Editing Bavarian language

{{Short description|Group of German varieties spoken in Bavaria, Austria, and South Tyrol}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2010}}

{{Infobox language
| name             = Bavarian
| nativename       = {{langx|bar|Boarisch|label=none}} / {{langx|bar|Boirisch|label=none}}
| altname          = Austro-Bavarian
| pronunciation    = 
| region           = [[Bavaria]] (Germany)<br>[[Austria]]<br>[[South Tyrol]] (Italy)
| ethnicity        = [[Bavarians]]<br>[[Austrians]]<br>[[South Tyrol]]eans
| speakers         = {{Sigfig|14.569000|2}} million<!--not more precise than to the nearest million-->
| date             = 2012
| ref              = e26
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3             = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4             = [[High German languages|High German]]
| fam5             = [[Upper German]]
| dia1             = [[Northern Bavarian|Northern]]
| dia2             = [[Central Bavarian|Central]]
| dia3             = [[Southern Bavarian|Southern]]
| iso3             = bar
| glotto           = baye1239
| glottoname       = Bairisch<!--name as listed at Glottolog-->
| glotto2          = bava1246
| glottoname2      = Bavarian<!--name as listed at Glottolog-->
| map              = Austro Bavarian Languages-01.png
| mapcaption       = Extent of Bavarian
| notice           = IPA
| image            = File:München-Obermenzing Schild 610.jpg
| imagecaption     = Parking sign in Munich
| map2             = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Bavarian is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
| script           = [[Latin alphabet]], [[Runes#"Marcomannic runes" (8th to 9th centuries)|Marcomannic]] (historically)
}}

[[File:Upper German dialects.png|thumb|Upper German language area after 1945: blue: Bavarian-Austrian dialects]]

'''Bavarian''' ({{lang|bar|Boarisch, Boirisch}};<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rowley |first=Anthony R. |title=Boarisch – Boirisch – Bairisch: Eine Sprachgeschichte |publisher=Friedrich Pustet GmbH & Co. KG |year=2023 |isbn=9783791734378 |language=German}}</ref> {{langx|de|Bairisch}} {{IPA|de|ˈbaɪʁɪʃ||Bairisch.ogg}}), alternately '''Austro-Bavarian''', is a group of [[Upper German]] [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] spoken in the south-east of the [[German language]] area, including the German state of [[Bavaria]], most of [[Austria]], and [[South Tyrol]] in [[Italy]].{{sfn|Rowley|2011|p=300}} Prior to 1945, Bavarian was also prevalent in parts of the southern [[Sudetenland]] and western [[Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bar/|title=Bavarian|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref> Bavarian is spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area of around {{convert|125000|km2|sqmi}}, making it the largest of all [[German dialects]]. In 2008, 45 percent of Bavarians claimed to use only dialect in everyday communication.{{sfn|Rowley|2011}}

== Language or dialect ==
Bavarian is commonly considered to be a dialect of [[German language|German]],<ref>{{harvnb |Zehetner|1985|p=16}}: "Bairisch ist der oberdeutsche Dialekt, der dem Stamm der Baiern (oder Bajuwaren) eigen ist." [Bavarian is the Upper German dialect that is proper to the tribe of the Bavarians (or Baiuvarii).]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bwb.badw.de/bairische-mundarten.html |title=Bairisch versus bayerisch |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Bayerisches Wörterbuch (BWB) |publisher=[[Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities]] |access-date=2023-02-26 |quote=Von der Verbreitung und von der Sprecherzahl her ist das Bairische die am weitesten verbreitete deutsche Mundart. |trans-quote=In terms of distribution and number of speakers, Bavarian is the most widespread German dialect.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Bairische_Dialekte |title=Bairische Dialekte |author=Anthony Rowley |date=2010-04-26| website=[[Historisches Lexikon Bayerns]] |publisher=[[Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities]] |access-date=2023-02-26 |quote=Mit Bairisch wird die südöstliche Gruppe der oberdeutschen Dialekte bezeichnet. |trans-quote=Bairisch refers to the southeastern group of the Upper German dialects.}}</ref> but some sources classify it as a separate [[language]]: the [[International Organization for Standardization]] has assigned a unique [[ISO 639-3]] language code (''bar''),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=bar {{!}} ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bar |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=iso639-3.sil.org}}</ref> and the [[UNESCO]] lists Bavarian in the ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' since 2009; however, the classification of Bavarian as an ''individual language'' has been criticized by some scholars of Bavarian.{{sfn|Rowley|2011|pp=301–302}}{{sfn|Eibl|2014|p=96}}

Reasons why Bavarian can be viewed as a dialect of German include the perception of its speakers, the lack of standardization, the traditional use of Standard German as a [[Dachsprache|roofing language]], the relative closeness to German which does not justify Bavarian to be viewed as an [[abstand language]], or the fact that no country applied for Bavarian to be entered into the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].{{sfn|Rowley|2011|pp=301–307}}{{sfn|Eibl|2014|pp=90–91, 96}}

The difference between Bavarian and [[Standard German]] is larger than the difference between [[Danish language|Danish]] and some varieties of [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] or between [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Hinderling|1984}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Rowley|2011|p=301}}.</ref><!--Differences include the Bavarian [[pronoun]]s ''es'' ('we [[Nominative case|nom.]]', Standard German ''wir'') and ''enk'' ('you [[Accusative case|acc.]]/[[Dative case|dat.]] [[Plural|pl.]]', Standard German ''ihr''), the second person pl. verb ending ''-ts'' (Standard German ''-t''), or the addition of verbal endings to [[subordinating conjunction]]s.-->

== Origins ==
=== History and etymology ===
{{further|History of Bavaria}}

The word ''Bavarian'' is derived from the name of the people who settled Bavaria along with their tribal dialect.  The origin of the word is disputed.  The most common theory traces the word to ''Bajowarjōz'', meaning 'inhabitants of Bojer land'.  In turn, ''[[Boii|Bojer]]'' ({{langx|la|Boii}}, {{langx|de|Boier}}) originated as the name for former [[Celts|Celtic]] inhabitants of the area, with the name passing to the mixed population of Celts, [[Roman people|Romans]], and successive waves of German arrivals during the early medieval period.<ref name="barbrite">{{cite book |last=Hasenfratz |first=Hans-Peter |author-link= |date=2011 |title=Barbarian Rites: The Spiritual World of the Vikings and the Germanic Tribes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mAoDwAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page= |isbn=978-1594774218}}</ref>

The local population eventually established the [[Duchy of Bavaria]], forming the south-eastern part of the [[kingdom of Germany]]. The [[Old High German]] documents from the area of Bavaria are identified as {{lang|de|Altbairisch}} (Old Bavarian), even though at this early date there were few distinctive features that would divide it from [[Alemannic German]].

The dialectal separation of Upper German into East Upper German (Bavarian) and West Upper German (Alemannic) became more tangible in the [[Middle High German]] period, from about the 12th century.

==Geographical distribution and dialects==
* In Europe:
** In [[Germany]], the language is spoken in [[Upper Bavaria]], [[Lower Bavaria]], and the [[Upper Palatinate]] districts in [[Bavaria]]. It is also spoken in southern [[Vogtland]], in [[Saxony]];
** In [[Austria]], except [[Vorarlberg]];
** In [[Italy]] in [[South Tyrol]] and a handful of linguistic enclaves of Cimbrian and Carnic people in [[Northern Italy]];
** In [[Switzerland]], it is spoken in the village of [[Samnaun]], in [[Grisons]];
** In [[Sopron]] ([[Hungary]]) and surroundings.
* Outside of Europe:
** In [[Treze Tílias]], Brazil
** In [[Pozuzo|Pozuzo, Peru]]
** In [[Hutterite German|the United States and Canada]] (Hutterite German)

Three main dialects of Bavarian are:
* [[Northern Bavarian]], mainly spoken in [[Upper Palatinate]], but also in adjacent areas (small parts of [[Upper Franconia]] ([[Wunsiedel (district)|Wunsiedel district]] and [[Bayreuth (district)|Bayreuth district]]), [[Saxony]] (southern [[Vogtland]]), [[Middle Franconia]], [[Upper Bavaria]] and [[Lower Bavaria]]).
* [[Central Bavarian]] along the main rivers [[Isar]] and [[Danube]], spoken in [[Upper Bavaria]] (including [[Munich]], which has a standard German-speaking majority), [[Lower Bavaria]], southern [[Upper Palatinate]], the [[Swabia (Bavaria)|Swabian]] district of [[Aichach-Friedberg]], the northern parts of the [[Salzburg (state)|State of Salzburg]], [[Upper Austria]], [[Lower Austria]], [[Vienna]] (''see [[Viennese German]]'') and the Northern [[Burgenland]].
* [[Southern Bavarian]] in [[Samnaun]], [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], [[South Tyrol]], [[Carinthia]], [[Styria]], and the southern parts of Salzburg and Burgenland.

Differences are clearly noticeable within those three subgroups, which in Austria often coincide with the borders of the particular states. For example, each of the accents of Carinthia, Styria, and Tyrol can be easily recognised. Also, there is a marked difference between eastern and western central Bavarian, roughly coinciding with the border between Austria and Bavaria. In addition, the Viennese dialect has some characteristics distinguishing it from all other dialects. In Vienna, minor, but recognizable, variations are characteristic for distinct districts of the city.

Before the [[expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia]], the linguistic border of Bavarian with Czech was on the farther side of the [[Bohemian Forest]] and its Bohemian foreland was Bavarian-speaking.

Alternatively, there are four main dialects:<ref>Kurt Gustav Goblirsch, ''Consonant Strength in Upper German Dialects'', John Benjamins Publishing Company 2012 as [https://benjamins.com/catalog/nss NOWELE Supplement Series] vol. 10 (originally Odense University Press 1994), p. 23 f.</ref>
* North Bavarian
* Middle Bavarian
* South Middle Bavarian
* South Bavarian

==Use==
{{for|the use of Bavarian and standard German in Austria|Austrian German}}
[[File:Rottach-Egern - Kramer Lad’l - Essen ist ein Bedürfnis.jpg|thumb|Public sign combining Standard German and Bavarian]]
Bavarian differs sufficiently from [[Standard German]] to make it difficult for native speakers to adopt standard pronunciation. Educated [[Bavarians]] and [[Austrians]] can almost always read, write and understand Standard German, but they may have very little opportunity to speak it, especially in rural areas. In those regions, Standard German is restricted to use as the language of writing and the media. It is therefore often referred to as {{lang|de|Schriftdeutsch}} ("written German") rather than the usual term {{lang|de|Hochdeutsch}} ("[[High German languages|High German]]" or "Standard German"). Given that [[Central German]] and Upper German together comprise the [[High German languages]], out of which the then new, written standard was developed and as opposed to [[Low German]], that is an alternative naming many High German dialect speakers regard justified.

===School===
Bavaria and Austria officially use Standard German as the primary medium of education. With the spread of universal education, the exposure of speakers of Bavarian to Standard German has been increasing, and many younger people, especially in the region's cities and larger towns, speak Standard German with only a slight accent. This accent usually only exists in families where Bavarian is spoken regularly. Families that do not use Bavarian at home usually use Standard German instead. In Austria, some parts of grammar and spelling are taught in Standard German lessons.
As reading and writing in Bavarian is generally not taught at schools, almost all literate speakers of the language prefer to use Standard German for writing. Regional authors and literature may play a role in education as well, but by and large, Standard German is the ''[[lingua franca]]''.

===Literature===
Although there exist grammars, [[vocabulary|vocabularies]], and a translation of the [[Bible]] in Bavarian, there is no common orthographic standard. Poetry is written in various Bavarian dialects, and many pop songs use the language as well, especially ones belonging to the [[Austropop]] wave of the 1970s and 1980s.

Although Bavarian as a spoken language is in daily use in its region, Standard German, often with strong regional influence, is preferred in the [[mass media]].

[[Ludwig Thoma]] was a noted German author who wrote works such as {{lang|de|Lausbubengeschichten|italic=yes}} in Bavarian.

===Web===
There is a [[:bar:|Bavarian Wikipedia]]. Also, the official [[FC Bayern Munich]] website was available in Bavarian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-11|title=Home – FC Bayern München|url=https://fcbayern.com/by/|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011042607/https://fcbayern.com/by/|archive-date=2021-10-11}}</ref>

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! {{left}} [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| 
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! {{left}} [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
| 
|
| {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
| ({{IPA|ʔ}})
|-
! {{left}} [[Affricate]]
| {{IPA|p͡f}}
| {{IPA|t͡s}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
| 
|
| 
|-
! {{left}} [[Fricative]]
| {{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| ({{IPA|ç}})
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! {{left}} [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{left}} [[Approximant]]
| 
| {{IPA|l}}
|
| {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|}

Notes:

*Aspiration may occur among voiceless plosives in word-initial position.
*The phoneme {{IPA|/h/}} is frequently realised as {{IPAblink|ç}} or {{IPAblink|x}} word-internally and is realised as {{IPAblink|h}} word-initially.
*Intervocalic {{IPA|/s/}} can be voiced to {{IPAblink|z}}, unless it is ''fortis'' (lengthened), such as in {{IPA|/hɔasːn/}} 'to be named', compared to {{IPA|/rɔasn/}} 'to travel', where the sibilant is ''lenis''.
*A trill sound {{IPA|/r/}} may also be realised as a [[Tap and flap consonants|flap]] [{{IPA link|ɾ}}].
*Intervocalic {{IPA|/v/}} can be realised as [{{IPA link|ʋ}}] or [{{IPA link|β}}, {{IPA link|w}}].
*Some dialects, such as the Bavarian dialect in South Tyrol, realise {{IPA|/k/}} as an affricate {{IPAblink|k͡x}} word-initially and before {{IPA|/m, n, l, r/}}, which is an extension of the [[High German consonant shift]] to velar consonants.

===Vowels===
Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in certain Bavarian dialects or only appear as allophones or in diphthongs. Nasalization may also be distinguished in some dialects.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class="small"
! [[Roundedness|<small>unrounded</small>]]
! [[Roundedness|<small>rounded</small>]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|i}}
|{{IPA|y}}
| 
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|u}}
|-
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|{{IPA|ɪ}}
|{{IPA|ʏ}}
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ʊ}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA|e}}
|{{IPA|ø}}
| ({{IPA|ə}})
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|o}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA|ɛ}}
|{{IPA|œ}}
|({{IPA|ɐ}})
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|({{IPA|æ}})
| ({{IPA|ɶ}})
|{{IPA|a}}
|({{IPA|ɑ}})
|{{IPA|ɒ}}
|}

Bavarian has an extensive [[vowel]] inventory, like most Germanic languages. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by [[vowel length|length]] or [[tenseness]].

==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Spelling
!Short
!Long
|-
|a
|ɐ
|ɐ:
|-
|à
|a
|a:
|-
|aa
| -
|ɐ:
|-
|àà
| -
|a:
|-
|å
|ɑ
|ɑ:
|-
|ä
|ɛ
|ɛ:
|-
|e
|e (ə)
|e:~ɛ: (ə)
|-
|è
|ɛ
|ɛ:
|-
|é
|e
|e:
|-
|i
|ɪ
|i
|-
|o
|ɔ
|o
|-
|ö
|œ
|ø
|-
|u
|ʊ
|u
|-
|ü
|ʏ
|y
|-
|y
|ʏ
|y
|-
|ea
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |ɛɐ
|-
|ia
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |iɐ
|-
|oa
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |ɔɐ
|-
|ua
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |uɐ
|-
|ei
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |ɛɪ
|-
|oi, åi
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |ɔɪ
|-
|öi, äi
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |ɛʏ
|-
|ui
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |uɪ
|-
|au
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |ɐʊ
|-
|ou
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |ɔʊ
|}

== Grammar ==

* Bavarian usually has case inflection only for the article. With very few exceptions, nouns are not inflected for case.
* The [[preterite|simple past]] tense is very rare in Bavarian and has been retained for only a few verbs, including 'to be' and 'to want'. In general, the perfect is used to express past time.
* Bavarian features verbal inflection for several moods such as [[indicative]], [[subjunctive]], [[imperative mood|imperative]] and [[optative]]. See the table below for inflection of the Bavarian verb {{lang|bar|måcha}}, 'make; do':
{| class="wikitable"
! width="40" | {{lang|bar|måcha}}
! width="140" | Indicative
! width="140" | Imperative
! width="140" | Subjunctive
! width="140" | Optative
|-
|1.&nbsp;Sg||{{lang|bar|i måch}}||—||{{lang|bar|i måchad}}||{{lang|bar|måchadi}}
|-
|2.&nbsp;Sg (informal)||{{lang|bar|du måchst}}||{{lang|bar|måch!}}||{{lang|bar|du måchast}}||{{lang|bar|måchast}}
|-
|3.&nbsp;Sg||{{lang|bar|er måcht}}||{{lang|bar|er måch!}}||{{lang|bar|er måchad}}||{{lang|bar|måchada}}
|-
|1.&nbsp;Pl||{{lang|bar|mia måchan*}}||{{lang|bar|måchma!}}||{{lang|bar|mia måchadn}}||{{lang|bar|måchadma}}
|-
|2.&nbsp;Pl||{{lang|bar|eß måchts}}||{{lang|bar|måchts!}}||{{lang|bar|eß måchats}}||{{lang|bar|måchats}}
|-
|3.&nbsp;Pl||{{lang|bar|se måchan(t)}}||—||{{lang|bar|se måchadn}}||{{lang|bar|måchadns}}
|-
|2.&nbsp;Sg (formal)||{{lang|bar|Si måchan}}||{{lang|bar|måchan’S!}}||{{lang|bar|Si måchadn}}||{{lang|bar|måchadn’S}}
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
!||colspan=4|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!!!1st person !!2nd person informal!!2nd person formal!!3rd person
!1st person!!2nd person!!3rd person
|-
!Nominative
|{{lang|bar|i}}||{{lang|bar|du}}||{{lang|bar|Si}}||{{lang|bar|ea}}, {{lang|bar|se}}/{{lang|bar|de}}, {{lang|bar|des}}||{{lang|bar|mia}}||{{lang|bar|eß}}/{{lang|bar|öß}} / {{lang|bar|ia*}}||{{lang|bar|se}}
|-
|''Unstressed''
|{{lang|bar|i}}||--|| {{lang|bar|-'S}}|| {{lang|bar|-a}}, {{lang|bar|-'s}}, {{lang|bar|-'s}}|| {{lang|bar|-ma}}|| {{lang|bar|-'s}}|| {{lang|bar|-'s}}
|-
!Dative
|{{lang|bar|mia}}||{{lang|bar|dia}}||{{lang|bar|Eana}}||{{lang|bar|eam}}, {{lang|bar|eara}}/{{lang|bar|iara}}, {{lang|bar|dem}}||{{lang|bar|uns}}, {{lang|bar|ins}}||{{lang|bar|enk}} / {{lang|bar|eich*}}||{{lang|bar|ea}}, {{lang|bar|eana}}
|-
|''Unstressed''
| {{lang|bar|-ma}}|| {{lang|bar|-da}}|| || || || ||
|-
!Accusative
| {{lang|bar|-mi}}|| {{lang|bar|-di}}||{{lang|bar|Eana}}||{{lang|bar|eam}}, {{lang|bar|eara}}/{{lang|bar|iara}}, {{lang|bar|des}}||{{lang|bar|uns}}, {{lang|bar|ins}}||{{lang|bar|enk}} / {{lang|bar|eich*}}||{{lang|bar|ea}}, {{lang|bar|eana}}
|-
|''Unstressed''
| || ||{{lang|bar|Si}}|| {{lang|bar|-'n}}, ..., {{lang|bar|-'s}}|| || || {{lang|bar|-'s}}
|}

<small>* These are typically used in the very northern dialects of Bavarian.</small>

====Possessive pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! !! colspan="2" |Masculine singular!! colspan="2" |Feminine singular!! colspan="2" |Neuter singular!!Plural (any gender)
|-
!Nominative
|mei
|meina|| rowspan="2" |mei
| rowspan="2" |meine|| rowspan="2" |mei
| rowspan="2" |mei(n)s|| rowspan="3" |meine
|-
!Accusative
| colspan="2" |mein
|-
!Dative
| colspan="2" |meim|| colspan="2" |meina|| colspan="2" |meim
|}

The possessive pronouns ''Deina'' and ''Seina'' inflect in the same manner. Oftentimes, ''-nige'' is added to the nominative to form the adjective form of the possessive pronoun, like mei(nige), dei(nige), and the like.

====Indefinite pronouns====

Just like the possessive pronouns listed above, the indefinite pronouns ''koana'', "none", and ''oana'', "one" are inflected the same way.

There is also the indefinite pronoun ''ebba(d)'', "someone" with its impersonal form ''ebb(a)s'', "something". It is inflected in the following way:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!!!Personal!!Impersonal
|-
!Nominative
|ebba|| rowspan="2" |ebbs
|-
!Accusative
|ebban
|-
!Dative
| colspan="2" |ebbam
|}

====Interrogative pronouns====
The interrogative pronouns ''wea'', "who", and ''wås'', "what" are inflected the same way the indefinite pronoun ''ebba'' is inflected.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!!!Personal!!Impersonal
|-
!Nominative
|wea|| rowspan="2" |wås
|-
!Accusative
|wen
|-
!Dative
| colspan="2" |wem
|}

== Society ==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}
Bavarians produce a variety of [[nicknames]] for those who bear traditional Bavarian or German names like Josef, Theresa or Georg (becoming ''Sepp'l'' or more commonly ''Sepp'', ''Resi'' and ''Schorsch'', respectively). Bavarians often refer to names with the family name coming first (like ''da Stoiber Ede'' instead of [[Edmund Stoiber]]). The use of the article is considered mandatory when using this linguistic variation. In addition, nicknames different from the family name exist for almost all families, especially in small villages. They consist largely of their profession, names or professions of deceased inhabitants of their homes or the site where their homes are located. This nickname is called ''Hausname'' (en: name of the house) and is seldom used to name the person, but more to state where they come from or live or to whom they are related. Examples of this are:
* Mohler (e.g. ''Maler'' – painter)
* Bachbauer (farmer who lives near a brook/creek)
* Moosrees (Theresa (Rees/Resi) who lives near a moss)
* Schreiner (joiner/carpenter)

== Samples of Bavarian dialects ==

[[File:Bavarian (Wikitongues).ogg|thumb|Spoken Bavarian]]

{| class="wikitable"
! 
| {{lang|bar|s Bóarische is a Grubbm fő Dialektt im Siin fåm dætschn Shbroochråm.}}
|-
! 
| {{lang|bar|s Bóarische is a Grubbm fő Dialektt im Siin fóm daitschn Schproochraum.}}
|-
! Yiddish
| {{lang|yi|בײַעריש איז אַ גרופּע דיאַלעקטן אויפֿן דרום פֿונעם דײַטשישן שפּראַך־קאָנטינוּוּם.|italic=no}}
{{lang|yi-Latn|Bayerish iz a grupe dialektn afn dorem funem daytshishn shprakh-kontinuum.}}
|-
! German
| {{lang|de|Das Bairische ist eine Gruppe von Dialekten im Süden des deutschen Sprachraumes.}}
|-
! English
| Bavarian is a group of dialects in the south of the German [[Sprachraum]].
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! 
| {{lang|bar|Sérawas*/Zéas/D'Ere/Griass Di/Griass Gód, i bĩ da Beeder und kumm/kimm fõ Minchn/Minicha.}}
|-
! 
| {{lang|bar|Sérwus/Habedéare/Griass Di/Griass Gód, i bin/bĩ da Beeder und kimm/kumm fo Minga/Minka.}}
|-
! Yiddish
| {{lang|yi|שלום־עליכם, איך הייס פּעטער און איך קום פֿון מינכן.|italic=no}}
{{lang|yi-Latn|Sholem-aleykhem, ikh heys Peter un ikh kum fun Minkhn.}}
|-
! Standard German
| {{lang|de|Hallo/Servus/Grüß dich, ich bin Peter und komme aus München.}}
|-
! English
| Hello, I am Peter and I come from Munich.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! 
| {{lang|bar|D'Lisa/'s-Liasl hod sé an Haxn bróchn/brócha.}}
|-
! Bavarian
| {{lang|bar|D'Lisa/As /Lisl hod sé an Hax brócha.}}
|-
! Yiddish
| {{lang|yi|ליזע/ליזל האָט זיך צעבראָכן דעם פֿוס.|italic=no}}
{{lang|yi-Latn|Lize/Lizl hot zikh (hotsekh) tsebrokhn dem fus.}}
|-
! Standard German
| {{lang|de|Lisa hat sich das Bein gebrochen.}}
|-
! English
| Lisa broke/has broken her leg.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! 
| {{lang|bar|I ho(b)/hã/hoo a Göd/Goid gfundn/gfunna.}}
|-
! 
| {{lang|bar|I ho(b) a Gejd/Goid/Göld gfuna.}}
|-
! Yiddish
| {{lang|yi|איך האָב (כ׳האָב) געפֿונען געלט.|italic=no}}
{{lang|yi-Latn|ikh hob (kh'hob) gefunen gelt.}}
|-
! Standard German
| {{lang|de|Ich habe Geld gefunden.}}
|-
! English
| I (have) found money.
|}

The dialects can be seen to share a number of features with [[Yiddish]].<ref>Uriel Weinrich, ''Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems''. New York, 1953. Reprint, [[Mouton de Gruyter|Mouton]], The Hague, 1963, {{ISBN|90-279-2689-1}}.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Austrian German]]
* [[Viennese German]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
'''Dictionary'''
* Schmeller, Johann Andreas; edited by Frommann, Georg Karl (1872 & 1877). ''Bayerisches Wörterbuch''. 2nd ed. in 2 vol., Rudolf Oldenbourg, München
* {{Citation |last=Hietsch |first=Otto |date=2015 |title=Wörterbuch Bairisch-Englisch, Von Apfelbutzen bis Zwickerbusserl |location=Regenstauf |publisher=SüdOst Verlag |isbn=978-3-86646-307-3}}

'''Philology'''
* {{cite journal |last=Eibl |first=Melanie |date=2014 |title=Bairisch nach Maß? |journal=JournaLIPP |volume=3 |pages=87–99 |doi=10.5282/journalipp/189}}
* {{cite book |last=Hinderling |first=Robert |date=1984 |chapter=Bairisch: Sprache oder Dialekt? |editor-last=Harnisch |editor-first=Rüdiger |title=Jahrbuch der Johann-Andreas-Schmeller-Gesellschaft 1983 |publisher=Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaftliche Fakultät |location=Bayreuth |pages=47–64}}
* Kühebacher, Egon (1965–1971). ''Tirolischer Sprachatlas.'' 3 Vol.: ''Vokalismus, Konsonantismus, Sprachatlas.'' (= Deutscher Sprachatlas. Regionale Sprachatlanten. Hg. von Ludwig Erich Schmitt, Karl Kurt Klein, Reiner Hildebrandt, Kurt Rein. Bde. 3/1–3). Marburg: N. G. Elwert Verlag.
* {{cite book |last=Rowley |first=Anthony |date=2011 |chapter=Bavarian: Successful Dialect or Failed Language? |editor-last1=Fishman |editor-first1=Joshua |editor-link1=Joshua Fishman |editor-last2=García |editor-first2=Ofelia |editor-link2=Ofelia García (educator) |title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. Volume 2: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-983799-1 |pages=299–309 |oclc=721195501}}
* {{Citation |last=Schikowski |first=Robert |date=2009 |title=Die Phonologie des Westmittelbairischen |doi=10.5282/ubm/epub.10991}}
* {{Citation |last=Traunmüller |first=Hartmut |year=1982 |title=Der Vokalismus im Ostmittelbairischen |pages=289–333}}
* {{Citation |last=Wiesinger |first=Peter |year=1990 |title=The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey |pages=438–519}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zehetner |first=Ludwig |date=1985 |title=Das bairische Dialektbuch |publisher=C. H. Beck |location=München |isbn=3-406-30562-8 |url=https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/25998/1/ubr13032_ocr.pdf}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=bar}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* Bavarian Wikipedia: [[:bar:Wikipedia:Boarische Umschrift#Lauttab.C3.B6lln|Wikipedia:Boarische Umschrift]], [[:bar:Boarische Dialekte im Vagleich|Boarische Dialekte im Vagleich]]

{{Languages of Germany}}
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[[Category:Bavarian language| ]]
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