Editing Battle of Leuctra

{{Short description|Thebes' victory against Sparta in 371 BC}}
{{Infobox military conflict 
|conflict      = Battle of Leuctra
|partof        = the post–[[Peloponnesian War]] conflicts and the [[Theban–Spartan War]]
|image         = Pelopidas leading the Thebans at the battle of Leuctra.jpg
|caption       = [[Pelopidas]] leading the Thebans at the battle of Leuctra.
|coordinates   = {{Coord|38.2647|N|23.1743|E|format=dms|type:event_region:GR-03|display=inline,title}}
| map_type     = Greece
| map_relief   = yes
| map_size     = 300 
| map_marksize = 
| map_caption  = Location of the Battle of Leuctra
| map_label    = 
|date          = 6 July 371 BC<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323020054/http://www.strategikon.com/en/battles/battle1.htm The Battle of Leuctra], retrieved 6-18-2019.</ref>
|place         = [[Boeotia]]
|result        = Theban victory
|combatant1    = [[Boeotian League]] 
*[[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]]
|combatant2    = [[Sparta]]
|commander1    = [[Epaminondas]]<br>[[Pelopidas]]
|commander2    = [[Cleombrotus I]]{{KIA}}
|strength1     = 7,500–8,500 total<hr>6,000–7,000 hoplites<br>1,500 cavalry
|strength2     = 11,000–12,000 total<hr>10,000–11,000 hoplites<br>1,000 cavalry
|casualties1   = 47–300{{efn|47 according to Pausanias, 300 according to [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]]}}
|casualties2   = 1,000–4,000+{{efn|1,000 according to [[Xenophon]], 4,000+ according to Diodorus}}
}}

The '''Battle of Leuctra''' ({{langx|grc|Λεῦκτρα}}, {{IPA|grc|lêu̯k.tra|lang|link=yes}}) was fought on 6 July 371 BC between the [[Boeotia]]ns led by the [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebans]], and the [[History of Sparta|Sparta]]ns along with their allies<ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Leuctra |volume=16 |page=504 |first=Maximilian |last=Caspari}}</ref> amidst the post–[[Corinthian War]] conflict. The battle took place in the vicinity of [[Leuctra]], a village in [[Boeotia]] in the territory of [[Thespiae]].<ref name=EB1911/> The Theban victory shattered Sparta's immense influence over the Greek peninsula, which [[Sparta]] had gained with its victory in the [[Peloponnesian War]] a generation earlier.

==Prelude==
{{Main|Boeotian War}}{{See also|Leuctrides}}
In 371 BC, the newly established democracy of Thebes had elected four [[Boeotarch]]s, the traditional title of the generals of the [[Boeotia|Boeotian League]], and so proclaimed their intention of reconstituting the aforementioned league that Sparta had disbanded.<ref name="tritle80">Tritle 1987, p. 80</ref>  During this period, Thebes had an ally in [[Athens]], but Athens was far from happy with the treatment [[Plataea]] had received.<ref name="tritle80"/>{{huh|date=January 2024}}  When it came to swearing an oath to respect the treaty, Sparta swore on behalf of itself and its allies. When [[Epaminondas]] came forward, asking to swear on behalf of the whole Boeotian League, the Spartans refused, saying he could swear as the representative of Thebes or not at all. This Epaminondas refused.<ref>''History of Greece'', G. Grote vol. 9 pp. 155–156</ref>  (According to Xenophon, the Thebans signed as "the Thebans", and asked the next day to change their signature to "the Boeotians", but one of the Spartan kings, [[Agesilaus II]], would not allow it.)<ref name="xenophonvi.3.19">Xenophon, ''Hellenica'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Hell.+6.3.19&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0206 VI 3.19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929184015/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text%3Fdoc%3DXen.%2BHell.%2B6.3.19%26fromdoc%3DPerseus:text:1999.01.0206 |date=2019-09-29 }}</ref> In this, Sparta saw an opportunity to reassert its shaky authority in central Greece.<ref name="tritle81">Tritle 1987, p. 81</ref>  Hence, the other Spartan king, [[Cleombrotus I]], marched to war from [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]].
[[File:March of the Spartan army across the mountains.jpg|thumb|left|March of the Spartan army across the mountains]]
{{Campaignbox Greek wars of the 4th century BC}}
Rather than take the expected easier route into Boeotia through the face [[defile (geography)|defile]], the Spartans marched over the hills via [[Thisbae]] and took the fortress of [[Creusis]] (along with twelve Theban [[Trireme|warships]]) before the Thebans were aware of their presence, and then proceeded to Leuctra where they were confronted by the Boeotian army. Initially, the six [[Boeotarch|Boeotian generals]] present were equally divided as to whether to offer battle, with [[Epaminondas]] being the main advocate in favor of battle. Only when a seventh arrived and sided with Epaminondas was the decision made.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.13 |author=[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] |title=Description of Greece |page=9.13.6–7 |access-date=2024-01-22}}</ref> In spite of inferior numbers and the doubtful loyalty of their allies, the Boeotians would offer battle on the plain before the town.<ref name=EB1911/>

==Size of the armies==
Several ancient writers give figures for one or both of the armies, but, unfortunately, they are contradictory and, in some cases, unbelievable.<ref>Lost Battles, [[Philip Sabin]] p. 117</ref>  Modern scholars' estimates have varied from 6,000 to 9,000 for the Boeotian force.<ref name="Lost Battles, Philip Sabin p118">Lost Battles, Philip Sabin p. 118</ref> For the Spartan side, most modern scholars favor Plutarch's figure of 10,000 in infantry and 1,000 cavalry.<ref name="Lost Battles, Philip Sabin p118"/>

==Battle==
[[File:Leuctra.svg|thumb|250px|The red blocks show the placement of the elite troops within each [[phalanx formation|phalanx]].<br> Top: Traditional [[hoplite]] [[order of battle]] and advance.<br>  Bottom: [[Epaminondas]]'s strategy at Leuctra. The strong left wing advanced more than the weaker right wing.]]
The battle opened with the Spartans' mercenary [[peltasts]] (slingers, javeliniers, and/or skirmishers) attacking and driving back the Boeotian camp followers and others who were reluctant to fight. According to Xenophon, the Boeotian camp followers were trying to leave the field, as they did not intend to fight; this Spartan action drove them back into the Theban army, inadvertently making the Theban force stronger.<ref name="xen4 8">''Hellenica'' VI 4.8</ref> There followed a cavalry engagement, in which the Thebans drove their enemies off the field.<ref name=EB1911/>  Initially, the Spartan infantry were sent into disarray when their retreating cavalry hopelessly disrupted Cleombrotus's attempt to outflank the Theban left column.  At this point the Theban left hit the Spartan right with the [[Sacred Band of Thebes]], a troop made up of all male lovers, led by [[Pelopidas]],<ref>Cornelius Nepos: Lives of Eminent Commanders, Pelopidas</ref> at its head. The decisive engagement was then fought between the Theban and Spartan infantry.<ref name=EB1911/>

The normal practice of the Spartans (and, indeed, the Greeks in general) was to establish their heavily armed infantry in a solid mass, or [[phalanx formation|phalanx]], some eight to twelve men deep.  This was considered to allow for the best balance between depth (the pushing power it provided) and width (i.e., area of coverage of the phalanx's front battle line). The infantry would advance together so that the attack flowed unbroken against their enemy. In order to combat the [[Phalanx#Shields|phalanx's famous right-hand drift]], Greek commanders traditionally placed their most experienced, highly regarded and, generally, deadliest troops on the right wing, as this was the place of honor.  By contrast, the shakiest and/or least influential troops were often placed on the left wing. In the Spartan battleplan, therefore, the [[hippeis]] (an elite force numbering 300 men) and the king of Sparta would stand on the right wing of the phalanx.

[[File:Battle of Leuctra, 371 BC - Decisive action.svg|thumb|left|250px|This shows the flank attack that Rüstow and Köchly proposed. Delbrück rejected such an interpretation.]]
In a major break with tradition, [[Epaminondas]] massed his [[cavalry]] and a fifty-deep column of Theban [[infantry]] on his left wing,<ref name=EB1911/> and sent forward this body against the Spartan right.  His shallower and weaker center and right wing columns were drawn up so that they were progressively further to the right and rear of the proceeding column, in an [[Echelon formation]]. The Theban center and right were held back, screened by skirmishers and cavalry. The infantry engaged, and the Thebans smashed the Spartan right wing. The Spartans' twelve-deep formation on their right wing could not sustain the heavy impact of their opponents' 50-deep column. The Spartan right was hurled back with a loss of about 1,000 men, of whom 400 were some of Sparta's most experienced soldiers, including King [[Cleombrotus I]].<ref name=EB1911/>

[[Wilhelm Rüstow]] and [[Hermann Köchly]], writing in the 19th century, believed that Pelopidas led the Sacred Band out from the column to attack the Spartans in the flank. [[Hans Delbrück]] considered this to be a mere misreading of [[Plutarch]]. Plutarch does indeed describe Pelopidas leading the Band and catching the Spartans in disorder, but there is nothing in his account that conveys anything other than the Sacred Band being the head of the column, and the Spartans were disordered not because they were taken in the flank but because they were caught in mid-maneuver, extending their line.<ref>The History of the Art of War, Hans Delbrück p. 167</ref>

Seeing their right wing beaten, the rest of the Peloponnesians, who were essentially unwilling participants, retired and left the enemy in possession of the field.<ref name=EB1911/>

==Aftermath==
{{See also|Trophy of the Battle of Leuctra}}
[[File:The victory monument of the Thebans at Leuctra (tropaion).jpg|250px|thumb|The restored surviving base of the [[Battle of Leuktra]] ''[[tropaion]]'']]
The arrival of a Thessalian army under [[Jason of Pherae]]<ref name=EB1911/> persuaded a relieving Spartan force under [[Archidamus III|Archidamus]] not to heap folly on folly and to withdraw instead, while the Thebans were persuaded not to continue the attack on the surviving Spartans.  The Thebans somewhat bent the rules by insisting on conditions under which the Spartans and allies recovered the dead and by erecting a [[Sacred Band of Thebes#Trophy of the Battle of Leuctra|permanent rather than perishable trophy]] – something that was scrutinized by later writers.<ref>Greek Warfare, Myths and Realities, Hans van Wees p. 136</ref> Diodorus claimed the Spartan loss was believed by some to have been foretold by a [[Great Comet of 371 BC|comet]].<ref name="diodorus2">
{{cite web| url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/15C*.html#48|title=Bibliotheca historica, Book XV|last = Siculus|first = Diodorus
}}</ref>

==Historical significance==
[[File:Battles_of_Ancient_Greece_700-168_BC_(English).svg|thumb|250px|Battles in Ancient Greece.]]
The battle is of great significance in [[Greek history]].<ref name=EB1911/>
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2020}}
The use of these tactics by Epaminondas was, perhaps, a direct result of the use of some similar maneuvers by [[Pagondas]], his countryman, during the
[[Battle of Delium]].  Further, [[Philip II of Macedon]], who studied and lived in Thebes, was no doubt heavily influenced by the battle to develop his own, highly effective approach to tactics and armament.  In turn, his son, [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], would go on to develop his father's theories to an entirely new level. Many innovations of Philip and Alexander are traced to this battle. Concentration of force, refused flank, and combined arms were tactics that they used in many of their battles. Philip's victories against the Illyrians and at [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Chaeronea]] and Alexander's triumphs at [[Battle of the Granicus|the Granicus]], [[Battle of Issus|Issus]], [[Battle of Gaugamela|Gaugamela]], and [[Battle of the Hydaspes|the Hydaspes]] owe credit to the tactical maneuver used to vanquish the Spartans.

Historians [[Victor Davis Hanson]] and [[Donald Kagan]] have argued that Epaminondas' oblique formation was not an intentional and preconceived innovation in infantry tactics, but was rather a clever response to circumstances.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}  Because Epaminondas had stacked his left wing to a depth of fifty shields, the rest of his units were naturally left with far fewer troops than normal.  This means that their maintenance of a depth of eight to twelve shields had to come at the expense of either number of companies or their width.  Because Epaminondas was already outnumbered, he had no choice but to form fewer companies and march them diagonally toward the much longer Spartan line in order to engage as much of it as possible.  Hanson and Kagan's argument is therefore that the tactic was more dilatory than anything else.  Whatever its motivation, the fact remains that the tactic did represent an innovation and was undoubtedly highly effective.

The battle's political effects were far-reaching: the losses in material strength and prestige (prestige being an inestimably important factor in the [[Peloponnesian War]]) sustained by the Spartans at Leuctra and subsequently at the [[Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)|Battle of Mantinea]] were key in depriving them forever of their supremacy in Greece.<ref name=EB1911/> Therefore, the battle permanently altered the Greek balance of power, as Sparta was deprived of its former prominence and was reduced to a second-rate power among the Greek [[Polis|city-states]].

Theban supremacy in Greece was short-lived, as it was subsequently lost to the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonians]], led by [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]].<ref>[http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/caj/documents/vol_06/iss_3/CAJ_vol6.3_12_e.pdf The Battle of Leuktra], retrieved 07-07-2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613140712/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/caj/documents/vol_06/iss_3/CAJ_vol6.3_12_e.pdf |date=June 13, 2013 }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The battle is fictionalized, though in some detail, in [[David Gemmell]]'s book, ''[[Lion of Macedon]]'', which includes the significant deviation from historical canon in that it is credited to a young Parmenio(n) instead of Epaminondas, who serves merely to gain permission to carry out the echelon tactic. The battle is also the subject of [[Victor Davis Hanson]]'s 2011 historical fiction novel, ''[[Victor Davis Hanson#Works|The End of Sparta]]''. The battle was also featured in an episode of the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Time Commanders]]''. It was also featured in the historical fiction graphic novel ''[[Serpent and Prey]]'', which takes few creative liberties with the battle's portrayal.

In "The Expanse: Persepolis Rising" by James S.A. Corey, the final major engagement is referred to as the "Battle of Point Leuctra" in a literary homage to the historical battle.
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|2}}

'''Bibliography'''
*[[Xenophon]], ''[[Hellenica]]'', vi. 4. 3–15
*[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', xv. 53–56
*[[Plutarch]], "Pelopidas," 20–23
*[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], Description of Greece, ix. 13. 2–12
*Tritle, Lawrence A. ''The Greek World In The Fourth Century'' (1987) Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-10582-X}}.  Also paperback 1997, {{ISBN|0-415-10583-8}}

==External links==
{{spoken wikipedia|20100622_Battle_of_Leuctra.ogg|date=2010-06-22}}

*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337705/Battle-of-Leuctra Battle of Leuctra] from Encyclopædia Britannica

*[http://www.scottmanning.com/content/warpath-wednesday-leuctra-victory-monument/ History of the Leuctra Victory Monument]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Leuctra}}
[[Category:Battles involving ancient Thebes, Greece|Leuctra 371 BC]]
[[Category:Battles involving Sparta|Leuctra 371 BC]]
[[Category:371 BC]]
[[Category:370s BC conflicts]]
[[Category:Theban hegemony]]
[[Category:Military history of Thebes, Greece]]