Editing Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

{{Short description|Part of the Reconquista in Spain (1212)}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
| image             = Batalla de las Navas de Tolosa, por Francisco van Halen.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = Portrayal of the battle by<br/> [[Francisco de Paula Van Halen]] (1864)
| partof            = the ''[[Reconquista]]'' and [[Almohad wars in the Iberian Peninsula]]
| place             = Near [[Santa Elena, Spain|Santa Elena]], [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]], Andalusia, {{Coord|38.28443|-3.58286}}{{Sfn|Smith|1989|p=14}}
| date              = 16 July 1212
| result            = Christian victory{{Sfn|Gitlitz|Davidson|2000|p=60}}<ref>Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291. United States: University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2013, p.80</ref><ref>Villalon, Andrew., Kagay, Donald. To Win and Lose a Medieval Battle: Nájera (April 3, 1367), A Pyrrhic Victory for the Black Prince. Netherlands: Brill, 2017, p.40</ref><ref>McNab, Chris. Famous Battles of the Medieval Period. United States: Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, 2017, p.46</ref>
| combatant1        = {{tree list}}
*{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of the Kingdom of Castile (Variant).svg|border=no}} [[Kingdom of Castile]]
**[[Order of Santiago]]
**[[Order of Calatrava]]
*{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of Aragón.svg|border=no}} [[Crown of Aragon]]
*{{flagicon image|Arrano Beltza flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Navarre]]
*[[File:Bandeira Templária.svg|20px]] [[Knights Templar]]
*{{flagicon image|Leon banner.svg}} [[Kingdom of León|León]] [[Military volunteers|volunteers]]<br />[[File:PortugueseFlag1185.svg|22px|border]] [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Military volunteers|volunteers]]
*[[Crusaders]]{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2        = [[Almohad Caliphate]]
| commander1        = '''Centre:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of the Kingdom of Castile (Variant).svg|border=no}} [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]]<br />'''Vanguard:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of the Kingdom of Castile (Variant).svg|border=no}} [[Diego López II de Haro]]<br />{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of the Kingdom of Castile (Variant).svg|border=no}} [[Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada]]<br />'''Right wing:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Arrano Beltza flag.svg}} [[Sancho VII of Navarre]]<br />'''Left wing:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of Aragón.svg|border=no}} [[Peter II of Aragon]]{{Sfn|Setton|1975|p=423}}
| commander2        = [[Muhammad an-Nasir|Muhammad al-Nasir]]
| strength1         = 12,000–14,000{{Sfn|Cabrer|2012|p=332}}{{sfn|Nutter|2023}}
| strength2         = 22,000–30,000{{Sfn|Cabrer|2012|p=332}}{{Sfn|Cabrer|2000|p=196}}<br />"Many hundreds of thousands"<ref>,Notes On Entering Deen Completely: Islam as its followers know it. N.p.: EDC Foundation, 2015, p. 619[https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lwAmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA619&dq=battle+of+al+uqab&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJndGLycqKAxXnRPEDHa5cKEUQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20al%20uqab&f=false]</ref>
| casualties1       = ~2,000{{Sfn|Gomez|2011|p=}}{{pn|date=December 2024}}
| casualties2       = {{ublist|Very high{{Sfn|Cabrer|2012|p=332}}{{Sfn|Nafziger|Walton|2003|p=87}}}}
~20,000{{sfn|Nutter|2023}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Reconquista}}
}}
The '''Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa''', known in Islamic history as the '''Battle of Al-Uqab''' ({{langx|ar|معركة العقاب}}), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the ''[[Reconquista]]'' and the [[Spain in the Middle Ages|medieval history of Spain]].{{Sfn|Hunt|Hsia|Martin|Rosenwein|2007|p=391}} The [[Christians|Christian]] forces of King [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]], were joined by the armies of his rivals, [[Sancho VII of Navarre]] and [[Peter II of Aragon]], in battle{{Sfn|Guggenberger|1913|p=372}} against the Almohad [[Muslim]] rulers of the southern half of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. The caliph [[Muhammad al-Nasir|al-Nasir]] (''[[Amir al-Mu'minin|Miramamolín]]'' in the Spanish chronicles) led the Almohad army, made up of people from all over the [[Almohad Caliphate]].

Navas de Tolosa (also called Las Navas) is a town and hamlet in southern Spain, in the municipality of [[La Carolina]], in the [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|province of Jaén]], in the eastern part of the Sierra Morena region, {{convert|15|km}} from the border with the [[province of Ciudad Real]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Navas de Tolosa, map |website= google.com/maps |url= https://www.google.com/maps/place/23212+Navas+de+Tolosa,+Ja%C3%A9n,+Espagne/@38.287909,-3.6132088,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0xd6ea2c97bbd8309:0xa03d27b22c13d40!8m2!3d38.2862874!4d-3.5869641!16s%2Fg%2F122914_c?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDExMC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date= Jan 15, 2025 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |language= en |title= Paseo por Navas de Tolosa |website= alltrails.com |url= https://www.alltrails.com/trail/spain/jaen/paseo-por-navas-de-tolosa |access-date= Jan 15, 2025 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}.</ref>

==Background==
In 1195, the Almohads defeated Alfonso VIII of Castile in the [[Battle of Alarcos]].{{sfn|Benito|Gómez|1996|p=254}} After this victory, the [[Kingdom of León]] and the [[Kingdom of Navarre]] made an alliance with the Almohads and attacked Castile, starting the [[Castilian–Leonese War (1196–1197)|Castilian–Leonese War]].{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2013|p=62}} During those years, [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] attacked several important cities: [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], [[Trujillo, Spain|Trujillo]], [[Plasencia]], [[Talavera de la Reina|Talavera]], [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]], [[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]], [[Madrid]], [[Uclés]] and others.{{sfn|Fitz|2002|p=140}} However, he signed a ten-year truce with [[Alfonso VIII]] in 1197.{{sfn|Martínez|2021|p=239}}{{Sfn|León|1993|p=310}}

In 1211, [[Muhammad al-Nasir]] crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] with a powerful army, invaded Christian territory, and captured the [[Salvatierra Castle]], the stronghold of the knights of the [[Order of Calatrava]].{{sfn|Rogers|2010|p=28}}{{sfn|Carey|2024|p=155}} The threat to the Hispanic Christian kingdoms was so great that [[Pope Innocent III]] called Christian [[knight]]s to a [[crusade]].{{sfn|Carey|2024|p=155}}

== Previous movements ==
There were some disagreements among the members of the Christian coalition; notably, [[Kingdom of France|French]] and other European knights did not agree with Alfonso's merciful treatment of Jews and Muslims who had been defeated in the conquest of [[Malagón]] and [[Calatrava la Vieja]].{{sfn|Gómez|Lincoln|Smith|2019|p=155–156}} Previously, they had caused problems in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] (where the different armies of the Crusade gathered), with assaults and murders in the [[Jewish quarter of Toledo|Jewish Quarter]].{{sfn|Gómez|Lincoln|Smith|2019|p=154}}

==Battle==
Alfonso crossed the mountain range that defended the Almohad camp, sneaking through the [[Despeñaperros]] Pass, led by [[Martín Alhaja]], a local shepherd who knew the area. On 16 July 1212,{{Sfn|Setton|1975|p=669}} the Christian coalition caught the encamped Moorish army by surprise, and Alhaja was granted the hereditary title ''Cabeza de Vaca'' for his assistance to Alfonso VIII.{{sfn|Cabeza de Vaca|1983|p=8}}
[[File:NavasDeTolosaMonument.jpg|left|thumbnail|upright|Monument at Navas De Tolosa (1881)]]

The battle was fought at relatively close range, so that neither the Almohads nor the Spaniards could use archers in the melee-dominated fight. Spanish knights became locked in close-quarter combat, in which they were superior to the Almohads.{{sfn|Ibrahim|2018|p=224}}

{{blockquote|"They attacked, fighting against one another, hand-to-hand, with lances, swords, and battle-axes; there was no room for archers. The Christians pressed on." –  ''(The Latin Chronicle of The Kings of Castile)''{{sfn|Ibrahim|2018|p=224}}}}

Some of the Spanish knights, namely the [[Order of Santiago]], eventually broke the Almohad line of defense decisively as they inflicted heavy casualties on the Almohads and established a breakthrough with gaps appearing in the enemy lines. This led to a possible spearhead. King Sancho VII then led his mounted knights through the gaps, exploiting them, and charged at the Caliph's tent.{{sfn|Peter|2014}}

The Caliph had surrounded his tent with a bodyguard of black slave-warriors. Though it was once claimed that these men were chained together to prevent flight, it is considered more likely that this results from a mistranslation of the word "serried", meaning a densely packed formation. The Navarrese force led by their king Sancho VII broke through this bodyguard. The Caliph escaped, but the Moors were routed, leaving heavy casualties on the battlefield.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|Hsia|Martin|Rosenwein|2007|p=391}} According to the king of Castile, "On their side 100,000 armed men fell in battle..."</ref> The victorious Christians seized several prizes of war; Muhammad al-Nasir's tent and standard were delivered to [[Pope Innocent III]].{{Sfn|Tamm|Kaljundi|Jensen|2011|p=224}}

Christian losses were far fewer, only about 2,000 men (though not so few as legend had it).{{Sfn|Gomez|2011|p=}}{{pn|date=December 2024}} The losses were particularly notable among the Orders: those killed included Pedro Gómez de Acevedo (bannerman of the [[Order of Calatrava]]), [[Alvaro Fernández de Valladares]] (''comendator'' of the [[Order of Santiago]]), [[Pedro Arias]] (master of the Order of Santiago, died of wounds on 3 August), and Gomes Ramires (Portuguese master of the [[Knights Templar]] and simultaneously master of Leon, Castile, and Portugal); Ruy Díaz (master of the Order of Calatrava) was so grievously wounded that he had to resign his command.{{sfn|Browne Ayes|2010|p=531}}

[[Muhammad al-Nasir]] did not overcome the defeat of this battle: he went to [[Marrakesh]] and locked himself in his palace until his death a year later.{{sfn|Pennell|2013|p=52}}{{sfn|Gebhardt|1864|p=360}}

==Aftermath==
The crushing defeat of the Almohads significantly hastened their decline both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the [[Maghreb]] a decade later.{{sfn|Travel|2017|p=54}} That gave further impulse to the [[Christian Reconquest]] and sharply reduced the already declining power of the Moors in Iberia.{{Sfn|Fierro|2021|p=311}} Shortly after the battle, the Castilians took [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]] and then [[Fall of Ubeda|conquered Úbeda]], major fortified cities near the battlefield and gateways to invade [[Andalusia]].{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=641}} According to a letter from Alfonso VIII of Castile to Pope Innocent III, Baeza was evacuated and its people moved to [[Úbeda]]; Alfonso laid siege, killing 60,000 Muslims and enslaving many more. According to the ''[[Chronica latina regum Castellae|Latin Chronicle of Kings of Castile]]''{{Sfn|Soria|1230}} the number given is almost 100,000 Saracens, including children and women, who were captured.{{Sfn|Peter|2014}}

Thereafter, Alfonso VIII's grandson [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] took [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in 1236, [[Siege of Jaén (1245-46)|Jaén in 1246]], and [[Seville]] in 1248;{{sfn|Kohn|2006|p=516}}{{sfn|Travel|2017|p=54}}{{sfn|El Hareir|2011|p=418}}{{Sfn|Robinson|2023|p=59}} then he took [[Arcos de la Frontera|Arcos]], [[Medina-Sidonia]], [[Jerez]], and [[Cádiz]].{{sfn|Colmeiro|1893|p=110}} In 1252, Ferdinand was preparing his fleet and army for invasion of the Almohad lands in Africa, but he died in Seville on 30 May 1252, during an outbreak of plague in southern Hispania;
only his death prevented the Castilians from taking the war to the Almohad on the Mediterranean coast.{{sfn|Gerli|2017|p=331}} [[James I of Aragon]] conquered the [[Balearic Islands]] (from 1228 to 1232){{sfn|Hartzenbusch|2019|p=97}} and [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]] (the city capitulated on 28 September 1238).{{sfn|Ocaña|2020|p=34}}

By 1252 the Almohad empire was almost finished, at the mercy of another emerging Berber power. In 1269 a new association of Berber tribes, the [[Marinid]]s, took control of present-day Morocco.{{sfn|Hasan|1998|p=64}} Later, the Marinids tried to recover the former Almohad territories in Iberia, but they were definitively defeated by [[Alfonso XI of Castile]] and [[Afonso IV of Portugal]] in the [[Battle of Río Salado]], the last major military encounter between large Christian and Muslim armies in Hispania.{{sfn|Pierson|1999|p=40}} So, the  battle of Las Navas de Tolosa seems to have been a true turning point in the history of the region, including the western Mediterranean sea.{{Sfn|Hunt|Hsia|Martin|Rosenwein|2007|p=391}}

===Moorish Granada===
In 1292 Sancho IV took [[Tarifa]], key to the control of the Strait of Gibraltar.{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|p=592}} [[Granada]], [[Almería]], and [[Málaga]] were the only major Muslim cities remaining in the Iberian peninsula.{{sfn|Fletcher|2006|p=158}} These three cities were the core of the [[Emirate of Granada]], ruled by the [[Nasrid dynasty]].{{sfn|Fierro |2020|p=176}} Granada was a [[vassal state]] of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]], until finally taken by the [[Catholic Monarchs]] in 1492.{{sfn|Boloix-Gallardo|2021|p=282}}

===In fiction===
[[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]]'s 1972 [[alternate history]]/[[science fiction]] novel ''[[Tunnel Through the Deeps]]'' depicts a history where the Moors won at Las Navas de Tolosa and retained part of Spain into the 20th century.{{sfn|Harrison|2011|p=8}}
  
[[Simon Turney|S.J.A Turney]] describes the battle in his historic novel ''[[The Crescent and the Cross]]''.{{sfn|Turney|2020|p=340}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
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* {{Cite book |language= en |last1= Rogers |first1= Clifford J. |date= 2010 |title= The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-533403-6 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC
 }}
* {{Cite book |language= en |last= Setton |first= Kenneth Meyer |year= 1975 |title= A History of the Crusades |publisher= University of Wisconsin Press |isbn= 978-0-299-10744-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TKaPrQPFIAMC
 }}
* {{Cite book |language= en |last= Smith |first= Colin |year= 1989 |title= Christians and Moors in Spain. ''Vol. 2:'' Latin documents and vernacular documents AD 1195–1614 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-1800857742 |via= Google Books |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hiwDEAAAQBAJ
 }}
* {{Cite book |language= la |last= Soria |first= Juan de |title= [[Chronica latina regum Castellae]] |year=1230
 }}
* {{Cite book |language= en |last1= Tamm |first1= Marek |last2= Kaljundi |first2= Linda |last3= Jensen |first3= Carsten Selch |chapter= Riga and Rome: Henry of Livonia and the Papal Curia |title= Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia |publisher= Ashgate Publishing |date= 2011 |isbn= 978-0-7546-6627-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_2NfweHCxSAC
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* {{Cite book |language= en |last= Turney |first= S.J.A |author-link= Simon Turney |date= 23 July 2020 |title= The Crescent and the Cross |publisher= Canelo |isbn= 978-1-78863-312-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4dbsDwAAQBAJ
 }}

* {{Cite book |language= en |title= DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Morocco |type= DK Travel |publisher= Dorling Kindersley Limited |year= 2017 |isbn= 9780241304693 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ55DQAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Travel|2017}}
 }}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{Portal|Christianity|Spain}}
* {{Cite book |language= es |last= Alvira-Cabrer |first= Martín |year= 2012 |title= Las Navas de Tolosa: 1212. Idea, liturgia y memoria de la batalla |location= Madrid |publisher= Sílex |isbn= 978-8477377214
 }}.
* {{Cite book |language= es |last= García Fitz |first= Francisco |year= 2005 |title= Las Navas de Tolosa |location= Barcelona |publisher= Ariel
 }}
* {{Cite book |language= es |last= O’Callaghan |first= Joseph F. |date= 2004 |title= Reconquest and crusade in medieval Spain |location=  Philadelphia PA |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press
 }}.
* {{cite journal |last1= Smith |first1= Damian J. |date= July 2015 |title= The Papacy, the Spanish Kingdoms and Las Navas de Tolosa |journal= Anuario de Historia de la Iglesia |volume=  |issue= 20 |pages= 157-178 |doi= 10.15581/007.20.2408 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364200687_The_Papacy_the_Spanish_Kingdoms_and_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_El_papado_los_reinos_hispanicos_y_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa |access-date= Jan 15, 2025
 |doi-access= free }}.
* {{cite book |language= es |last1= Vara Thorbeck |first1= Carlos |year= 1999 |title= El lunes de las Navas |type= re-edited with another title: ''Las Navas de Tolosa: 1212, la batalla que decidió la Reconquista'', Edhasa, Barcelona 2012 |location= |publisher= Universidad de Jaén |pages= |oclc= |url=
 }}.
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Las Navas de Tolosa}}

[[Category:1212 in Europe]]
[[Category:Battles of the Reconquista|Las Navas de Tolosa]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Almohad Caliphate|Las Navas de Tolosa 1212]]
[[Category:Battles involving Castile|Las Navas de Tolosa 1212]]
[[Category:Battles involving Aragon|Las Navas de Tolosa 1212]]
[[Category:Battles involving Portugal|Las Navas de Tolosa 1212]]
[[Category:Battles of the Crusades|Las Navas de Tolosa 1212]]
[[Category:Military history of Andalusia|Las Navas de Tolosa]]
[[Category:Military history of Spain]]
[[Category:13th-century crusades]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1212]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Knights Templar|Navas de Tolosa]]
[[Category:13th century in al-Andalus]]
[[Category:13th century in Aragon]]
[[Category:13th century in Castile]]
[[Category:13th century in Portugal]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Spain]]
[[Category:Battles of the Almohad wars in the Iberian Peninsula|Las Navas de Tolosa]]