Editing Belgrade

{{short description|Capital and largest city of Serbia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Belgrade
| native_name        = {{lang|sr-Cyrl|Београд}}<br/>{{lang|sr-Latn|Beograd}}
| native_name_lang   = sr
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]]
| official_name      = City of Belgrade<br/>{{lang|sr-Cyrl|Град Београд}}<br/>{{lang|sr-Latn|Grad Beograd}}
| anthem             = {{lang|sr-Cyrl|Химна Београду}}<br/>{{lang|sr-Latn|Himna Beogradu}}<br/>{{lang|en|"Anthem to Belgrade"}}
| other_name         = 
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border              = infobox
| perrow              = 1/2/3/2/2
| total_width         = 260
| align               = center
| caption_align       = center
| image1              = Panorama Belgrad.jpg
| caption1            = Panorama of Belgrade, with [[Church of Saint Sava]] at top centre
| image2              = Belgrad2006parlament.jpg
| caption2            = [[House of the National Assembly, Belgrade|House of the National Assembly]]
| image3              = Novi Dvor (1).JPG
| caption3            = [[Novi dvor|Novi Dvor]]
| image4              = Avalski toranj u Beogradu 2022.jpg
| caption4            = [[Avala Tower]]
| image5              = Belgrade Tower.jpg
| caption5            = [[Belgrade Tower]]
| image6              = Zemun Gardoš Tower.JPG
| caption6            = [[Gardoš Tower]]
| image7              = Zindan kapija i most.jpg
| caption7            = [[Belgrade Fortress]]
| image8              = Spomenik neznanom junaku, Avala, Beograd.JPG
| caption8            = [[Monument to the Unknown Hero]]
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Belgrade.svg
| flag_size          = 
| image_seal         = 
| image_shield       = Small Coat of Arms Belgrade.svg
| map_caption        = Interactive map outlining Belgrade
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Serbia##Location within Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| pushpin_map        = Serbia#Europe
| coordinates        = {{coord|44|49|04|N|20|27|25|E|region:RS|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Serbia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Administrative divisions of Serbia|City]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Municipalities of Serbia|Municipalities]]
| subdivision_name1  = Belgrade
| subdivision_name2  = [[#Municipalities|17]]
| established_title  = Establishment
| established_date   = Prior to 279 B.C. ([[Singidunum]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |title=Ancient Period |publisher=City of Belgrade |date=5 October 2000 |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090323/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| governing_body     = [[City Assembly of Belgrade]]
| government_type    = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[Mayor of Belgrade|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Aleksandar Šapić]]
| leader_title2      = [[List of political parties in Serbia|Ruling&nbsp;parties]]
| leader_name2       = [[Serbian Progressive Party|SNS]]–[[Socialist Party of Serbia|SPS]]
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="zavod za statistiku grada beograda">{{cite book |url=https://zis.beograd.gov.rs/images/ZIS/Files/Godisnjak/G_2022S.pdf |title=Statistički godišnjak Beograda |publisher=Zavod za statistiku grada Beograda |access-date=10 March 2024 |issn=0585-1912 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 389.12
| area_urban_km2     = 1,035
| area_metro_km2     = 3234.96
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 
| area_rank          = 
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="zavod za statistiku grada beograda" />
| elevation_m        = 117
| elevation_ft       = 384
| population_as_of   = 2022
| population_urban   = 1,383,875<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnicity – data by municipalities and cities |page=30 |date=2023 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234001.pdf|isbn=978-86-6161-228-2}}</ref>
| population_metro   = 1,685,563<ref name="statgovrs">{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/vesti/statisticalrelease/?p=14061&a=31&s=3104 |title=First results of the 2022 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings |website= stat.gov.rs |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221114326/https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/vesti/statisticalrelease/?p=14061&a=31&s=3104 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total   = 1,197,714<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnicity - data by municipalities and cities |page=38 |date=2023 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234001.pdf|isbn=978-86-6161-228-2}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 3,078
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,337
| population_density_metro_km2 = 520
| population_demonym = Belgradian ([[English language|en]])<br />Beograđanin (Београђанин) (m.) <br/> Beograđanka (Београђанка) (f.) ([[Serbian language|sr]])
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ковачевић|first=Миладин|title=Регионални бруто домаћи производ, 2022 |publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku Srbije|url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2024/Pdf/G202410127.pdf|access-date=2024-04-01|issn=1820-0141|journal=Radni Dokument}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = $34.141 billion (2022)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita (nominal)
| demographics2_info2 = $20,260 (2022)
| blank_name         = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank_info         = 0.834<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab |website=globaldatalab.org |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314102820/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 11000
| area_code          = +381(0)11
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbers in Serbia|Area code]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of Serbia|BG]]
| iso_code           = RS-00
| website            = {{URL|http://www.beograd.rs|beograd.rs}}
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +01:00
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +02:00
| blank_name_sec1    = International Airport
| blank_info_sec1    = [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|BEG]])
| image_map1         = Belgrade in Serbia.svg
| map_caption1       = Belgrade in Serbia
}}

'''Belgrade'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|b|E|l|"|g|r|eI|d}} {{respell|bel|GRAYD}}, {{IPAc-en|'|b|ɛ|l|ɡ|ɹ|eɪ|d}} {{respell|BEL|grayd}};{{efn|{{small|also}} {{IPAc-en|US|b|E|l|"|g|r|A:|d|,_|-|"|g|r|{|d}} {{respell|bel|GRAHD|,_|-|GRAD}}, {{IPAc-en|"|b|E|l|g|r|A:|d|,_|-|g|r|{|d}} {{respell|BEL|grahd|,_|-|grad}} <ref>{{Cite book |title=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-008-28437-4 |edition=13th |chapter=Belgrade}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Belgrade {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Belgrade |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325131652/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/belgrade |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- 'Collins English Dictionary,' being British, does not include the pronunciation variants given in this note. -->}} {{langx|sr|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|Београд}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|Beograd}}|lit=White City}}, {{IPA|sr|beǒɡrad|pron|Sr-beograd-native.ogg}}}} is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities in Serbia|largest city]] of [[Serbia]]. It is located at the [[confluence]] of the [[Sava]] and [[Danube]] rivers and at the crossroads of the [[Pannonian Basin|Pannonian Plain]] and the [[Balkan Peninsula]].<ref name="city of belgrade-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1299561 |title=Why invest in Belgrade? |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=11 October 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924080008/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1299561 |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of the Belgrade metropolitan area is 1,685,563 according to the 2022 census.<ref name="statgovrs"/> It is one of the [[Balkans#Urbanization|major cities of Southeast Europe]] and the [[List of cities and towns on the river Danube|third-most populous city on the river Danube]].

Belgrade is one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously inhabited cities in Europe]] and the world. One of the most important prehistoric cultures of [[Europe]], the [[Vinča culture]], evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, [[Thracians|Thraco]]-[[Dacians]] inhabited the region and, after 279 BC, [[Celts]] settled the city, naming it ''[[Singidunum|Singidūn]]''.<ref name="city of belgrade-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=320 |title=Discover Belgrade |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518005044/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=320 |archive-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was [[Roman Serbia|conquered by the Romans]] under the reign of [[Augustus]] and awarded Roman [[Town privileges|city rights]] in the mid-2nd century.<ref name="rich-1992"/> It was settled by the [[Slavs]] in the 520s, and changed hands several times between the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Frankish Empire]], the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]], and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] before it became the seat of the [[List of Serbian monarchs|Serbian king]] [[Stefan Dragutin of Serbia|Stefan Dragutin]] in 1284. Belgrade served as capital of the [[Serbian Despotate]] during the reign of [[Stefan Lazarević]], and then his successor [[Đurađ Branković]] returned it to the Hungarian king in 1427. Noon bells in support of the Hungarian army against the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|siege in 1456]] have remained a widespread church tradition to this day. In 1521, Belgrade was conquered by the Ottomans and became the seat of the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |title=The History of Belgrade |publisher=BelgradeNet Travel Guide |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It frequently passed from Ottoman to [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars]].

Following the [[Serbian Revolution]], Belgrade was once again named the capital of Serbia in 1841. [[Zemun|Northern Belgrade]] remained the southernmost [[Austria-Hungary|Habsburg]] post until 1918, when it was attached to the city, due to former Austro-Hungarian territories becoming part of the new [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] after [[World War I]]. Belgrade was the capital of [[Yugoslavia]] from its [[Creation of Yugoslavia|creation]] to its dissolution.{{NoteTag|Yugoslavia was first named so with the [[6 January Dictatorship|1929 constitutional changes]]. The country [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|collapsed by 1992]], at which point the polity called the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] persisted under the name until its renaming to Serbia and Montenegro in 2003, and [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|dissolution in 2006]].}} In a fatally strategic position, the city has been battled over in 115 wars and razed 44 times, being bombed five times and besieged many times.<ref name="nurden-2009">{{cite news |last=Nurden |first=Robert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/belgrade-has-risen-from-the-ashes-to-become-the-balkans-party-city-1651037.html |title=Belgrade has risen from the ashes to become the Balkans' party city |newspaper=Independent |location=London |date=22 March 2009 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326054925/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/belgrade-has-risen-from-the-ashes-to-become-the-balkans-party-city-1651037.html |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Being Serbia's [[primate city]], Belgrade has special [[Administrative divisions of Serbia|administrative status]] within Serbia.<ref name="city of belgrade">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014 |title=Assembly of the City of Belgrade |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113130104/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies, and government ministries, as well as home to almost all of the largest Serbian companies, media, and scientific institutions. Belgrade is classified as a Beta-[[Global city|Global City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GAWC 2012 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |publisher=GAWC |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320212149/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to the [[Clinical Centre of Serbia|University Clinical Centre of Serbia]], a hospital complex with one of the [[List of hospitals by capacity|largest capacities in the world]]; the [[Church of Saint Sava]], one of the [[List of largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings|largest Orthodox church buildings]]; and the [[Belgrade Arena]], one of the [[List of indoor arenas in Europe|largest capacity indoor arenas in Europe]].

Belgrade hosted major international events such as the [[Danube River Conference of 1948]], the first [[Non-Aligned Movement Summit]] (1961), the first major gathering of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] (1977–1978), the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008]]), as well as sports events such as the first [[FINA World Aquatics Championships]] ([[1973 World Aquatics Championships|1973]]), [[UEFA European Championship|UEFA Euro]] ([[UEFA Euro 1976|1976]]), [[Universiade|Summer Universiade]] ([[2009 Summer Universiade|2009]]) and [[EuroBasket]] three times ([[EuroBasket 1961|1961]], [[EuroBasket 1975|1975]], [[EuroBasket 2005|2005]]). On 21 June 2023, Belgrade was confirmed host of the BIE- Specialized Exhibition [[Expo 2027]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/about-specialised-expos|title=About|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Belgrade}}
{{For timeline}}

===Prehistory===
{{See also|Prehistoric sites in Serbia|Prehistory of Southeastern Europe}}
[[File:Vinca_clay_figure_02.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|[[Vinča culture]] figurine, 4000–4500 BC.]]
[[Lithic reduction|Chipped stone tools]] found in [[Zemun]] show that the area around Belgrade was inhabited by [[hunter-gatherer|nomadic foragers]] in the [[Palaeolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] eras. Some of these tools are of [[Mousterian|Mousterian industry]]—belonging to [[Neanderthals]] rather than modern humans. [[Aurignacian]] and [[Gravettian]] tools have also been discovered near the area, indicating some settlement between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saric |first1=J. |doi=10.2298/STA0858009S |title=Paleolithic and mesolithic finds from profile of the Zemun loess |journal=Starinar |issue=58 |pages=9–27 |year=2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The first farming people to settle in the region are associated with the [[Neolithic]] [[Starčevo culture]], which flourished between 6200 and 5200 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, Places, and Broken Objects |last=Chapman |first=John |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-15803-9 |page=236}}</ref> There are several Starčevo sites in and around Belgrade, including the eponymous site of [[Starčevo]]. The Starčevo culture was succeeded by the [[Vinča culture]] (5500–4500 BC), a more sophisticated farming culture that grew out of the earlier Starčevo settlements and also named for a site in the Belgrade region ([[Vinča-Belo Brdo]]). The Vinča culture is known for its very large settlements, one of the earliest [[List of cities by time of continuous habitation|settlements by continuous habitation]] and some of the largest in prehistoric Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Vinča culture of south-east Europe: Studies in chronology, economy and society (2 vols) |last=Chapman |first=John |year=1981 |publisher=BAR |location=Oxford |isbn=0-86054-139-8 |series=BAR International Series |volume=117}}</ref> Also associated with the Vinča culture are anthropomorphic figurines such as the [[Lady of Vinča]], the earliest known [[Copper Age|copper metallurgy]] in Europe,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Radivojević |first1=M. |last2=Rehren |first2=T. |last3=Pernicka |first3=E. |last4=Šljivar |first4=D. A. |last5=Brauns |first5=M. |last6=Borić |first6=D. A. |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012 |title=On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=37 |issue=11 |page=2775 |year=2010|bibcode=2010JArSc..37.2775R }}</ref> and a [[proto-writing]] form developed prior to the [[Sumer]]ians and [[Minoans]] known as the [[Old European script]], which dates back to around 5300 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haarmann |first=Harald |title=Geschichte der Schrift |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-406-47998-4 |page=20 |language=de}}</ref> Within the city proper, on Cetinjska Street, a skull of a Paleolithic human dated to before 5000 BC was discovered in 1890.<ref>{{cite book |title=Српска породична енциклопедија, књига 3, Ба-Би |trans-title=Serbian family encynclopedia, Vol. 3, Ba-Bi |date=2006 |page=116 |editor-first=Radivoje |editor-last=Mikić |publisher=Narodna Knjiga, Politika |isbn=86-331-2732-6}}</ref>

===Antiquity===
{{See also|Serbia in the Roman era}}
[[File:Guardian of the city.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|[[Belgrade Fortress]], built during a long period of time from the 2nd to the 18th century, located on the confluence of the two rivers Sava and [[Danube]]]]
Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrade's geographical location comes from a variety of ancient myths and legends. The ridge overlooking the confluence of the [[Sava]] and [[Danube]] rivers, for example, has been identified as one of the places in the story of [[Jason]] and the [[Argonauts]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7RWayXdH0UC&pg=PA3 |title=Belgrade A Cultural History |access-date=16 January 2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199704521 |date=29 October 2008 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416091412/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7RWayXdH0UC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/2259344/Jason-and-the-Argonauts-sail-again.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/2259344/Jason-and-the-Argonauts-sail-again.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Jason and the Argonauts sail again |access-date=16 January 2016 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the time of antiquity, too, the area was populated by [[Prehistory of Southeastern Europe|Paleo-Balkan tribes]], including the [[Thracians]] and the [[Dacians]], who ruled much of Belgrade's surroundings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.rs/Belgrade-Fortress-history_2178-74_2176 |title=Belgrade Fortress history |access-date=18 January 2011 |publisher=Public Enterprise "Belgrade Fortress" |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905092854/http://www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.rs/Belgrade-Fortress-history_2178-74_2176 |archive-date=5 September 2011}}</ref> Specifically, Belgrade was at one point inhabited by the Thraco-Dacian tribe Singi;<ref name="city of belgrade-3"/> following [[Gallic invasion of Balkans|Celtic invasion]] in 279 BC, the [[Scordisci]] wrested the city from their hands, naming it ''Singidūn'' (''d|ūn'', fortress).<ref name="city of belgrade-3"/> In 34–33 BC, the Roman army reached Belgrade. It became the [[Roman Empire|romanised]] ''[[Singidunum]]'' in the 1st century AD and, by the mid-2nd century, the city was proclaimed a ''[[municipium]]'' by the Roman authorities, evolving into a full-fledged ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'' (the highest city class) by the end of the century.<ref name="rich-1992">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uMP91pRf0UC&pg=PA113 |title=The City in Late Antiquity |last=Rich |first=John |page=113 |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-203-13016-2 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416093705/https://books.google.com/books?id=_uMP91pRf0UC&pg=PA113 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the first Christian [[Roman Emperor|Emperor of Rome]]—[[Constantine I]], also known as [[Constantine the Great]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109633/Constantine-I |title=Constantine I – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618100901/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109633/Constantine-I |archive-date=18 June 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref>—was born in the territory of [[Naissus]] to the city's south, Roman Christianity's champion, Flavius Iovianus (Jovian/Jovan), was born in Singidunum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.25:1:283.harpers |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070813044518/http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.25:1:283.harpers |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2007 |title=Philologic Results- |publisher=The ARTFL Project |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref> Jovian reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the [[Roman Empire]], ending the brief revival of [[Religion in ancient Rome|traditional Roman religions]] under his predecessor [[Julian the Apostate]]. In 395&nbsp;AD, the site passed to the Eastern Roman or [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |title=History (Ancient Period) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090323/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |url-status=live }}</ref> Across the Sava from Singidunum was the Celtic city of [[Zemun|Taurunum (Zemun)]]; the two were connected with a bridge throughout Roman and Byzantine times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |title=City of Belgrade – Ancient Period |publisher=Beograd.rs |date=5 October 2000 |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090323/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{See also|Serbia in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Bellgrad-Weissenburg 1400.jpg|thumb|left|Belgrade 1400, before ottoman occupation.]]
In 442, the area was ravaged by [[Attila the Hun]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gerard |last1=Friell |first2=Stephen |last2=Williams |title=The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGLN47tfT4UC&pg=PA67 |year=1999 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-15403-1 |page=67 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610173616/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGLN47tfT4UC&pg=PA67 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 471, it was taken by [[Theodoric the Great]], king of the Ostrogoths, who continued into Italy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roy E. H. Mellor |title=Eastern Europe: a geography of the Comecon countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUoeAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Macmillan |page=43 |isbn=9780333173114 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508041945/https://books.google.com/books?id=uUoeAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> As the [[Ostrogoths]] left, another Germanic tribe, the [[Gepids]], invaded the city. In 539, it was retaken by the Byzantines.<ref>Procopius, De Bello Gothico, III:34, quoted in Pohl 1997, pp. 89–90</ref> In 577, some 100,000 Slavs poured into [[Thrace]] and [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]], pillaging cities and more permanently settling the region.
<ref>{{cite book |last=Bury |first=J. B. |author-link=J. B. Bury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIJNvWb48YC |title=History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene Vol. II |publisher=Cosimo Classics |location=New York |year=2009 |orig-year=1889 |page=117 |isbn=978-1-60520-405-5 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404203221/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIJNvWb48YC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]], under [[Bayan I]], conquered the whole region and its new Slavic population by 582.<ref>''Warriors of the Steppe: a military history of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to 1700'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=yVwsxl_OI18C&pg=PA76 p. 76] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503013333/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVwsxl_OI18C&pg=PA76 |date=3 May 2016 }}</ref> Following Byzantine reconquest, the Byzantine chronicle ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' mentions the [[White Serbs]], who had stopped in Belgrade on their way back home, asking the ''[[strategos]]'' for lands; they received provinces in the west, towards the Adriatic, which they would rule as subjects to [[Heraclius]] (610–641).<ref>Bohlau, 1964, ''Slavistische Forschungen, Volume 6'', p. 103. University of California.</ref> In 829, [[Khan Omurtag]] was able to add Singidunum and its environs to the First Bulgarian Empire.<ref>''A Concise History of Bulgaria'', R. J. Crampton, Edition 2, revised, Cambridge University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1139448234}}, p. 10.</ref><ref>Земя на световен кръстопът, Борис Стоев Чолпанов, Изд. на Българската академия на науките, 1993, стр. 39.</ref> The first record of the name ''Belograd'' appeared on April, 16th, 878, in a Papal missive<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/libi/2/gal/2_151.html |title=LIBI, t. II (1960) (2_151.jpg) |publisher=promacedonia.org |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124620/http://www.promacedonia.org/libi/2/gal/2_151.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian ruler]] [[Boris I]]. This name would appear in several variants: ''Alba Bulgarica'' in Latin, ''Griechisch Weissenburg'' in High German, ''Nándorfehérvár'' in Hungarian, and ''Castelbianco'' in Venetian, among other names, all variations of 'white fortress' or '[[Danube Bulgar Khanate|Bulgar]] white fortress'. For about four centuries, the city would become a battleground between the [[Byzantine Empire]], the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]], and the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_ancient.html |title=The History of Belgrade |publisher=Belgradenet.com |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707223012/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_ancient.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Basil II]] (976–1025) installed a garrison in Belgrade.<ref>''Byzantium in the year 1000'',[https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=PA121 p. 121]</ref> The city hosted the armies of the [[First Crusade|First]] and the [[Second Crusade]],<ref name="beligradcom-1934">{{cite web |url=http://www.beligrad.com/history.htm |title=How to Conquer Belgrade – History |publisher=Beligrad.com |date=16 December 1934 |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616085512/http://www.beligrad.com/history.htm |archive-date=16 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but, while passing through during the [[Third Crusade]], [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and his 190,000 [[Third Crusade|crusaders]] saw Belgrade in ruins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history.html |title=The History of Belgrade |publisher=Belgradenet.com |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628031001/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history.html |archive-date=28 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Panorama i ratna scena zauzimanja Beograda 1521. god.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Siege of Belgrade (1521)|Conquest of Belgrade, 1521]], Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] laid siege to the [[Belgrade Fortress]]]]

King [[Stefan Dragutin of Serbia|Stefan Dragutin]] (r. 1276–1282) received Belgrade from his father-in-law, [[Stephen V of Hungary]], in 1284, and it served as the capital of the [[Kingdom of Syrmia]], a vassal state to the Kingdom of Hungary. Dragutin (Hungarian: ''Dragutin István'') is regarded as the first [[List of Serbian monarchs|Serbian king]] to rule over Belgrade.<ref name="beogradrs-4">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201247 |title=History (Medieval Serbian Belgrade) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924073223/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201247 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the battles of [[Battle of Maritsa|Maritsa (1371)]] and [[Battle of Kosovo|Kosovo field (1389)]], Moravian Serbia, to Belgrade's south, began to fall to the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050991/Battle-of-the-Maritsa-River |title=Battle of Maritsa |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614084904/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050991/Battle-of-the-Maritsa-River |archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046112/Battle-of-Kosovo |title=Battle of Kosovo |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626175037/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046112/Battle-of-Kosovo |archive-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The northern regions of what is now Serbia persisted as the [[Serbian Despotate]], with Belgrade as its capital. The city flourished under [[Stefan Lazarević]], the son of Serbian prince [[Lazar Hrebeljanović]]. Lazarević built a castle with a citadel and towers, of which only the [[Despot Stefan Tower|Despot's tower]] and the west wall remain. He also refortified the city's ancient walls, allowing the Despotate to resist Ottoman conquest for almost 70 years. During this time, Belgrade was a haven for many Balkan peoples fleeing Ottoman rule, and is thought to have had a population ranging between 40,000 and 50,000 people.<ref name="beogradrs-4" />

In 1427, Stefan's successor [[Đurađ Branković]], returning Belgrade to the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian king]], made [[Smederevo fortress|Smederevo]] his new capital. Even though the Ottomans had captured most of the [[Serbian Despotate]], Belgrade, known as Nándorfehérvár in Hungarian, was [[Siege of Belgrade (1440)|unsuccessfully besieged in 1440]]<ref name="beligradcom-1934"/> and 1456.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ćorović |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Ćorović |title=Istorija srpskog naroda |url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html |year=1997 |publisher=[[Project Rastko]] |location=Banja Luka / Belgrade |language=sr |chapter=V. Despot Đurađ Branković |chapter-url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/4_5_l.html |access-date=17 July 2007 |isbn=86-7119-101-X |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319070121/http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html |archive-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> As the city presented an obstacle to the Ottoman advance into Hungary and further, over 100,000 Ottoman soldiers<ref name="belgradenetcom">{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |title=The History of Belgrade |publisher=Belgradenet.com |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|besieged it in 1456]], in which the Christian army led by the Hungarian General [[John Hunyadi]] successfully defended it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kovach |first=Tom R. |url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3030796.html |title=Ottoman-Hungarian Wars: Siege of Belgrade in 1456 |work=Military History |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626184935/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3030796.html |archive-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''[[noon bell]]'' ordered by [[Pope Callixtus III]] commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world to this day, which is now a cultural symbol of [[Hungary]].<ref name="beligradcom-1934"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mek.oszk.hu/02000/02085/02085.htm |title=Hungary: A Brief History |publisher=Mek.oszk.hu |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024132929/http://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02085/02085.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ottoman rule and Austrian invasions===
{{See also|History of Ottoman Serbia|Ottoman–Habsburg wars}}
[[File:Belgrade_1684.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|Belgrade in 1684]]
Seven decades after the initial siege, on 28 August 1521, the fort was finally captured by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] with 250,000 Turkish soldiers and over 100 ships. Subsequently, most of the city was razed to the ground and its entire Orthodox Christian population was deported to [[Istanbul]]<ref name="beligradcom-1934"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Serbia |first=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of |title=Ко су потомци Београђана које је Сулејман Величанствени пре пет векова одвео у Истанбул |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/501/zanimljivosti/4279377/beograd-istambul-sulejman-velicanstveni.html |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=www.rts.rs |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304093012/https://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/501/zanimljivosti/4279377/beograd-istambul-sulejman-velicanstveni.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to an area that has since become known as the [[Belgrade forest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roughguides.co.uk/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=104&xid=idh573385336_0211 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909184933/http://www.roughguides.co.uk/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=104&xid=idh573385336_0211 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2012 |title=The Rough Guide to Turkey: Belgrade Forest |publisher=Rough Guides |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>

Belgrade was made the seat of the [[Pashalik of Belgrade]] (also known as the Sanjak of Smederevo), and quickly became the second largest Ottoman town in Europe at over 100,000 people, surpassed only by [[Constantinople]].<ref name="belgradenetcom"/> Ottoman rule introduced [[Ottoman architecture]], including numerous mosques, and the city was resurrected—now by [[Oriental]] influences.<ref name="beogradrs-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201251 |title=History (Turkish and Austrian Rule) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924061435/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201251 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1594, a major [[Banat Uprising|Serb rebellion]] was crushed by the Ottomans. In retribution, [[Grand vizier|Grand Vizier]] [[Sinan Pasha]] ordered the [[relic]]s of [[Saint Sava]] to be publicly torched on the [[Vračar plateau]]; in the 20th century, the [[church of Saint Sava]] was built to commemorate this event.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://balkanologie.revues.org/index494.html?file=1 |title=Nationalism In Construction: The Memorial Church of St. Sava on Vračar Hill In Belgrade |last=Aleksov |first=Bojan |journal=Balkanologie |volume=VII |issue=47 |pages=52–53 |date=December 2003 |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723063232/http://balkanologie.revues.org/index494.html?file=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Occupied by the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburgs]] three times ([[Siege of Belgrade (1688)|1688–1690]], [[Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)|1717–1739]], [[Siege of Belgrade (1789)|1789–1791]]), headed by the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Princes]] [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian of Bavaria]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy|Eugene of Savoy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://razgledanje.tripod.com/tvrdjava/english.htm |title=Belgrade Fortress: History |publisher=Razgledanje.tripod.com |date=23 August 2004 |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910052943/http://razgledanje.tripod.com/tvrdjava/english.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[field marshal]] [[Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon]], respectively, Belgrade was quickly recaptured by the Ottomans and substantially razed each time.<ref name="beogradrs-3" /> During this period, the city was affected by the two [[Great Serbian Migrations]], in which hundreds of thousands of Serbs, led by two [[Serbian Patriarchs]], retreated together with the Austrian soldiers into the Habsburg Empire, settling in today's [[Vojvodina]] and [[Slavonia]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.suc.org/culture/library/Oci/tajne-poruke-svetoga-save-16-03-03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023044533/http://www.serbianunity.net/culture/library/Oci/tajne-poruke-svetoga-save-16-03-03.html |archive-date=23 October 2007 |title=Oči u oči |chapter=Tajne poruke svetog Save" Svetosavska crkva i velika seoba Srba 1690. godine |author-link=Dejan Medaković |publisher=BIGZ (online reprint by Serbian Unity Congress library) |location=Belgrade |isbn=978-86-13-00903-0 |last=Medaković |first=Dejan |access-date=17 May 2007 |year=1990 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Principality and Kingdom of Serbia===
{{See also|Principality of Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia}}
[[File:Belgrade_Cathedral_&_Landing_Place_1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|View of Belgrade in 1890]]
At the beginning of the 19th century, Belgrade was predominantly inhabited by a Muslim population. Traces of Ottoman rule and architecture—such as mosques and [[bazaar]]s, were to remain a prominent part of Belgrade's townscape into the 19th century; several decades, even, after Serbia was granted autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Basare und Boulevards: Belgrad im 19. Jahrhundert. |last=Mišković |first=Nataša |year=2008 |location=Vienna |page=16}}</ref>

During the [[First Serbian Uprising]], Serbian revolutionaries held the city from 8 January 1807 until 1813, when it was retaken by the Ottomans.<ref name="beogradrs-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201255 |title=History (Liberation of Belgrade) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924080603/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201255 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1807, Turks in Belgrade were massacred and forcefully converted to Christianity. The massacre was encouraged by Russia in order to cement divisions between the Serb rebels and the [[Ottoman Porte|Porte]]. Around 6,000 Muslims and Jews were forcibly converted to Christianity. Most mosques were converted into churches. Muslims, Jews, Aromanians and Greeks were
subjected to forced labour, and Muslim women were widely made available to young Serb men, and some were taken into slavery. [[Milenko Stojković]] bought many of them, and established his harem for which he gained fame. In this circumstances Belgrade demographically transformed from Ottoman to Serb.<ref name="AMH">{{cite book | last=Hoare | first=M.A. | title=Serbia: A Modern History | publisher=Hurst Publishers | year=2024 | page=50}}</ref> After the [[Second Serbian Uprising]] in 1815, Serbia achieved some sort of sovereignty, which was formally recognised by the Porte in 1830.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nations into States: National Liberations in Former Yugoslavia |last=Pavkovic |first=Aleksandar |journal=National Europe Centre Paper No. 5 |publisher=The Australian National University |date=19 October 2001 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41654/3/pavkovic.pdf |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331000615/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41654/3/pavkovic.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The development of Belgrade architecture after 1815 can be divided into four periods. In the first phase, which lasted from 1815 to 1835, the dominant architectural style was still of a Balkan character, with substantial Ottoman influence. At the same time, an interest in joining the European mainstream allowed Central and Western European architecture to flourish. Between 1835 and 1850, the amount of [[Neoclassicism|neoclassicist]] and [[baroque]] buildings south of the Austrian border rose considerably, exemplified by [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|St Michael's Cathedral]] (Serbian: ''Saborna crkva)'', completed in 1840. Between 1850 and 1875, new architecture was characterised by a turn towards the newly popular [[Romanticism]], along with older European architectural styles. Typical of Central European cities in the last quarter of the 19th century, the fourth phase was characterised by an [[Eclecticism|eclecticist]] style based on the Renaissance and Baroque periods.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Istorija Beograda |editor-last=Antonić |editor-first=Zdravko |year=1995 |location=Belgrade |pages=263–264}}</ref>

In 1841, Prince [[Mihailo Obrenović]] moved the capital of the [[Principality of Serbia]] from [[Kragujevac]] to Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kragujevac.rs/History-152-2 |title=History |publisher=City of Kragujevac |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329035624/http://www.kragujevac.rs/History-152-2 |archive-date=29 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |title=History (Important Years Through City History) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924063201/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |url-status=live }}</ref> During his first reign (1815–1839), Prince Miloš Obrenović pursued expansion of the city's population through the addition of new settlements, aiming and succeeding to make Belgrade the centre of the Principality's administrative, military and cultural institutions. His project of creating a new market space (the Abadžijska čaršija), however, was less successful; trade continued to be conducted in the centuries-old Donja čaršija and Gornja čaršija. Still, new construction projects were typical for the Christian quarters as the older Muslim quarters declined; from Serbia's autonomy until 1863, the number of Belgrade quarters even decreased, mainly as a consequence of the gradual [[Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)|disappearance of the city's Muslim population]]. An Ottoman city map from 1863 counts only 9 Muslim quarters (''mahalas''). The names of only five such neighbourhoods are known today: Ali-pašina, Reis-efendijina, Jahja-pašina, Bajram-begova, and Laz Hadži-Mahmudova.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Beogradski odonimi. |last=Radović |first=Srđan |year=2014 |location=Belgrade |pages=47–48}}</ref> Following the [[Čukur Fountain incident]], Belgrade was bombed by the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vesković |first1=Ivana |title=Čukur česma=Čukur fountain |date=2010 |publisher=The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade |location=Belgrade |isbn=978-86-81157-45-9}}</ref>
[[File:De Eerste Balkanoorlog 1912, SFA022816172.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Belgrade 1912]]

On 18 April 1867, the Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison, which had been since 1826 the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia, withdrawn from [[Kalemegdan]]. The forlorn Porte's only stipulation was that the Ottoman flag continue to fly over the fortress alongside the Serbian one. Serbia's ''de facto'' independence dates from this event.<ref>Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume 2: Reform, Revolution and Republic—The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975'' (Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 148.</ref> In the following years, urban planner [[Emilijan Josimović]] had a significant influence on Belgrade. He conceptualised a regulation plan for the city in 1867, in which he proposed the replacement of the town's crooked streets with a [[grid plan]]. Of great importance also was the construction of independent Serbian political and cultural institutions, as well as the city's now-plentiful parks. Pointing to Josimović's work, Serbian scholars have noted an important break with Ottoman traditions. At the time of independence, Belgrade had a mainly Ottoman look, and Josimović stated  
he wanted to rebuild Belgrade so that "the capital does not retain the form that barbarism gave it".{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=18}} Josimović designed Belgrade to resemble Vienna, right down to building grand boulevards inspired by the ''Ringstrasse''.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=18}} All that remains of Ottoman Belgrade today are two mosques, the citadel, and a fountain with Arabic inscriptions.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=18}} However, Istanbul—the capital city of the state to which Belgrade and Serbia ''de jure'' still belonged—underwent similar changes.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nationalism and Architecture. |editor-last=Quek |editor-first=Raymond |year=2012 |location=Farnham |page=97}}</ref> 

In May 1868, ''knez'' Mihailo was assassinated with his cousin [[Anka Konstantinović]] while riding in a carriage in his country residence.<ref>{{citation |last=Hawkesworth |first=Celia |title=''Voices in the Shadows: Women and Verbal Art in Serbia and Bosnia'' |publisher=Budapest and New York: Central European University Press |year=2000 |isbn=963-9116-62-9 |page=101}}</ref>

With the [[Principality of Serbia|Principality]]'s full independence in 1878 and its transformation into the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] in 1882, Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans, and developed rapidly.<ref name="beogradrs-2"/><ref name="beogradrs">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201259 |title=History (The Capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062838/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201259 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, conditions in Serbia remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, even with the opening of a railway to [[Niš]], Serbia's second city. In 1900, the capital had only 70,000 inhabitants<ref>{{cite web |last=Lahmeyer |first=Jan |url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |title=The Yugoslav Federation: Historical demographical data of the urban centers |publisher=populstat.info |date=3 February 2003 |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232754/http://populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (at the time Serbia numbered 2.5&nbsp;million). Still, by 1905, the population had grown to more than 80,000 and, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, it had surpassed the 100,000 citizens, disregarding [[Zemun]], which still belonged to [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Belgrade and Smederevo}}</ref>

The first-ever projection of motion pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe was held in Belgrade in June 1896 by André Carr, a representative of the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]]. He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year; however, they have not been preserved.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/index_e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319065325/http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/index_e.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2013 |chapter-url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/isk/dkosanovic-cinematography.html |title=The history of Serbian Culture |chapter=Serbian Film and Cinematography (1896–1993) |last=Kosanovic |first=Dejan |isbn=1-870732-31-6 |publisher=Porthill Publishers |access-date=10 July 2007 |year=1995}}</ref> The first permanent cinema was opened in 1909 in Belgrade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Деретић |first=Јован |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI7pAAAACAAJ&q=kulturna+istorija+Srba |title=Културна историја Срба: предавања |date=2005 |page=312 |publisher=Народна књига |isbn=978-86-331-2386-0 |language=en |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205051/https://books.google.com/books?id=zI7pAAAACAAJ&q=kulturna+istorija+Srba |url-status=live }}</ref>

===World War I: Austro–German invasion ===
[[File:Bg-7 Panorama s Topčiderskog brda 1920.jpg|thumb|900px|center|Belgrade seen from [[Topčider]] hill in 1920.]]

The First World War began on 28 July 1914 when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade. [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Austro-Hungarian]] [[Monitor (warship)|monitors]] shelled Belgrade on 29 July 1914, and it was taken by the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] under General [[Oskar Potiorek]] on 1 December. On 16 December, it was re-taken by [[Serbian Campaign (World War I)|Serbian troops]] under Marshal [[Radomir Putnik]]. After a prolonged battle which destroyed much of the city, starting on 6 October 1915, Belgrade fell to [[German Army (German Empire)|German]] and Austro-Hungarian troops commanded by Field Marshal [[August von Mackensen]] on 9 October of the same year. The city was liberated by Serbian and [[French Army|French troops]] on 1 November 1918, under the command of Marshal [[Louis Franchet d'Espèrey]] of France and [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia]]. Belgrade, devastated as a front-line city, lost the title of largest city in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom]] to [[Subotica]] for some time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balkanology.com/serbia/article_vojvodina.html |title=Serbia :: Vojvodina |publisher=Balkanology |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312085105/http://balkanology.com/serbia/article_vojvodina.html |archive-date=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Kingdom of Yugoslavia===
After the war, Belgrade became the capital of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] in 1929. The Kingdom was split into [[Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia|banovinas]] and Belgrade, together with [[Zemun]] and [[Pančevo]], formed a separate administrative unit.<ref>{{ISBN|86-17-09287-4}}: Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer: Историја за трећи разред гимназије, Belgrade, 2002, p. 144.</ref>
During this period, the city experienced fast growth and significant modernisation. Belgrade's population grew to 239,000 by 1931 (with the inclusion of Zemun), and to 320,000 by 1940. The population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4.08% a year.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0350-03730101087P&redirect=ft |title=Industrija i urbani razvoj Beograda |first2=R |last2=Arold |last1=Petrović |first1=Dragan |journal=Industrija |year=2001 |volume=21 |issue=1–4 |pages=87–94 |access-date=10 July 2007 |issn=0350-0373 |format=PDF |id=0350-03730101087P |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217212301/http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0350-03730101087P&redirect=ft |archive-date=17 December 2008}}</ref>

In 1927, Belgrade's first airport opened, and in 1929, its first radio station began broadcasting. The [[Pančevo Bridge]], which crosses the Danube, was opened in 1935,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serbia-info.com/g3/images/1930-50-e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118092237/http://www.serbia-info.com/g3/images/1930-50-e.htm |archive-date=18 January 2008 |title=Twentieth Century – Innovations in Belgrade |publisher=Serbia-info.com (Government of Serbia website) |access-date=21 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while [[King Alexander Bridge]] over the Sava was opened in 1934. On 3 September 1939 the first [[Belgrade Grand Prix]], the last [[Grand Prix motor racing]] race before the outbreak of World War II, was held around the [[Belgrade Fortress]] and was followed by 80,000 spectators.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.automagazin.rs/sport/kruzne-trke/10094/poslednji-grand-prix-u-beogradu |title=Poslednji Grand Prix u Beogradu |work=Auto Magazin |date=2 September 2011 |language=sr |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=11 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211042448/http://www.automagazin.rs/sport/kruzne-trke/10094/poslednji-grand-prix-u-beogradu |url-status=live }}</ref> The winner was [[Tazio Nuvolari]].<ref>{{citation |last=Krivokapić |first=Branislav |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Reportaza/121839/Preteca-Formule-1-na-Kalemegdanu |title=Preteča formule 1 na Balkanu |date=22 September 2009 |language=sr |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=20 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520202008/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Reportaza/121839/Preteca-Formule-1-na-Kalemegdanu |url-status=live }}</ref>

===World War II: German invasion ===
[[File:Demonstracije u Beogradu 27. marta 1941.jpg|thumb|left|People of Belgrade demonstrate their support for break-up with the [[Tripartite Pact]] on 27 March 1941]]

On 25 March 1941, the government of [[regent]] [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Crown Prince Paul]] signed the [[Tripartite Pact]], joining the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis powers]] in an effort to stay out of the Second World War and keep Yugoslavia neutral during the conflict. This was immediately followed by mass protests in Belgrade and a military [[coup d'état]] led by Air Force commander General [[Dušan Simović]], who proclaimed [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] to be of age to rule the realm. As a result, the city was [[Operation Retribution (1941)|heavily bombed]] by the [[Luftwaffe]] on 6 April 1941, killing up to 2,274 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/da-nije-bilo-6-aprila-najlepse-srusene-zgrade-beograda/9hjel3n |title=DA NIJE BILO 6. APRILA Najlepše srušene zgrade Beograda |date=25 November 2015 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405182628/http://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/da-nije-bilo-6-aprila-najlepse-srusene-zgrade-beograda/9hjel3n |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbg6AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |title=Lovački avioni Drugog svetskog rata |first=Samir |last=Aslani |date=1 June 2004 |publisher=Samir Aslani |via=Google Books |isbn=9788690553501 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225222859/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbg6AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_2.htm |title=The German campaign in the Balkans (Spring 1941) |chapter=Part Two the Yugoslav Campaign |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm |access-date=7 July 2009 |id=CMH Pub 104-4 |year=1986 |orig-year=1953 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619234443/http://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yugoslavia was then [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded]] by [[Nazi Germany|German]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]], [[Hungary between the two world wars|Hungarian]], and [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|Bulgarian]] forces. Belgrade was captured by subterfuge, with six German soldiers led by their officer [[Fritz Klingenberg]] feigning threatening size, forcing the city to capitulate.[[File:Belgrád, Szerbia. A Moszkva szálló a Terazijén. Fortepan 16206.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins in Belgrade after [[Operation Retribution (1941)|German bombing of 1941]].]]

<ref>Taking Belgrade by bluff. By: Heaton, Colin D., World War II, 08984204, Jan98, Vol. 12, Issue 5</ref> Belgrade was more directly occupied by the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] in the same month and became the seat of the puppet [[Nedić regime]], headed by its namesake general.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005456 |title=Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503181152/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005456 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of today's parts of Belgrade were incorporated in the [[Independent State of Croatia]] in occupied Yugoslavia, another puppet state, where [[Ustashe]] regime carried out the [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Genocide of Serbs]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barić |first=Nikica |year=2011 |title=Politika Nezavisne Države Hrvatske prema Srbiji |publisher=Institut za savremenu istoriju |journal=Istorija 20. Veka |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.29362/ist20veka.2011.1.bar.115-126|doi-access=free}}</ref>

During the summer and autumn of 1941, in reprisal for guerrilla attacks, the Germans carried out several massacres of Belgrade citizens; in particular, members of the [[History of the Jews in Serbia|Jewish community]] were subject to mass shootings at the order of General [[Franz Böhme]], the German [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|Military Governor of Serbia]]. Böhme rigorously enforced the rule that for every German killed, 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Richard L |last2=Roth |first2=John King |title=Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy |year=2003 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=0-664-22353-2 |page=170 |url=https://www.questia.com/library/book/approaches-to-auschwitz-the-holocaust-and-its-legacy-by-john-k-roth-richard-l-rubenstein.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013012423/http://www.questia.com/library/book/approaches-to-auschwitz-the-holocaust-and-its-legacy-by-john-k-roth-richard-l-rubenstein.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref> Belgrade became the first city in Europe to be declared by the Nazi occupation forces to be ''[[judenfrei]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morton |first1=J. |last2=Forage |first2=P. |last3=Bianchini |first3=S. |last4=Nation |first4=R. |title=Reflections on the Balkan Wars: Ten Years After the Break-Up of Yugoslavia |date=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-40398-020-5 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfPFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416081357/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfPFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> The resistance movement in Belgrade was led by Major [[Žarko Todorović]] from 1941 until his arrest in 1943.<ref>[https://znaci.org/00001/4_14_1_6.htm Zbornik dokumenata vojnoistorijskog instituta: TOM XIV, Knjiga 1] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005185357/http://www.znaci.net/00001/4_14_1_6.htm |date=5 October 2011 }}, znaci.net; accessed 15 March 2016.</ref>

Just like [[Rotterdam]], which was devastated twice by both German and Allied bombing, [[Allied bombing of Yugoslavia in World War II#1944 Easter bombing|Belgrade was bombed]] once more during [[World War II]], this time by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on 16 April 1944, killing at least 1,100 people. This bombing fell on the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] [[Orthodox Easter|Easter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spc.rs/eng/anniversary_allied_bomb_attacks_against_belgrade |title=Anniversary of the Allied Bomb Attacks Against Belgrade |publisher=Radio-Television of Serbia |date=17 April 2008 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090715/http://www.spc.rs/eng/anniversary_allied_bomb_attacks_against_belgrade |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the city remained under German occupation until 20 October 1944, when it was liberated by the [[Red Army]] and the Communist [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav Partisans]].

On 29 November 1945, Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]] proclaimed the [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] in Belgrade (later renamed to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] on 7 April 1963).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.napredniklub.org/tekstovi.php?subaction=showfull&id=1255532834&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& |title=Tekstovi (Texts) |publisher=Napredniklub.org |access-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727110857/http://www.napredniklub.org/tekstovi.php?subaction=showfull&id=1255532834&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

===Socialist Yugoslavia===
[[File:Konferencija_Pokreta_nesvrstanih_1961._godine.jpg|thumb|left|The First [[Non-Aligned Movement]] Summit Conference took place in Belgrade, [[Yugoslavia]] in September 1961]]
When the war ended, the city was left with 11,500 demolished housing units.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rastao je na ruševinama (reprint on 20 October 2017) |trans-title=(Belgrade) rose on the ruins |newspaper=Politika |language=sr |date=20 October 1967}}</ref> During the post-war period, Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|renewed Yugoslavia]], developing as a major industrial centre.<ref name="beogradrs"/>

In 1948, construction of [[New Belgrade]] started.  In the late 1940s and 1950s, the new regime made a point of rebuilding Belgrade in a modernistic style inspired by Le Corbusier to show that Yugoslavia was in the forefront of progress.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=196}} In 1958, Belgrade's first television station began broadcasting. In 1961, Belgrade hosted the first and founding conference of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] under Tito's chairmanship.{{sfn|Norris|2008|p=134}} In 1962, [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport]] was built. In the 1960s, a number of prestige buildings were put up such as the parliament building, the [[Ušće Towers]] which served as the headquarters for the Central Committee of the League of Communists, and the [[Hotel Jugoslavija]].{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=196}} An American journalist from the ''Washington Post'' newspaper wrote in 1967: "Belgrade is a lively, frivolous, noisy, jam-packed city compared with the one I remember from twenty years ago"..{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=196}} In 1964, Tito embarked upon the policy of "market socialism" that allowed capitalism to co-exist with communism. As a result, Western visitors to Belgrade in the late 1960s were astonished to see that the main streets were dominated by gigantic and garish billboards promoting Western brands such as Coca-Cola, Volkswagen, Siemens and Pan Am, giving Belgrade a very Western feel.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=196}} Likewise, the Belgradians in the 1960s were described as dressed very much in fashionable Western styles with visitors noting that many women had an obsession with having their hair bleached blonde.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=196}} The German historian Marie-Jannine Calic wrote that in the 1960s Belgrade "a vibrant hustle and bustle prevailed in the streets, squares, and numerous cafes."{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=196}} She also noted that the core of Belgrade had a very modern look, but that "along the mighty boulevards huddled pathetic little stores selling cloth, metal goods and dishware next to the dingy workshops of shoemakers, silversmiths and candle makers".{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=197}} On the periphery of Belgrade, there was a semi-rural feel as chickens and cows wandered about the streets while the people lived in dire poverty, making their living as peddlers, wandering musicians, rag pickers, panhandlers, shoe shiners, scissor grinders, casual laborers and other marginal occupations.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=197}} In 1968, [[1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade|major student protests]] led to several street clashes between students and the police.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.boell.eu/downloads/mai_68_uk.pdf |page=49 |last=Popov |first=Nebojša |title=Belgrade, June 1968 |journal=1968 Revisited: 40 Years of Protest Movements |publisher=Heinrich Böll Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618055051/http://www.boell.eu/downloads/mai_68_uk.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> 

By 1969, the population of Belgrade passed the one million mark for the first time.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=195}} The population increase was largely due to people moving from rural areas to Belgrade as it was estimated in 1969 that two of three Belgradians had been born in the countryside.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=195}} The population increase in the 1960s imposed serious social strains as more people were moving to Belgrade faster than the pace of housing construction, leading a housing crisis.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=197}} The 1961 Yugoslav census showed that an average of 2.5 people lived per one room in Belgrade compared to the average of 1.6 people per room in the rest of Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=197}} In 1965, it was estimated that there was a shortage of 50, 000 housing units in Belgrade, which led to many people to make illegal makeshift homes in shops, basements, laundry rooms and even elevator shafts while on the periphery of Belgrade people built wooden huts and cottages.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=197}} The mayor of Belgrade, [[Branko Pešić]], told a journalist in 1965: "In the last seven or eight years, 20,000 to 30,000 people have come to Belgrade each year. That equals an entire small town...And all of these people find shelter somewhere, hole up someplace. Some get an apartment, but that is the smallest percentage of them. A great number are forced...to house in basement, in unhygienic apartments and barracks. And whoever has not yet seen this should definitely see what this looks like...Something like this doesn't even exist in Africa".{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=197}}  

In 1972, Belgrade faced a [[1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak|smallpox outbreak]], the last major outbreak of [[smallpox]] in [[Europe]] since World War II.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trifunović |first=Vesna |title=Temporality and discontinuity as aspects of smallpox outbreak in Yugoslavia |journal=Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU |date=July 2018 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=127–145 |doi=10.2298/GEI1701127T|doi-access=free|hdl=21.15107/rcub_dais_7666 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Between October 1977 and March 1978, the city hosted the first major gathering of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] with the aim of implementing the [[Helsinki Accords]] from, while in 1980 Belgrade hosted the [[UNESCO General Conference]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bilandžić |first1=Vladimir |last2=Dahlmann |first2=Dittmar |last3=Kosanović |first3=Milan |title=From Helsinki to Belgrade: The First CSCE Follow-up Meeting and the Crisis of Détente |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783899719383 |year=2012 |pages=163–184}}</ref> Josip Broz Tito died in May 1980 and his [[Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito|funeral]] in Belgrade was attended by high officials and state delegations from 128 of the 154 [[Member states of the United Nations|members of the United Nations]] from all over the world, based on which it became one of the [[List of largest funerals|largest funerals in history]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Tito: A Biography |last=Ridley |first=Jasper |year=1996 |publisher=Constable |isbn=0-09-475610-4 |page=19}}</ref>

===Breakup of Yugoslavia===
[[File:Beograd - Zgrade Generalštaba Vojske Srbije i Crne Gore i Ministarstva odbrane (43221947840).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|Former [[Yugoslav Ministry of Defence building|Ministry of Defence building]] damaged in the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|1999 NATO bombing]]]]
On 9 March 1991, [[March 9, 1991 protest|massive demonstrations]] led by [[Vuk Drašković]] were held in the city against [[Slobodan Milošević]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mc.rs/prvi-udarac-milosevicevom-rezimu.6.html?eventId=24600 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814193726/http://www.mc.rs/prvi-udarac-milosevicevom-rezimu.6.html%3FeventId%3D24600 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2019 |title=Prvi udarac Miloševićevom režimu |work=[[Danas (newspaper)|Danas]] |date=9 March 2006 |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> According to various media outlets, there were between 100,000 and 150,000 people on the streets.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Graff |first=James L. |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972607-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930073731/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972607-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2007 |title=Yugoslavia: Mass bedlam in Belgrade |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=25 March 1991 |access-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> Two people were killed, 203 were injured and 108 were arrested during the protests, and later that day tanks were deployed onto the streets to restore order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/450/2.html |title=Srbija na mitinzima (1990–1999) |work=[[Vreme]] |date=21 August 1999 |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619005413/http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/450/2.html |archive-date=19 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many [[1991–1992 anti-war protests in Belgrade|anti-war protests]] were held in Belgrade, with the largest protests being dedicated to solidarity with the victims from the [[Siege of Sarajevo|besieged Sarajevo]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia |url=https://archive.org/details/burnthishousemak00udov |url-access=limited |first1=Jasminka |last1=Udovicki |first2=James |last2=Ridgeway |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=9781136764820 |location=Durham, North Carolina |pages=[https://archive.org/details/burnthishousemak00udov/page/n265 255]-266}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fridman |first1=Orli |title='It was like fighting a war with our own people': anti-war activism in Serbia during the 1990s |journal=The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity |year=2010 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=507–522 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2011.579953 |s2cid=153467930}}</ref> [[1996–1997 protests in Serbia|Further anti-government protests]] were held in Belgrade from November 1996 to February 1997 against the same government after alleged electoral fraud in local elections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201267 |title=History (Disintegration Years 1988–2000) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924063500/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201267 |url-status=live }}</ref> These protests brought [[Zoran Đinđić]] to power, the first [[mayor of Belgrade]] since World War II who did not belong to the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] or its later offshoot, the [[Socialist Party of Serbia]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40616F83B5A0C708EDDAB0894DF494D81 |title=New Mayor of Belgrade: A Serbian Chameleon |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 February 1997 |access-date=17 May 2007}}</ref>

In 1999, during the [[Kosovo War]], the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO bombing]] campaign targeted a number a buildings in Belgrade. Among the sites bombed were some ministry buildings, the [[Radio Television of Serbia|RTS]] building, hospitals, [[Hotel Jugoslavija]], the [[Ušće Tower|Central Committee building]], [[Avala Tower]], and the [[NATO Bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade|Chinese embassy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201271 |title=NATO bombing |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816025147/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201271 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 500<ref>{{Cite news| newspaper=Washington Post| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-02/07/000r-020700-idx.html| date=February 7, 2000| title=Report Says NATO Bombing Killed 500 Civilians in Yugoslavia |author=Bradley Graham| page=A02}}</ref> and 2,000 civilians<ref>{{Cite web |title=220. Bombing to Bring Peace {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/220-bombing-to-bring-peace |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |date=7 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> were killed in Serbia and Montenegro as a result of the NATO bombings, of which 47 were killed in Belgrade.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.hlc-rdc.org/db/nato/index.html| work=[[Humanitarian Law Center]]| title=Ljudski gubici u NATO bombardovanju (Srbija, Kosovo i Crna Gora)| date=March 23, 2018}}</ref> After the [[Yugoslav Wars]], Serbia became home to the highest number of [[refugee]]s and [[internally displaced person]]s in Europe, with more than a third of these refugees having settled in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serbia: Europe's largest proctracted refugee situation |url=http://www.osce.org/serbia/24323?download=true |publisher=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326082139/http://www.osce.org/serbia/24323?download=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=S. Cross|author2=S. Kentera|author3=R. Vukadinovic|author4=R. Nation |title=Shaping South East Europe's Security Community for the Twenty-First Century: Trust, Partnership, Integration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=el-YZHB8hzYC&pg=PP1 |access-date=5 May 2020 |date=7 May 2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |page=169 |isbn=9781137010209 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326082403/https://books.google.rs/books?id=el-YZHB8hzYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8b92c.html |title=U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1998 – Yugoslavia |publisher=[[U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants]] |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302142950/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8b92c.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Housing and Property Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia, and Montenegro |first1=Veljko |last1=Mikelić |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] |year=2005 |isbn=9789211317848 |page=120}}</ref>

After the [[2000 Yugoslavian general election|2000 presidential elections]], Belgrade was the site of major public protests, with over half a million people taking part. These demonstrations resulted in the [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|ousting of president Milošević]] as a part of the [[Otpor]] movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=10&dd=05&nav_category=90&nav_id=44315 |title=Parties, citizens mark October 5 |publisher=B92 |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418190114/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=10&dd=05&nav_category=90&nav_id=44315 |archive-date=18 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201275 |title=October 5, 2000 |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=7 May 2009 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062458/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201275 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Development===
[[File:Belgrade Waterfront 1.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Belgrade Waterfront]]]]
In 2014, [[Belgrade Waterfront]], an urban renewal project, was initiated by the [[Government of Serbia]] and its [[United Arab Emirati|Emirati]] partner, [[Eagle Hills Properties]]. Around €3.5 billion was to be jointly invested by the Serbian government and their Emirati partners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Ekonomija/435629/Ovako-ce-izgledati-Beograd-na-vodi |title=Ovako će izgledati "Beograd na vodi" |publisher=Blic.rs |date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204657/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Ekonomija/435629/Ovako-ce-izgledati-Beograd-na-vodi |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>{{update inline|date=December 2021}} The project includes office and luxury apartment buildings, five-star hotels, a shopping mall and the envisioned '[[Belgrade Tower]]'. The project is, however, quite controversial—there are a number of uncertainties regarding its funding, necessity, and its architecture's arguable lack of harmony with the rest of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/12/08/inside-abu-dhabis-bad-joke-the-belgrade-waterfront-project/#49c14d826c12 |title=A Look at Abu Dhabi's 'Bad Joke': The Belgrade Waterfront Project |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107172658/https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/12/08/inside-abu-dhabis-bad-joke-the-belgrade-waterfront-project/#49c14d826c12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to [[Belgrade Waterfront]], the city is under rapid development and reconstruction, especially in the area of [[New Belgrade|Novi Beograd]], where (as of 2020) apartment and office buildings were under construction to support the burgeoning [[Belgrade IT sector]], now one of Serbia's largest economic players. In September 2020, there were around 2000 active construction sites in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Online |first=Piše: Danas |date=19 September 2020 |title=Vesić: U Beogradu se ove godine gradi više nego lane |url=https://www.danas.rs/beograd/vesic-u-beogradu-se-ove-godine-gradi-vise-nego-lane/ |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=Dnevni list Danas |language=sr-RS |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023014923/https://www.danas.rs/beograd/vesic-u-beogradu-se-ove-godine-gradi-vise-nego-lane/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city budget for 2023 stood at 205,5 billion dinars (1.750 billion Euros).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n1info.rs/english/news/belgrade-2023-budget-adopted/|title=Belgrade 2023 budget adopted|date=27 December 2022|website=N1}}</ref> The budget for the city of Belgrade has been estimated to be more than 2 billion Euros for 2024.

==Geography==
===Topography===

[[File:Ушће Саве у Дунав поред десне обале Великог ратног острва и Калемегдана.jpg|thumb|right|The confluence of the [[Sava]] (river on the right side) into the [[Danube]] at Belgrade with view on [[Belgrade Fortress|Kalemegdan Fortress]] (up-right)]]

Belgrade lies {{cvt|116.75|m|ft}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] and is located at the [[confluence]] of the [[Danube]] and [[Sava]] rivers.<ref name="nurden-2009" /> The historical core of Belgrade, [[Belgrade Fortress|Kalemegdan]], lies on the right banks of both rivers. Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding to the south and east; after World War II, [[New Belgrade]] was built on the left bank of the Sava river, connecting Belgrade with [[Zemun]]. Smaller, chiefly residential communities across the Danube, like [[Krnjača]], [[Kotež]] and [[Borča]], also merged with the city, while [[Pančevo]], a heavily industrialised satellite city, remains separate. The city has an urban area of {{cvt|360|km2|sqmi}}, while together with its metropolitan area it covers {{cvt|3223|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="city of belgrade-3" />

On the right bank of the Sava, central Belgrade has a hilly terrain, while the highest point of Belgrade proper is [[Torlak (Belgrade)|Torlak hill]] at {{cvt|303|m|ft}}. The mountains of [[Avala]] ({{cvt|511|m|ft}}) and [[Kosmaj]] ({{cvt|628|m|ft}}) lie south of the city. Across the Sava and Danube, the land is mostly flat, consisting of [[alluvial plain]]s and [[loam|loessial]] [[plateau]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201033 |publisher=City of Belgrade |title=Natural Features |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062300/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201033 |url-status=live }}</ref><!--{{cite conference |url=http://www.geo.uni.lodz.pl/~icuc5/text/P_1_10.pdf |title=Topoclimate and air pollution effects on respiratory diseases occurrences in Belgrade |first=Verica |last=Gburčik |first2=Valentina |last2=Gburčik |first3=Ljubinka |last3=Marčetić |first4=Slobodan |last4=Tošović |publisher=Institute of Public Health of Belgrade |format=PDF}}-->
[[File:DJI 0387-12.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Monument to the Unknown Hero]] on the mountain [[Avala]], [[Avala Tower]] and city of Belgrade in distance.]]
One of the characteristics of the city terrain is [[mass wasting]]. On the territory covered by the General Urban Plan there are 1,155 recorded mass wasting points, out of which 602 are active and 248 are labeled as 'high risk'. They cover almost 30% of the city territory and include several types of mass wasting. [[Downhill creep]]s are located on the slopes above the rivers, mostly on the [[clay]] or [[loam]] soils, inclined between 7 and 20%. The most critical ones are in [[Karaburma]], [[Zvezdara]], [[Višnjica, Serbia|Višnjica]], [[Vinča]] and [[Ritopek]], in the Danube valley, and [[Umka]], and especially its neighbourhood of Duboko, in the Sava valley. They have moving and dormant phases, and some of them have been recorded for centuries. Less active downhill creep areas include the entire [[Terazijska Terasa|Terazije slope]] above the Sava (Kalemegdan, [[Savamala]]), which can be seen by the inclination of the [[Pobednik]] monument and the tower of the [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|Cathedral Church]], and the Voždovac section, between [[Banjica]] and [[Autokomanda]].

Landslides encompass smaller areas, develop on the steep cliffs, sometimes being inclined up to 90%. They are mostly located in the artificial [[loess]] hills of Zemun: [[Gardoš]], [[Ćukovac]] and [[Kalvarija (Zemun)|Kalvarija]].

However, the majority of the land movement in Belgrade, some 90%, is triggered by the construction works and faulty water supply system (burst pipes, etc.). The neighbourhood of [[Mirijevo]] is considered to be the most successful project of fixing the problem. During the construction of the neighbourhood from the 1970s, the terrain was systematically improved and the movement of the land is today completely halted.<ref>{{Citation |first=Nikola |last=Belić |title=Klizišta nisu samo hir prirode |newspaper=[[Politika]] |language=sr |date=8 November 2011 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/193711/Klizista-nisu-samo-hir-prirode |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918145849/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/193711/Klizista-nisu-samo-hir-prirode |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Nikola |last=Belić |title=Otapanje pokreće i klizišta |newspaper=Politika |language=sr |date=22 February 2012 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/209361/Otapanje-pokrece-i-klizista |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926073714/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/209361/Otapanje-pokrece-i-klizista |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Belgrade has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'') with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. Monthly averages range from {{cvt|1.9|°C|1}} in January to {{cvt|23.8|°C|1}} in July, with an annual mean of {{cvt|13.2|°C|1}}. There are, on average, 44.6 days a year when the maximum temperature is at or above {{cvt|30|°C}},<ref name="nceinoaagov"/> and 95 days when the temperature is above {{cvt|25|°C}}, On the other hand, Belgrade experiences 52.1 days per year in which the minimum temperature falls below {{Convert|0|C|F|abbr=on}}, with 13.8 days having a maximum temperature below freezing as well.<ref name="nceinoaagov">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Beograd |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Serbia/XLS/Beograd_13274.xls |format =XLS|website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> Belgrade receives about {{cvt|698|mm|0}} of precipitation a year, with late spring being wettest. The average annual number of sunny hours is 2,020.

Belgrade may experience thunderstorms at any time of the year, experiencing 31 days annually, but it's much more common in spring and summer months. [[Hail]] is rare and occurs exclusively in spring or summer.<ref name="nceinoaagov"/>

The highest officially recorded temperature in Belgrade was {{cvt|43.6|C}} on 24 July 2007,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1334095.php/Record-breaking_heat_measured_in_Belgrade |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] |title=Record-breaking heat measured in Belgrade |date=24 July 2007 |access-date=10 August 2007 |publisher=Monsters and Critics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714085754/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1334095.php/Record-breaking_heat_measured_in_Belgrade |archive-date=14 July 2012}}</ref> while on the other end, the lowest temperature was {{cvt|-26.2|°C|0}} on 10 January 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201193 |title=Climate |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924064353/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201193 |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest recorded value of daily precipitation was {{Convert|109.8|mm|inches|abbr=off}} on 15 May 2014.<ref name="nceinoaagov"/>
{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location=Belgrade (1991–2020, extremes 1920–present)
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|Jan record high C = 21.4
|Feb record high C = 23.9
|Mar record high C = 30.0
|Apr record high C = 32.4
|May record high C = 34.9
|Jun record high C = 38.7
|Jul record high C = 43.6
|Aug record high C = 41.8
|Sep record high C = 41.8
|Oct record high C = 34.7
|Nov record high C = 29.3
|Dec record high C = 22.7
|year record high C = 43.6
|Jan high C = 5.2
|Feb high C = 7.8
|Mar high C = 13.1
|Apr high C = 18.9
|May high C = 23.6
|Jun high C = 27.1
|Jul high C = 29.3
|Aug high C = 29.7
|Sep high C = 24.3
|Oct high C = 18.7
|Nov high C = 12.2
|Dec high C = 6.1
|year high C = 18.0
|Jan mean C = 1.9
|Feb mean C = 3.8
|Mar mean C = 8.3
|Apr mean C = 13.6
|May mean C = 18.2
|Jun mean C = 21.9
|Jul mean C = 23.8
|Aug mean C = 23.8
|Sep mean C = 18.5
|Oct mean C = 13.3
|Nov mean C = 8.1
|Dec mean C = 3.0
|year mean C = 13.2
|Jan low C = -0.7
|Feb low C = 0.6
|Mar low C = 4.2
|Apr low C = 8.8
|May low C = 13.2
|Jun low C = 16.7
|Jul low C = 18.4
|Aug low C = 18.5
|Sep low C = 14.1
|Oct low C = 9.4
|Nov low C = 5.1
|Dec low C = 0.5
|year low C = 9.1
|Jan record low C = -26.2
|Feb record low C = -25.5
|Mar record low C = -14.4
|Apr record low C = -6.1
|May record low C = -1.4
|Jun record low C = 4.6
|Jul record low C = 8.3
|Aug record low C = 6.7
|Sep record low C = 0.6
|Oct record low C = -6.9
|Nov record low C = -11.1
|Dec record low C = -19.3
|year record low C = -26.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 47.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 43.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 48.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.5
|May precipitation mm = 72.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 95.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 66.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 55.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 58.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 49.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 54.8
|year precipitation mm = 698.9
|Jan humidity = 77.9
|Feb humidity = 71.4
|Mar humidity = 62.7
|Apr humidity = 59.9
|May humidity = 61.9
|Jun humidity = 62.5
|Jul humidity = 59.8
|Aug humidity = 59.5
|Sep humidity = 65.8
|Oct humidity = 71.4
|Nov humidity = 75.1
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 67.3
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 13.5
|Feb precipitation days = 12.3
|Mar precipitation days = 11.3
|Apr precipitation days = 12.4
|May precipitation days = 13.5
|Jun precipitation days = 12.2
|Jul precipitation days = 10.0
|Aug precipitation days = 8.4
|Sep precipitation days = 9.5
|Oct precipitation days = 10.5
|Nov precipitation days = 10.8
|Dec precipitation days = 13.8
|year precipitation days = 138.2
|Jan snow days = 9.7
|Feb snow days = 7.3
|Mar snow days = 4.2
|Apr snow days = 0.7
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 3.0
|Dec snow days = 7.8
|year snow days = 32.8
|Jan sun = 70.7
|Feb sun = 96.2
|Mar sun = 146.7
|Apr sun = 186.7
|May sun = 224.7
|Jun sun = 253.9
|Jul sun = 278.8
|Aug sun = 262.6
|Sep sun = 192.6
|Oct sun = 155.0
|Nov sun = 92.1
|Dec sun = 60.3
|year sun = 2020.3
|Jan uv = 1
|Feb uv = 2
|Mar uv = 3
|Apr uv = 5
|May uv = 7
|Jun uv = 8
|Jul uv = 8
|Aug uv = 7
|Sep uv = 5
|Oct uv = 3
|Nov uv = 2
|Dec uv = 1
|source 1=Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/stanica_sr_beograd.php |title=Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020 |language=sr |publisher=Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415152549/https://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/stanica_sr_beograd.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2=Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/serbia/belgrade-climate |title=Belgrade, Serbia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |publisher=Yu Media Group |website=Weather Atlas |language=en |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703202940/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/serbia/belgrade-climate |url-status=live }}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=361 |title=Station Belgrade–Triche |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061442/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=361 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=September 2010
}}

==Administration==
{{See also|Mayor of Belgrade}}
Belgrade is a separate territorial unit in Serbia, with its own autonomous city authority.<ref name="city of belgrade"/> The Assembly of the City of Belgrade has 110 members, elected on four-year terms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly of the City of Belgrade |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014 |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113130104/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
A 13-member City Council, elected by the Assembly and presided over by the mayor and his deputy, has the control and supervision of the city administration,<ref>{{cite web |title=City Council |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201898 |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033009/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201898 |url-status=live }}</ref> which manages day-to-day administrative affairs. It is divided into 14 Secretariats, each having a specific portfolio such as traffic or health care, and several professional services, agencies and institutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Administration |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201902 |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326103342/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201902 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2024 Belgrade City Assembly election]] was won by the [[Serbian Progressive Party]], which formed a ruling coalition with the [[Socialist Party of Serbia]]. Between 2004 and 2013, the [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]] was in power.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2013&mm=09&dd=24&nav_id=87773 |title=Councilors vote to remove Belgrade mayor from office |publisher=B92 |date=24 September 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128020353/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2013&mm=09&dd=24&nav_id=87773 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the importance of Belgrade in political and economic life of Serbia, the office of city's mayor is often described as the third most important office in the state, after the [[Prime Minister of Serbia|President of the Government]] and the [[President of Serbia|President of the Republic]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Dejan |last=Aleksić |script-title=sr: Главни град – изборна неизвесност у кампањи 2022. |trans-title=Capital city – electoral uncertainty in the 2022. campaign |newspaper=Politika |page=18 |language=sr |date=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jelena Mitrović, Anica Telesković |title=Ko će biti beogradski pobednik? |trans-title=Who will be the Belgrade's winner? |publisher=[[Radio Television Serbia]] |language=sr |date=23 February 2022 |url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/20/rts-1/4715012/ko-ce-biti-beogradski-pobednik.html |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301155326/https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/20/rts-1/4715012/ko-ce-biti-beogradski-pobednik.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tamara |last=Skrozza |title=Prvi ljudi velike varoši |trans-title=First citizens of great town |newspaper=Vreme, No. 710 |language=sr |date=12 August 2004 |url=https://www.vreme.com/vreme/prvi-ljudi-velike-varosi/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301155328/https://www.vreme.com/vreme/prvi-ljudi-velike-varosi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the capital city, Belgrade is seat of all Serbian state authorities – [[executive (government)|executive]], [[legislative]], [[judiciary]], and the headquarters of almost all national political parties as well as 75 [[diplomatic mission]]s.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mup.gov.rs/cms_lat/sadrzaj.nsf/ambasade.h |title=Ambasade i konzularna predstavništva u Beogradu |publisher=Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia |language=sr |access-date=12 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128091441/http://www.mup.gov.rs/cms_lat/sadrzaj.nsf/ambasade.h |archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> This includes the [[National Assembly (Serbia)|National Assembly]], the Presidency, the [[Government of Serbia]] and all the ministries, [[Supreme Court (Serbia)|Supreme Court]] and the [[Constitutional Court of Serbia|Constitutional Court]].

===Municipalities===
{{See also|Subdivisions of Belgrade}}
[[File:Aerial view of Novi Beograd buildings, 2024.jpg|thumb|Communist brutalist architecture of [[New Belgrade]]]]

The city is divided into 17 municipalities.<ref name="beogradrs-5">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201906 |title=Urban Municipalities |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924043019/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201906 |url-status=live }}</ref> Previously, they were classified into 10 urban (lying completely or partially within borders of the city proper) and 7 suburban municipalities, whose centres are smaller towns.<ref>{{citation |last=Bačić |first=B. Č. |title=Najveći problem izjednačavanje statusa gradskih i prigradskih opština |url=http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/srbija/beograd/najveci_problem_izjednacavanje_statusa_gradskih_i_prigradskih_opstina_.39.html?news_id=141062 |publisher=Danas |date=1 October 2008 |access-date=9 February 2010 |language=sr |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220820/http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/srbija/beograd/najveci_problem_izjednacavanje_statusa_gradskih_i_prigradskih_opstina_.39.html?news_id=141062 |url-status=live }}</ref> With the new 2010 City statute, they were all given equal status, with the proviso that suburban ones (except Surčin) have certain autonomous powers, chiefly related with construction, infrastructure and public utilities.<ref name="beogradrs-5"/>

Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the Danube and [[Sava]] rivers, in the [[Šumadija]] region. Three municipalities ([[Zemun]], [[New Belgrade|Novi Beograd]], and [[Surčin]]), are on the northern bank of the Sava in the [[Syrmia]] region and the municipality of [[Palilula (Belgrade)|Palilula]], spanning the Danube, is in both the [[Šumadija]] and [[Banat]] regions.
[[File:Belgrade_municipalities02.png|thumb|250px|Municipalities of Belgrade map]]

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Municipality
! Classification
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Population (census 2022)
! Population density (per km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Barajevo]] ||suburban ||213.10 ||26,431 ||110
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Čukarica]] ||urban ||156.99 ||175,793 ||1,120
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Grocka]] ||suburban ||299.55 ||82,810 ||276
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Lazarevac]] ||suburban ||383.51 ||55,146 ||144
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mladenovac]] ||suburban ||339 ||48,683 ||144
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[New Belgrade|Novi Beograd]] ||urban ||40.71 ||209,763 ||5,153
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Obrenovac]] ||suburban ||410.14 ||68,882 ||168
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Palilula (Belgrade)|Palilula]] ||urban ||450.59 ||182,624 ||405
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rakovica, Belgrade|Rakovica]] ||urban ||30.11 ||104,456 ||3,469
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Savski Venac]] ||urban ||14.06 ||36,699 ||2,610
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sopot, Serbia|Sopot]] ||suburban ||270.71 ||19,126 ||71
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Stari Grad, Belgrade|Stari Grad]] ||urban ||5.40 ||44,737 ||8,285
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Surčin]] ||urban ||288.47 ||45,452 ||158
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Voždovac]] ||urban ||148.52 ||174,864 ||1,177
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vračar]] ||urban ||2.87 ||55,406 ||19,305
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Zemun]] ||urban ||149.74 ||177,908 ||1,188
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Zvezdara]] ||urban ||31.49 ||172,625 ||5,482
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
! style="text-align:left"|Total ||||style="text-align:right"|3,234.96 || style="text-align:right" |1,681,405 || style="text-align:right" |520
|-
! style="text-align:left"; colspan="5"" |Source: Sector for statistics, Belgrade<ref name="zavod za statistiku grada beograda" />
|}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Belgrade|Demographic history of Belgrade}}
[[File:Belgrade oblast population pyramid in 2021.svg|thumb|Belgrade oblast population pyramid in 2021]]
According to the 2022 census, the statistical city proper has a population of 1,197,714, the urban area (with adjacent urban settlements like [[Borča]], [[Ovča]], [[Surčin]], etc.) has 1,383,875 inhabitants, while the population of the administrative area of the City of Belgrade (often equated with Belgrade's metropolitan area) stands at 1,681,405 people. However, Belgrade's metropolitan area has not been defined, either statistically or administratively, and it [[Urban sprawl|sprawls]] into the neighboring municipalities like Pančevo, [[Opovo]], [[Pećinci]] or [[Stara Pazova]].

Belgrade is home to many ethnicities from across the former Yugoslavia and the wider Balkans region. The main ethnic group comprising over 86% of the metropolitan population of Belgrade are [[Serbs]] (1,449,241). Some significant minorities include [[Romani people in Serbia|Roma]] (23,160), [[Yugoslavs in Serbia|Yugoslavs]] (10,499), [[Gorani people|Gorani]] (5,249), [[Montenegrins of Serbia|Montenegrins]] (5,134), [[Russians in Serbia|Russians]] (4,659), [[Croats of Serbia|Croats]] (4,554), [[Macedonians in Serbia|Macedonians]] (4,293), and [[Muslims (South-Slavic ethnic group)|ethnic Muslims]] (2,718).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234001.pdf |title=2022 Census |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> Many people came to the city as economic migrants from smaller towns and the countryside, while tens of thousands arrived as refugees from [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]] and [[Kosovo]], as a result of the [[Yugoslav wars]] of the 1990s.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/belgrade062299.htm Refugee Serbs Assail Belgrade Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324092931/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/belgrade062299.htm |date=24 March 2012 }}: ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Tuesday, 22 June 1999.</ref> The most recent wave of immigration following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] saw tens of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians register their residence in Serbia, majority of them in Belgrade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srbiju naselilo Rusa koliko Kragujevac ima stanovnika Od početka rata u Ukrajini ljudi traže spas kod nas: Broj izbeglica raste svakog dana |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/srbiju-naselilo-rusa-koliko-kragujevac-ima-stanovnika-od-pocetka-rata-u-ukrajini/7hsmzhg |date=8 December 2022|access-date=11 December 2022 |website=www.blic.rs |language=Serbian}}</ref>

Between 10,000 and 20,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=14&status=jedna&vest=120710&datum=2008-05-06 |title=Stranci tanje budžet |publisher=Novosti.rs |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201175632/http://www.novosti.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Han Chinese|Chinese people]] are estimated to live in Belgrade and, since their arrival in the mid-1990s, [[Blocks (New Belgrade)|Block 70]] in [[New Belgrade]] has been known colloquially as the Chinese quarter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2005/februar/19-20/B-01-19022005.shtml |title=Kinezi Marko, Miloš i Ana |work=[[Kurir]] |date=20 February 2005 |access-date=18 July 2007 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212031104/http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2005/februar/19-20/B-01-19022005.shtml |archive-date=12 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vasić |first=Biljana |url=http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/471/10.html |title=Kineska četvrt u bloku 70 |work=[[Vreme]] |date=15 January 2001 |access-date=18 July 2007 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715030740/http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/471/10.html |archive-date=15 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many [[Middle Easterners]], mainly from [[Syria]], [[Iran]], [[Jordan]] and [[Iraq]], arrived in order to pursue their studies during the 1970s and 1980s, and have remained in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zimonjic |first=Vesna Peric |url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/12/07/int17.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225101/http://www.dawn.com/2005/12/07/int17.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=A unique friendship club in Belgrade |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=7 December 2005 |access-date=17 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, small communities of [[Aromanians]], [[Czechs]], [[Greeks]], [[Germans]], [[Hungarians]], [[Jews]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Armenians]] and [[Russians|Russian]] [[White émigrés]] also existed in Belgrade. There are two suburban settlements with significant minority population today: [[Ovča]] and the village of [[Boljevci]], both with about one quarter of their population being [[Romanians]] and [[Slovaks]], respectively. Immigration to Belgrade from other countries accelerates. In 2023, more than 30,000 foreign workers got working and residence permits only in Belgrade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n1info.rs/biznis/u-srbiji-izdato-vise-od-50-000-radnih-dozvola-strancima-i-dalje-nedostaju-radnici/|title=U Srbiji izdato više od 50.000 radnih dozvola strancima, i dalje nedostaju radnici|first=FoNet|last=RTS|date=11 March 2024|website=N1}}</ref>
{{Historical populations
|footnote= Source: 1426-1683 data;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |title=The History of Belgrade: Middle Ages – Turkish Conquest – Liberation of Belgrade |last=Belgradenet.com |website=belgradenet.com |access-date=14 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 1800 data;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |title=The YUGOSLAV FEDERATION : urban population |website=populstat.info |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232754/http://populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 1834-1931<ref>{{cite book |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1953/Pdf/G19534002.pdf |title=Stanovništvo Narodne Republike Srbije od 1834-1953|trans-title=Population of the National Republic of Serbia from 1834-1953 data|location=Belgrade |publisher=Zavod za statistiku i evidenciju Narodne Republike Srbije |year=1953 |page=54 |language=sh|oclc=441731968}}</ref> 
|percentages=pagr
|1426|50000
|1683|100000 
|1800|25000
|1834|7033
|1859|18860
|1863|14760
|1866|24768
|1874|27605
|1884|35483
|1890|54763
|1895|59790
|1900|68481
|1905|77235
|1910|82498
|1921|111739 
|1931|238775
|1948|397911
|1953|477982
|1961|657362
|1971|899094
|1981|1087915
|1991|1133146
|2002|1119642
|2011|1166763
|2022|1197714 |

}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Settlements
! Population<br /><ref>{{Serbian census 2011}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Belgrade ||1,197,714
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Borča]] ||51,862
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kaluđerica]] ||28,483
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Lazarevac]] ||27,635
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Obrenovac]] ||25,380
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mladenovac]] ||22,346
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Surčin]] ||20,602
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sremčica]] ||19,434
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Ugrinovci]] ||11,859
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Leštane]] ||10,454
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Ripanj]] ||10,084
|}
Although there are several historic religious communities in Belgrade, the religious makeup of the city is relatively homogeneous. The [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] community is by far the largest, with 1,475,168 adherents. There are also 31,914 Muslims, 13,720 Roman Catholics, and 3,128 [[Protestantism|Protestants]].

There once was a significant [[History of the Jews in Serbia|Jewish community]] in Belgrade but, following the World War II [[History of Serbia#Serbia in World War I|Nazi occupation]] of the city and subsequent Jewish emigration, their numbers have fallen from over 10,000 to just 295.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf |title=2011 Census |access-date=17 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000726/http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Belgrade also used to have one of the largest [[Buddhist]] colonies in Europe outside Russia when some 400 mostly Buddhist [[Kalmyks]] settled on the outskirts of Belgrade following the [[Russian Civil War]]. The first Buddhist temple in Europe was built in Belgrade in 1929. Most of them moved away after the World War II and their temple, [[Belgrade pagoda]], was abandoned, claimed by the new Communist regime and eventually demolished.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=Drugi budistički hram u Evropi nalazio se u Beogradu |url=https://www.gradnja.rs/drugi-budisticki-hram-u-evropi-nalazio-se-u-beogradu/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Gradnja |language=sr-RS |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117162912/https://www.gradnja.rs/drugi-budisticki-hram-u-evropi-nalazio-se-u-beogradu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Belgrade}} {{See also|Belgrade IT sector|Architectural projects in Belgrade}}
[[File:Zgrada Ministarstva saobraćaja u Beogradu 2006.jpg|thumb|right|[[Serbian Railways]] headquarters in Belgrade]]
[[File:Народный банк Сербии (2017).jpg|thumb|Headquarters of [[National Bank of Serbia|Serbian National Bank]]]]
Belgrade is the [[financial centre]] of Serbia and [[Southeast Europe]], with a total of {{cvt|17|e6m2|abbr=off}} of office space.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/ekonomija/aktuelno.239.html:443796-Lokale-nece-ni-dzabe |title=Lokale neće ni džabe |publisher=novosti.rs |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023080331/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/ekonomija/aktuelno.239.html:443796-Lokale-nece-ni-dzabe |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also home to the country's [[National Bank of Serbia|Central Bank]]. 750,550 people are employed (July 2020)<ref name="biznistelegrafrs-2020">{{cite web |url=https://biznis.telegraf.rs/info-biz/3242399-prosecna-plata-za-jul-u-beogradu-628-evra |title=Prosečna plata za jul u Beogradu 628 evra |website=biznis.telegraf.rs. |date=27 September 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613112415/https://biznis.telegraf.rs/info-biz/3242399-prosecna-plata-za-jul-u-beogradu-628-evra |url-status=live }}</ref> in 120,286 companies,<ref name="večernje novosti-2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:430759-U-Beogradu-radi-120000-firmi |title=U Beogradu radi 120.000 firmi |publisher=Večernje Novosti |date=23 April 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809112856/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:430759-U-Beogradu-radi-120000-firmi |url-status=live }}</ref> 76,307 enterprises and 50,000 shops.<ref name="biznistelegrafrs-2020"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/97908871/Privredna-komora-Beograda |title=Privredna komora Beograda |publisher=Docstoc.com |date=4 October 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701132904/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/97908871/Privredna-komora-Beograda |url-status=live }}</ref> The City of Belgrade itself owns {{cvt|267147|m²|abbr=off}} of rentable office space.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:598304-Trzni-centri-zatvorili-lokale |title=Tržni centri zatvorili lokale |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-date=6 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606061618/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/beograd.74.html:598304-Trzni-centri-zatvorili-lokale |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2019, Belgrade contained 31.4% of Serbia's employed population and generated over 40.4% of its GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.rs/sr-Latn/oblasti/nacionalni-racuni/regionalni-podaci |title=Regionalni računi |website=stat.gov.rs |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616135511/https://www.stat.gov.rs/sr-Latn/oblasti/nacionalni-racuni/regionalni-podaci |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kombeg.org.rs/Komora/centri/CentarZaEkonomskuPolitiku.aspx?veza=3014 |publisher=Economic Chamber of Belgrade |title=Privreda Beograda |language=sr |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122226/http://www.kombeg.org.rs/Komora/centri/CentarZaEkonomskuPolitiku.aspx?veza=3014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=2036 |title=Regional GDP of the Republic of Serbia – preliminary data, 2012 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131031195111/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=2036 |url-status=live }}</ref> City GDP in 2023 at purchasing power parity is estimated at $73 bn USD, which is $43,400 per capita in terms of purchasing power parity. Nominal GDP in 2023 is estimated at $31.5 bn USD, which is $18.700 per capita.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=2625 |title=Спољнотрговинска робна размена Републике Србије, септембар 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150114094941/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=2625 |archive-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>

[[New Belgrade]] is the country's [[Central business district]] and one of [[Southeastern Europe]]'s financial centres. It offers a range of facilities, such as hotels, congress halls (e.g. [[Sava Centar]]), Class A and B office buildings, and business parks (e.g. [[Airport City Belgrade]]). Over {{cvt|1.2|e6m2|abbr=off}} of land is under construction in New Belgrade, with the value of planned construction over the next three years estimated at over 1.5&nbsp;billion euros. The [[Belgrade Stock Exchange]] is also located in New Belgrade.

With 6,924 companies in the IT sector ({{as of|2013|alt=according to 2013 data||df=}}), Belgrade is one of the foremost [[information technology]] hubs in [[Southeast Europe]].<ref name="večernje novosti-2013"/> [[Microsoft]]'s [[Microsoft Development Center Serbia|Development Center Serbia]], located in Belgrade, was, at the time of its establishment, the fifth such programme on the globe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/serbia/mdcs/default.aspx |title=Microsoft Development Center Serbia |publisher=Microsoft.com |date=1 April 2011 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=25 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425225332/http://www.microsoft.com/serbia/mdcs/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Many global IT companies choose Belgrade as their European or regional centre of operations, such as [[Asus]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emportal.rs/vesti/srbija/62935.html |title=Asus otvorio regionalni centar u Beogradu |publisher=Emportal.rs |access-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522124646/http://www.emportal.rs/vesti/srbija/62935.html |archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> [[Intel]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/140159 |title=Centar kompanije 'Intel' za Balkan u Beogradu – Srbija deo 'Intel World Ahead Program' |publisher=E kapija |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124416/http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/140159 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dell]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Beograd |first=Ana Vlahović |url=http://pressonline.rs/sr/vesti/vesti_dana/story/183266/Srbija+centar+IT+industrije.html |title=Srbija centar IT industrije |publisher=Pressonline.rs |date=25 September 2011 |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926161604/http://pressonline.rs/sr/vesti/vesti_dana/story/183266/Srbija+centar+IT+industrije.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Huawei]], [[Nutanix]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biznis.telegraf.rs/it-biz/3134394-americki-nutanix-siri-posao-u-srbiji-otvorene-kancelarije-u-beogradu-potpisan-memorandum-s-vladom |title=Američki Nutanix širi posao u Srbiji: Otvorene kancelarije u Beogradu, potpisan memorandum s Vladom |work=biznis.telegraf.rs. |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416081407/https://biznis.telegraf.rs/it-biz/3134394-americki-nutanix-siri-posao-u-srbiji-otvorene-kancelarije-u-beogradu-potpisan-memorandum-s-vladom |url-status=live }}</ref> [[NCR Corporation|NCR]] etc.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/762729/NCR-planira-da-udvostruči-broj-zaposlenih-u-Srbiji-u-2014 |title=NCR planira da udvostruči broj zaposlenih u Srbiji u 2014 |publisher=eKapija |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |language=sr |archive-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403213441/http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/762729/NCR-planira-da-udvostru%C4%8Di-broj-zaposlenih-u-Srbiji-u-2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most famous Belgrade IT startups, among others, are [[Nordeus]], [[ComTrade Group]], [[Mikroelektronika|MicroE]], [[FishingBooker]], and [[Endava d.o.o.|Endava]]. IT facilities in the city include the [[Mihajlo Pupin Institute]] and the [[Ivo Lola Ribar Institute|ILR]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.li.rs/masine-alatke/upravljacki-sistemi-masina-alatki/lola-cnc-sistemi |title=LOLA CNC sistemi – Lola institut |website=li.rs |access-date=28 May 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231731/http://www.li.rs/masine-alatke/upravljacki-sistemi-masina-alatki/lola-cnc-sistemi |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the brand-new IT Park Zvezdara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ntpark.rs/ |title=Naučno-tehnološki park Beograd |website=Naučno-tehnološki park Beograd |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607031549/https://ntpark.rs/ |archive-date=7 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many prominent IT innovators began their careers in Belgrade, including [[Voja Antonić]] and [[Veselin Jevrosimović]].

In December 2021, the average Belgrade monthly net salary stood at 94,463 RSD ($946) in net terms, with the gross equivalent at 128,509 RSD ($1288), while in New Belgrade CBD is Euros 1,059.<ref>{{cite web |author=M. S. |url=https://www.novosti.rs/beograd/vesti/1090021/prosecna-plata-beogradu-803-evra-najvece-zarade-vracaru-novom-beogradu |title=PROSEČNA PLATA U BEOGRADU 803 EVRA: Najveće zarade na Vračaru i Novom Beogradu |publisher=Novosti.rs |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225173641/https://www.novosti.rs/beograd/vesti/1090021/prosecna-plata-beogradu-803-evra-najvece-zarade-vracaru-novom-beogradu |url-status=live }}</ref> 88% of the city's households owned a computer, 89% had a broadband internet connection and 93% had [[pay television]] services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2015/pdf/G20156007.pdf |title=Upotreba Informaciono-Komunikacionih Tehnologija U Republici Srbiji, 2015 |date=30 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830063656/http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2015/pdf/G20156007.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

According to [[Cushman & Wakefield]], [[Knez Mihajlova]] street is 36th most expensive retail street in the world in terms of renting commercial space.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://serbiantimes.info/zakup-lokala-u-knez-mihailovoj-medu-najskupljim-na-svetu-u-regionu-jedino-budimpesta-ispred-beograda/ |title=Zakup Lokala U Knez Mihailovoj Među Najskupljim Na Svetu: U regionu jedino Budimpešta ispred Beograda |work=Serbian Times |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419025646/https://serbiantimes.info/zakup-lokala-u-knez-mihailovoj-medu-najskupljim-na-svetu-u-regionu-jedino-budimpesta-ispred-beograda/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As an example of the attractiveness of the city and its importance in this part of the continent is the fact that numerous multinational companies choose precisely Belgrade to place its local headquarters. An early example of this was the multinational food-giant [[McDonald's]] opening its first ever restaurant in a communist country in Europe in Belgrade.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Until we meet again,' McDonald's tells Russia as it exits the country for good |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/mcdonalds-russia-exit-ukraine-war-35910 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=dailyo.in |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203140802/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/mcdonalds-russia-exit-ukraine-war-35910 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Belgrade}}
[[File:Republic_Square_(27420599076).jpg|thumb|[[Republic Square (Belgrade)|Republic Square]], Left: [[National Museum of Serbia]] – Centre: [[Courtyard by Marriott]] Hotel Belgrade – Right: [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]].]]

[[File:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova (13810271995).jpg|thumb|The [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], national learned society founded in 1841]]

According to the [[BBC]], Belgrade is one of the five most creative cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190715-the-five-most-creative-cities-in-the-world |title=The five most creative cities in the world? |work=The Collection |publisher=BBC |last=Banks |first=Libby |date=16 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507223631/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190715-the-five-most-creative-cities-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref>
Belgrade hosts many annual international cultural events, including the [[FEST (Belgrade)|Film Festival]], [[Belgrade International Theatre Festival|Theatre Festival]], [[Belgrade Summer Festival|Summer Festival]], [[Belgrade Music Festival|BEMUS]], [[Belgrade Early Music Festival]], [[Belgrade Book Fair|Book Fair]], [[Belgrade Choir Festival]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008]], and the [[Belgrade Beer Fest|Beer Fest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201299 |title=Culture and Art (Cultural Events) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924071921/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201299 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022 Belgrade was also home to the [[EuroPride|Europride]] event, even though the Serbian president, Aleksandar Vučić, tried to cancel it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=EuroPride will not be cancelled, and any 'ban' would be illegal |url=https://www.epoa.eu/europride-will-not-be-cancelled-and-any-ban-would-be-illegal/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=EPOA |language=en-GB}}</ref> The [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] winning author [[Ivo Andrić]] wrote his most famous work, ''[[The Bridge on the Drina]]'', in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ivoandric.org.rs/html/biography.html |title=The biography of Ivo Andrić |publisher=The Ivo Andrić Foundation |access-date=18 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907050949/http://www.ivoandric.org.rs/html/biography.html |archive-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Other prominent Belgrade authors include [[Branislav Nušić]], [[Miloš Crnjanski]], [[Borislav Pekić]], [[Milorad Pavić (writer)|Milorad Pavić]] and [[Meša Selimović]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/knjizevnost/nauka_knjiz/pekic-biograf.html |title=Borislav Pekić – Biografija |publisher=[[Project Rastko]] |language=sr |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116220235/http://www.rastko.org.rs/knjizevnost/nauka_knjiz/pekic-biograf.html |archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tabbi |first=Joseph |url=http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/internetnation/sumatrism |title=Miloš Crnjanski and his descendents |publisher=Electronic Book Review |date=26 July 2005 |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711120527/http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/internetnation/sumatrism |archive-date=11 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~eteia/kitabhana/Selimovic_Mehmed_Mesa/Biografija.html |title=Meša Selimović – Biografija |publisher=Kitabhana.net |access-date=10 July 2007 |language=bs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716130556/http://www.xs4all.nl/~eteia/kitabhana/Selimovic_Mehmed_Mesa/Biografija.html |archive-date=16 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The most internationally prominent artists from Belgrade are [[Charles Simic]], [[Marina Abramović]] and [[Milovan Destil Marković]].

Most of [[Cinema of Serbia|Serbia's film industry]] is based in Belgrade. [[FEST (Belgrade)|FEST]] is an annual film festival that has been held since 1971. Through 2013, the festival had been attended by four million people and had presented almost 4,000 films.<ref>{{citation |url=http://voiceofserbia.org/content/belgrade-film-festival-%E2%80%93-fest |title=Belgrade Film Festival – FEST |publisher=VoiceOfSerbia.org |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-date=6 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306025539/http://voiceofserbia.org/content/belgrade-film-festival-%E2%80%93-fest |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The city was one of the main centres of the [[New wave music in Yugoslavia|Yugoslav new wave]] in the 1980s: [[VIS Idoli]], [[Ekatarina Velika]], [[Šarlo Akrobata]] and [[Električni Orgazam]] were all from Belgrade. Other notable Belgrade rock acts include [[Riblja Čorba]], [[Bajaga i Instruktori]] and [[Partibrejkers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glas.ba/index.php?p=2&clid=3342&kadid=71&otv=13&pg=1 |title=Beogradska rock scena je otišla u ilegalu |publisher=Glas.ba |access-date=18 January 2011 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131047/http://www.glas.ba/index.php?p=2&clid=3342&kadid=71&otv=13&pg=1 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=John |title=Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world |publisher=Continuum |year=2005 |page=142 |volume=3–7 |isbn=978-0-8264-7436-0}}</ref> Today, it is the centre of the [[Serbian hip hop]] scene, with acts such as [[Beogradski Sindikat]], [[Bad Copy]], [[Škabo]], [[Marčelo]], and most of the Bassivity Music stable hailing from or living in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pavlić |first=Aleksandar |url=http://www.popboks.com/albumi/beogradskisindikat.shtml |title=Beogradski Sindikat: ''Svi Zajedno'' |work=Popboks |date=9 February 2005 |access-date=23 May 2007 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513014844/http://www.popboks.com/albumi/beogradskisindikat.shtml |archive-date=13 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Todorović |first=S. S. |url=http://www.balkanmedia.com/m2/doc/3184-1.shtml |title=Liričar među reperima |publisher=Balkanmedia |date=30 January 2004 |access-date=23 May 2007 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617175739/http://balkanmedia.com/m2/doc/3184-1.shtml |archive-date=17 June 2007}}</ref> There are numerous theatres, the most prominent of which are [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]], [[Theatre on Terazije]], [[Yugoslav Drama Theatre]], [[Zvezdara Theatre]], and [[Atelje 212|Atelier 212]]. The [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] is also based in Belgrade, as well as the [[National Library of Serbia]]. Other major libraries include the Belgrade City Library and the [[Belgrade University Library]]. Belgrade's two opera houses are: [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]] and [[Madlenianum Opera and Theatre|Madlenianum Opera House]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.narodnopozoriste.rs/index.php?id=695 |title=National Theatre Belgrade – Opera |publisher=Narodnopozoriste.rs |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202134712/http://www.narodnopozoriste.rs/index.php?id=695 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madlenianum.rs/en/index.php?execute=view_page&module=system&page_id=17 |title=About Madlenianum |publisher=Madlenianum.rs |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515105613/http://www.madlenianum.rs/en/index.php?execute=view_page&module=system&page_id=17 |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Following the victory of Serbia's representative [[Marija Šerifović]] at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007]], Belgrade hosted the Contest in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Serbian+ballad+wins+Eurovision+Song+Contest+-+Belgrade+hosts+in+2008+/1135227223254 |newspaper=[[Helsingin Sanomat]] |title=Serbian ballad wins Eurovision Song Contest – Belgrade hosts in 2008 |date=14 May 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830011312/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Serbian%2Bballad%2Bwins%2BEurovision%2BSong%2BContest%2B-%2BBelgrade%2Bhosts%2Bin%2B2008%2B/1135227223254 |archive-date=30 August 2007}}</ref>

There are more than 1650 [[public sculpture]]s in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presscentar.uns.org.rs/info/Vesti-iz-muzeja/1563/neda-kovacevic-nek-ucini-svako-koliko-je-kadar-pa-nece-narod-propasti.html |title=NEDA KOVAČEVIĆ: Nek učini svako koliko je kadar, pa neće narod propasti |website=presscentar.uns.org.rs |language=sr |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202194147/http://presscentar.uns.org.rs/info/Vesti-iz-muzeja/1563/neda-kovacevic-nek-ucini-svako-koliko-je-kadar-pa-nece-narod-propasti.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUdQswEACAAJ&q=beogradski+spomenarnik |title=Beogradski spomenarnik: putovanje srpskom istorijom putem spomenika u Beogradu. Ličnosti u beogradskim spomenicima. Deo prvi |last=Kovačević |first=Neda |date=2016 |publisher=Neda Kovačević |isbn=978-86-919895-0-7 |language=en |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083819/https://books.google.com/books?id=tUdQswEACAAJ&q=beogradski+spomenarnik |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Museums===
{{See also|List of museums in Belgrade}}
[[File:Museum of Yugoslavia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Museum of Yugoslavia]]]]
The most prominent museum in Belgrade is the [[National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]], founded in 1844 and reconstructed from 2003 until June 2018. The museum houses a collection of more than 400,000 exhibits (over 5600 paintings and 8400 drawings and prints, including many foreign masters like [[Hieronymus Bosch|Bosch]], [[Juan de Flandes]], [[Titian]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], [[Cézanne]], [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo|G.B. Tiepolo]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir]], [[Claude Monet|Monet]], [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec|Lautrec]], [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]], [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]], [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguin]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]], [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], [[Piet Mondrian|Mondrian]] etc.) and also the famous [[Miroslav's Gospel]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Cvjetićanin |first=Tatjana |url=http://www.narodnimuzej.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=75 |title=From the history of the National Museum in Belgrade |publisher=National Museum of Serbia |access-date=27 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814163742/http://www.narodnimuzej.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=75 |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Ethnographic Museum (Belgrade)|Ethnographic Museum]], established in 1901, contains more than 150,000 items showcasing the rural and urban culture of the Balkans, particularly the countries of [[former Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201167 |title=Museums 3 |publisher=Beograd.rs |website=Discover Belgrade |access-date=12 July 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924065021/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201167 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Museum of Contemporary Art (Belgrade)|Museum of Contemporary Art]] was the first contemporary art museum in Yugoslavia and one of the first museums of this type in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Knjiga o Lubardi |last=Lompar |first=Milo |publisher=[[Serbian Literary Guild]] |page=181 |year=2018 |location=Beograd}}</ref> Following its foundation in 1965, has amassed a collection of more than 8,000 works from art produced across the former Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.msub.org.rs/o-muzeju |title=About the Museum |website=eng.msub.org.rs |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330193549/http://eng.msub.org.rs/o-muzeju |url-status=dead}}</ref> The collection represents some of the most notable Serbian and Yugoslav 20th century artists, including [[Sava Šumanović]], [[Nadežda Petrović]], [[Petar Dobrović]], [[Milena Pavlović-Barili]], [[Milan Konjović]], [[Zora Petrović]], [[Đorđe Andrejević Kun]], [[Vladimir Veličković]], [[Petar Lubarda]], [[Krsto Hegedušić]], [[Mića Popović]], [[Ivan Meštrović]], [[Antun Augustinčić]], [[Toma Rosandić]], [[Olga Jevrić]], [[Olga Jančić]], [[Lojze Dolinar]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=Kolekcija - Muzej Savremene Umetnosti |url=https://msub.org.rs/kolekcija/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=sr-lat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mučibabić |first=Daliborka |title=Arhitektonski dragulj koji iznova mami |url=https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/408251/Arhitektonski-dragulj-koji-iznova-mami |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Politika Online}}</ref> The museum was closed in 2007, but has since been reopened in 2017 to focus on the modern as well as on the Yugoslav art scenes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23841398 |title=Art gathers dust as Serbia museums kept shut |date=27 August 2013 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23841398 |url-status=live }}</ref> Artist [[Marina Abramović]], who was born in Belgrade, held an exhibition in the Museum of Contemporary Art, which the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' described as one of the most important cultural happenings in the world in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/arts/design/fall-art-exhibitions-louvre-leonardo-brancusi-kara-walker.html |title=28 Art Shows Worth Traveling For |work=The New York Times |date=9 September 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |url-access=subscription |last1=Farago |first1=Jason |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416110435/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/arts/design/fall-art-exhibitions-louvre-leonardo-brancusi-kara-walker.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/arts/design/marina-abramovic-the-cleaner.html |title=Marina Abramovic Comes Home, and Comes Clean |work=The New York Times |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |url-access=subscription |last1=Dickson |first1=Andrew |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729152645/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/arts/design/marina-abramovic-the-cleaner.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The exhibition was seen by almost 100,000 visitors. Marina Abramović made a stage speech and performance in front of 20,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFH1BYUjmMA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/EFH1BYUjmMA |archive-date=14 November 2021 |url-status=live |title=Marina Abramovic-Javno predavanje "CISTAC/CLEANER"-Beograd-MSU 29.09.2019.-Deo 1 |website=YouTube |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=14 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the heart of Belgrade you can also find the [[Museum of Applied Arts, Belgrade|Museum of Applied Arts]], a museum that has been awarded for the Institution of the Year 2016 by [[International Council of Museums|ICOM]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICOM Serbia, Award for the Institution of the Year 2016 – Музеј примењене уметности БеоградМузеј примењене уметности Београд |url=https://mpu.rs/en/about-museum/icom-serbia-award-for-the-institution-of-the-year-2016/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Музеј примењене уметности Београд}}</ref>
[[File:Museum of contemporary art, Belgrade (Музеј савремене уметности Београд).jpg|thumb|right|[[Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade|Museum of Contemporary Art]]]]
The [[Military Museum (Belgrade)|Military Museum]], established in 1878 in Kalemegdan, houses a wide range of more than 25,000 military objects dating from the prehistoric to the medieval to the modern eras. Notable items include Turkish and oriental arms, national banners, and [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav Partisan]] regalia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/serbia/belgrade/sights/museum/military-museum |title=Military Museum |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=18 January 2010 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020204811/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/serbia/belgrade/sights/museum/military-museum |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzej.mod.gov.rs/en/about-us/ |title=Military Museum {{!}} About Us |website=muzej.mod.gov.rs |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330193600/http://www.muzej.mod.gov.rs/en/about-us/#.XJ_EJJhKiUk |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Museum of Aviation in Belgrade]] located near [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport]] has more than 200 aircraft, of which about 50 are on display, and a few of which are the only surviving examples of their type, such as the [[Fiat G.50]]. This museum also displays parts of shot down US and [[NATO]] aircraft, such as the [[F-117 Nighthawk|F-117]] and [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzejrv.org/istorija/istorija.html |title=Lična karta Muzeja ratnog vazduhoplovstva |publisher=Museum of Air force Belgrade |access-date=19 May 2007 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528075833/http://www.muzejrv.org/istorija/istorija.html |archive-date=28 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Nikola Tesla Museum]], founded in 1952, preserves the personal items of [[Nikola Tesla]], the inventor after whom the [[Tesla (unit)|Tesla unit]] was named. It holds around 160,000 original documents and around 5,700 personal other items including his urn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tesla-museum.org/meni_en/nt.php?link=muzej/m&opc=sub2 |publisher=Nikola Tesla Museum |title=About the museum |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610092417/http://www.tesla-museum.org/meni_en/nt.php?link=muzej%2Fm&opc=sub2 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The last of the major Belgrade museums is the [[Museum of Vuk and Dositej]], which showcases the lives, work and legacy of [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] and [[Dositej Obradović]], the 19th century reformer of the Serbian literary language and the first Serbian Minister of Education, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201051 |title=City of Belgrade – Museums 1 |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191402/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201051 |url-status=live }}</ref> Belgrade also houses the [[Museum of African Art, Serbia|Museum of African Art]], founded in 1977, which has a large collection of art from West Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=202308 |title=Cultural institutions: Museum of African Art |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924064317/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=202308 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With around 95,000 copies of national and international films, the [[Yugoslav Film Archive]] is the largest in the region and among the 10 largest archives in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ear.europa.eu/serbia/main/documents/2006Media.pdf |title=Action programme 2006 for Serbia: Support to the Yugoslav Film Archive |publisher=European Agency for Reconstruction |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802113127/http://www.ear.europa.eu/serbia/main/documents/2006Media.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The institution also operates the Museum of Yugoslav Film Archive, with movie theatre and exhibition hall. The archive's long-standing storage problems were finally solved in 2007, when a new modern depository was opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seecult.org/english/module-News-display-sid-211.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011202918/http://seecult.org/english/module-News-display-sid-211.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=New Depository for the Yugoslav Film Archive's treasure |publisher=SEECult.org, Culture Portal of Southeastern Europe |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Yugoslav Film Archive]] also exhibits original [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s stick and one of the first movies by [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:433237-U-Noci-muzeja-60-kulturnih-institucija |title=U Noći muzeja 60 kulturnih institucija |publisher=novosti.rs |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809121012/http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:433237-U-Noci-muzeja-60-kulturnih-institucija |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Belgrade City Museum]] moved into a new building in downtown in 2006.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/the-new-museum-building |title=The New Museum's Building |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=Belgrade City Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401012108/http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/the-new-museum-building |archive-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> The museum hosts a range of collections covering the history of urban life since prehistory.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/collections |title=Collections |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=Belgrade City Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401011549/http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/collections |archive-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Belgrade City Museum also includes additional sites, such as [[Museum of Ivo Andrić|Ivo Andrić Museum]], [[Princess Ljubica's Residence]], [[Museum of Paja Jovanović|Paja Jovanović Museum]], [[Jovan Cvijić House|Jovan Cvijić Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Музеј града Београда - О нама |url=http://www.mgb.org.rs/about/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.mgb.org.rs}}</ref> The [[Museum of Yugoslavia]] has collections from the Yugoslav era. Beside paintings, the most valuable are [[Moon]] rocks donated by [[Apollo 11]] crew [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] while visiting Belgrade in 1969 and from mission [[Apollo 17]] donated by [[Richard Nixon]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seecult.org/vest/najbolje-u-muzeju-25-maj |title=Najbolje, u Muzeju 25. maj – SEEcult.org Portal za kulturu jugoistočne Evrope |date=4 September 2012 |publisher=seecult.org |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051850/http://www.seecult.org/vest/najbolje-u-muzeju-25-maj |url-status=live }}</ref> The museum also houses [[Joseph Stalin]]'s sabre with 260 brilliants and diamonds, donated by Stalin himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Od-Staljina-sablja-a-od-astronauta-kamenchici-s-Meseca.lt.html |title=Политика Online – Од Стаљина сабља, а од астронаута каменчићи с Месеца |work=Politika Online |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051853/http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Od-Staljina-sablja-a-od-astronauta-kamenchici-s-Meseca.lt.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Museum of Science and Technology (Belgrade)|Museum of Science and Technology]], founded in 1989, moved to the building of the first city's power plant in Dorćol in 2005.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.muzejnt.rs/en/206 |title=Project for Reconstruction and Adaptation of the Museum of Science and Technology |publisher=Museum of Science and Technology |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511075002/http://www.muzejnt.rs/en/206 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=О Музеју |url=https://muzejnt.rs/eng/istorijat-muzeja/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Музеј науке и технике |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Architecture===
{{See also|List of buildings in Belgrade|List of streets and squares in Belgrade |Bridges of Belgrade|Architectural projects in Belgrade|Religious architecture in Belgrade|Gates of Belgrade}}
[[File:Palata Albanija 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Palace Albanija]] ]]
Belgrade has wildly varying architecture, from the centre of [[Zemun]], typical of a Central European town,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Comrie |first1=Nicholas |last2=Moore |first2=Lucy |title=Zemun: The Town Within the City |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/travel/index.php?nav_id=38986 |publisher=[[B92]] Travel |date=1 October 2007 |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022122710/http://www.b92.net/eng/travel/index.php?nav_id=38986 |url-status=live }}</ref> to the more modern architecture and spacious layout of [[Novi Beograd|New Belgrade]].

The oldest architecture is found in Kalemegdan Park. Outside of Kalemegdan, the oldest buildings date only from the 18th century, due to its geographic position and frequent wars and destructions.<ref name="manević">{{cite web |last=Manević |first=Zoran |url=http://web.mit.edu/most/www/ser/Belgrade/zoran_manevic.html |title=Architecture and Building |publisher=[[MIT]] website |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811101910/http://web.mit.edu/most/www/ser/Belgrade/zoran_manevic.html |archive-date=11 August 2007}}</ref>
The oldest public structure in Belgrade is a nondescript Turkish [[türbe]], while the oldest house is a modest clay house on [[Dorćol]], from late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitrović |first=Prof. Dr. Mihajlo |url=http://www.ulus.org.rs/ENGLISH/Exhibitions/TriennialA/TriennialA.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100117001440/http://www.ulus.org.rs/ENGLISH/Exhibitions/TriennialA/TriennialA.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2010 |title=Seventh Belgrade triennial of world architecture |publisher=ULUS |date=27 June 2003 |access-date=19 May 2007}}</ref> Western influence began in the 19th century, when the city completely transformed from an oriental town to the contemporary architecture of the time, with influences from [[neoclassicism]], [[romanticism]], and [[academic art]]. Serbian architects took over the development from foreign builders in the late 19th century, producing the [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]], [[Stari dvor|Stari Dvor]], [[St. Michael's Cathedral (Belgrade)|Cathedral Church]] and later, in the early 20th century, the [[House of the National Assembly, Belgrade|House of the National Assembly]] and [[National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]], influenced by [[art nouveau]].<ref name="manević"/> Elements of [[Serbo-Byzantine Revival]] are present in buildings such as [[Vuk Foundation House]], old Post Office in Kosovska street, and sacral architecture, such as [[St. Mark's Church, Belgrade|St. Mark's Church]] (based on the [[Gračanica monastery]]), and the [[Church of Saint Sava]].<ref name="manević"/>
In the socialist period, housing was built quickly and cheaply for the huge influx of people fleeing the countryside following World War II, sometimes resulting in the [[brutalist architecture]] of the [[Blocks (New Belgrade)|''blokovi'']] ('blocks') of [[New Belgrade]]; a [[socrealism]] trend briefly ruled, resulting in buildings like the [[Dom Sindikata|Trade Union Hall]].<ref name="manević"/> However, in the mid-1950s, [[modernism|modernist]] trends took over, and still dominate the Belgrade architecture.<ref name="manević"/>
Belgrade has the second oldest sewer system in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Potrebno uložiti 1,6 milijardi evra u energetsku efikasnost |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Ekonomija/518297/Potrebno-uloziti-16-milijardi-evra-u-energetsku-efikasnost |website=Blic |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214143427/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Ekonomija/518297/Potrebno-uloziti-16-milijardi-evra-u-energetsku-efikasnost |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Clinical Centre of Serbia]] spreads over 34 hectares and consists of about 50 buildings, while also has 3,150 beds considered to be the highest number in Europe,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mišković |first1=Ivan |title=Za godinu dana više od 50.000 operacija |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/za-godinu-dana-vise-od-50000-operacija/687nddy |access-date=26 July 2020 |work=blic.rs |date=4 February 2009 |language=sr |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726163120/https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/za-godinu-dana-vise-od-50000-operacija/687nddy |url-status=live }}</ref> and among [[List of hospitals by capacity|highest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Largest Hospitals In The World |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-hospitals-in-the-world.html |website=worldatlas.com |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710191100/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-hospitals-in-the-world.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{See also|Tourism in Serbia}}
[[File:Црква светог Саве, Београд (Church of Saint Sava, 2023).jpg|thumb|right|[[Church of Saint Sava]]]]

Lying on the main artery connecting Europe and Asia, as well as, eventually, the [[Orient Express]], Belgrade has been a popular place for travellers through the centuries. 
In 1843, on Dubrovačka Street (today Kralj Petar Street ), Serbia's ''[[knez (title)|knez]]'' [[Mihailo Obrenović]] built a large edifice which became the first hotel in Belgrade: ''Kod jelena'' ('at the deer's'), in the neighbourhood of [[Kosančićev Venac]]. Many criticised the move at the time due to the cost and the size of the building, but it soon became the gathering point of the Principality's wealthiest citizens. Colloquially, the building was also referred to as the ''staro zdanje'', or the 'old edifice'. It remained a hotel until 1903 before being demolished in 1938.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dejan |last=Aleksić |title="Čitanka" srpske istorije i kulture |trans-title=Reading book of Serbian history and culture |newspaper=Politika |page=17 |language=sr |date=25 January 2018 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/397365/Citanka-srpske-istorije-i-kulture |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184909/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/397365/Citanka-srpske-istorije-i-kulture |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Dejan |last=Aleksić |title=Razglednica koje više nema |trans-title=Postcards that is no more |newspaper=Politika |page=22 |language=sr |date=7–8 April 2018 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/401579/Razglednica-koje-vise-nema |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184922/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/401579/Razglednica-koje-vise-nema |url-status=live }}</ref> After the ''staro zdanje'', numerous hotels were built in the second half of the 19th century: ''Nacional'' and ''Grand'', also in Kosančićev Venac, ''Srpski Kralj'', ''Srpska Kruna'', ''[[Grčka Kraljica]]'' near Kalemegdan, ''Balkan'' and ''Pariz'' in [[Terazije]], ''[[London, Belgrade|London]]'', etc.<ref name="perić-2018">{{cite news |first=Dragan |last=Perić |title=Kada su svi putevi vodili u Beograd |trans-title=When all roads were leading to Belgrade |newspaper=[[Politika]] |issue=1092 |pages=28–29 |language=sr |date=2 September 2018 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/410658/Kada-su-svi-putevi-vodili-u-Beograd |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184941/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/410658/Kada-su-svi-putevi-vodili-u-Beograd |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:DJI 0136-12.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kalemegdan]]]]
[[File:Botanička bašta Jevremovac, Beograd - Japanski vrt 07.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jevremovac|Jevremovac Botanical Garden]]]]
As Belgrade became connected via steamboats and railway (after 1884), the number of visitors grew and new hotels were opened with luxurious commodities. In Savamala, the hotels ''Bosna'' and ''Bristol'' were opened. Other hotels included ''Solun'' and ''Orient'', which was built near the [[Financial Park]]. Tourists who arrived by the [[Orient Express]] mostly stayed at the Petrograd Hotel in [[Savamala#Sava Square|Wilson Square]]. Hotel ''Srpski Kralj'', at the corner of Uzun Mirkova and Pariska Streets was considered the best hotel in Belgrade during the [[Interbellum]]. It was destroyed during World War II.<ref name="perić-2018"/>

The historic areas and buildings of Belgrade are among the city's premier attractions. They include [[Skadarlija]], the [[National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]] and adjacent [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]], [[Zemun]], [[Nikola Pašić Square]], Terazije, [[Studentski Trg|Students' Square]], the [[Belgrade Fortress|Kalemegdan Fortress]], [[Knez Mihailova|Knez Mihailova Street]], the [[Parliament of Serbia|Parliament]], the [[Temple of Saint Sava|Church of Saint Sava]], and the [[The Old Palace|Old Palace]]. On top of this, there are many parks, monuments, museums, cafés, restaurants and shops on both sides of the river. The hilltop [[Monument to the Unknown Hero|Avala Monument]] and [[Avala Tower]] offer views over the city. According to ''The Guardian'', [[Dorćol]] is the one of top ten coolest suburbs in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/feb/08/10-of-the-coolest-neighbourhoods-in-europe-paris-berlin-rome |title=10 of the coolest neighbourhoods in Europe |work=The Guardian |date=8 February 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726225115/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/feb/08/10-of-the-coolest-neighbourhoods-in-europe-paris-berlin-rome |url-status=live }}</ref>
The elite neighbourhood of [[Dedinje]] is situated near the [[Topčider]] and [[Košutnjak]] parks. The [[Dedinje Royal Compound]] which houses the former royal residences of ([[Kraljevski Dvor]] and [[Beli dvor|Beli Dvor]]) is open for visitors. The palace has many valuable artworks.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wolfs |first=Laura |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/life_and_style/28895/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205638/http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/life_and_style/28895/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2011 |title=A Palacial Tour |publisher=[[Balkan Insight]] |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> Nearby, [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s mausoleum, called ''[[House of Flowers (mausoleum)|The House of Flowers]]'', documents the life of the former Yugoslav president.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linkmedia |title=Muzej Jugoslavije {{!}} Muzeji i galerije {{!}} Šta videti |url=https://www.tob.rs/sr/sta-videti/muzeji-i-galerije/muzej-jugoslavije |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Tourist Organization of Belgrade |language=sr}}</ref>

[[Ada Ciganlija]] is a former island on the [[Sava|Sava River]], and Belgrade's biggest sports and recreational complex. Today it is connected with the right bank of the Sava via two causeways, creating an artificial lake. It is the most popular destination for Belgraders during the city's hot summers. There are {{cvt|7|km|0|abbr=off}} of long beaches and sports facilities for various sports including golf, [[association football|football]], basketball, volleyball, [[rugby union]], baseball, and tennis.<ref name="tourist organization of belgrade">{{cite web |url=http://www.tob.rs/what-to-see/attractions/ada-ciganlija |title=Ada Ciganlija |publisher=Tourist Organization of Belgrade |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227063451/http://www.tob.rs/what-to-see/attractions/ada-ciganlija |archive-date=27 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During summer there are between 200,000 and 300,000 bathers daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ada: Too Early for Swimming |publisher=Livinginbelgrade.com |url=http://livinginbelgrade.com/news.php?idNews=224 |archive-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808153418/http://livinginbelgrade.com/news.php?idNews=224}}</ref>

Belgrade is also known for tourist activities involving extreme sports such as [[bungee jumping]], [[water skiing]], and [[paintball]]ing.<ref name="tourist organization of belgrade"/><ref name="sport activities in belgrade">{{cite web |title=Sport Activities in Belgrade |url=http://livinginbelgrade.com/activities.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115140556/http://livinginbelgrade.com/activities.php |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> There are numerous trails on the island, where it is possible to ride a bike, go for a walk, or go jogging.<ref name="tourist organization of belgrade"/><ref name="sport activities in belgrade"/> Apart from Ada, Belgrade has total of 16 islands<ref>{{cite web |last=Nikolov |first=Ana |title=Beograd – grad na rekama |website=Institut za Arhitekturu i Urbanizam Srbije |date=29 July 2005 |url=http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/17516 |access-date=5 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628210222/http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/17516 |archive-date=28 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> on the rivers, many still unused. Among them, the [[Great War Island]], at the confluence of Sava, stands out as an oasis of unshattered wildlife (especially birds).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2006/maj/23/B-01-23052006.shtml |title=Zbogom, oazo! |work=[[Kurir]] |date=23 May 2006 |access-date=5 June 2007 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020233543/http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2006/maj/23/B-01-23052006.shtml |archive-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> These areas, along with nearby [[Small War Island]], are protected by the city's government as a [[nature preserve]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Beoinfo |title=Prirodno dobro "Veliko ratno ostrvo" stavljeno pod zaštitu Skupštine grada |url=http://www.ekoforum.org/index/vest.asp?vID=181 |publisher=Ekoforum |date=4 August 2005 |access-date=5 June 2007 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020707/http://www.ekoforum.org/index/vest.asp?vID=181 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> There are [[List of natural monuments in Belgrade|37 protected natural resources]] in the Belgrade urban area, among which eight are geo-heritage sites, i.e. [[Straževica]] profile, Mašin Majdan-[[Topčider]], Profile at the [[Kalemegdan Fortress]], Abandoned quarry in [[Barajevo]], Karagača valley, Artesian well in [[Ovča]], Kapela [[loess]] profile, and Lake in [[Sremčica]]. Other 29 places are biodiversity sites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrović |first1=Marko |last2=Lukić |first2=Dobrila |last3=Radovanović |first3=Milan |last4=Vujko |first4=Aleksandra |last5=Gajić |first5=Tamara |last6=Vuković |first6=Darko |date=5 October 2017 |title="Urban geosites" as an alternative geotourism destination – evidence from Belgrade |journal=Open Geosciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=442–456 |doi=10.1515/geo-2017-0034 |bibcode=2017OGeo....9...34P |issn=2391-5447|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Tourist income in 2016 amounted to nearly half a billion [[euro]]s;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rs.seebiz.eu/beogradu-od-turizma-gotovo-pola-milijarde-evra/ar-50272/ |title=Beogradu od turizma gotovo pola milijarde evra |publisher=Rs.seebiz.eu |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624014837/http://rs.seebiz.eu/beogradu-od-turizma-gotovo-pola-milijarde-evra/ar-50272/ |archive-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with a visit of almost a million registered tourists.<ref name="vestionlinecom">{{cite web |url=http://www.vesti-online.com/Slobodno-Vreme/Putovanja/630938/Nikad-vise-turista-Beograd-najvise-vole-Turci-i-Hrvati |title=Vesti online / Slobodno Vreme / Putovanja / Nikad više turista: Beograd najviše vole Turci i Hrvati |website=vesti-online.com |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203064658/http://vesti-online.com/Slobodno-Vreme/Putovanja/630938/Nikad-vise-turista-Beograd-najvise-vole-Turci-i-Hrvati |url-status=live }}</ref> Of those, in 2019 more than 100,000 tourists arrived by 742 river cruisers.<ref name="vestionlinecom"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/u-beograd-je-tokom-2019-brodom-doputovalo-100000-turista-najvise-nemaca-i-amerikanaca/ljq0n92 |title=U Beograd je tokom 2019. brodom doputovalo 100.000 Turista, najviše Nemaca i Amerikanaca |work=blic.rs |date=14 January 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083832/https://www.blic.rs/vesti/beograd/u-beograd-je-tokom-2019-brodom-doputovalo-100000-turista-najvise-nemaca-i-amerikanaca/ljq0n92 |url-status=live }}</ref> Average annual growth is between 13% and 14%.<ref name="vestionlinecom"/>

As of 2018, there are three officially designated [[camp grounds]] in Belgrade. The oldest one is located in [[Batajnica]], along the Batajnica Road. Named "Dunav", it is one of the most visited campsites in the country. The second one is situated within the complex of the ethno-household "Zornić's House" in the village of [[Baćevac]], while the third is located in [[Ripanj]], on the slopes of Avala mountain. In 2017 some 15,000 overnights were recorded in camps.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ana |last=Vuković |title=Kamping turizam – neiskorišćena šansa |trans-title=Camping tourism – unused chance |newspaper=Politika |page=14 |language=sr |date=16 August 2018 |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/409400/Kamping-turizam-neiskoriscena-sansa |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818080831/http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/409400/Kamping-turizam-neiskoriscena-sansa |url-status=live }}</ref>

Belgrade is a common stop on the [[EV6 The Rivers Route|Rivers Route]], European [[Long-distance cycling route|cycling route]] known as "Danube Bike Trail" in Serbia as well as on the [[Sultans Trail]], a long-distance hiking footpath between [[Vienna]] and [[Istanbul]].

===Nightlife===
{{main|Nightlife in Belgrade}}

Belgrade has a reputation for vibrant nightlife; many [[Nightclub|clubs]] that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.decodedmagazine.com/berlin-berlin-city-sin-city-never-sleeps-better-yet-never-sleep/ |title=The city that never sleeps – Belgrade |date=5 January 2017 |publisher=DMC Balkans Travel & Events |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084058/https://www.decodedmagazine.com/berlin-berlin-city-sin-city-never-sleeps-better-yet-never-sleep/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The most recognisable nightlife features of Belgrade are the barges (''splav'') spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prentice |first=Eve-Ann |url=http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2003/aug/10/observerescapesection1 |title=Why I love battereBelgrade |work=The Guardian Travel |date=10 August 2003 |access-date=19 May 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515043701/http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2003/aug/10/observerescapesection1 |archive-date=15 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Seth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/travel/16belgrade.html |title=Belgrade Rocks |work=The New York Times |date=16 October 2005 |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-date=27 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027090524/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/travel/16belgrade.html?ex=1287115200&en=4cd8ccf41a41542c&ei=5088 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gruber |first=Barbara |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2129528,00.html |title=Belgrade's Nightlife Floats on the Danube |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=22 August 2006 |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616155059/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C2144%2C2129528%2C00.html |archive-date=16 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Belgrade nightlife on riverclubs.jpg|thumb|left|Belgrade nightlife]]
[[file:63oGrad.jpg|thumb|left|Belgrade night aerial view]]
Many weekend visitors—particularly from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]]—prefer Belgrade nightlife to that of their own capitals due to its perceived friendly atmosphere, plentiful clubs and bars, cheap drinks, lack of significant language barriers, and a lack of night life regulation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2004&mm=12&dd=21&nav_id=158386 |title=Slovenci dolaze u jeftin provod |work=[[Glas Javnosti]] |date=21 December 2004 |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104010307/http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2004&mm=12&dd=21&nav_id=158386 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2006&mm=01&dd=08&nav_id=184523 |title=U Beograd na vikend-zabavu |trans-title=To Belgrade for a weekend party |first=Milena |last=Zajović |work=[[B92]] |date=6 January 2006 |language=hr |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216114337/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2006&mm=01&dd=08&nav_id=184523 |url-status=live }}</ref>
One of the most famous sites for alternative cultural happenings in the city is the SKC (Student Cultural Centre), located right across from Belgrade's highrise landmark, the [[Beograđanka|Belgrade Palace tower]]. Concerts featuring famous local and foreign bands are often held at the centre. SKC is also the site of various art exhibitions, as well as public debates and discussions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galić |first=David |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/studentski-kulturni-centar |title=Studentski Kulturni Centar |publisher=Balkan Insight |date=22 February 2010 |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212628/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/studentski-kulturni-centar |url-status=live }}</ref>

A more traditional Serbian nightlife experience, accompanied by traditional music known as ''[[Starogradska muzika|Starogradska]]'' (roughly translated as ''Old Town Music''), typical of northern Serbia's urban environments, is most prominent in [[Skadarlija]], the city's old [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] neighbourhood where the poets and artists of Belgrade gathered in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Skadar Street (the centre of Skadarlija) and the surrounding neighbourhood are lined with some of Belgrade's best and oldest traditional restaurants (called [[kafana]]s in Serbian), which date back to that period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tob.rs/en/see.php?kat=9 |title=Skadarlija |publisher=[[Tourist Organisation of Belgrade]] |access-date=19 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220050323/http://www.tob.rs/en/see.php?kat=9 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> At one end of the neighbourhood stands Belgrade's oldest beer brewery, founded in the first half of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seenews.com/profiles/companies/cs_bip_beogradska_industrija_piva/ |title=Beogradska Industrija Piva AD |publisher=SEE News |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426083313/http://www.seenews.com/profiles/companies/cs_bip_beogradska_industrija_piva/ |archive-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> One of the city's oldest kafanas is the [[Znak pitanja]] ('?').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1319 |title=Znamenite građevine 3 |publisher=Official site |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=28 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528075204/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1319 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Times]]'' reported that Europe's best nightlife can be found in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/music_and_travel/article5082856.ece |title=Europe's best nightlife |work=[[The Times]] |access-date=11 April 2008 |location=London |first=Gareth |last=Scurlock |date=4 November 2008 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011041429/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/music_and_travel/article5082856.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the [[Lonely Planet]] ''1000 Ultimate Experiences'' Guide of 2009, Belgrade was placed at the 1st spot among the top 10 party cities in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |title=The world's top 10 party towns |date=9 November 2009 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=16 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410045707/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |archive-date=10 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fashion and design===
Since 1996,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradefashionweek.com/srpski/onama.php |title=O nama |publisher=Belgrade Fashion Week |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107082930/http://www.belgradefashionweek.com/srpski/onama.php |archive-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> semiannual (autumn/winter and spring/summer seasons) [[fashion week]]s are held citywide. Numerous Serbian and foreign designers and fashion brands have their shows during [[Belgrade Fashion Week]]. The festival, which collaborates with [[London Fashion Week]], has helped launch the international careers of local talents such as [[George Styler]] and [[Ana Ljubinković]]. British fashion designer [[Roksanda Ilinčić]], who was born in the city, also frequently presents her runway shows in Belgrade.

In addition to fashion, there are two major design shows held in Belgrade every year which attract international architects and industrial designers such as [[Karim Rashid]], [[Daniel Libeskind]], [[Patricia Urquiola]], and [[Konstantin Grcic]]. Both the [[Mikser Festival]] and [[Belgrade Design Week]] feature lectures, exhibits and competitions. Furthermore, international designers like [[Sacha Lakic]], [[Ana Kraš]], [[Bojana Sentaler]], and [[Marek Djordjevic]] are originally from Belgrade.

==Media==
{{See also|List of media organisations in Belgrade}}
[[File:Digital Belgrade, Tanjug, 01.jpg|thumb|[[Tanjug]], the former Serbian state-owned news agency building, defunct in 2021]]
Belgrade is the most important media hub in Serbia. The city is home to the main headquarters of the national broadcaster [[Radio Television of Serbia|Radio Television Serbia (RTS)]], which is a public service broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/rts/sr/javniservis/RTS+50/story/251/I+danas/27294/Medijski+javni+servis+gra%C4%91ana.html |title=Medijski javni servis građana |date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Radio Television of Serbia |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520041218/http://www.rts.rs/page/rts/sr/javniservis/RTS+50/story/251/I+danas/27294/Medijski+javni+servis+gra%C4%91ana.html |archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref> The most popular commercial broadcaster is [[RTV Pink]], a Serbian media multinational, known for its popular entertainment programmes. One of the most popular commercial broadcasters is [[B92]], another media company, which has its own TV station, radio station, and music and book publishing arms, as well as the most popular website on the Serbian internet.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Manasek |first=Jared |url=https://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/1/manasek-paradox.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310234840/https://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/1/manasek-paradox.asp |archive-date=10 March 2007 |title=The Paradox of Pink |magazine=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |date=January 2005 |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=01&nav_category=15&nav_id=210237&fs=1 |title=B92 na 8.598. mestu na svetu |publisher=B92 |date=1 September 2006 |access-date=19 May 2007 |language=sr |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208112143/http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=01&nav_category=15&nav_id=210237&fs=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other TV stations broadcasting from Belgrade include [[Prva Srpska Televizija|1Prva]] (formerly ''Fox televizija''), [[Nova.rs|Nova]], [[N1 (television)|N1]] and others which only cover the greater Belgrade municipal area, such as [[RTV Studio B|Studio B]].

High-circulation daily newspapers published in Belgrade include {{Lang|sr-latn|[[Politika]]}}, ''[[Blic]]'', ''[[Alo!]]'', ''[[Kurir]]'' and ''[[Danas (newspaper)|Danas]]''. There are two sporting dailies, ''[[Sportski žurnal]]'' and ''[[DSL Sport|Sport]]'', and one economic daily, ''[[Privredni pregled]]''. A new free distribution daily, ''[[24 sata (Serbia)|24 sata]]'', was founded in the autumn of 2006. Also, Serbian editions of licensed magazines such as ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'', ''[[Cosmopolitan Serbia|Cosmopolitan]]'', ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'', ''[[Men's Health]]'', ''[[Grazia]]'' and others have their headquarters in the city.

==Sport and recreation==
{{See also|List of sporting events in Belgrade}}
[[File:Ada Ciganlija lake.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ada Ciganlija]]]]

There are approximately one-thousand sports facilities in Belgrade, many of which are capable of serving all levels of sporting events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201508 |title=Sport and Recreation |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070847/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201508 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Ada Ciganlija]] island, with its lake and beaches, is one of the most important recreational areas in the city. With a total of 8&nbsp;km beaches, and a variety of bars, cafés, restaurants and sport facilities, Ada Ciganlija attracts many visitors, especially in summertime.

[[Košutnjak]] Park Forest has numerous running and bike trails, sports facilities for a variety of sports, and indoor and outdoor pools. It is a popular destination that is located only 2&nbsp;km from Ada Ciganlija.

[[File:Fk Red Star stadium.jpg|thumb|right|[[Red Star Stadium|Rajko Mitić Stadium]]]]
[[File:Belgrade Arena (SER).jpg|thumb|right|[[Belgrade Arena]]]]

During the 1960s and 1970s Belgrade held a number of major international events such as the first ever World Aquatics Championships in [[1973 World Aquatics Championships|1973]], [[UEFA Euro 1976|1976 European Football Championship]] and [[1972–73 European Cup|1973 European Cup Final]], European Athletics Championships in [[1962 European Athletics Championships|1962]] and [[European Athletics Indoor Championships|European Indoor Games]] in 1969, European Basketball Championships in [[EuroBasket 1961|1961]] and [[EuroBasket 1975|1975]], European Volleyball Championship for [[1975 Men's European Volleyball Championship|men]] and [[1975 Women's European Volleyball Championship|women]] in 1975 and World Amateur Boxing Championships in [[1978 World Amateur Boxing Championships|1978]].

Since the early 2000s Belgrade again hosts major sporting events nearly every year. Some of these include [[EuroBasket 2005]], European Handball Championship ([[2012 European Men's Handball Championship|men's]] and [[2012 European Women's Handball Championship|women's]]) in 2012, [[2013 World Women's Handball Championship|World Handball Championship]] for women in 2013, European Volleyball Championships for men in [[2005 European Volleyball Championship|2005]] for men and [[2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship|2011]] for women, the 2006 and 2016 [[European Water Polo Championship]], the [[European Youth Olympic Festival]] 2007 and the [[Universiade|2009 Summer Universiade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fisu.net/site/page_1068.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209234741/http://www.fisu.net/site/page_1068.php |archive-date=9 February 2008 |title=Universiade 2009 (Belgrade) |publisher=[[International University Sports Federation|FISU]] |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> More recently, Belgrade hosted [[European Athletics Indoor Championships]] in 2017 and the basketball [[EuroLeague Final Four]] tournaments in 2018 and 2022. Global and continental championships in other sports such as [[tennis]], [[futsal]], [[judo]], [[karate]], [[wrestling]], [[rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[kickboxing]], [[table tennis]], and [[chess]] have also been held in recent years.

The city is home to Serbia's two biggest and most successful [[association football|football]] clubs, [[Red Star Belgrade]] and [[FK Partizan|Partizan Belgrade]]. Red Star won the [[UEFA Champions League]] (''European Cup'') in [[1990–91 European Cup|1991]], and Partizan was runner-up in [[1965–66 European Cup|1966]]. The two major stadiums in Belgrade are ''Marakana'' ([[Red Star Stadium]]) and [[Partizan Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201754 |title=Sport and Recreation (Stadiums) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924065704/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201754 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Eternal derby (Serbia)|Eternal derby]] is between Red Star and Partizan.

With a capacity of 19,384 spectators,[[Belgrade Arena]] is one of the largest indoor arenas in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://starkarena.co.rs/o-%D1%88/ |title=О Штарк Арени |trans-title=About Štark Arena |publisher=Štark Arena |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609073033/https://starkarena.co.rs/o-%d1%88/ |archive-date=9 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is used for major sporting events and large concerts. In May 2008, it was the venue for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|53rd Eurovision Song Contest]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Belgrade Arena Profile |url=http://www.arenabeograd.com/en/page/61/Arena+Profile |publisher=Belgrade Arena |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608082527/http://www.arenabeograd.com/en/page/61/Arena+Profile |archive-date=8 June 2012}}</ref>[[Aleksandar Nikolić Hall]] is the main venue of [[basketball]] clubs [[KK Partizan]], the European champion of 1992, and [[KK Crvena Zvezda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201758 |title=Sport and Recreation (Sport Centers and Halls) |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924061438/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201758 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd2007.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=131&limit=1&limitstart=3&lang=en |title=Venues |publisher=[[EYOF]] Belgrade 2007 |access-date=30 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008062254/http://www.beograd2007.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=131&limit=1&limitstart=3&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2007}}</ref>
In recent years, Belgrade has also given rise to several world-class tennis players such as [[Ana Ivanovic]], [[Jelena Janković]] and [[Novak Djokovic]]. Ivanovic and Djokovic are the first female and male Belgraders, respectively, to win [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] singles titles and been [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players|ATP number 1]] with [[Jelena Janković]]. The Serbian national team won the [[2010 Davis Cup World Group|2010 Davis Cup]], beating the French team in the finals played in the [[Belgrade Arena]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/news/articles/tipsarevic-sends-serbia-into-first-davis-cup-final.aspx |title=Tipsarevic sends Serbia into first Davis Cup final |date=19 September 2010 |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203522/http://www.daviscup.com/en/news/articles/tipsarevic-sends-serbia-into-first-davis-cup-final.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Belgrade Marathon]] is held annually since 1988. Belgrade was a candidate to host the 1992 and the 1996 [[Summer Olympic Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olimpijski muzej |url=https://olimpijskimuzej.rs/sr/zanimljivost/1055 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=olimpijskimuzej.rs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlanta 1996 |url=https://oks.org.rs/takmicenja/atlanta-1996/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Olimpijski komitet Srbije |language=sr-RS}}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Belgrade}}
[[File:Kapetan Misino Zdanje zgrada.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Captain Miša's Mansion|Administration Building of the University of Belgrade]]]]
Belgrade has two state universities and several private institutions of higher education. The [[University of Belgrade]], founded in 1808 as a [[Grandes écoles|''grande école'']], is the oldest institution of higher learning in Serbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ius.bg.ac.rs/eng/university_of_belgrade.htm |title=The University of Belgrade – The Seedbed of University Education |publisher=Faculty of Law of University of Belgrade |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315092358/http://www.ius.bg.ac.rs/eng/university_of_belgrade.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Having developed with much of the rest of the city in the 19th century, several university buildings are recognised as forming a constituent part of Belgrade's architecture and [[cultural heritage]]. With enrolment numbers of nearly 90,000 students, the university is one of Europe's largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bg.ac.rs/eng/uni/en_recrektora.php |title=Word by the Rector |publisher=[[University of Belgrade]] |access-date=19 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006194902/http://www.bg.ac.rs/eng/uni/en_recrektora.php |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>

The city is also home to 195 primary (elementary) schools and 85 secondary schools. The primary school system has 162 regular schools, 14 [[Special education|special]] schools, 15 art schools, and 4 adult schools, while the secondary school system has 51 vocational schools, 21 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]], 8 art schools and 5 special schools. The 230,000 pupils are managed by 22,000 employees in over 500 buildings, covering around {{cvt|1.1|e6m2|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201008 |title=Education and Science |publisher=City of Belgrade |access-date=10 July 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924053856/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{Main|Transport in Belgrade}}
{{See also|Trams in Belgrade|Bridges in Belgrade}}
[[File:Свјетлопис жељезничке станице Биоград центар7.jpg|thumb|[[Belgrade Centre Railway Station]]]]
[[File:CAF & KT4 Tram Belgrade.jpg|thumb|[[Trams in Belgrade]]]]
[[File:GSP Logo.svg|thumb|The logo for the company]]
Belgrade has an extensive public transport system consisting of buses (118 urban lines and more than 300 suburban lines), trams (12 lines), [[trolleybus]]es (8 lines) and [[S-Train]] [[BG Voz]] (6 lines).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsp.rs/english/statistic.htm |title=Statistics |publisher=Public Transport Company "Belgrade" |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510071133/http://www.gsp.rs/english/statistic.htm |archive-date=10 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.busevi.com/ |title=busevi.com |website=busevi.com |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327184032/https://www.busevi.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Buses, trolleybuses and trams are run by [[GSP Beograd]] and [[Lasta Beograd|SP Lasta]] in cooperation with private companies on some bus routes. The [[S-train]] network, [[BG Voz]], run by city government in cooperation with [[Serbian Railways]], is a part of the integrated transport system, and has three lines (Batajnica-Ovča and Ovča-Resnik and Belgrade centre-Mladenovac), with more announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expatserbia.com/once-youre-here/public-transport/413-bg-voz |title=Bg Voz  |website=expatserbia.com |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905111325/http://www.expatserbia.com/once-youre-here/public-transport/413-bg-voz |archive-date=5 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.busevi.com/ |title=Glas putnika |website=Busevi.com |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531033950/https://www.busevi.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2024|02|27}} tickets may be purchased either via SMS or in physical paper form via the {{lang-sr-Latn-Cyrl|Beograd plus|Београд плус|separator=" / "|label=none}} system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aleksić |first=Dejan |title='Beograd plus' umesto 'Bus plusa' |trans-title="Beograd plus" instead of "BusPlus" |language=Serbian |url=https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/552986/Beograd-plus-umesto-Bus-plusa |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Politika Online}}</ref> Daily connections link the capital to other towns in Serbia and many other European destinations through the city's [[Belgrade Bus Station|central bus station]]. Since January 2025 all public transport in Belgrade is free.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lj.G |date=2025-01-01 |title=Besplatan javni prevoz u Beogradu: Poslodavci i dalje imaju obavezu da isplaćuju naknadu za prevoz zaposlenima |url=https://www.euronews.rs/srbija/drustvo/151660/besplatan-javni-prevoz-u-beogradu-poslodavci-i-dalje-imaju-obavezu-da-isplacuju-naknadu-za-prevoz-zaposlenima/vest |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Euronews.rs |language=sr}}</ref>

[[Beovoz]] was the [[regional rail|suburban/commuter railway]] network that provided [[mass-transit]] services in the city, similar to Paris's [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] and Toronto's [[GO Transit]]. The main usage of system was to connect the suburbs with the city centre. Beovoz was operated by [[Serbian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srbrail.rs/redvoznje1/Beovoz.aspx |title=Železnice Srbije – Red voznje za Beovoz i BG:VOZ |publisher=Serbian railways |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010040713/http://www.srbrail.rs/redvoznje1/Beovoz.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> However, this system was abolished back in 2013, mostly due to introduction of more efficient BG Voz. Belgrade is one of the last big European capitals and cities with over a million people to have no metro or subway or other [[rapid transit]] system. As of November 2021, the [[Belgrade Metro]] is currently under construction, which will have 2 lines. The first line is expected to be operational by August 2028.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serbia to start Belgrade metro construction in November |url=http://seenews.com/news/serbia-to-start-belgrade-metro-construction-in-november-730158 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=seenews.com |date=4 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214111902/https://seenews.com/news/serbia-to-start-belgrade-metro-construction-in-november-730158 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Aleksić |first=Dejan |title=Depo za metro na Bežanijskoj kosi |url=https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/485825/Beograd/Depo-za-metro-na-Bezanijskoj-kosi |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=Politika Online |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213145849/https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/485825/Beograd/Depo-za-metro-na-Bezanijskoj-kosi |url-status=live }}</ref>

The new [[Belgrade Centre railway station]] is the hub for almost all national and international trains. The [[high-speed rail]] that connects Belgrade with [[Novi Sad]] started its service on 19 March 2022.<ref>https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/502468/Pustena-u-saobracaj-brza-pruga-Beograd-Novi-Sad Politika: "Puštena u saobraćaj brza pruga Beograd-Novi Sad"</ref> The extension towards [[Subotica]] and [[Budapest]] is under construction,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/vojvodina/novi-sad/radovi-na-pruzi-novi-sad-subotica-prvi-brzi-voz-ce-proci-krajem-2024._1335065.html|title=Radovi na pruzi Novi Sad - Subotica, prvi brzi voz će proći krajem 2024.|first=Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija|last=Vojvodine|website=JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine}}</ref> and there are plans for a southwards extension towards [[Niš]] and [[North Macedonia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/ekonomija/vucic-brza-pruga-beograd-nis-gotova-2026.-godine;-domace-firme-su-nase-blago_1296336.html|title=Vučić: Brza pruga Beograd - Niš gotova 2026. godine; Domaće firme su naše blago|first=Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija|last=Vojvodine|website=JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine}}</ref>

The city is placed along the [[Pan-European corridors]] [[Pan-European Corridor X|X]] and VII.<ref name="city of belgrade-2"/> The motorway system provides for easy access to [[Novi Sad]] and [[Budapest]] to the north, [[Niš]] to the south, and [[Zagreb]] to the west. Expressway is also toward Pančevo and new Expressway construction toward Obrenovac (Montenegro) is scheduled for March 2017. [[Belgrade bypass]] is connecting the [[E70 in Serbia|E70]] and [[E75 in Serbia|E75]] motorways and is under construction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bankwatch.org/project.shtml?w=147584&amp;s=1961998 |title=Belgrade Bypass, Serbia |publisher=CEE Bankwatch network |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071011035406/http://bankwatch.org/project.shtml?w=147584&s=1961998 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Situated at the confluence of two major rivers, the Danube and the Sava, Belgrade has 11 bridges, the most important of which are [[Branko's Bridge]], [[Gazela Bridge]], [[Ada Bridge]] and [[Pupin Bridge]], the first two of which connect the core of the city to [[New Belgrade]]. In addition, an 'inner magistral semi-ring' is almost done and includes a new Ada bridge across the Sava river (opened in 2012)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beograđani otvorili Most na Adi |url=https://www.beograd.rs/lat/beogradjani-otvorili-most-na-adi/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Grad Beograd - Zvanična internet prezentacija {{!}} Beograđani otvorili Most na Adi |language=sr-rs}}</ref> and a new Pupin bridge (opened in 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otvoren Pupinov most |url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/Ekonomija/1776910/Otvoren+Pupinov+most.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=РТС |language=sr}}</ref> across the Danube, which ease [[commuting]] within the city and unload traffic from the Gazela Bridge and Branko's Bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebrd.com/projects/eias/34913s.pdf |title=1. faza prve deonice Unutrašnjeg magistralnog poluprstena |publisher=Belgrade Direction for Building and Real Estate Land/EBRD |date=1 July 2005 |access-date=15 September 2007 |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809064808/http://www.ebrd.com/projects/eias/34913s.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Port of Belgrade]] is on the Danube, and allows the city to receive goods by river.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lukabeograd.com/ONama/Istorijat.html |title=Luka Beograd AS – Istorijat |trans-title=History of the Port of Belgrade |publisher=Port of Belgrade |access-date=11 October 2010 |language=sr |archive-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515165227/http://www.lukabeograd.com/ONama/Istorijat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also served by [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport]], {{cvt|12|km}} west of the city centre, near [[Surčin]]. At its peak in 1986, almost 3&nbsp;million passengers travelled through the airport, though that number dwindled to a trickle in the 1990s.<ref>[https://jeftineaviokarte.rs jeftineaviokarte.rs]</ref> Following renewed growth in 2000, the number of passengers reached approximately 2&nbsp;million in 2004 and 2005,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.danas.rs/20050520/ekonomija1.html |title=Regionalni centar putničkog i kargo saobraćaja |publisher=Danas |date=20 May 2005 |language=sr |access-date=10 July 2007}}{{dead link|date=August 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> over 2.6&nbsp;million passengers in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airport-belgrade.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206130723/http://www.airport-belgrade.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=63 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2019 |title=www.beg.aero &#124; Nikola Tesla Belgrade Airport &#124; News |publisher=Airport-belgrade.rs |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref> reaching over 3&nbsp;million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beg.aero/media/news.63.html?newsId=879 |title=Aerodrom Nikola Tesla &#124; News |publisher=Beg.aero |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512234016/http://www.beg.aero/media/news.63.html?newsId=879 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A record with over 4&nbsp;million passengers was broken in 2014, when Belgrade [[Nikola Tesla Airport]] became the second fastest growing major airport in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beg.aero/en/vest/8971/belgrade-nikola-tesla-airport-among-fastest-growing-in-europe |title=Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport among fastest growing in Europe |access-date=6 August 2016 |date=13 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306131755/http://beg.aero/en/vest/8971/belgrade-nikola-tesla-airport-among-fastest-growing-in-europe |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The numbers continued to grow steadily and the all-time peak of over 6 million passengers was reached in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.exyuaviation.com/2020/01/belgrade-airport-readies-for.html |title=Belgrade Airport readies for transformation after record year |date=18 January 2020 |publisher=Ex Yu Aviation |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226193608/https://www.exyuaviation.com/2020/01/belgrade-airport-readies-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{clear left}}

==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia}}
[[File:Chevalier_légion_d'honneur_2.png|thumb|right|120px|Because of the heroic strength of its defenders, French marshal [[Louis Franchet d'Espèrey]] decorated Belgrade with the Legion of Honor in 1920.]]

List of Belgrade's sister and twin cities:<ref name="city of belgrad">{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698 |title=International Cooperation |publisher=City of Belgrad |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828072526/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Coventry]], UK, since 1957<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/what-point-coventrys-twin-towns-3038605 |title=Coventry's twin towns |access-date=6 August 2013 |last=Griffin |first=Mary |date=2 August 2011 |work=Coventry Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806032050/http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/what-point-coventrys-twin-towns-3038605 |archive-date=6 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory/25/twin_towns_and_cities |title=Coventry – Twin towns and cities |access-date=6 August 2013 |work=Coventry City Council. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412062545/http://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory/25/twin_towns_and_cities |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], US, since 2005
*{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia, since 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |title=Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje |access-date=27 July 2013 |work=Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) |language=sl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626075304/http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |archive-date=26 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1422497 |title=Gradonačelnici Beograda i Ljubljane potpisali sporazum o bratimljenju dva glavna grada |publisher=Beograd.rs |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713130306/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1422497 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|MKD}} [[Skopje]], North Macedonia, since 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sitel.com.mk/dnevnik/makedonija/skopje-i-belgrad-se-zbratimija |title=Сител Телевизија |language=mk |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731011703/https://sitel.com.mk/dnevnik/makedonija/skopje-i-belgrad-se-zbratimija |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024131101/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2013 |title=Official portal of City of Skopje – Skopje Sister cities |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Caruaru]], Brazil, since 2010
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China, since 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Potpisan sporazum o bratimljenju Beorgada i Šangaja |url=https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2018&mm=05&dd=21&nav_category=11&nav_id=1395187 |access-date=21 May 2018 |work=b92.net |agency=Tanjug |date=21 May 2018 |language=sr |archive-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522054135/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2018&mm=05&dd=21&nav_category=11&nav_id=1395187 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Bosnia-Herzegovina}} [[Banja Luka]], Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2020<ref>{{cite web |last=В |first=А. |title=Београд се побратимио са Бањалуком |url=http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/465383/Beograd-se-pobratimio-sa-Banjalukom |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=Politika Online |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030185325/http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/465383/Beograd-se-pobratimio-sa-Banjalukom |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Partner cities===
Other friendships and cooperations, protocols, memorandums:<ref name="city of belgrad"/>
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2018, Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Rabat]], Morocco, since 2017, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea, since 2017, Memorandum of Understanding on Friendly Exchanges and Cooperation
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, since 2016, Agreement on Cooperation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://akipress.com/news:585174/ |title=Kazakhstan, Serbia agree to cooperate on air communication |publisher=AKIpress |access-date=16 November 2016 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103821/http://akipress.com/news:585174/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IRI}} [[Tehran]], Iran, since 2016, Agreement on Cooperation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=77&ArticleId=7432 |title=Tehran, Belgrade sign agreement to boost ties |publisher=Tehran Municipality |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002171347/http://en.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=77&ArticleId=7432 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]], Greece, since 2010, Protocol on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shenzhen]], China, since 2009, Agreement on Cooperation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=11&nav_category=12&nav_id=370774 |title=Saradnja Beograda i Šendžena |publisher=B92 |access-date=11 July 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929043909/http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=11&nav_category=12&nav_id=370774 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia, since 2003, Letter of Intent
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine, since 2002, Agreement on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Algiers]], Algeria, since 1991 declaration of mutual interests
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel, since 1990, Agreement on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Bucharest]], Romania, since 1999, Agreement on Cooperation
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], China, since 1980, Agreement on Cooperation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Beijing Municipal Government |access-date=23 September 2008 |archive-date=16 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216015454/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italy, since 1971, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
*{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], Greece, since 1966, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
{{Colend}}

Some of the city's municipalities are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities; for details see their respective articles.

Belgrade has received various domestic and international honours, including the French [[Légion d'honneur]] (proclaimed 21 December 1920; Belgrade is one of four cities outside France, alongside [[Liège]], [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]] and [[Volgograd]], to receive this honour), the [[Czechoslovak War Cross 1918|Czechoslovak War Cross]] (awarded 8 October 1925), the Yugoslavian [[Order of the Karađorđe's Star]] (awarded 18 May 1939) and the Yugoslavian [[Order of the People's Hero]] (proclaimed on 20 October 1974, the 30th anniversary of the overthrow of [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] occupation during World War II).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201227 |title=Received Decorations |access-date=16 May 2007 |publisher=Beograd.rs |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924072048/http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201227 |url-status=live }}</ref> All of these decorations were received for the war efforts during World War I and World War II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtvpink.com/vesti/vest.php?id=26907 |title=Beograd – grad heroj |date=6 November 2009 |access-date=15 November 2009 |publisher=RTV Pink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715211706/http://www.rtvpink.com/vesti/vest.php?id=26907 |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Financial Times]]''' magazine ''[[FDi magazine|Foreign Direct Investment]]'' awarded Belgrade the title of ''City of the Future of Southern Europe''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1543 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004828/http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1543 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=European Cities of the Future 2006/07 |access-date=10 July 2007 |work=fDi magazine |date=6 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Miloradović |first=Aleksandar |url=http://www.seeurope.net/files2/pdf/rgn0906/13_Belgrade_CityOfTheFutureInSEE.pdf |title=Belgrade – City of the Future in Southern Europe |date=1 September 2006 |access-date=10 July 2007 |work=TheRegion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808143913/http://www.seeurope.net/files2/pdf/rgn0906/13_Belgrade_CityOfTheFutureInSEE.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of people from Belgrade]]
*[[List of cities and towns on the river Danube]]
*[[List of metropolitan areas in Europe]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Calic|first=Marie-Janine|title=A History of Yugoslavia|date=2019|publisher=Purdue University|location=West Lafayette|isbn=978-1-55753-838-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pavić |first=Milorad |author-link=Milorad Pavić (writer) |title=A Short History of Belgrade |publisher=Dereta |year=2000 |location=Belgrade |isbn=86-7346-117-0}}
*{{Cite book |last=Tešanović |first=Jasmina |author-link=Jasmina Tešanović |title=The Diary of a Political Idiot: Normal Life in Belgrade |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=1-57344-114-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofpolitical00tesa_0 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Levinsohn |first=Florence Hamlish |title=Belgrade : among the Serbs |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |year=1995 |location=Chicago |isbn=1-56663-061-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Paton |first=Andrew Archibald |author-link=Andrew Archibald Paton |title=Servia, Youngest Member of the European Family: or, A Residence in Belgrade, and Travels in the Highlands and Woodlands of the Interior, during the years 1843 and 1844. |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans |orig-year=1845 |location=London |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16999/16999-h/16999-h.htm |edition=[[Project Gutenberg]] reprint |date=4 November 2005 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026083605/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16999/16999-h/16999-h.htm |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Norris |first=David A |title=Belgrade A Cultural History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199888498 |year=2008}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Belgrade|b=no|v=no}}
*{{Official website}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110119012627/http://www.tob.rs/en/index.php Tourist Organisation of Belgrade]
{{Serbia topics}}
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{{Administrative divisions of Serbia|autocollapse}}
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{{List of museums in Belgrade}}
{{Belgrade Architecture}}
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[[Category:Belgrade| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Districts of Serbia]]
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[[Category:Ancient cities in Serbia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Danube]]
[[Category:Šumadija]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Sava]]
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