/305170035/Casevac-new-Osprey-mission-Afghanistan Casevac, the new Osprey mission in Afghanistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605053146/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20140517/NEWS/305170035/Casevac-new-Osprey-mission-Afghanistan |date=5 June 2014}} β ''Marine Corps Times'', 17 May 2014</ref> [[File:USMC V-22 241212 Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Two U.S. Marine Corps MV-22s of [[VMM-161]] land at a forward operating base in Afghanistan, 2012]] In January 2010, the MV-22 was sent to Haiti as part of [[Operation Unified Response]] relief efforts after [[2010 Haiti earthquake|an earthquake]], the type's first [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian mission]].<ref name=24MEU_Haiti>Talton, Trista. [http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_24th_meu_012010w/ "24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064448/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_24th_meu_012010w/ |date=18 January 2012}} ''Marine Corps Times'', 20 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.</ref> In March 2011, two MV-22s from {{USS|Kearsarge|LHD-3|2}} helped rescue a downed USAF [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]] crew member during [[Operation Odyssey Dawn]].<ref>Mulrine, Anna. [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2011/0322/How-an-MV-22-Osprey-rescued-a-downed-US-pilot-in-Libya "How an MV-22 Osprey rescued a downed US pilot in Libya"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325055609/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2011/0322/How-an-MV-22-Osprey-rescued-a-downed-US-pilot-in-Libya |date=25 March 2011}} ''Christian Science Monitor'', 22 March 2011.</ref><ref>Lamothe, Dan. [https://archive.today/20120907013301/http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/03/marines-libya-rescue-f-15-odyssey-dawn-032211 "Reports: Marines rescue downed pilot in Libya"]. ''Navy Times'', 22 March 2011.</ref> On 2 May 2011, following [[Operation Neptune's Spear]], the body of [[Osama bin Laden]], founder of the [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist group, was flown by an MV-22 to the aircraft carrier {{USS|Carl Vinson|CVN-70|2}} in the [[Arabian Sea]], prior to his [[burial at sea]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Ki Mae Heussner |title= USS ''Carl Vinson'': Osama Bin Laden's Burial at Sea |url= https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/uss-carl-vinson-osama-bin-ladens-burial-sea/story?id=13510831 |work= Technology |publisher= [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date= 2 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110504142851/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/uss-carl-vinson-osama-bin-ladens-burial-sea/story?id=13510831 |archive-date= 4 May 2011 |url-status= live}}; {{cite web |author= Jim Garamone |title= Bin Laden Buried at Sea |url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=60124 |work= NNS110502-22 |publisher= [[American Forces Press Service]] |date= 2 May 2011 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/67sSK8ryC?url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=60124 |archive-date= 23 May 2012 |url-status= dead}}.</ref> In 2013, several MV-22s received communications and seating modifications to support the [[Marine One]] presidential transport squadron because of the urgent need for CH-53Es in Afghanistan.<ref>Revelos, Andrew. [http://www.quantico.usmc.mil/Sentry/StoryView.aspx?SID=5147 "HMX-1's 'Super Stallions' reassigned to operating forces"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323102240/http://www.quantico.usmc.mil/Sentry/StoryView.aspx?SID=5147 |date=23 March 2012}} ''USMC'', 15 April 2011.</ref><ref>Munoz, Carlo. [https://thehill.com/policy/defense/115355-osprey-to-take-on-white-house-transport-mission-in-2013/ "Osprey to take on White House transport mission in 2013"]. [https://thehill.com/policy/defense/115355-osprey-to-take-on-white-house-transport-mission-in-2013/] ''The Hill'', 24 May 2012.</ref> In May 2010, Boeing announced plans to submit the V-22 for the [[VXX]] presidential transport replacement.<ref name=V-XX>Reed, John. [http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/05/military_osprey_boeing_050510w/ "Boeing to make new multiyear Osprey offer"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322203503/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/05/military_osprey_boeing_050510w/ |date=22 March 2012}} ''[[Marine Corps Times]]'', 5 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</ref> From 2 to 5 August 2013, two MV-22s completed the longest distance Osprey tanking mission to date. Flying from [[Marine Corps Air Station Futenma]] in Okinawa alongside two KC-130J tankers, they flew to [[Clark Air Base]] in the [[Philippines]] on 2 August; then to [[Darwin, Australia]], on 3 August; to [[Townsville, Australia]], on 4 August; and finally rendezvoused with {{USS|Bonhomme Richard|LHD-6|2}} on 5 August.<ref>[http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=784 Two MV-22B Osprey tiltrotor aircraft completed longest distance flight in the Pacific region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831225851/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=784 |date=31 August 2013}} β Airrecognition.com, 8 August 2013</ref> In 2013, the USMC formed an intercontinental response force, the [[Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force β Crisis Response β Africa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com/article/20130615/NJNEWS18/306150029/Marines-Army-form-quick-strike-forces-Africa |title=Marines, Army form quick-strike forces for Africa |date=15 June 2013 |work=USA Today}}</ref> using V-22s outfitted with specialized communications gear.<ref>"[http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/interactive/article/20140403/NEWS04/304030048/Marines-want-new-technology-post-Benghazi-crisis-response-missions Marines want new technology for post-Benghazi crisis-response missions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132559/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/interactive/article/20140403/NEWS04/304030048/Marines-want-new-technology-post-Benghazi-crisis-response-missions |date=2014-04-13}}" Accessed: 9 April 2014.</ref> In 2013, following [[Typhoon Haiyan]], 12 MV-22s of the 3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade were deployed to the Philippines for disaster relief operations;<ref name="slot">Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-potential-v-22-customers-advised-to-take-advantage-of-slot-availability-393326/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125164558/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dubai-potential-v-22-customers-advised-to-take-advantage-of-slot-availability-393326/|date=25 November 2013}} ''[[Flight International]]'', 20 November 2013.</ref> its abilities were described as "uniquely relevant", flying faster and with greater payloads while moving supplies throughout the island archipelago.<ref>[http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20131113/NEWS08/311130020/Assistant-commandant-MV-22-key-Marines-Philippines-mission Assistant commandant: MV-22 key to Marines' Philippines mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215851/http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20131113/NEWS08/311130020/Assistant-commandant-MV-22-key-Marines-Philippines-mission |date=13 November 2013}} β ''MilitaryTimes'', 13 November 2013</ref> On 9 October 2024, the last operational Marine Corps CH-46 squadron, HMM-364, re-designated as [[VMM-364]]. On 1 August 2015, the Marine Corps retired its final CH-46 and completed its transition from CH-46 Sea Knight to the MV-22 Osprey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le |first=Cuong |date=1 August 2015 |title=Sea Knightβs final flight |url=https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/611798/sea-knights-final-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322081202/https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/611798/sea-knights-final-flight/ |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Marines.mil}}</ref> ===U.S. Air Force=== [[File:CV-22 Formation.jpeg|thumb|left|A pair of USAF CV-22s land at [[Holloman Air Force Base|Holloman AFB]], New Mexico, in 2006|alt= Two USAF CV-22s in a staggered pattern with their rotors vertical preparing to land at [[Holloman Air Force Base]], New Mexico.]] The USAF's first operational CV-22 was delivered to the [[58th Special Operations Wing]] (58th SOW) at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]], [[New Mexico]], in March 2006. Early aircraft were delivered to the 58th SOW and used for training personnel for special operations use.<ref name="AFLink_20060321">[https://www.af.mil/News/story/id/123017805/ "CV-22 delivered to Air Force"]. [https://www.af.mil/News/story/id/123017805/] ''Air Force Special Operations Command News Service'' via ''Air Force Link (United States Air Force)'', 21 March 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</ref> On 16 November 2006, the USAF officially accepted the CV-22 in a ceremony conducted at [[Hurlburt Field]], Florida.<ref name=HulbertField20060420>[https://archive.today/20121212033233/http://www2.hurlburt.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123032329 "CV-22 arrival"]. ''Hulbert Field, United States Air Force'', 20 April 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006.</ref> The USAF's first operational deployment sent four CV-22s to [[Mali]] in November 2008 in support of Exercise Flintlock. The CV-22s flew nonstop from Hurlburt Field, Florida, with in-flight refueling.<ref name="AF_mag_Finally" /> AFSOC declared that the [[8th Special Operations Squadron]] reached Initial Operational Capability in March 2009, with six CV-22s in service.<ref name="CV-22_IOC">Sirak, Michael. {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130116072158/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2009/May%202009/0509world.aspx "Osprey Ready for Combat"]}}. ''Air Force Magazine'', Volume 92, Issue 5, May 2009, pp. 11β12. Retrieved 10 May 2009.</ref> [[File:Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=1|V-22 Osprey USAF video |alt= V-22 Osprey video from the U.S. Air Force]] [[File:CV-22 refuels from an MC-130J during Freedom Shield 23.jpg|thumb|CV-22 refuels during operation ''Freedom Shield 23'']] In December 2013, three CV-22s came under small arms fire while trying to evacuate American civilians in [[Bor, South Sudan]], during the [[2013 South Sudanese political crisis]]; the aircraft flew {{convert|500|mi|km|abbr=on}} to [[Entebbe, Uganda]], after the mission was aborted. South Sudanese officials stated that the attackers were rebels.<ref>Gordon, Michael R. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/world/africa/south-sudan.html?emc=edit_tnt_20131221&tntemail0=y&_r=1& Attack on U.S. Aircraft Foils Evacuation in South Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816093743/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/world/africa/south-sudan.html?emc=edit_tnt_20131221&tntemail0=y&_r=1& |date=2018-08-16}}" ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.armyrecognition.com/december_2013_defense_industry_military_news_uk/four_u.s._soldiers_injured_in_south_sudan_after_their_aircraft_cv-22_osprey_came_under_fire_2212131.html "Four U.S. soldiers injured in South Sudan after their aircraft CV-22 Osprey came under fire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122754/http://www.armyrecognition.com/december_2013_defense_industry_military_news_uk/four_u.s._soldiers_injured_in_south_sudan_after_their_aircraft_cv-22_osprey_came_under_fire_2212131.html |date=24 December 2013}}. Armyrecognition.com, 22 December 2013.</ref> The CV-22s had flown to Bor over three countries across {{convert|790|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}}. The formation was hit 119 times, wounding four crew and causing flight control failures and hydraulic and fuel leaks on all three aircraft. Fuel leaks resulted in multiple air-to-air refuelings en route.<ref>[http://globalaviationreport.com/2014/08/04/cv-22-crews-save-lives/ "CV-22 crews save lives"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224859/http://globalaviationreport.com/2014/08/04/cv-22-crews-save-lives/ |date=12 August 2014}}. Globalavaiationreport.com, 4 August 2014.</ref> After the incident, AFSOC developed optional armor floor panels.<ref name="airforcetimes17sep14"/> The USAF found that "CV-22 wake modeling is inadequate for a trailing aircraft to make accurate estimations of safe separation [distance] from the preceding aircraft."<ref>[http://defense.aol.com/2012/08/30/afsoc-crash-report-faults-understanding-of-osprey-wake-effects/ "AFSOC Crash Report Faults Understanding Of Osprey Rotor Wake"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923033201/http://defense.aol.com/2012/08/30/afsoc-crash-report-faults-understanding-of-osprey-wake-effects |date=23 September 2012}} ''AOL Defense'', 30 August 2012.</ref> In 2015, the USAF sought to configure the CV-22 to perform [[combat search and rescue]] in addition to its long-range special operations transport mission. It would complement the [[HH-60 Pave Hawk|HH-60G Pave Hawk]] and planned HH-60W rescue helicopters, being employed in scenarios where high speed is better suited to search and rescue than more nimble but slower helicopters.<ref>[https://archive.today/20150422213636/http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/2015/04/22/welsh-osprey-combat-search-and-rescue/26176253/ Air Force looking at using Ospreys for search and rescue] β ''MilitaryTimes'', 22 April 2015</ref> In 2019, a plan was formulated for the USAF V-22 to use the AN/APQ-187 Silent Knight terrain avoidance radar, which was tested on the CV-22 at [[Eglin Air Force Base|Eglin Air Force base]] by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Air Force V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft to receive special forces Silent Knight terrain-avoiding radar |url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/sensors/article/16711579/air-force-v-22-osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft-to-receive-special-forces-silent-knight-terrain-avoiding-radar |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Military Aerospace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2020 |title=Eglin squadron begins radar system tests on CV-22 |url=https://www.afsoc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2278531/eglin-squadron-begins-radar-system-tests-on-cv-22/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Air Force Special Operations Command |language=en-US}}</ref> This radar is used on many Air Force aircraft, such as C-130 Hercules transport aircraft and MH-47 Chinook helicopters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Richard |date=6 December 2023 |title=RTX to continue USSOCOM Silent Knight Radar production |url=https://www.army-technology.com/news/raytheon-to-continue-ussocom-silent-knight-radar-production/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Army Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> On 29 November 2023, a CV-22B assigned to the US Air Force's [[353rd Special Operations Wing]] crashed into the [[East China Sea]] off [[Yakushima]] Island, [[Japan]], killing all eight airmen aboard. The Osprey, based at [[Yokota Air Base]], was flying from [[Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni]] to [[Kadena Air Base]] on [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]] Island in clear weather and light winds. An Air Force investigation into the cause of the crash is ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |date=29 November 2023 |title=US military Osprey aircraft with 8 aboard crashes into the sea off southern Japan |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-us-military-osprey-helicopter-crash-7d704ec5925826593aebcf0e7d1312ca |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207083645/https://apnews.com/article/japan-us-military-osprey-helicopter-crash-7d704ec5925826593aebcf0e7d1312ca |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamagucci |first=Mari |date=4 December 2023 |title=Divers have found wreckage, 5 remains from Osprey aircraft that crashed off Japan, US Air Force says |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-us-military-osprey-crash-search-a899abbe07447607813302ef06881424 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212022040/https://apnews.com/article/japan-us-military-osprey-crash-search-a899abbe07447607813302ef06881424 |url-status=live}}</ref> A preliminary investigation has revealed a "potential materiel failure" could have caused the accident.<ref name="AWIN.everstine.2023.12.06"/> On 6 December 2023, the U.S. Navy ([[NAVAIR]]) and the Air Force ([[AFSOC]]) grounded their V-22 fleets. Japan ([[Japan Maritime Self Defense Force|Maritime Self Defense Force]]) also has grounded their fleet.<ref name="AWIN.everstine.2023.12.06">{{Cite news |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/budget-policy-operations/all-v-22s-grounded-probe-finds-materiel-failure-possible |title=All V-22s Grounded, Probe Finds Materiel Failure Possible In USAF Crash |first1=Brian |last1=Everstine |date=6 December 2023 |work=[[Aviation Week Network|Aviation Week Intelligence Network]] |quote=Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) boss Lt. Gen. Tony Bauernfeind ordered the operational stand down of the command's fleet on Dec. 6, shortly after Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) instituted a grounding bulletin for all its V-22 variants. It is the second time this year that V-22s from all U.S. military services have been grounded. The Japan Maritime Self Defense Force had also grounded its V-22s following the Nov. 29 crash. |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124044124/https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/budget-policy-operations/all-v-22s-grounded-probe-finds-materiel-failure-possible |url-status=live}}</ref> In early March the US and Japan resumed flights of the V-22 with revised maintenance and pilot training focuses but no changes to the aircraft.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/news/NAVAIR-returns-V-22-Osprey-flight-status/Fri-03082024-0553|title=NAVAIR returns V-22 Osprey to flight status}}</ref> The V-22 was returned to flight with no changes; the part that failed was identified and how it failed determined, although the accident was still under scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Eckstein |first1=Megan |last2=Mabeus-Brown |first2=Courtney |last3=Cohen |first3=Rachel |date=8 March 2024 |title=V-22 Osprey fleet will fly again, with no fixes but renewed training |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2024/03/08/v-22-osprey-fleet-will-fly-again-with-no-fixes-but-renewed-training/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> A near crash in December 2024 led to another operation pause, over concerns about metal fatigue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Military pauses Osprey flights again after more metal failures are found in near crash in November |url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/military-pauses-osprey-flights-again-163007210.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-CA}}</ref> ===U.S. Navy=== [[File:Bell-Boeing CMV-22B Osprey of VRM-30 in flight over the Pacific Ocean on 17 August 2023 (230817-N-TD381-2097).jpg|thumb|left|United States Navy CMV-22B]] The V-22 program originally included Navy 48 HV-22s, but none were ordered.<ref name=V-22_CRS_RL31384/> In 2009, it was proposed that it replace the [[Grumman C-2 Greyhound|C-2 Greyhound]] for carrier onboard delivery (COD) duties. One advantage of the V-22 is the ability to deliver supplies and people between non-carrier ships beyond helicopter range.<ref>Tilghman, Andrew. [http://www.navytimes.com/news/2009/09/navy_osprey_092009w/ "Tilt-rotor helicopter still looking for mission"]. ''Navy Times'', 20 September 2009.</ref><ref>Thompson, Loren B. [http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/v-for-versatility-osprey-reaches-for-new-missions?a=1&c=1129 {{"'}}V' For Versatility: Osprey Reaches For New Missions"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410205759/http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/v-for-versatility-osprey-reaches-for-new-missions?a=1&c=1129 |date=10 April 2010}} Lexington Institute, 29 March 2010.</ref> Proponents said that it is capable of similar speed, payload capacity, and lift performance to the C-2, and can carry greater payloads over short ranges, up to 20,000 lb, including suspended external loads. The C-2 can only deliver cargo to carriers, requiring further distribution to smaller vessels via helicopters, while the V-22 is certified for operating upon amphibious ships, aircraft carriers, and logistics ships. It could also take some helicopter roles by fitting a 600 lb hoist to the ramp and a cabin configuration for 12 non-ambulatory patients and 5 seats for medical attendants.<ref>[http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/the-future-cod-aircraft-contenders-the-bell-boeing-v-22/ The Future COD Aircraft Contenders: The Bell Boeing V-22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806120453/http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/the-future-cod-aircraft-contenders-the-bell-boeing-v-22/ |date=6 August 2013}} β Defensemedianetwork.com, 2 August 2013</ref> Bell and P&W designed a frame for the V-22 to transport the [[Pratt & Whitney F135]] engine of the F-35.<ref name=iaf12>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/heli-expo-israel-could-double-v-22-order-size-bell-396274/ Israel could double V-22 order size, Bell says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315231557/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/heli-expo-israel-could-double-v-22-order-size-bell-396274/ |date=15 March 2014}} β Flightglobal.com, 25 February 2014</ref> On 5 January 2015, the Navy and USMC signed a memorandum of understanding to buy the V-22 for the COD mission.<ref>[http://breakingdefense.com/2015/02/navy-2016-budget-funds-v-22-cod-buy-carrier-refuel/ Navy 2016 Budget Funds V-22 COD Buy, Carrier Refuel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510121357/http://breakingdefense.com/2015/02/navy-2016-budget-funds-v-22-cod-buy-carrier-refuel/ |date=10 May 2015}} β Breakingdefense.com, 2 February 2015</ref> Initially designated HV-22, four aircraft were bought each year from 2018 to 2020.<ref>[http://news.usni.org/2015/01/13/navy-selects-bell-boeing-osprey-next-carrier-delivery-aircraft Navy and Marines Sign MOU for Bell-Boeing Osprey to be Next Carrier Delivery Aircraft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118201328/http://news.usni.org/2015/01/13/navy-selects-bell-boeing-osprey-next-carrier-delivery-aircraft |date=18 January 2015}} β News.USNI.org, 13 January 2015</ref> It incorporates an extended-range fuel system for an {{convert|1150|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} unrefueled range, a high-frequency radio for over-the-horizon communications, and a public address system to communicate with passengers;<ref>[http://news.usni.org/2015/04/02/navair-details-changes-in-navy-v-22-osprey-variant "NAVAIR Details Changes in Navy V-22 Osprey Variant"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403194809/http://news.usni.org/2015/04/02/navair-details-changes-in-navy-v-22-osprey-variant |date=3 April 2015}} News.USNI.org, 2 April 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bell-boeing-begin-designing-cmv-22b-with-151-millio-423786/ Bell-Boeing begin designing CMV-22B with $151 million contract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416134324/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bell-boeing-begin-designing-cmv-22b-with-151-millio-423786/ |date=16 April 2016}} β Flightglobal.com, 1 April 2016</ref> the range increase comes from extra fuel bladders<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bell-boeing-begins-designing-cmv-22b-with-151-milli-423786/ Bell-Boeing begins designing CMV-22B with $151 million contract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107104540/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bell-boeing-begins-designing-cmv-22b-with-151-milli-423786/ |date=7 November 2016}} β Flightglobal.com, 1 April 2016</ref> in larger external [[sponson]]s, the only external difference from other variants. Its primary mission is long-range logistics; other conceivable missions include personnel recovery and special warfare.<ref>[http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/december-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4740-u-s-navy-orders-long-lead-components-for-6-cmv-22b-osprey-from-bell-boeing.html U.S. Navy Orders Long-Lead Components for 6 CMV-22B Osprey From Bell Boeing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711142020/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/december-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4740-u-s-navy-orders-long-lead-components-for-6-cmv-22b-osprey-from-bell-boeing.html |date=11 July 2017}} β Navyrecognition.com, 29 December 2016</ref> In February 2016, the Navy officially designated it the ''CMV-22B''.<ref name="navair3feb16">[http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.NAVAIRNewsStory&id=6176 V-22 Navy variant receives official designation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303045225/http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.NAVAIRNewsStory&id=6176 |date=3 March 2016}} β United States Navy, 3 February 2016</ref> The Navy's [[Program of Record]] originally called for 48 aircraft, but it was later determined that only 44 were required. Production began in FY 2018, and deliveries started in 2020.<ref name="flightglobal.com">[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-reveals-cmv-22b-as-long-range-osprey-designa-421620/ US Navy reveals CMV-22B as long-range Osprey designation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209033634/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-reveals-cmv-22b-as-long-range-osprey-designa-421620/ |date=9 February 2016}} β Flightglobal.com, 4 February 2016.</ref><ref name="news.usni.org">[http://news.usni.org/2016/02/05/navys-osprey-will-be-called-cmv-22b-procurement-to-begin-in-fy-2018 Navy's Osprey Will Be Called CMV-22B; Procurement To Begin In FY 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207102148/http://news.usni.org/2016/02/05/navys-osprey-will-be-called-cmv-22b-procurement-to-begin-in-fy-2018 |date=7 February 2016}} β News.USNI.org, 5 February 2016.</ref> The Navy ordered the first 39 CMV-22Bs in June 2018; initial operating capability was achieved in 2021, with fielding to the fleet by the mid-2020s.<ref>[https://news.usni.org/2018/07/02/navy-awards-bell-boeing-4-2-billion-contract-modification-for-74-v-22-osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft Navy Buys First V-22 CODs as Part of $4.2B Award to Bell-Boeing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704005937/https://news.usni.org/2018/07/02/navy-awards-bell-boeing-4-2-billion-contract-modification-for-74-v-22-osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft |date=4 July 2018}}. ''USNI News''. 2 July 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CMV-22B Osprey |url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/CMV-22B-Osprey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603073841/https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/CMV-22B-Osprey |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Naval Air Systems Command}}</ref> The first CMV-22B made its initial flight in December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bellflight.com/en-US/186206-bell-boeing-host-first-reveal-ceremony-for-cmv-22b-osprey|title=Bell Boeing Host First Reveal Ceremony for CMV-22B Osprey|date=7 February 2020|work=Press Release|publisher=News.bellflight.com|access-date=9 February 2020|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514114115/https://news.bellflight.com/en-US/186206-bell-boeing-host-first-reveal-ceremony-for-cmv-22b-osprey|url-status=live}}</ref> The first deployment began in summer 2021 aboard USS ''Carl Vinson''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navy's V-22 Achieves Initial Operational Capability Designation |url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2940299/navys-v-22-achieves-initial-operational-capability-designation/#:~:text=This%20past%20summer%20marked%20the,E%2D2D%20Advanced%20Hawkeye%20squadrons. |website=United States Navy |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623183716/https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2940299/navys-v-22-achieves-initial-operational-capability-designation/#:~:text=This%20past%20summer%20marked%20the,E%2D2D%20Advanced%20Hawkeye%20squadrons. |url-status=live}}</ref> The Navy is planning an upgraded gearbox for their CMV-22B.<ref name=":4" /> ===Japan Self-Defense Forces=== [[File:CV-22 Ospreys over Tokyo.jpg|thumb|left|CV-22 Ospreys fly over Tokyo, Japan]] Japan bought the V-22 and they entered defense service in 2020, becoming the first international customer for the tiltrotor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Self-Defense Force Accepts Delivery of First V-22 Osprey Megan Eckstein July 14, 2020 |date=14 July 2020 |url=https://news.usni.org/2020/07/14/japan-self-defense-force-accepts-delivery-of-first-v-22-osprey}}</ref> In 2012, then-Defense Minister [[Satoshi Morimoto]] ordered an investigation of the costs of V-22 operations. The V-22's capabilities exceeded current [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] helicopters in terms of range, speed and payload. The ministry anticipated deployments to the [[Ryukyu Islands|Nansei Islands]] and the [[Senkaku Islands]], as well as in multinational cooperation with the U.S.<ref name="jbuy">{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201212310084|title=Defense Ministry studies Osprey use by Self-Defense Forces|work=AJW by The Asahi Shimbun|access-date=6 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509232430/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201212310084|archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> In November 2014, the [[Ministry of Defense (Japan)|Japanese Ministry of Defense]] decided to procure 17 V-22s.<ref>[https://archive.today/20141122175404/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141121/DEFREG03/311210023/Japan-Officially-Selects-Osprey-Global-Hawk-E-2D Japan Officially Selects Osprey, Global Hawk, E-2D] β Defensenews.com, 21 November 2014</ref> The first V-22 for Japan undertook its first flight in August 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/08/26/here-is-japans-first-v-22-the-first-osprey-tilt-rotor-aircraft-for-a-military-outside-of-the-u-s/ |title=Here Is Japan's First V-22: The First Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft For A Military Outside Of The U.S. |last=Cenciotti |first=David |date=26 August 2017 |publisher=The Aviationist |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144014/https://theaviationist.com/2017/08/26/here-is-japans-first-v-22-the-first-osprey-tilt-rotor-aircraft-for-a-military-outside-of-the-u-s/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the aircraft began delivery to the Japanese military in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2020/05/11/Japan-receives-its-first-V-22-Osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft/2541589214206/|title=Japan receives its first V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft|website=UPI|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008231346/https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2020/05/11/Japan-receives-its-first-V-22-Osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft/2541589214206/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:V-22 OspreyοΌJG-1705οΌleft side.jpg|thumb|A Japanese V-22 Osprey in 2020]] In September 2018, the Japanese Ministry of Defense decided to delay the deployment of the first five MV-22Bs it had received amid opposition and ongoing negotiations in the [[Saga Prefecture]], where the aircraft are to be based.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Takahashi |first1=Kosuke |title=Tokyo to delay deployment of Osprey tiltrotors amid local opposition |url=https://www.janes.com/article/83299/tokyo-to-delay-deployment-of-osprey-tiltrotors-amid-local-opposition |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924191656/https://www.janes.com/article/83299/tokyo-to-delay-deployment-of-osprey-tiltrotors-amid-local-opposition |archive-date=24 September 2018 |location=Tokyo |date=24 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 May 2020, the first two of the five aircraft were delivered to the JGSDF at [[Kisarazu Air Field]] after failing to reach an agreement with Saga prefecture residents.<ref name="upi.com">{{cite news |last1=Adamczyk |first1=Ed |title=Japan receives its first V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft |url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2020/05/11/Japan-receives-its-first-V-22-Osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft/2541589214206/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=United Press International |date=11 May 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008231346/https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2020/05/11/Japan-receives-its-first-V-22-Osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft/2541589214206/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is planned to eventually station some V-22s on board the {{sclass|Izumo|helicopter destroyer|3}}s. In September 2023, the first V-22 landings were conducted on the helicopter carrier {{JS|Ise||2}}. The aircraft are planned to be based at [[Saga Airport]] in [[Kyushu]] starting in 2025 where the V-22s will be deployed together with Sikorsky [[UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk]] and [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Apache Longbow]] helicopters in order to better defend Japan's southern [[Nansei Islands]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Inaba |first=Yoshihiro |title=Japanese V-22 Lands On JMSDF Vessel For The First Time |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/09/japanese-v-22-lands-on-jmsdf-vessel-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Naval News |date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010234748/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/09/japanese-v-22-lands-on-jmsdf-vessel-for-the-first-time/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the fatal crash of a US Air Force CV-22 off Yakushima on 29 November 2023, Japan suspended flights of its 14 MV-22s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=Divers find wreckage and remains from Osprey aircraft that crashed off Japan |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/04/1216945245/osprey-japan-wreckage-air-force |website=NPR |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208165126/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/04/1216945245/osprey-japan-wreckage-air-force |url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2024 it was reported that the Japanese would resume flights of the V-22, and in March 2024 flights resumed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jap V-22 flights could restart |date=13 March 2024 |url=https://news.usni.org/2024/03/13/japanese-v-22-flights-could-start-as-early-as-thursday-says-mod}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Mari Yamagushi |title=US and Japanese forces to resume Osprey flights in Japan following fatal crash |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-us-osprey-crash-resume-flights-681126ac57622e5d9cfbce8448e4ecfe |website=apnews.com |publisher=[[The Associated Press]] |access-date=15 May 2024 |language=English |date=13 March 2024}}</ref> ===Potential operators=== The V-22 can carry a power-module of certain fighter jets such as the F-35, and also is noted it could be useful to nations with island chains or carriers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia cleared to buy eight MV-22 Ospreys |url=https://verticalmag.com/news/indonesia-cleared-to-buy-eights-mv-22-osprey/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Vertical Mag |language=en-US}}</ref> One question was why the U.S. Army did not procure the V-22 Osprey, and it was actually in the project at the start, but ended up heavily investing in traditional rotor craft such as the UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Will the Army Ever Buy the V-22 Osprey? |url=https://www.military.com/defensetech/2013/10/18/will-the-army-ever-buy-the-v-22-osprey |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Military.com |language=en}}</ref> The V-22 production line is planned to be open to around 2026 to complete the orders for the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corp.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giovanni |date=23 June 2023 |title=End of V-22 Production Signals Failure of Pentagon's Wishful Thinking |url=https://www.defense-aerospace.com/end-of-v-22-production-signals-failure-of-pentagons-wishful-thinking/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Defense aerospace |language=en-US}}</ref> Early on in the 2010s, some of the possible export buyers included Canada, Japan, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |first= Andrea |last=Shalal-Esa |title=Countries vying to be first non-U.S. buyer of V-22 Osprey |date= July 10, 2012 |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-airshow-v22-idINBRE8691HL20120710/}}</ref> Other potential interest came from India and Indonesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In Europe, there was some interest on the continent from France, Spain, and Italy also.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2016 |title=SNA 2016: UK France Italy and Spain Said to be Interested in Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey |url=https://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-exhibitions/2016-archives/sna-2016-show-daily-news/3475-sna-2016-uk-france-italy-and-spain-said-to-be-interested-in-bell-boeing-v-22-osprey.html |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Navy Naval News Navy Recognition |language=en-gb}}</ref> Canada is thought to have considered the V-22 for the Fixed Wing Search and Rescue (FWSAR), but it was not entered as the overall goals prioritized conventional aircraft; that program was won by the [[EADS CASA C-295|C-295]], a fixed-wing medium transport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/the-v-22-for-canadas-fixed-wing-search-and-rescue-aircraft-program-forget-it|title=The V-22 for Canada's fixed wing search and rescue aircraft program? Forget it | Ottawa Citizen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pugliese |first=David |date=7 December 2016 |title=Airbus Awarded $2.3B Canadian Search-and-Rescue Project |url=https://www.defensenews.com/breaking-news/2016/12/07/airbus-awarded-2-3b-canadian-search-and-rescue-project/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> The Air Force is also considering some additional V-22 for search and rescue, to supplement the HH-60W with a longer range aircraft, especially in the Indo-Pacific region where longer range is typically needed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John |date=27 April 2023 |title=Air Force Will Look at CV-22, New Army Helicopter for Long-Range Combat Search and Rescue |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-cv-22-army-new-helicopter-csar/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:V-22 landing on HMS Ark Royal during Exercise Auriga 10.jpg|thumb|A V-22 lands on {{HMS|Ark Royal|R07|6}} during Exercise Auriga 10]] ====France==== France showed some interest in the V-22 especially for naval operations. It tested the V-22 in operations on their {{sclass|Mistral|amphibious assault ship|0}} ships, and also their aircraft carrier {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle||2}}.<ref name=":3" /> The French had a two-year-long program to insure that the V-22 could operate from their ''Mistral''-class vessels working with USMC V-22.<ref name=":3" /> ====India==== In 2015, the Indian Aviation Research Centre showed interest in acquiring four V-22s for personnel evacuation in hostile conditions, logistic supplies, and deployment of the [[Special Frontier Force]] in border areas. US V-22s performed relief operations after the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12488:india-arc-mulls-ov-22-osprey-buy&catid=3:asia&Itemid=56|title=India; ARC mulls OV-22 Osprey buy|access-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093351/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12488:india-arc-mulls-ov-22-osprey-buy&catid=3:asia&Itemid=56|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Indian Navy also studied the V-22 rather than the [[Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye|E-2D]] for airborne early warning and control to replace the short-range [[Kamov Ka-31]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-05-07/india-outlines-new-carrier-ambitions|title=India Outlines New Carrier Ambitions|work=Aviation International News|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116130711/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-05-07/india-outlines-new-carrier-ambitions|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> India is interested in purchasing six attack version V-22s for rapid troop insertion in border areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-sizes-up-v-22-osprey-367058/|title=India sizes up V-22 Osprey|date=18 January 2012|work=FlightGlobal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818130938/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-sizes-up-v-22-osprey-367058/|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stratpost.com/bell-boeing-to-brief-india-on-v-22-osprey|title=Bell Boeing to brief India on V-22 Osprey|date=5 December 2011|work=stratpost.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819163051/http://www.stratpost.com/bell-boeing-to-brief-india-on-v-22-osprey|archive-date=19 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Indonesia==== On 6 July 2020, the U.S. State Department announced that they had approved a possible [[Foreign Military Sales|Foreign Military Sale]] to Indonesia of eight Block C MV-22s and related equipment for an estimated cost of $2 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2000000000|start_year=2020}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}). The U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of this possible sale.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia β MV-22 Block C Osprey Aircraft |url=https://dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/indonesia-mv-22-block-c-osprey-aircraft |publisher=Defense Security Cooperation Agency |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710152817/https://dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/indonesia-mv-22-block-c-osprey-aircraft |url-status=dead}}</ref> The sale was approved, but in the end Indonesia decided against the purchase at that time due to the cost. It was noted that the V-22 could provide a unique logistical support to the island chain nation, but the concerns about purchase and maintenance costs were an issue.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dangwal |first=Ashish |date=22 January 2024 |title=Indonesia 'Trashes' V-22 Osprey Acquisition After US Approved Sales; Jakarta Justifies The Decision |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indonesia-trashes-v-22-osprey-acquisition-after-us-approved/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref> ====Israel==== On 22 April 2013, an agreement was signed to sell six V-22 to the [[Israeli Air Force]].<ref>[https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/id/119838/ "Hagel, Yaalon Finalize New Israel Military Capabilities"] . U.S. DoD, 22 April 2013.</ref> By the end of 2016, Israel had not ordered the V-22 and was instead interested in buying the [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47 Chinook]] helicopter or the CH-53K helicopter.<ref>Yuval Azulai. [http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-lockheed-boeing-vie-for-israeli-helicopter-deal-1001162650 "Lockheed, Boeing vie for Israeli helicopter deal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125133423/http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-lockheed-boeing-vie-for-israeli-helicopter-deal-1001162650 |date=25 November 2016}}. Globes, 24 November 2016.</ref> As of 2017, Israel had frozen its evaluation of the V-22, "with a senior defence source indicating that the tiltrotor is unable to perform some missions currently conducted using its Sikorsky CH-53 transport helicopters."<ref>Egozi, Arie [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israel-steps-back-from-v-22-purchase-442158 Israel steps back from V-22 purchase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018101029/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israel-steps-back-from-v-22-purchase-442158/ |date=18 October 2017}}. Flight Global, 13 October 2017.</ref> ==== United Kingdom ==== The U.K. has had a watchful eye on V-22 program, and a combined UK/US study evaluated possible use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK reportedly expresses interest in V-22 Osprey By George Allison - August 21, 2017 |date=21 August 2017 |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/uk-expresses-interest-in-v-22-osprey/}}</ref> One of the more serious evaluations, came in the late 2010s when it was considered to use them on the new {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|aircraft carrier|0}} carriers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corfield |first=Gareth |title=UK.gov confirms it won't be buying V-22 Ospreys for new aircraft carriers |url=https://www.theregister.com/2017/03/24/uk_rules_out_v22_osprey_queen_elizabeth_carriers/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=www.theregister.com}}</ref> In the 2020s, it was thought to be one of the possible aircraft for the U.K.'s [[New Medium Helicopter]] program but was not a finalist, a program that is seeking to replace the [[AΓ©rospatiale SA 330 Puma|Westland Puma]] medium helicopter fleet.<ref name="Jennings">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |date=14 September 2021 |title=DSEI 2021: Contenders showcase New Medium Helicopter offerings for UK |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/dsei-2021-contenders-showcase-new-medium-helicopter-offerings-for-uk |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=Janes.com }}</ref> The V-22 has been used on training exercises in the U.K. which has helped identify some issues, such as that the downwash can disrupt landing mats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2021-04-22 |title=Watch This CV-22 Osprey's Rotor Downwash Absolutely Demolish A Hospital's Helipad |url=https://www.twz.com/40289/watch-this-cv-22-ospreys-rotor-downwash-absolutely-demolish-a-hospitals-helipad |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Variants== [[File:USAF CV-22B Osprey 11-0058 RIAT 2023 03.jpg|thumb|CV-22B Osprey with rotors in tilt]] <!-- [[File:V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft.jpg|thumb|A V-22 Osprey flies a test mission. |alt= A V-22 on a test flight with its rotors rotated almost to vertical.]]--> The preproduction model was called the V-22. USMC operates the MV-22B including the VIP V-22s, the USAF the CV-22B, and the Navy CMV-22B. ;V-22 ("V-22A"): Pre-production full-scale development aircraft used for flight testing. These are unofficially considered A-variants after the 1993 redesign.<ref name=Norton_p54>Norton 2004, p. 54.</ref> ;CV-22B: U.S. Air Force variant for the [[United States Special Operations Command|U.S. Special Operations Command]]. It conducts long-range special operations missions and is equipped with extra wing fuel tanks, an AN/APQ-186 [[terrain-following radar]], and other equipment such as the AN/ALQ-211,<ref name="AF_FactSht">[https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104531/cv-22-osprey/ "CV-22 Osprey Fact Sheet"]. [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104531/cv-22-osprey/] United States Air Force, 7 July 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</ref><ref name=Norton_p71-2>Norton 2004, pp. 71β72.</ref> and AN/AAQ-24 Nemesis [[Directional Infrared Counter Measures]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellhelicopter.com/MungoBlobs/126/268/V-22%20Guidebook%202013_update_PREVIEW_LR2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020133122/http://www.bellhelicopter.com/MungoBlobs/126/268/V-22%20Guidebook%202013_update_PREVIEW_LR2.pdf|url-status=dead|title="Bell-Boeing V-22 Guidebook β Bell Helicopter"|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> The fuel capacity is increased by 588 gallons (2,230 L) with two inboard wing tanks; three auxiliary tanks (200 or 430 gal; 760 or 1,630 L) can also be added in the cabin.<ref name=Norton_p100-1>Norton 2004, pp. 100β01.</ref> The CV-22 replaced the [[Sikorsky MH-53|MH-53 Pave Low]].<ref name=V-22_CRS_RL31384/> ;MV-22B: U.S. Marine Corps variant. The Marine Corps is the lead service in the V-22's development. The Marine Corps variant is an assault transport for troops, equipment and supplies, capable of operating from ships or expeditionary airfields ashore. It replaced the Marine Corps' [[Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight|CH-46E]] and [[Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion|CH-53D]] fleets.<ref name=Norton_p77>Norton 2004, p. 77.</ref><ref>[http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/us-marine-corps-retires-ch-53d/ "US Marine Corps retires CH-53D"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224428/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/us-marine-corps-retires-ch-53d/ |date=2 December 2013}}. Rotorhub, 24 February 2012.</ref> ;CMV-22B: U.S. Navy variant for the carrier onboard delivery role, replacing the [[C-2 Greyhound|C-2]]. Similar to the MV-22B but includes an extended-range fuel system, a high-frequency radio, and a public address system.<ref name="navair3feb16"/> ;EV-22: Proposed [[airborne early warning and control]] variant. The [[Royal Navy]] studied this variant as a replacement for its fleet of carrier-based [[Westland Sea King#Airborne early warning|Sea King ASaC.7 helicopters]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Richard Beedall |title= Maritime Airborne Surveillance and Control (MASC) |url= http://navy-matters.beedall.com/masc.htm |work= NNS121008-13 |publisher= Naval Matters |date= 9 October 2012 |access-date= 9 October 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927052605/http://navy-matters.beedall.com/masc.htm |archive-date= 27 September 2011}}</ref> ;HV-22: The U.S. Navy considered an HV-22 to provide [[combat search and rescue]], delivery and retrieval of special warfare teams along with fleet logistic support transport. It chose the [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk#MH-60S|MH-60S]] for this role in 2001.<ref name=Norton_p26_84>Norton 2004, pp. 26β28, 48, 83β84.</ref><ref name=NASC_V-22_guidebook>[http://www.boeing.com/ospreynews/2011/issue_02/final_2011_2012_guidebook.pdf "V-22 Osprey Guidebook"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811203535/http://www.boeing.com/ospreynews/2011/issue_02/final_2011_2012_guidebook.pdf |date=11 August 2012}} ''Naval Air Systems Command, United States Navy'', 2011/2012, p. 5.</ref> ;SV-22: Proposed [[anti-submarine warfare]] variant. The U.S. Navy studied the SV-22 in the 1980s to replace [[Lockheed S-3 Viking|S-3]] and [[Kaman SH-2 Seasprite|SH-2]] aircraft.<ref name=Norton_p28_48>Norton 2004, pp. 28β30, 35, 48.</ref> ==Operators== [[File:JGSDF V-22 and VMM-262 MV-22B at JGSDF Camp Kengun.jpg|thumb|JGSDF V-22 and USMC MV-22B at Kengun]] <!-- ;{{ISR}} * [[Israeli Air Force]] (6 on order)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Hide until contracts are signed or deal finalized. --> ;{{JPN}} * [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]] (14 delivered, 3 on order as of Dec 2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/japan-becomes-first-v-22-export-customer-414638/ |title=Japan becomes first V-22 export customer |work=FlightGlobal |access-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715114658/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/japan-becomes-first-v-22-export-customer-414638/ |archive-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="upi.com"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67645072|title=US grounds entire Osprey fleet after fatal crash in Japan|last=Kim|first=Chloe|access-date=9 December 2023|work=BBC News|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209195753/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67645072|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:MV-22 conducts external lift from USNS Sacagawea.JPG|thumb|An MV-22 delivers a [[Humvee]] to {{USNS|Sacagawea|T-AKE-2|6}} |alt=An MV-22 Osprey with its rotors up to vertical with a HMMWV vehicle hanging by two sling wires.]] [[File:CNO, Indian Chief of Naval Staff Visit USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) as part of MALABAR 21 211014-N-RO680-1034.jpg|thumb|A CMV-22 lands on the deck of {{USS|Carl Vinson|CVN-70|6}}]] ;{{USA}} * [[United States Air Force]]<ref name="ReferenceA">World Air Forces 2014, ''[[FlightGlobal]]'', January 2014.</ref> ** [[7th Special Operations Squadron]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.afsoc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=224|title=352nd Special Operations Group|publisher=afsoc.af.mil|access-date=7 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210124023/http://www2.afsoc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=224|archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> ** [[8th Special Operations Squadron]]<ref>[http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10482 "Fact Sheet: 8 Special Operations Squadron"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225095421/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10482 |date=25 February 2013}}. U.S. Air Force, 8 August 2008.</ref> ** [[20th Special Operations Squadron]]<ref>[https://www.cannon.af.mil/News/story/id/123210132/ "CV-22 commencement of operations ceremony held"] . U.S. Air Force, 21 June 2010.</ref> ** [[21st Special Operations Squadron]]<ref>[https://www.353sow.af.mil/News/Stories/Article/1893467/air-force-special-operations-command-stands-up-cv-22-squadron-in-japan/ "Air Force Special Operations Command stands up CV-22 squadron in Japan"]. U.S. Air Force, 1 July 2019.</ref> ** [[71st Special Operations Squadron]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181220/http://www.aetc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=6200 "Fact Sheet: 71 Special Operations Squadron"]. U.S. Air Force, 3 January 2012.</ref> ** [[249th Special Operations Squadron]] - [[Florida Air National Guard]] associate unit to [[1st Special Operations Wing]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afsoc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2334523/afsoc-activates-first-flang-cv-22-squadron/ |title=AFSOC activates first FLANG CV-22 squadron |date=28 August 2020 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124143951/https://www.afsoc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2334523/afsoc-activates-first-flang-cv-22-squadron/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[418th Flight Test Squadron]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edwards.af.mil/News/story/id/123061821/|title=418th FLTS tests CV-22 terrain-following radar in East Coast fog|work=af.mil|access-date=6 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111233730/http://www.edwards.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123061821|archive-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bell Boeing MV-22B Osprey '168284 - 02 - 3' (25992573793).jpg|thumb|A MV-22B of [[HMX-1]] at [[RAF Mildenhall]] in 2016]] [[File:CV-22 Osprey - RIAT 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|A CV-22 Osprey over [[RIAT]] in 2015]] * [[United States Marine Corps]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ** [[HMX-1]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usmc-presidential-helicopter-squadron-starts-flying-mv-22-385449/|title=USMC presidential helicopter squadron starts flying MV-22|date=3 May 2013|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821193434/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usmc-presidential-helicopter-squadron-starts-flying-mv-22-385449/|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMX-1]] (formerly VMX-22)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/vmx22.html |title=VMX-22 Argonauts |publisher=tripod.com |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000415/http://hma1369.tripod.com/vmx22.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-161]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/161.html|title=VMM-161|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112002728/http://hma1369.tripod.com/161.html|archive-date=12 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-162]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/162.html|title=VMM-165|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000421/http://hma1369.tripod.com/162.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-163]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/163.html|title=VMM-163|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330024245/http://hma1369.tripod.com/163.html|archive-date=30 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-165]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/165.html|title=VMM-165|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000326/http://hma1369.tripod.com/165.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-166]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/166.html|title=VMM-166|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000328/http://hma1369.tripod.com/166.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMMT-204]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/204.html|title=VMMT-204|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000243/http://hma1369.tripod.com/204.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-261]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/261.html|title=VMM-261|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000423/http://hma1369.tripod.com/261.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-263]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mag26.marines.mil/MAG26Units/VMM263/About.aspx |title=VMM-263 |publisher=usmc.mil |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000021/http://www.mag26.marines.mil/MAG26Units/VMM263/About.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-264]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/264.html|title=VMM-264|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000418/http://hma1369.tripod.com/264.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-265]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1stmaw.marines.mil/Subordinate-Units/Marine-Aircraft-Group-36/VMM-265/|title=1st Marine Aircraft Wing > Subordinate Units > Marine Aircraft Group 36 > VMM - 265|website=www.1stmaw.marines.mil}}</ref> ** [[VMM-266]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/266.html|title=VMM-266|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000330/http://hma1369.tripod.com/266.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-268]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.1stmaw.marines.mil/Subordinate-Units/Marine-Aircraft-Group-24/VMM-268/|title=VMM-268|publisher=tripod.com|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002203534/https://www.1stmaw.marines.mil/Subordinate-Units/Marine-Aircraft-Group-24/VMM-268/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-362]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2018/08/17/marine-corps-reactivates-ugly-angels-mv-22-squadron|title=VMM-362|date=17 August 2018|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044344/https://news.usni.org/2018/08/17/marine-corps-reactivates-ugly-angels-mv-22-squadron|archive-date=1 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-363]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helis.com/database/news/vmm-363_okinawa/ |title=VMM-363 |publisher=helis.com |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000942/http://www.helis.com/database/news/vmm-363_okinawa/ |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-365]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/365.html |title=VMM-365 |publisher=tripod.com |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000333/http://hma1369.tripod.com/365.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-561]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hma1369.tripod.com/561.html |title=VMM-561 |publisher=tripod.com |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000413/http://hma1369.tripod.com/561.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VMM-764]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marforres.marines.mil/Units/4th-Marine-Aircraft-Wing/Marine-Aircraft-Group-41/Marine-Medium-Tiltrotor-Squadron-764/|title=U.S. Marine Corps Forces Reserve > Units > 4th Marine Aircraft Wing > Marine Aircraft Group 41 > Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 764|website=www.marforres.marines.mil|access-date=24 January 2024|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923153928/https://www.marforres.marines.mil/Units/4th-Marine-Aircraft-Wing/Marine-Aircraft-Group-41/Marine-Medium-Tiltrotor-Squadron-764/|url-status=live}}</ref> - Marine Air Reserve ** [[VMM-774]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marforres.marines.mil/Units/4th-Marine-Aircraft-Wing/Marine-Aircraft-Group-49/Marine-Medium-Tiltrotor-Squadron-774/|title=VMM-774|website=www.marforres.marines.mil|access-date=24 January 2024|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923082116/https://www.marforres.marines.mil/Units/4th-Marine-Aircraft-Wing/Marine-Aircraft-Group-49/Marine-Medium-Tiltrotor-Squadron-774/|url-status=live}}</ref> - Marine Air Reserve * [[United States Navy]] β 44 CMV-22Bs ordered, with deliveries started in 2020.<ref name="flightglobal.com"/><ref name="news.usni.org"/> ** [[HX-21]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.navy.mil/view_image.asp?id=305955 |title=Navy.mil - View Image |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210172225/https://www.navy.mil/view_image.asp?id=305955 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[VRM-30]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fuentes|first=Gidget|date=2 August 2021|title=First F-35C Fighters, CMV-22B Deploy with Carl Vinson Carrier Strike Group|work=USNI News|url=https://news.usni.org/2021/08/02/first-f-35c-fighters-cmv-22b-deploy-with-carl-vinson-carrier-strike-group|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802220731/https://news.usni.org/2021/08/02/first-f-35c-fighters-cmv-22b-deploy-with-carl-vinson-carrier-strike-group|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[VRM-40]] ** [[VRM-50]] ==Accidents== {{main|Accidents and incidents involving the V-22 Osprey}} <!-- Notable incidents go in this accident article. --> The V-22 Osprey has had 16 hull-loss accidents with a total of 62 fatalities {{As of|2023|11|29|lc=y}}. During testing from 1991 to 2000, there were four [[aviation accidents and incidents|crashes]] causing 30 fatalities.<ref name=Wired_200507/> {{As of|2023}}, the V-22 has had 13 crashes which caused 32 fatalities since becoming operational in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation Safety Database results |website=Aviation Safety Network |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/dblist.php?AcType=V22 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181220/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/dblist.php?AcType=V22 |url-status=live}} Updated as incidents occur.</ref> The aircraft's accident history has generated controversy over its perceived safety issues.<ref>Axe, David. [https://www.wired.com/2012/10/air-force-silenced-general/ "General: 'My Career Was Done' When I Criticized Flawed Warplane"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217165912/https://www.wired.com/2012/10/air-force-silenced-general/ |date=17 December 2018}} ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', 4 October 2012.</ref> Following the November 2023 crash in Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britzky |first=Haley |date=7 December 2023 |title=US military grounds Osprey fleet after crash off coast of Japan kills 8 US airmen |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/06/politics/us-military-osprey-fleet-grounded-crash-japan/index.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=CNN Politics |language=en}}</ref> the Osprey was grounded for three months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britzky |first=Haley |date=8 March 2024 |title=US military lifts 3-month grounding of V-22 Osprey fleet after deadly crash |work= CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/08/politics/v-22-osprey/index.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><!-- Text here is a summary. Details belong in the main article. --> ==Aircraft on display== [[File:AHMEC V-22.jpg|thumb|left|A V-22 at the American Helicopter Museum & Education Center]] * 163911 β MV-22B on display at the Aviation Memorial at [[Marine Corps Air Station New River]] in [[Jacksonville, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lingafelt |first1=Jared |title=MV-22 dedicated to Aviation Memorial |url=http://www.camplejeuneglobe.com/news/mv--dedicated-to-aviation-memorial/article_32c2d6d2-652a-11e4-80c0-001a4bcf6878.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Globe |date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929122743/http://www.camplejeuneglobe.com/news/mv--dedicated-to-aviation-memorial/article_32c2d6d2-652a-11e4-80c0-001a4bcf6878.html |archive-date=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=c/n D0015 |url=http://www.helis.com/database/cn/1838 |website=helis.com |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702033943/https://www.helis.com/database/cn/1838 |url-status=live}}</ref> * 163913 β V-22A on display at the [[American Helicopter Museum & Education Center]] in [[West Chester, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey |url=https://americanhelicopter.museum/aircraft/bell-boeing-v-22-osprey/ |website=American Helicopter Museum & Education Center |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216223209/https://americanhelicopter.museum/aircraft/bell-boeing-v-22-osprey/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=c/n D0003 |url=http://www.helis.com/database/cn/1334 |website=helis.com |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702034323/https://www.helis.com/database/cn/1334 |url-status=live}}</ref> * 99-0021 (formerly 164939) β CV-22B on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson AFB]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bell-Boeing CV-22B Osprey |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/579628/bell-boeing-cv-22b-osprey/ |website=National Museum of the US Air Force |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216223209/https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/579628/bell-boeing-cv-22b-osprey/ |url-status=live}}</ref> * 164940 β MV-22B on display at the [[Patuxent River Naval Air Museum]] in [[Lexington Park, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet The Airplane - V-22 Osprey at the Pax Museum |url=https://www.somdnews.com/calendar/enterprise/meet-the-airplane---v-22-osprey-at-the-pax-museum/event_20c8d702-af02-11e9-9e3d-379e55e3962b.html |website=Southern Maryland News |date=24 August 2019 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605125525/https://www.somdnews.com/calendar/enterprise/meet-the-airplane---v-22-osprey-at-the-pax-museum/event_20c8d702-af02-11e9-9e3d-379e55e3962b.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Specifications (MV-22B)== [[File:Bell Boeing MV-22 Osprey line drawing.svg|thumb|upright=1.25]] [[File:MV-22B combat radius in Iraq compared with CH-46E combat radius.svg|thumb|V-22's combat radius in Iraq, contrasted with the [[CH-46E]]'s smaller combat radius]] [[File:Riat 2023 - U.S.Air Force - Boeing-Bell V-22 Osprey NZ9 8346 (53070304572).jpg|thumb|V-22 at RIAT 2023]] [[File:Special tactics operators assigned to the 321st Special Tactics Squadron tandem hoist into a CV-22B Osprey during a training exercise near RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom, April 15, 2021.jpg|thumb|CV-22B on training exercise of the Special Tactics Squadron on a hoist, in the UK in 2021]] [[File:CV-22 Osprey flies over the Emerald Coast.JPG|thumb|A CV-22 of 8th Special Operations Squadron flies over Florida's [[Emerald Coast]]. |alt= A front view of a U.S. Air Force CV-22 with its rotors facing forward flys by the [[Emerald Coast]]]] {{Aircraft specs |ref= ''Norton'',<ref name=Norton_p110-11>Norton 2004, pp. 110β111.</ref> ''Boeing'',<ref name=Boe_V-22spec>[http://www.boeing.com/defense/v-22-osprey/#/technical-specifications "V-22 Osprey: Technical Specifications"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108012334/http://www.boeing.com/defense/v-22-osprey#/technical-specifications |date=8 November 2015}} ''Boeing Defense, Space and Security''. Retrieved: 14 November 2015.<!--was http://www.boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/v22/v22spec.htm --></ref> ''Bell Guide'',<ref name=Bell_pocket_guide/> ''Naval Air Systems Command'',<ref name=V-22_Osprey_Web>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060818122215/http://www.navair.navy.mil/V22/?fuseaction=aircraft.main "V-22 Characteristics"]. ''Naval Air Systems Command''. Retrieved 25 November 2008.</ref> ''and USAF CV-22 fact sheet''<ref name=AF_FactSht/> |prime units?=kts <!-- General characteristics --> |crew= 3β4 (pilot, copilot and 1 or 2 flight engineers/crew chiefs/loadmasters/gunners) |capacity=<br> ** 24 troops (seated), 32 troops (floor loaded), or ** {{convert|20,000|lb|kg}} of internal cargo, or up to {{convert|15,000|lb|kg}} of external cargo (dual hook) ** 1Γ [[M1161 Growler]] light internally transportable ground vehicle<ref name=New_Ride_Rolls>Pincus, Walter. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/02/AR2009020202969.html "Marines' New Ride Rolls Out Years Late"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728214841/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/02/AR2009020202969.html |date=28 July 2017}} ''The Washington Post'', 3 February 2009.</ref><ref>White, Andrew. [https://archive.today/20120629160852/http://www.shephard.co.uk/news/6615/ "USAF seeks special operations CSAR vehicle"]. Shephard Group, 24 June 2010.</ref> |length ft=57 |length in=4 |length note=''Length folded:'' {{cvt|62|ft|7.6|in}} |span ft=45 |span in=10 |span note= |width ft=84 |width in=6.8 |width note=including rotors * '''Width folded:''' {{cvt|18|ft|5|in}} |height ft=22 |height in=1 |height note=engine nacelles vertical; :::{{cvt|17|ft|7.8|in|0}} to top of tailfins * '''Height folded:''' {{cvt|18|ft|1|in}} |wing area sqft=301.4 |wing area note= |aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |airfoil=<!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA]] ; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> |empty weight lb=31818 |empty weight note=<br> * '''Operating weight, empty:''' {{cvt|32623|lb|0}} |gross weight lb=39500 |gross weight note=<br> * '''Combat weight:''' {{cvt|42712|lb|0}} * '''Maximum take-off weight VTO:''' {{cvt|47500|lb|0}} * '''Maximum take-off weight STO:''' {{cvt|55000|lb|0}} * '''Maximum take-off weight STO, ferry:''' {{cvt|60500|lb|0}} |max takeoff weight lb= |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity= Ferry maximum: {{cvt|4451|USgal|impgal L}} of [[JP-4]] / [[JP-5]] / [[JP-8]] to MIL-T-5624 <!-- Only list overall total here as a summary ::{{cvt|2436|USgal|impgal L}} in optional cabin auxiliary tank ::{{cvt|1228|USgal|impgal L}} in three sponson partial self-sealing tanks ::{{cvt|787|USgal|impgal L}} in ten wing self-sealing tanks ::{{cvt|1.93|USgal|impgal L}} engine oil ::{{cvt|25.375|USgal|impgal L}} transmission oil --> |more general= <!-- Powerplant --> |eng1 number=2 |eng1 name=[[Rolls-Royce T406-AD-400]] |eng1 type=[[turboprop]]/[[turboshaft]] engines |eng1 hp=6150 |eng1 note=maximum at 15,000 rpm at sea level, {{cvt|59|F|C}} ::{{cvt|5890|hp|0}} maximum continuous at 15,000 rpm at sea level, {{cvt|59|F|C}} |rot number=2 |rot dia ft=38 |rot area sqft=2268 |rot area note=3-bladed <!-- Performance --> |max speed kts=275 |max speed note=<ref>Wall, Robert. [https://aviationweek.com/us-marines-see-mv-22-improvements-want-more "U.S. Marines See MV-22 Improvements, Want More"].{{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013909/https://aviationweek.com/us-marines-see-mv-22-improvements-want-more |date=4 October 2021}} ''Aviation Week'', 24 June 2010.</ref> ::{{convert|305|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} at {{convert|15000|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}<ref name=Norton_p111>Norton 2004, p. 111.</ref> |cruise speed kts= |cruise speed note= |stall speed kts=110 |stall speed note=<ref name=v22fly/> |never exceed speed kts= |never exceed speed note= |range nmi=879 |range note= |combat range nmi=390 |combat range note= |ferry range nmi=2230 |ferry range note= |endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |ceiling ft=25000 |ceiling note= |g limits=<big>+</big>4 max / <big>-</big>1 min <!-- * ''For helicopter mode:'' ::<big>+</big>3 / <big>β</big>0.5 at {{cvt|39500|lb|0}} ::<big>+</big>2.77 / <big>β</big>0.46 at {{cvt|42712|lb|0}} ::<big>+</big>2.5 / <big>β</big>0.42 at {{cvt|47500|lb|0}} * ''For airplane mode:'' ::<big>+</big>4 /<big>β</big>1 at {{cvt|39500|lb|0}} ::<big>+</big>3.7 / <big>β</big>0.92 at {{cvt|42712|lb|0}} ::<big>+</big>3.3 / <big>β</big>0.84 at {{cvt|47500|lb|0}} ::<big>+</big>2.87 / <big>β</big>0.72 at {{cvt|55000|lb|0}} ::<big>+</big>2.61 / <big>β</big>0.65 at {{cvt|60500|lb|0}} --> |roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |climb rate ftmin=2320β4000 |climb rate note=<ref name=v22fly/> |glide ratio= 4.5:1<ref name=v22fly/> |time to altitude= |wing loading lb/sqft=20.9 |wing loading note=at {{cvt|47500|lb|0}} |disc loading lb/sqft= |disc loading note= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass={{cvt|0.259|hp/lb}} |thrust/weight= |more performance= <!-- Armament --> |armament=* 1 Γ 7.62 mm (.308 in) [[M240 machine gun]] or .50 in (12.7 mm) [[M2 Browning machine gun]] on ramp, removable * 1 Γ 7.62 mm (.308 in) [[Minigun#Design and variants|GAU-17 minigun]], belly-mounted, retractable, video remote control in the Remote Guardian System [optional]<ref name=Remote_Guardians/><ref>[http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Remote-Guardian-System-RGS-United-States.html "Remote Guardian System (RGS) (United States), Guns β Integral and mounted"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102735/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Remote-Guardian-System-RGS-United-States.html |date=3 May 2012}} ''Jane's Information Group'', 28 April 2010.</ref> |avionics= * [[AN/ARC-182]] VHF/UHF radio * [[KY-58]] VHF/UHF encryption * [[ANDVT]] HF encryption * [[AN/AAR-47 Missile Approach Warning System]] * [[AN/AYK-14]] Mission Computers * [[AN/APQ-116#AN/APQ-168|APQ-168]] Multifunction radar * [[Directional Infrared Counter Measures]] (DIRCM)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32309/osprey-rear-ramps-and-carrier-aircraft-elevators-make-for-great-fast-rope-training |title=MV-22 Osprey Rear Ramps And Carrier Aircraft Elevators Make For Great Fast Rope Training |access-date=28 November 2023 |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922092000/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32309/osprey-rear-ramps-and-carrier-aircraft-elevators-make-for-great-fast-rope-training |url-status=live}}</ref> }} ==Notable appearances in media== <!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})===============--> <!-- Please READ [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content#Popular culture]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Style guide#Popular culture]] before adding any "Popular culture" items. Please do not add the many minor appearances of the aircraft. This section is only for major cultural appearances where the aircraft plays a MAJOR part in the story line, or has an "especially notable" role in what is listed. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. Random cruft, including ALL Ace Combat, Battlefield, Splinter Cell and Metal Gear Solid appearances, and ALL anime/fiction lookalike speculation, WILL BE removed. If your item has been removed, please discuss it on the talk page FIRST. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. If a consensus is reached to include your item, a regular editor of this page will add it back. Thank you for your cooperation.--> <!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})=============== --> <!-- Please do not add the many minor appearances of the V-22 in various games. This section is only for major cultural appearances where the aircraft plays a major part in the story line. Thank you.--> {{main|Aircraft in fiction#V-22 Osprey|l1= V-22 Osprey in fiction|l2=}} ==See also== {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent |see also=<!-- other related articles that have not already linked --> * [[Canadair CL-84]] * [[LTV XC-142]] |related=<!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft --> * [[AgustaWestland AW609]] * [[Bell Boeing Quad TiltRotor]] * [[Bell V-280 Valor]] * [[Bell XV-15]] |similar aircraft=<!-- aircraft that are of similar Role, Era, and Capability as this design --> * [[Mil Mi-30]] |lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in --> * [[List of military aircraft of the United States]] * [[List of VTOL aircraft]] }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * Markman, Steve and Bill Holder. "Bell/Boeing V-22 Osprey Tilt-Engine VTOL Transport (U.S.A.)". ''Straight Up: A History of Vertical Flight''. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7643-1204-9}}. * Norton, Bill. ''Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, Tiltrotor Tactical Transport''. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1-85780-165-2}}. * O'Hanlon, Michael E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0hCNDS-nGfAC ''Defense Policy Choices for the Bush Administration''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125033116/https://books.google.com/books?id=0hCNDS-nGfAC |date=25 January 2024}}. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8157-6437-5}}. * Schinasi, Katherine V. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DGLYzFGTAlYC ''Defense Acquisitions: Readiness of the Marine Corps' V-22 Aircraft for Full-Rate Production''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125033117/https://books.google.com/books?id=DGLYzFGTAlYC |date=25 January 2024}}. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|1-4289-4682-9}}. * Whittle, Richard. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_9Asc0bgm_cC ''The Dream Machine: The Untold History of the Notorious V-22 Osprey''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125033114/https://books.google.com/books?id=_9Asc0bgm_cC |date=25 January 2024}}. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. {{ISBN|1-4165-6295-8}}. {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://www.bellflight.com/products/bell-boeing-v-22 Official Bell V-22 page] * [https://www.boeing.com/defense/v-22-osprey/ Official Boeing V-22 page] {{Bell Aircraft}} {{Boeing Vertol}} {{US STOL and VTOL aircraft}} {{Authority control}} {{Good article}} [[Category:Tiltrotor aircraft]] [[Category:Bell aircraft|V-22]] [[Category:Boeing aircraft|V-22]] [[Category:1980s United States military transport aircraft|Boeing V-22]] [[Category:High-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Turboshaft-powered aircraft]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1989]] [[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]
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