Editing Battle of Seneffe

{{Short description|1674 battle during the Franco-Dutch War}}
{{distinguish|Battle of Senafe}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Seneffe
| image             = Adam Frans van der Meulen - The Battle of Seneffe.jpg
| image_size        = 300
| caption           = Battle of Seneffe, 11 August 1674
| partof            = the [[Franco-Dutch War]]
| date              = 11 August 1674
| place             = near [[Seneffe]], [[Hainaut (province)|Hainaut]], present-day [[Belgium]]
| result            = See [[#Aftermath|Aftermath]]
| combatant1        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}
| combatant2        = {{flag|Dutch Republic}}<br>{{flag|Holy Roman Empire}} <br> {{flag|Spain|1506}}
| commander1        = {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé|Grand Condé]] <br> {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[François-Henri_de_Montmorency,_duc_de_Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] <br> {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} Duc de Navailles <br> {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Henri_Jules,_Prince_of_Condé|Duc d'Enghien]]
| commander2        = {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[William III of England|William of Orange]] <br> {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen|Nassau-Siegen]] <br> {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Hans Willem van Aylva|Aylva]] <br> {{flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} [[Jean-Louis_Raduit_de_Souches|de Souches]] <br>  {{flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} [[Charles_Henri,_Prince_of_Commercy|Prince Vaudémont]] <br> {{flagicon|Spain|1506}} [[Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca|Monterrey]]
| strength1         = 45,000{{sfn|Grant|2011|p=370}}{{sfn|Lynn|1999|pp=80-81}}–50,000 men{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|p=143}}{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=192}}<br>60 guns
| strength2         = 60,000{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=192}}–65,000 men{{sfn|Grant|2011|p=370}}{{sfn|Lynn|1999|pp=80-81}}{{Efn|These included a Spanish contingent of 4,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry {{sfn|Serrano}}}} <br>70 guns
| casualties1       = {{circa|[[#Aftermath|10,000]]}}
| casualties2       = {{circa|[[#Aftermath|15,000]]}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Dutch War}}
The '''Battle of Seneffe''' took place on 11 August 1674 during the [[Franco-Dutch War]], near [[Seneffe]] in [[Belgium]], then part of the [[Spanish Netherlands]]. A [[Kingdom of France|French]] army commanded by [[Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé|Condé]] and a combined [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]], [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]], and [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] force under [[William III of England|William of Orange]]. One of the bloodiest battles of the war, over 20% of those engaged on both sides became casualties, and the result is disputed. 

By 1674, Allied forces in the Spanish Netherlands were numerically superior to the French army under Condé, which was based along the [[Piéton]] river near [[Charleroi]]. William took the offensive and sought to bring on a battle by outflanking the French positions, but the broken ground forced him to divide his army into three separate columns. 

Condé launched a cavalry attack on the Allied vanguard, and by midday on 11 August had halted their advance. Against the advice of his subordinates, he then ordered a series of frontal assaults which led to heavy casualties on both sides with no concrete result.{{sfn|Lynn|1999|pp=80-81}} Fighting continued until nightfall, when the French withdrew to their original positions, and William retired the next day in good order. 

Despite heavier casualties, the Allies retained their numerical advantage, and for the rest of the campaign Condé largely remained on the defensive. Of the two other battles in [[Flanders]] before the [[Treaties of Nijmegen|war ended]] in 1678, [[Battle of Cassel (1677)|Cassel]] was sparked by an Allied attempt to relieve [[Saint-Omer]], and [[Battle of Saint-Denis (1678)|Saint-Denis]] to prevent the French capture of [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]].

==Background==
Since both [[Louis XIV of France]] and the [[Dutch Republic]] viewed control of the [[Spanish Netherlands]] as essential for security and trade, it was a contested area for much of the later 17th century. In the 1667-68 [[War of Devolution]] with [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], [[Kingdom of France|France]] occupied much of the region before the Dutch-led [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] forced them to withdraw in the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)]].{{sfn|Macintosh|1973|p=165}} After this, Louis decided the best way to achieve his territorial ambitions was to first defeat the Dutch.{{sfn|Lynn|1999|pp=109-110}}

When the [[Franco-Dutch War]] began in May 1672, French troops quickly overran large parts of the [[Netherlands]], but by July the Dutch position had stabilised. The unexpected success of his offensive had encouraged Louis to make excessive demands, while concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Leopold]], and [[Charles II of Spain]]. In August 1673, an Imperial army opened a new front in the [[Rhineland]], and Louis responded by withdrawing from the Netherlands, retaining only [[Grave,_Netherlands|Grave]] and [[Maastricht]].{{sfn|Lynn|1999|p=117}} In January 1674, [[Denmark–Norway]] joined the anti-French coalition, while in February the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] ended the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], depriving Louis of a key ally against the Dutch.{{sfn|Hutton|1989|p=317}}

{{Location map many|Belgium|caption = The Seneffe campaign, 1674; key locations in the [[Low Countries]] (dark green=modern Belgium)|border = black|width =340|float = left|relief=yes|
|label  = Mons           |pos = bottom  |lat_deg  =50|lat_min  =27  |lon_deg  = 3|lon_min = 57
|label2  = Maastricht    |pos2 = left |lat2_deg  =50|lat2_min  =51|lon2_deg = 5|lon2_min = 41
|label3  = Seneffe       |pos3 = left |lat3_deg  =50|lat3_min  =31|lon3_deg  = 4|lon3_min = 15
|label4  = Nivelles      |pos4 = right |lat4_deg  =50|lat4_min  =35|lon4_deg  = 4|lon4_min = 19
|label5  = Liège         |pos5 = right  |lat5_deg  =50|lat5_min  =38|lon5_deg  = 5|lon5_min = 34
|label6  = Brussels      |pos6 = left  |lat6_deg  =50|lat6_min  =51|lon6_deg  = 4|lon6_min = 21
|label7  = Charleroi     |pos7 = right|lat7_deg  =50|lat7_min  =24|lon7_deg  = 4|lon7_min = 26
|label9  = Grave         |pos9 = bottom|lat9_deg  =51|lat9_min  =46|lon9_deg  = 5|lon9_min = 44
|label10  = '''French Flanders'''|pos10 = bottom|lat10_deg  =50.3|lon10_deg  = 2.8}}

In May, the main French army under Louis himself attacked the largely undefended Spanish territory of [[Franche-Comté]]. [[Louis,_Grand_Condé|Condé]] remained on the defensive in the Spanish Netherlands, while a Dutch-Spanish army led by [[William III of England|William of Orange]] and [[Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca|Count Monterrey]] spent June and July attempting to bring him to battle. When this proved unsuccessful, William proposed invading [[French Flanders]], which would threaten Condé's rear and force him to fight. Monterrey agreed, since it gave the Spanish an opportunity to recapture the key border town of [[Charleroi]].{{sfn|Lynn|1999|p=125}}

On 23 July, William was joined near [[Nivelles]] by [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor|Imperial troops]] under [[Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches|de Souches]], giving him a total of about 65,000. Having occupied Franche-Comté, Louis sent Condé substantial reinforcements, and by early August he had 45,000 men entrenched along the [[Piéton]] river, which joined the [[Sambre]] at Charleroi.{{sfn|De Périni|1896|p=82}} Concluding these positions were too strong to attack, on 9 August the Allies moved into new lines facing the French left, running from Arquennes to [[Roux,_Belgium|Roux]]. By doing so, they hoped to tempt Condé into an attack, but when he simply shifted his troops to face the threat, the Allied leaders decided to bypass [[Seneffe]], and advance straight into the French rear.{{sfn|De Périni|1896|p=82}}

==Battle==
[[File:Dutch musketeer 1672-75 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Dutch musketeer from the Schwartzenberg regiment]]

At 4:00 am on 11 August, the Allies set out in three columns, each marching parallel to the French positions, a formation dictated by the poor roads. The left column was commanded by de Souches, the right by the [[Pedro de Acuña y Meneses, Marqués de Assentar|Marqués de Assentar]], commander of the Spanish [[Army of Flanders]], with the bulk of the infantry and artillery in the centre under William. A vanguard of 2,000 cavalry covered the gaps between the columns, with another 5,200 bringing up the rear led by [[Charles_Henri,_Prince_of_Commercy|Vaudémont]].{{sfn|De Hooge|1680|pp=499-500}}

At 5:30 am, Condé rode out to observe the Allied movement, and quickly perceived their intention. The terrain they were crossing was marshy and broken up by numerous hedges, walls and woods, with limited exit points; gambling these factors would negate their superior numbers, Condé decided to attack. He sent 400 light cavalry under Saint Clar to skirmish with the Allied rearguard and slow down their march, while also despatching a cavalry brigade under the Marquis de Rannes to seize the high ground north of Seneffe.{{sfn|De Périni|1896|p=92}}

Around 10:00 am, de Rannes came into contact with Vaudémont, who asked for infantry support and was sent three battalions under [[William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen|William Maurice]]. These were placed near the bridge over the [[Zenne]] river that flowed through Seneffe, with his cavalry just behind.{{sfn|De Hooge |1680|pp=499-500}}{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=141}} Despite [[gout]] so severe he was unable to wear riding boots, Condé himself led the elite [[Maison_militaire_du_roi_de_France|Maison du Roi]] cavalry across the Zenne above Seneffe, and scattered Vaudémont's cavalry, whose headlong flight temporarily disrupted the Spanish troops immediately behind them.{{Sfn|Serrano}}  

[[File:Battle of Seneffe William (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|William of Orange at Seneffe.]]

Simultaneous assaults by de Rannes and the [[François-Henri_de_Montmorency,_duc_de_Luxembourg|duc de Luxembourg]] eventually overwhelmed the Allied infantry in Seneffe, who were either killed or taken prisoner.{{sfn|De Hooge |1680|p=501}} By midday, Condé had inflicted significant losses and gained a clear, if minor, victory. However, he then persisted with a series of frontal assaults against the advice of his subordinates, and the battle degenerated into a number of confused and costly firefights.{{sfn|Lynn|1999|p=125}}

William halted his march and established a defensive line, mainly composed of Dutch infantry, centred on the nearby Priory of St Nicolas.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=145-146}} Just to the north, Assentar rallied the cavalry who had fled from Seneffe, and brought them back into the battle. They were driven back twice, but several French assaults on the priory were repulsed with heavy losses.{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=204-206}} When Assentar was mortally wounded in a third charge, the cavalry retreated in confusion, riding over their own infantry, and allowing the French to capture the priory.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=145-146}} This last attempt was led by Condé, who was unhorsed and had to be rescued by [[Henri_Jules,_Prince_of_Condé|his son]]. After taking St Nicolas, Luxembourg's troops then captured much of the Allied baggage train.{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=204-206}}

However, this provided time for William and his subordinates, [[John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen|John Maurice]] and [[Hans Willem van Aylva|Aylva]], to complete a new defensive line at Fayt. This consisted of 23 Dutch battalions, and around 12:00 pm de Souches deployed his Imperial troops on their left. Condé assumed the Allies were retreating towards [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]], and planned to roll up them up from behind.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=146-147}} William however turned Fayt into a strong defensive position, placing cannons along the access roads and hedges.{{sfn|Panhuysen|2009|pp=426}} The French were further hampered by the fact that the ground in front was unsuitable for cavalry, while their heavy guns had been left behind during the advance.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=146-147}}

[[File:Bataille de Seneffe de B.Gagneraux.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.2|The [[Henri Jules, Prince of Condé|duc d'Enghien]] rescues his father Condé at Seneffe]]

Condé ordered Luxembourg and Navailles to attack the Allied flanks, while he himself stormed the village with the [[French Guards Regiment|French]] and [[Swiss Guards]]. The assaults continued throughout the afternoon, and each time were repulsed with heavy loss.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=147}} {{efn|At one point some French troops penetrated the village and managed to capture six Dutch guns, which were quickly retaken by an Allied counterattack. Imperial Lieutenant-General Chavagnac now aimed these pieces at the Maison du Roi at very close range. Chavagnac later wrote full of admiration about the French elite troops:{{Blockquote|'I never heard anything else than: but: it's nothing, children, plug in; - and in an instant, the rank which had been cut down by the cannon was replenished. I shouted out to them that it was something after all; - one answered me that he would take revenge by tonight; - and I answered them that they should take this [cannon fire] while waiting in anticipation. Judge for yourself whether we were close!”{{sfn|Knoop|1856|pp=210-212}}{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=147-148}}}}}} On the French right, Luxembourg's attack was delayed as his troops were busy looting the baggage train, and it took him some time to restore order. Reinforced with troops detached from the centre, he almost broke through, but was eventually thrown back. At about 17:00, Condé realised Luxembourg's men were exhausted, and ordered them to assume defensive positions.{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=212}} 

On the French left, repeated attacks by Navailles on the Dutch positions were also repulsed. Although some troops finally managed to penetrate their lines around 19:00, William and Nassau-Siegen quickly moved the cavalry up, and restored the position after some hard fighting.{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=212}} Two hours later, Condé finally suspended all operations, although isolated firefights continued.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=148}} 

Many soldiers slept on the battlefield, and both armies held their positions, expecting to renew the battle next morning, but an intense burst of firing broke out around midnight, with men killed on both sides.{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=214-215}} Once calm was restored, Condé ordered his troops to fall back on Charleroi.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=148}} William wanted to pursue them, but his colleagues would not agree, notably de Souches, the Imperial commander.{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=215}}{{efn|William also claimed de Souches ignored his requests for support, which meant Imperial troops escaped relatively untouched from the battle. The [[Spanish Netherlands]] was not a strategic priority for [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Leopold]], and de Souches was under orders to minimise Imperial losses in that theatre {{sfn|Troost|2004|p=129}}}} Instead, he ordered his troops to fire a triple salvo to claim victory, {{sfn|Panhuysen|2009|pp=426}} then withdrew to Mons.{{sfn|Lynn|1999|p=125}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:Réception du Grand Condé à Versailles (Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1878).png|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Condé's formal reception by Louis XIV at Versailles following Seneffe]]

Both sides claimed victory on the basis of "holding their ground" at the end of the fighting, but neither gained a clear advantage, and the overall strategic position remained largely unchanged. Condé had failed to take advantage of his initial success,{{sfn|Nolan|2008|p=183}} and his poorly judged attacks rescued William from a serious defeat.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2010|pp=511-512}} Historians are divided on the result; it has variously been described as a French victory,{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=46}}{{sfn|Jacques|2007|p=926}}{{sfn|Lynn|1999|p=126}} an Allied success,{{sfn|Algra|Algra|1956|pp=374}} or essentially inconclusive.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2010|p=511}}{{sfn|Nolan|2008|p=123}}{{Sfn|Serrano}}{{sfn|Panhuysen|2009|pp=427}}{{sfn|Knoop|1856|p=204-206}}

Casualties on both sides were enormous, with estimates of Allied losses ranging from 10,000 {{sfn|De Périni|1896|p=107}} to 15,000, including prisoners.{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=95}}{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2010|p=380}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=46}} {{efn|In 1970, American military historian [[Trevor N. Dupuy]] provided figures that agreed with other estimates of French losses, but for reasons that have not been explained doubled those for the Allies, {{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1970|p=565}} which are then quoted by [[Spencer C. Tucker]].{{sfn|Tucker|2009|p=651}} Since Dupuy is the only analyst to suggest casualties on this level, Micheal Clodfelter argues the figure of 14,000 Allied casualties is 'more likely'.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=46}}}} The dead included Sir Walter Vane, deputy commander of the elite [[Scots Brigade]], François Palm, Colonel of the [[Netherlands Marine Corps|Dutch Marines]], {{Sfn |Luscombe}} and Assentar, whose body was later returned by Condé for burial. French casualties were between 7,000{{sfn|De Périni|1896|p=107}} to 10,000 dead or wounded,{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=95}}{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2010|p=380}} with particularly heavy losses among the officer corps.{{sfn|Panhuysen|2009|pp=427}}{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|pp=149}} These shocked the French court, one contemporary writing "We have lost so much by this victory that without the Te Deum and captured flags at Notre Dame, we would believe we had lost the battle".{{sfn|De Sévigné|1822|p=353}} French military engineer and strategist [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban]] argued Seneffe showed siege warfare was a better way to achieve victory than costly battles, and Louis ordered Condé to avoid a repeat.{{sfn|Lynn|1999|p=126}} 

Although Allied casualties were higher than those of the French, they were quickly replaced by troops from nearby garrisons.{{sfn|Lynn|1999|p=126}} In addition, a large convoy arrived outside Mons on 31 August, bringing supplies, a month's pay in advance for the survivors and five new Dutch regiments. With Condé unable to replace his losses to the same extent, the Allied numerical advantage was greater than before Seneffe, and William proposed another invasion attempt.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2010|p=479}}

However, one less appreciated advantage held by the French over their opponents in this period was the benefit of an undivided command and unified strategy. For different reasons, neither Monterrey or de Souches were willing to risk another battle, and William was forced to compromise by besieging [[Oudenarde]]. Operations commenced on 16 September, and Condé began marching to its relief three days later. The Dutch and Spanish redoubled efforts to breach the walls before his arrival, but without advising his colleagues, de Souches sent the Imperial artillery off to [[Ghent]]. On 20 September, Condé took up position on the left bank of the [[Scheldt]] river and began bombarding the Allied positions on 21st.{{sfn|De Périni|1896|p=109}} Since the Imperial troops would not fight without their guns, and the Dutch and Spanish could not face the French on their own, the Allies were forced to abandon the siege,{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2010|p=481}} along with most of their remaining equipment.{{sfn|De Périni|1896|p=109}}

[[File:SA 4868-Anno 1674. De plechtige dankdienst na de inneming van Grave.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|The thanksgiving service of William III's army in Grave after [[Siege of Grave (1674)|its capture]]]]

After strong protests from the [[States General of the Netherlands|Dutch States General]], de Souches was relieved of his command, but this did little to solve the reality of diverging objectives. Emperor Leopold preferred to focus Imperial resources on the [[Upper Rhine]], the Spanish wanted to recoup their losses in the Spanish Netherlands, while the Dutch prioritised retaking Grave and Maastricht.{{sfn|Anonymous|1744|p=263}} Accordingly, the Spanish returned to their garrisons, the Imperial troops recrossed the [[Meuse]], {{sfn|De Périni|1896|p=109}} and William assumed command of operations [[Siege of Grave (1674)|at Grave]]. Besieged since 28 June, the town finally surrendered on 29 October.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2010|p=481}} 

Condé received a state reception at Versailles for Seneffe, but his health was failing and the casualties had diminished Louis' trust in his abilities. He temporarily assumed command of French troops in the Rhineland in July 1675, but retired before the end of the year. In the longer term, Seneffe confirmed Louis' preference for positional warfare, ushering in a period where siege and manoeuvre dominated military tactics.{{sfn|Lynn|1999|pp=125-126}} The war became one of attrition, and although both sides were of similar strength, neither was yet ready to negotiate peace.{{sfn|Panhuysen|2009|pp=428}}

==External links==
[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1phEXeVPVQyggWjp0jSfpcXw4WaDUZrcy3Yfq7X6cfUU/edit Knoop's detailed article on Seneffe translated into English]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
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* {{cite book |last1=De Périni| first1=Hardÿ | title=Batailles françaises, Volume V |publisher=Ernest Flammarion | year=1896|lang=FR}}
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* {{cite book |editor-last1=Dupuy|editor-first1=R. Ernest |editor-last2=Dupuy|editor-first2=Trevor |title=The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present |date=1970 |publisher=BCA|edition=2007}}
* {{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Richard |title=Marlborough; England's Fragile Genius |date=2009 |publisher=Harper Press |isbn=978-0007225729}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Jacques |first1=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volume 3, P-Z |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0313335389}}
* {{cite web |last1=Luscombe |first1=Stephen |title=Sir Walter Vane |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/buffswaltervane.htm |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk |access-date=27 October 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Lynn |first=John A. |date=1999 |title=The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 |publisher=Addison Wesley Longman |isbn=978-0582056299}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Macintosh |first=Claude Truman |title=French Diplomacy during the War of Devolution, the Triple Alliance and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle |type=PhD |publisher=Ohio State University |date=1973}}
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* {{cite web |last1=Serrano |first1=Juan Miguel |title=Pedro de Acuña y Meneses |url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/120998/pedro-de-acuna-y-meneses |website=Real Academia de la Historia |access-date=26 October 2021|lang=ES}}
* {{cite book |last1=Troost |first1=Wouter |title=William III the Stadholder-king; A Political Biography|date=2004 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0754650713}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=August 11, 1674 |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C |encyclopedia=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |volume=Two: 1500-1774 |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1851096671}}
* {{cite book |last1=Van Nimwegen |first1=Olaf |title=The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688 |date=2010 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1843835752}}
* {{cite book |last=Van Nimwegen |first=Olaf |title=De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning |trans-title=The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King|publisher=Prometheus |date=2020 |isbn=978-90-446-3871-4|language=nl}}
* {{cite book |last1=Panhuysen |first1=Luc |title=Rampjaar 1672: Hoe de Republiek aan de ondergang ontsnapte |trans-title= Rampjaar 1672: How the Republic escaped its downfall |date=2009 |publisher=Uitgeverij Atlas |isbn=9789045013282|language=nl}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first1=RG  |title=1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History |date=2011 |publisher=Universe Publishing |isbn=978-0789322333}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Knoop|first1=Willem Jan|title=Séneffe (1674): Krijgskundige beschouwingen over den oorlog van 1672-1678 in de Nederlanden |trans-title=Seneffe (1674) Military reflections on the war of 1672-1678 in the Netherlands |journal=Nieuwe Spectator |date=1856|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_gid001185401_01/_gid001185401_01_0038.php|language=nl |author1-link=Willem Jan Knoop }}
* {{cite book |last1=Algra |first1=Hendrik |last2=Algra |first2=Ale |title=Dispereert niet: Twintig eeuwen historie van de Nederlanden |trans-title= Despair not: Twenty centuries of the history of the Netherlands |date=1956 |publisher=T. Wever|language=nl|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/algr001disp02_01/algr001disp02_01_0021.php}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seneffe 1674}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1674]]
[[Category:1674 in the Habsburg Netherlands]]
[[Category:Battles of the Franco-Dutch War]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Spanish Netherlands]]
[[Category:History of Hainaut|Battle]]
[[Category:William III of England]]
[[Category:Cavalry charges]]