Editing Battle of Culloden

{{short description|Part of the Jacobite rising of 1745}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Culloden
| partof            = the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]
| image             = The Battle of Culloden.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = ''[[An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745]]'',<br />by [[David Morier]]
| date              = {{Start date and age|1746|04|16|df=y}}
| place             = [[Culloden, Highland|Culloden]], [[Scotland]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|57|28|38|N|04|05|33|W|display=inline,title|type:event_region:GB_scale:50000}}
| result            = British government victory
| combatant1        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} 
| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Jacobite Standard (1745).svg}} [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]]
| commander1        = [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]]<br />[[Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle|van Keppel]]<br />[[John Huske]]<br />[[John Mordaunt (British Army officer)|John Mordaunt]]<br />[[Henry Hawley]]
| commander2        = [[Charles Edward Stuart]]<br />[[Lord George Murray (general)|George Murray]]<br />[[Donald Cameron of Lochiel|Donald Cameron]]<br />[[John O'Sullivan (soldier)|John O'Sullivan]]<br />[[John Drummond, 4th Duke of Perth|John Drummond]]<br />[[James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth|James Drummond]]
| strength1         = 6,900–7,200{{Sfn|Duffy|2015|p=453 passim}}
| strength2         = 5,000–6,000{{Sfn|Duffy|2015|p=453 passim}}
| casualties1       = {{circa}} 50 killed, 259 wounded{{Sfn|Pittock|2016}}{{page number needed|date=October 2024}}
| casualties2       = 1,500–2,000 killed and wounded{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=83}}<br /> 376 captured
| notes             = {{Infobox designation list
|embed = no
| designation1            = UK Registered Battlefields
| designation1_number     = {{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL6|short=yes}}
}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Jacobite rising of 1745}}
}}
The '''Battle of Culloden'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|'|l|ɒ|d|ən}};<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/culloden Collins Dictionary]</ref> {{langx|gd|Blàr Chùil Lodair}}}} took place on 16 April 1746, near [[Inverness]] in the [[Scottish Highlands]]. A [[Jacobite Army (1745)|Jacobite army]] under [[Charles Edward Stuart]] was decisively defeated by a [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] government force commanded by the [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]], thereby ending the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]].

Charles landed in [[Scotland]] in July 1745, seeking to restore his father [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] to the British throne. He quickly won control of large parts of Scotland, and an invasion of [[England]] reached as far south as [[Derby]] before being forced to turn back. However, by April 1746, the Jacobites were short of supplies, facing a superior and better equipped opponent. 

Charles and his senior officers decided their only option was to stand and fight. When the two armies met at Culloden, the battle was brief, lasting less than an hour, with the Jacobites suffering an overwhelming and bloody defeat. This effectively ended both the 1745 rising, and [[Jacobitism]] as a significant element in British politics.

==Background==
The [[Jacobite rising of 1745]] began on 23 July when [[Charles Edward Stuart]] landed in the [[Western Isles]], and launched an attempt to reclaim the British throne for the exiled [[House of Stuart]].{{sfn|Duffy|2003|p=43}} After their victory at [[Battle of Prestonpans|Prestonpans]] in September, the [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] controlled much of [[Scotland]], and Charles persuaded his colleagues to invade [[England]]. The [[Jacobite Army (1745)|Jacobite army]] reached [[Derby]], before successfully retreating back across the border.{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=299–300}} 

[[File:Lost Portrait of Charles Edward Stuart.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Charles Stuart at Holyrood, 1745|[[Charles Edward Stuart]], painted late 1745 (original now lost)]]

Despite its lack of tangible result, the invasion boosted recruitment, bringing Jacobite strength to over 8,000.{{sfn|Home|1802|pp=329–333}} These troops, along with French-supplied artillery, were used to [[Siege of Stirling Castle (1746)|besiege Stirling Castle]], the strategic key to the [[Scottish Highlands]]. On 17 January, the Jacobites repulsed a government relief force under [[Henry Hawley]] at the [[Battle of Falkirk Muir]], although the siege itself made little progress.{{Sfn|Riding|2016|pp=209–216}}

Soon after, [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Cumberland]] arrived in [[Edinburgh]] to take over command from Hawley. On 1 February, the Jacobite army abandoned the siege and withdrew to [[Inverness]].{{sfn|Home|1802|pp=353–354}} Cumberland's army entered [[Aberdeen]] on 27 February, and both sides halted operations until the weather improved.{{Sfn|Riding|2016|pp=377–378}} Although several French shipments were received during the winter, the [[Royal Navy]] [[blockade]] left the Jacobites short of money and food. When Cumberland marched out of Aberdeen on 8 April to resume the campaign, Charles and his senior advisors agreed their best option was to gamble on a set piece battle.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|pp=96–98}}

==Prelude==
On 12 April, the government army forded the [[River Spey]], which was guarded by a 2,000-strong Jacobite detachment under [[John Drummond, 4th Duke of Perth|Lord John Drummond]]. However, Drummond decided he could not hold his position and withdrew towards [[Nairn]], an action for which he was later criticised. By 14 April, the Jacobites had evacuated Nairn, and the government troops camped at Balblair just west of the town.{{sfn|Reid|2002|pp=51–56}}

[[File:Battle of Culloden (campaign map 01).png|thumb|right|upright=1.8|[[William Augustus Cumberland|Cumberland's]] route from [[Aberdeen]] towards [[Culloden, Highland|Culloden]]]]

Although significant elements were absent elsewhere, the main Jacobite army of about 5,400 left [[Inverness]] on 15 April, and assembled in battle order at the [[Culloden, Scotland|Culloden]] estate, 5&nbsp;miles (8&nbsp;km) to the east.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?lat=57.5566&lon=-3.9597&scale=200000&icon=x|title=Map of Drummossie | publisher = MultiMap}}</ref> The leadership was divided on whether to give battle or abandon Inverness, but with most of their dwindling supplies stored in the town, they feared retreat meant the army might disintegrate.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=58}} [[Sir John O'Sullivan]], the Jacobite [[adjutant-general]], identified a suitable site for a defensive action at Drummossie Moor,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?lat=57.4779&lon=-4.0863&scale=100000&icon=x|title=Map of Drummossie Moor | publisher = MultiMap}}</ref> a stretch of open moorland between the walled enclosures of Culloden Park to the north,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?lat=57.49&lon=-4.1356&scale=100000&icon=x|title=Map of Culloden | publisher = MultiMap}}</ref> and those of Culwhiniac to the south.<ref>{{citation | publisher = Ordnance Survey | place = UK | url = http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString=NH7417645057 | title = Get map | access-date = 3 July 2008 | archive-date = 25 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185047/http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString=NH7417645057 | url-status = dead}}.</ref>

Jacobite Lieutenant-General [[Lord George Murray (general)|Lord George Murray]] felt the relatively flat and open ground selected by O'Sullivan favoured the government troops. He suggested an alternative steeply sloping site near [[Daviot Castle]], which was inspected by Brigadier Stapleton of the Irish Brigade and Colonel Ker on the morning of 15 April. They rejected Murray's suggestion, arguing the ground was "mossy and soft", while it also failed to protect the road into Inverness.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=60}} The debate remained unresolved by the time of the battle, while the Jacobite army ultimately formed their line west of the site originally chosen by O'Sullivan.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=58}}

===Night attack at Nairn===
On 15 April, the government army celebrated Cumberland's 25th birthday by issuing two gallons of [[brandy]] to each regiment.{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=44}} Hoping they would be less vigilant as a result, the Jacobite leaders decided to conduct a night attack on the government encampment. Murray's instructions were for his troops to use only swords, [[dirks]] and bayonets, to overturn tents and subsequently to locate "a swelling or bulge in the fallen tent, there to strike and push vigorously".{{sfn|Roberts|2002|pp=177–180}}{{refn|A Highland Jacobite officer wrote: "We were likewise forbid in the attack to make use of firearms, but only of sword, dirk and bayonet, to cutt the tent strings, and pull down the poles, and where observed a swelling or bulge in the falen tent, there to strick and push vigorously".{{sfn|Lockhart|1817|p=508}}|group= note}}

The plan drawn up by Murray called for simultaneous attacks on Cumberland's front and rear by his troops, and a second force under the [[James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth|Duke of Perth]], supported by Lord John Drummond and Prince Charles. The Jacobite force did not begin its march until well after dark, partly to avoid being spotted by ships of the Royal Navy then in the [[Moray Firth]]. Murray led it across country in order to avoid government outposts, but one participant, [[Chevalier de Johnstone|James Johnson]], later wrote "this march...on a dark night [was] accompanied with confusion and disorder".{{sfn|Reid|2002|pp=56–58}}

As a result, it was one hour before dawn when Murray's leading elements reached Culraick, still {{convert|2|mi|km}} from the intended crossing point over the River Nairn. After a heated debate, Murray concluded the attack should be aborted, but this message was not communicated to the 1,200 men under Perth. While Murray led his detachment back to camp along the Inverness road, Perth continued, unaware of the change in plan. One account claims his troops made contact with government sentries before realising their colleagues had turned around. Although some historians suggest the night attack might have remained viable if he had continued, most argue their numbers were too small to have any effect.{{sfn|Black|1998|p=32}}{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=67}}

Not long after the exhausted Jacobite forces had made it back to Culloden, an officer of Lochiel's regiment, who had been left behind after falling asleep in a wood, arrived with a report of advancing government troops.{{sfn|Reid|2002|pp=56–58}} By then, many Jacobite soldiers had dispersed in search of food or returned to Inverness, and others were asleep in ditches and outbuildings. Several hundred of their army may have missed the battle.

==Battle==
[[File:Culloden House (old).jpg|thumb|left|Culloden House, in 1746, where the Jacobite leader Charles Edward Stuart had his headquarters and lodgings in the days leading up to the Battle of Culloden]]

After the abortive night attack, the Jacobites formed up in substantially the same battle order as the previous day, the Highland regiments forming the first line. They faced north-east over common grazing land, with the [[River Nairn]] about 1&nbsp;km to their right.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=69}} Their left wing, anchored on the Culloden Park walls, was nominally led by James Drummond, titular Duke of Perth, while his brother John commanded the centre. The right wing, flanked by the Culwhiniac enclosure walls, was led by Murray. Behind them, the conventionally trained [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland]] regiments were drawn up in accordance with French practice. During the morning, heavy snow and rain saturated  the already wet ground, although the weather cleared just before the battle started.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=65}}

Cumberland's army left their encampment by {{nowrap|5 am}}, leaving the main Inverness road and marching across country. By {{nowrap|10 am}}, the Jacobites finally saw them approaching at a distance of around {{nowrap|4 km}}. At {{nowrap|3 km}} from the Jacobite position, Cumberland gave the order to form line, and the army marched forward in full battle order.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=79}} John Daniel, an Englishman serving with Charles's army, recorded that on seeing the government troops the Jacobites began calling out insults, but without response.{{sfn|Blaikie|1916|p=[https://archive.org/details/originsoffortyfi00blai/page/213 213]}} Once within 500 metres, Cumberland moved his artillery up through the ranks.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=79}}

[[File:Battle of Culloden (map 02).svg|thumb|right|Battle lines at Culloden, including initial redeployments by both Charles and Cumberland]]

As his troops formed up, it became clear Cumberland's right flank was exposed, and so he moved additional units up to reinforce it.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=83}} Meanwhile, Sullivan ordered two battalions of Lord Lewis Gordon's regiment to cover the walls at Culwhiniac against a possible flank attack, while Murray shifted the right wing slightly forward. Since these alterations had the unintended result of skewing the Jacobite line and opening gaps, Sullivan transferred the Edinburgh Regiment, along with those of Perth and [[John Gordon of Glenbucket|Glenbucket]], from the second line into the first. This meant the Jacobite front rank now substantially outnumbered that of Cumberland, but depleted their reserve, and increased their reliance on a successful initial attack.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=85}}

===Artillery exchange===
At approximately 1&nbsp;pm, Finlayson's Jacobite batteries opened fire; possibly in response to Cumberland sending forward [[George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle|Lord Bury]] to within 100 m of the Jacobite lines to "ascertain the strength of their battery".{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=86}} The government artillery responded shortly afterwards. Some later Jacobite memoirs suggest that their troops were then subjected to artillery bombardment for 30 minutes or more while Charles delayed an advance, but government accounts suggest a much shorter exchange before the Jacobites attacked. Campbell of Airds, in the rear, timed it at 9 minutes, but Cumberland's aide-de-camp Yorke suggested only 2 or 3 minutes.<ref name="Pollard 2009 loc. 2128">{{cite book |editor-last=Pollard |editor-first=Tony  |title=Culloden |publisher=Pen and Sword (Kindle ed)|date=2009 |page=loc. 2128}}</ref>

The duration implies that the government artillery is unlikely to have fired more than thirty rounds at extreme range: statistical analysis concludes that would have caused only 20–30 Jacobite casualties at that stage, rather than the hundreds suggested by some accounts.<ref name="Pollard 2009 loc. 2128"/>

===Jacobite advance===
Shortly after 1 pm, Charles issued an order to advance, which Colonel Harry Kerr of Graden first took to Perth's regiment, on the extreme left. He then rode down the Jacobite line giving orders to each regiment in turn. [[Seven Men of Moidart#Sir John MacDonald|Sir John MacDonald]] and Brigadier Stapleton were also sent forward to repeat the order.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=87}} As the Jacobites left their lines, the government gunners switched to [[canister shot]], which was augmented by fire from the [[Coehorn]] mortars situated behind the government front line. As there was no need for careful aiming when canister was used, the rate of fire increased dramatically, and the Jacobites found themselves advancing into heavy fire.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=86}}

On the Jacobite right, the [[Atholl]] Brigade, Lochiel's and the Appin Regiment left their start positions and charged towards Barrell's and Munro's regiments. Within a few hundred yards, however, the centre regiments, Lady Mackintosh's and Lovat's, had begun to swerve rightwards to try to avoid canister fire or to follow the firmer ground along the road running diagonally across Drummossie Moor. The five regiments became entangled as a single mass, converging on the government left. The confusion was worsened when the three largest regiments lost their commanding officers, all at the front of the advance: MacGillivray and MacBean of Lady Mackintosh's both went down; Inverallochie of Lovat's fell and Lochiel had his ankles broken by canister within a few yards of the government lines.

The Jacobite left, by contrast, advanced much more slowly, hampered by boggy ground and by having several hundred yards further to cover. According to the account of [[Andrew Henderson (writer)|Andrew Henderson]], Lord John Drummond walked across the front of the Jacobite lines to try and tempt the government infantry into firing early, but they maintained their discipline. The three MacDonald regiments (Keppoch's, Clanranald's and Glengarry's) stalled before resorting to ineffectual long-range musket fire. They also lost senior officers, as Clanranald was wounded and Keppoch killed. The smaller units on their right (Maclachlan's Regiment and Chisholm's and Monaltrie's battalions) advanced into an area swept by artillery fire and suffered heavy losses before falling back.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Engagement of government left wing===
[[File:Bayonet drill (Culloden comparison).svg|thumb|left|[[Bayonet]] drill innovation said to have been developed to counter the "[[Highland charge]]". Each soldier would thrust at the enemy on his right – rather than the one straight ahead – in order to bypass the ''[[targe]]'' of Highlanders.{{sfn|Reid|1996b|pp=9, 56–58}}]]

As it charged, the Jacobite right was hit hard by a volley at nearly point-blank range, but many of its men still reached the government lines. The brunt of the Jacobite impact, led by Lochiel's regiment, was taken by only two government regiments: [[4th Regiment of Foot|Barrell's 4th Foot]] and [[37th Regiment of Foot|Dejean's 37th Foot]]. Barrell's lost 17 killed and suffered 108 wounded, out of a total of 373 officers and men. Dejean's lost 14 killed and had 68 wounded, with the unit's left wing taking a disproportionately higher number of casualties. Barrell's regiment temporarily lost one of its two [[regimental colours|colours]].{{efn|An unknown British Army corporal's description of the charge into the government's left wing: "When we saw them coming towards us in great Haste and Fury, we fired at about 50&nbsp;Yards Distance, which made Hundreds fall<!--does the original really say this twice?-->; notwithstanding which, they were so numerous, that they still advanced, and were almost upon us before we had loaden again. We immediately gave them another full Fire and the Front Rank charged their Bayonets Breast high, and the Center and Rear Ranks kept up a continual Firing, which, in half an Hour's Time, routed their whole Army. Only Barrel's Regiment and ours was engaged, the Rebels designing to break or flank us but our Fire was so hot, most of us having discharged nine Shot each, that they were disappointed".{{sfn|Reid|1996b|pp=9, 56–58}}|group=note}} 

[[John Huske]], commanding the government second line, quickly organised a [[counterattack]] by Lord Sempill's Fourth Brigade, comprising 1,078 men from the [[25th Regiment of Foot|25th]], [[48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot|59th]], and [[8th Regiment of Foot]]. He also instructed the [[20th Regiment of Foot|20th Foot]] to take up position between the 25th and 37th, leaving the Jacobite right surrounded on three sides by five battalions.{{sfn|Reid|2002|pp=68–72}}{{efn|"Poor Barrell's regiment were sorely pressed by those desperadoes and outflanked. One stand of their [[regimental colours|colours]] was taken; [[Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet|Collonel Riches]] hand cutt off in their defence&nbsp;... We marched up to the enemy, and our left, [[Flanking maneuver|outflanking]] them, wheeled in upon them; the whole then gave them 5 or 6 fires with vast execution, while their front had nothing left to oppose us, but their pistolls and broadswords; and fire from their center and rear, (as, by this time, they were 20 or 30 deep) was vastly more fatal to themselves, than us"|Captain-Lieutenant James Ashe Lee of [[8th Regiment of Foot|Wolfe's 8th Foot]]{{sfn|Reid|2002|p=72}}}}

[[File:The Well of the Dead, Culloden Moor - geograph.org.uk - 494157.jpg|thumb|right|The Well of the Dead; modern remains of the park wall on the Jacobite right]]

With the Jacobite left under Perth failing to advance further, Cumberland ordered two troops of [[10th Royal Hussars|Cobham's 10th Dragoons]] to ride them down. The boggy ground, however, impeded the cavalry, and they turned to engage the Irish Picquets whom Sullivan and Lord John Drummond had brought up in an attempt to stabilise the deteriorating Jacobite left flank. Cumberland later wrote: "They came running on in their wild manner, and upon the right where I had placed myself, imagining the greatest push would be there, they came down there several times within a hundred yards of our men, firing their pistols and brandishing their swords, but the Royal Scots and Pulteneys hardly took their fire-locks from their shoulders, so that after those faint attempts they made off; and the little squadrons on our right were sent to pursue them".{{sfn|Roberts|2002|p=173}}{{sfn|Reid|2002|pp=72–80}}

===Jacobite collapse and rout===
With the collapse of the left wing, Murray brought up the [[Royal Scots (Jacobite)|''Royal Écossais'']] and Kilmarnock's Footguards, who were still unengaged, but when they had been brought into position, the Jacobite first line had been [[rout]]ed. The ''Royal Écossais'' exchanged musket fire with [[Royal Scots Fusiliers|Campbell's 21st]] and commenced an orderly retreat, moving along the Culwhiniac enclosure to shield themselves from artillery fire. Immediately, the half battalion of Highland militia, commanded by Captain Colin Campbell of Ballimore, which had stood inside the enclosure ambushed them. In the encounter, Campbell of Ballimore was killed along with five of his men. The result was that the ''Royal Écossais'' and Kilmarnock's Footguards were forced out into the open moor and were engaged by three squadrons of Kerr's 11th Dragoons. 

The Irish Picquets under Stapleton bravely covered the Highlanders' retreat from the battlefield, preventing the fleeing Jacobites from suffering heavy casualties. That action cost half of the 100 casualties that they suffered in the battle.{{sfn|McGarry|2013|p=122}} The ''Royal Écossais'' appear to have retired from the field in two wings; one part surrendered after suffering 50 killed or wounded, but their colours were not taken and a large number retired from the field with the Jacobite Lowland regiments.<ref name="PH1991-8085"/> A few Highland regiments also withdrew in good order, unhindered by the government cavalry.<ref>Pittock (2016) p. 95</ref>

[[File:Jacobite standard (no9).svg|thumb|One of at least fourteen [[historical colours, standards and guidons|standards or colours]] recorded as captured by government forces at the battle.<ref>Reid (2006), p. 16.</ref> That and a similar blue [[saltire]] may have been used by the Atholl Brigade.<ref>Reid (2002), p. 93.</ref>]]
The stand by the French regulars gave Charles and other senior officers time to escape. Charles seems to have been rallying Perth's and Glenbucket's regiments when Sullivan rode up to Captain Shea, commander of his bodyguard, and ordered him to take the Prince away. {{efn|"Yu see all is going to pot. Yu can be of no great succor, so before a general deroute wch will soon be, Seize upon the Prince & take him off&nbsp;...".<ref name="PH1991-8085"/>}} Charles reportedly called for a final charge into the government lines,<ref>Pittock (2016) p. 134</ref> but Shea led him from the field.

From that point onward, the fleeing Jacobite forces were split into several groups: the Lowland regiments retired southwards, making their way to [[Ruthven Barracks]], and the remains of the Jacobite right wing also retired southwards. The MacDonald and the other Highland left-wing regiments, however, were cut off by the government cavalry and were forced to retreat down the road to Inverness. The result was that they were a clear target for government dragoons. Major-General [[Humphrey Bland]] led the pursuit of the fleeing Highlanders, giving "[[no quarter|Quarter to None]] but about Fifty French Officers and Soldiers".<ref name="PH1991-8085">Reid (2002), pp. 80–85.</ref>

===Conclusion: casualties and prisoners===
Jacobite [[casualty (person)|casualties]] are estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000 killed or wounded, with many of them occurring in the pursuit after the battle.<ref name="SR2002-8587">Pittock (2016).</ref><ref name="PH1991-83">Harrington (1991), p. 83.</ref> Cumberland's official list of prisoners taken includes 154 Jacobites and 222 "French" prisoners (men from the "foreign units" in the French service). Added to the official list of those apprehended were 172 of the Earl of Cromartie's men, captured after a [[Battle of Littleferry|brief engagement the day before]] near [[Littleferry]].

In striking contrast to the Jacobite losses, the government losses were reported as 50 dead and 259 wounded. Of the 438 men of Barrell's 4th Foot, 17 were killed and 104 were wounded. However, a large proportion of those recorded as wounded are likely to have died of their wounds. Only 29 men out of the 104 wounded from Barrell's 4th Foot later survived to claim pensions, and all six of the artillerymen recorded as wounded later died.<ref name="SR2002-8587"/>

Several senior Jacobite commanding officers were casualties, including [[Alexander Macdonald, 17th of Keppoch|Keppoch]]; [[William Drummond, 4th Viscount Strathallan|Viscount Strathallan]]; Commissary-General Lachlan Maclachlan; and Walter Stapleton, who died of wounds shortly after the battle. Others, including [[William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock|Kilmarnock]], were captured. The only high-ranking government officer casualty was [[Lord Robert Kerr]], the son of [[William Kerr, 3rd Marquess of Lothian]]. [[Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet]], who was a lieutenant-colonel and the senior officer commanding Barrell's 4th Foot, was badly wounded, losing his left hand and receiving several wounds to his head. A number of captains and lieutenants had also been wounded.

==Aftermath==
[[File:"The End of the 'Forty Five' Rebellion".jpg|thumb|left|''The End of the 'Forty Five' Rebellion'' depicts the retreat of the defeated [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]].]]

===Collapse of Jacobite campaign===
As the first of the fleeing Highlanders approached Inverness, they were met by the 2nd battalion of Lovat's regiment, led by the [[Simon Fraser of Lovat|Master of Lovat]]. It has been suggested that Lovat shrewdly switched sides and turned upon the retreating Jacobites, an act that would explain his remarkable rise in fortune in the years that followed.<ref name="SR2002-8890">Reid (2002), pp. 88–90.</ref>

Following the battle, the Jacobites' Lowland regiments headed south towards Corrybrough and made their way to Ruthven Barracks, and their Highland units made their way north towards Inverness and on through to Fort Augustus. There, they were joined by Barisdale's battalion of Glengarry's regiment and a small battalion of MacGregors.<ref name="SR2002-8890"/> At least two of those present at Ruthven, James Johnstone and John Daniel, recorded that the Highland troops remained in good spirits despite the defeat and eager to resume the campaign. At that point, continuing Jacobite resistance remained potentially viable in terms of manpower. At least a third of the army had either missed or slept through Culloden, which along with survivors from the battle gave a potential force of 5,000 to 6,000 men.<ref>Zimmerman, Doron (2003) ''The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746–1759'', p. 25</ref> However the roughly 1,500 men who assembled at Ruthven Barracks received orders from Charles to the effect that the army should disperse until he returned with French support.<ref name="JLR2002-182-183">Roberts (2002), pp. 182–183.</ref>

Similar orders must have been received by the Highland units at Fort Augustus, and by 18 April, the majority of the Jacobite army had been disbanded. Officers and men of the units in French service made for Inverness, where they surrendered as prisoners of war on 19 April. Most of the rest of the army broke up, with men heading for home or attempting to escape abroad,<ref name="SR2002-8890"/> although the Appin Regiment amongst others was still in arms as late as July.

{{see also|Skirmish of Loch nan Uamh}}
Many senior Jacobites made their way to {{lang|gd|[[Loch nan Uamh]]}}, where Charles Edward Stuart had first landed at the outset of the campaign in 1745. There, on 30 April, they were met by two French [[frigate]]s: the [[French privateer Mars (1746)|''Mars'']] and [[French privateer Bellone (1745)|''Bellone'']]. Two days later, the French ships were spotted and attacked by three smaller [[Royal Navy]] [[sloops]]: the ''[[HMS Greyhound (1741)|Greyhound]]'', [[HMS Baltimore (1742)|''Baltimore'']], and ''[[HMS Terror (1741)|Terror]]''. The result was the last real engagement of the campaign. During the six hours in which the battle continued, the Jacobites recovered cargo that had been landed by the French ships, including [[pounds sterling|£]]35,000 of gold.<ref name="SR2002-8890"/>

With visible proof that the French had not deserted them, a group of Jacobite leaders attempted to prolong the campaign. On 8 May, nearby at [[Murlaggan]], Lochiel, Lochgarry, Clanranald and Barisdale all agreed to rendezvous at Invermallie on 18 May, as did [[Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]] and his son. The plan was that there they would be joined by what remained of Keppoch's men and Macpherson of Cluny's regiment, which had not taken part in the battle at Culloden. However, things did not go as planned. After about a month of relative inactivity, Cumberland moved his army into the Highlands, and on 17 May, three battalions of regulars and eight Highland companies reoccupied Fort Augustus. The same day, the Macphersons surrendered. On the day of the planned rendezvous, Clanranald never appeared and Lochgarry and Barisdale showed up with only about 300 combined, most of whom immediately dispersed in search of food. Lochiel, who commanded possibly the strongest Jacobite regiment at Culloden, mustered 300 men. The group dispersed, and the following week, the government launched [[raids on Lochaber and Shiramore|punitive expeditions into the Highlands that continued throughout the summer]].<ref name="SR2002-8890"/><ref name="JLR2002-182-183"/>

After his flight from the battle, Charles Edward Stuart made his way towards the [[Hebrides]], accompanied by a small group of supporters. By 20 April, Charles had reached [[Arisaig]] on the west coast of Scotland. After spending a few days with his close associates, he sailed for the island of [[Benbecula]] in the [[Outer Hebrides]]. From there, he travelled to [[Scalpay, Outer Hebrides|Scalpay]], off the east coast of [[Harris (Scotland)|Harris]], and from there made his way to [[Stornoway]].<ref name="PH1991-8586"/> For five months, Charles crisscrossed the Hebrides, constantly pursued by government supporters and under threat from local [[laird]]s, who were tempted to betray him for the £30,000 upon his head.<ref name="JP1973-301">Prebble (1973), p. 301.</ref> During that time, he met [[Flora MacDonald (Scottish Jacobite)|Flora Macdonald]], who famously aided him in a narrow escape to [[Skye]]. Finally, on 19 September, Charles reached Borrodale on {{lang|gd|Loch nan Uamh}} in Arisaig, where his party boarded two small French ships, which ferried them to France.<ref name="PH1991-8586">Harrington (1991), pp. 85–86.</ref> He never returned to Scotland.

===Repercussions===
[[File:John Seymour Lucas (1849-1923) - After Culloden, Rebel Hunting - N01620 - National Gallery.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|''[[After Culloden, Rebel Hunting]]'' by [[John Seymour Lucas]] depicts the search for Jacobites after Culloden.]]

The morning after the battle, Cumberland issued a declaration to his troops claiming the rebels had been instructed to give "[[no quarter]]".{{refn|Cumberland wrote: "A captain and fifty foot to march directly and visit all the cottages in the neighbourhood of the field of battle, and search for rebels. The officers and men will take notice that the public orders of the rebels yesterday was to give us no quarter".<ref>Roberts (2002), p. 178.</ref>|group= note}} This alluded to the belief such orders had been found on the bodies of fallen Jacobites, versions of which were published in the ''Newcastle Journal'' and the ''Gentleman's Journal''.{{sfn|Roberts|2002|pp=177–180}} Only one copy still exists, which appears to be forged since it was not signed by Murray, and appears on the bottom half of a copy of a declaration published in 1745. Over the next two days, the moor was searched and wounded rebels were put to death. In total, over 20,000 head of livestock, sheep, and goats were driven off and sold at [[Fort Augustus]], where the soldiers split the profits.<ref>Magnusson (2003), p. 623.</ref>

While in Inverness, Cumberland emptied the [[jail]]s that were full of people imprisoned by Jacobite supporters by replacing them with Jacobites themselves.<ref name="SR2002-8890"/> Prisoners were taken south to England to stand trial for [[high treason]]. Many were held on [[Prison ship|hulks]] on the [[Thames]] or in [[Tilbury Fort]], and executions took place in [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]], [[York]] and [[Kennington Park|Kennington Common]].<ref name="JP1973-301"/> In total, 120 common men were executed, one third of them being deserters from the British Army.<ref name="JP1973-301"/>{{refn|Out of 27 officers of the English "Manchester Regiment", one died in prison; one was acquitted; one was pardoned, two were released for giving evidence, four escaped, two were banished, three were transported and eleven were executed. The sergeants of the regiment suffered worse, with seven out of ten hanged. At least seven privates were executed, some no doubt died in prison, and most of the rest were transported to the colonies.<ref>Monod (1993), p. 340.</ref>|group=note}} The common prisoners [[sortition|drew lots]] amongst themselves, and only one out of twenty actually came to trial. Although most of those who stood trial were sentenced to death, almost all of them had their sentences commuted to [[penal transportation]] to the [[British colonies]] for life by the [[Traitors Transported Act 1746]] (20 Geo. 2. c. 46).<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/statutesatlarge19britgoog#page/n182/mode/2up "An act to prevent the return of such rebels and traitors concerned in the late rebellion, as have been, or shall be pardoned on condition of transportation; and also to hinder their going into the enemies country."]</ref> In all, 936 men were thus transported, and 222 more were [[exile|banished]]. Even so, 905 prisoners were actually released under the [[Indemnity Act 1747|Act of Indemnity]] that was passed in June 1747. Another 382 obtained their freedom by being exchanged for [[prisoners of war]] being held by France. Of the total 3,471 prisoners recorded, nothing is known of the fate of 648.<ref>Roberts (2002), pp. 196–197.</ref> The high-ranking "rebel lords" were executed on [[Tower Hill]] in London.

[[File:Beheading of the rebel lords on great tower hill.jpeg|thumb|right|Contemporary [[engraving]] depicting the executions of [[William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock|Kilmarnock]] and [[Arthur Elphinstone, 6th Lord Balmerino|Balmerino]] at [[Tower Hill]], on 18 August 1746<ref>Harrington (1996), p. 88.</ref>]]

Following up on the military success won by their forces, the British government enacted laws to further integrate Scotland, specifically the Scottish Highlands, with the rest of Britain. Members of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopal]] clergy were required to give oaths of allegiance to the reigning [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian dynasty]].<ref name="britannica.com-1"/> The [[Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746]] ended the hereditary right of landowners to govern justice upon their estates through barony courts.<ref>Brown (1997), p. 133.</ref> Prior to the Act, [[Scottish feudal barony|feudal lords]] (which included clan chiefs) had considerable judicial and military power over their followers such as the oft-quoted power of "pit and gallows".<ref name="JP1973-301"/><ref name="britannica.com-1"/> Lords who were loyal to the government were greatly compensated for the loss of these traditional powers. For example, the [[Duke of Argyll]] was given £21,000.<ref name="JP1973-301"/> The lords and clan chiefs who had supported the Jacobite rebellion were stripped of their estates, which were then sold and the profits were used to further trade and [[agriculture in Scotland]].<ref name="britannica.com-1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Britain from 1742 to 1754 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615557/United-Kingdom/44893/Britain-from-1742-to-1754#ref483271 |url-status=live |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320015042/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615557/United-Kingdom/44893/Britain-from-1742-to-1754 |archive-date=20 March 2009}}</ref> The forfeited estates were managed by [[factor (Scotland)|factors]]. [[Dress Act 1746|Anti-clothing measures]] were taken against the [[Highland dress]] by an [[Act of Parliament]] in 1746. The result was that the wearing of [[tartan]] was banned except as a uniform for officers and soldiers in the British Army and later [[Landed gentry|landed men]] and their sons.<ref>Gibson (2002), pp. 27–28.</ref>

==Commemoration==
There appears to have been little interest in commemorating the battle before the 1840s. ''[[The Inverness Courier]]'''s account of the events surrounding the centenary in the spring of 1846 suggest that they had a recreational dimension, but as the century progressed commemoration became more solemn and elegiac.  Thoughts turned to erecting a physical memorial and in 1849 a foundation stone for a Culloden monument was laid on the battlefield.  By 1852, the project had been abandoned for lack of funds. A memorial stone carved by Edward Power in 1858 was eventually incorporated into the cairn erected on the battlefield in 1881.  An annual commemoration ceremony under the auspices of the Gaelic Society of Inverness began in 1925, and a major event, attended by up to 500 people, marked the 200th anniversary of the battle in 1946.<ref>McArthur, Colin, "Culloden: A Pre-emptive Strike", in ''[[Scottish Affairs]]'', no. 9 (1994), pp. 97 -126, {{issn|0966-0356}}</ref>

==Culloden battlefield today==
[[File:Culloden Battlefield Memorial Cairn.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial [[cairn]] erected in 1881<ref name="nts.org.uk-Cairn"/>]]

It was the last [[pitched battle]] fought on British soil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Humphrys |first1=Julian |title=What was the last battle fought on British soil? |journal=BBC History |date=5 August 2021 |volume=2021 |issue=September |page=41 |url=https://pressreader.com/article/282179359114640 |access-date=8 December 2023 |quote=If we mean an engagement between two armies, then the last battle on British soil was fought on 16 April 1746 at Culloden near Inverness in Scotland...Although it might be argued that it was too small to qualify as a battle, the last military engagement on British soil against members of a foreign armed force took place during the Second World War. On 27 September 1940, a German Ju 88 bomber crash-landed on Graveney Marsh in Kent. When some British troops who were billeted in a nearby pub turned up to investigate, they came under machine-gun fire from the crew. The British returned fire, and – after one German airman was shot in the foot – the crew surrendered.
}}</ref> Today, a [[visitor centre]] is located near the site of the battle. It was first opened in December 2007, with the intention of preserving the battlefield in a condition similar to how it was on 16 April 1746.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/VisitorCentre/ |title=New Visitor Centre |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080818072825/http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/VisitorCentre/| archive-date=18 August 2008|url-status = live}}</ref> One difference is that it currently is covered in shrubs and [[Ericaceae|heather]]. During the 18th century, however, the area was used as common [[grazing]] ground, mainly for tenants of the Culloden estate.<ref name="SR2002-9192"/> Those visiting can walk the site by way of footpaths on the ground and can also enjoy a view from above on a raised platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/WhatsNew/ |title=What's New? |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081019192557/http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/WhatsNew/| archive-date= 19 October 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> Possibly the most recognisable feature of the battlefield today is the {{convert|20|ft|m|0|adj=on}}-tall memorial [[cairn]], erected by Duncan Forbes in 1881.<ref name="nts.org.uk-Cairn">{{cite web|url=http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Cairn |title=The Memorial Cairn |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090705084638/http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Cairn| archive-date=5 July 2009|url-status = live}}</ref> In the same year, Forbes also erected headstones to mark the mass graves of the clans.<ref name="graves">{{cite web|url=http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Graves |title=Graves of the clans |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100414215757/http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Graves| archive-date=14 April 2010|url-status = live}}</ref> The [[thatched roof]]ed farmhouse of Leanach that stands today dates from about 1760; however, it stands on the same location as the [[sod|turf]]-walled cottage that probably served as a [[field hospital]] for government troops following the battle.<ref name="SR2002-9192">Reid (2002), pp. 91–92.</ref> A stone, known as "The English Stone", is situated west of the Old Leanach cottage and is said to mark the burial place of the government dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Field |title=Field of the English |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090705084648/http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Field| archive-date=5 July 2009|url-status = live}}</ref> West of this site lies another stone, erected by Forbes to mark the place that the body of Alexander McGillivray of Dunmaglass was found after the battle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Well |title=Well of the dead |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080627222421/http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Well| archive-date=27 June 2008|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/item/item_photograph.jsp?item_id=35149 |title='The Well of the Dead', Culloden Battlefield |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=www.ambaile.org.uk (ambaile.org.uk)}}</ref> A stone lies on the eastern side of the battlefield and is supposed to mark the spot from which Cumberland directed the battle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Stone |title=Cumberland stone |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080604032455/http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/PPF/CullodenToday/Stone| archive-date=4 June 2008|url-status = live}}</ref> The battlefield has been [[Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland|inventoried]] and protected by [[Historic Scotland]] under the Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/battlefields/battlefieldsunderconsideration.htm |title=Inventory battlefields |publisher=Historic Scotland |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-date=15 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115040146/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/battlefields/battlefieldsunderconsideration.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Culloden grave (road and three graves).jpg|thumb|right|In 1881, Duncan Forbes erected the headstones that mark the mass graves of fallen Jacobite soldiers. They lie on either side of an early 19th-century road which runs through the battlefield.<ref name="graves"/>]]
Since 2001, the site of the battle has undergone [[topographic]], [[geophysical]] and [[metal detector]] surveys in addition to [[archaeological excavation]]s. Interesting finds have been made in the areas on which the fiercest fighting occurred on the government left wing, particularly where Barrell's and Dejean's regiments stood. For example, pistol balls and pieces of shattered muskets have been uncovered here which indicate close-quarters fighting, as pistols were used only at close range, and the musket pieces appear to have been smashed by pistol/musket balls or heavy broadswords. Finds of musket balls appear to mirror the lines of men who stood and fought. Some balls appear to have been dropped without being fired, some missed their targets, and others are distorted from hitting human bodies. In some cases, it may be possible to identify whether the Jacobites or government soldiers fired certain rounds because the Jacobite forces are known to have used a large number of French muskets, which fired a slightly smaller calibre shot than that of the British Army's ''[[Brown Bess]]''. Analysis of the finds confirms that the Jacobites used muskets in greater numbers than has traditionally been thought. Not far from where the hand-to-hand fighting took place, fragments of mortar shells have been found.<ref name="gla.ac.uk-culloden">{{cite web |title=Point of Contact: Archaeology at Culloden |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/battlefieldarchaeology/centreprojects/culloden/ |work=University of Glasgow Centre for Battlefield Archaeology |access-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> Though Forbes's headstones mark the graves of the Jacobites, the location of the graves of about 60 government soldiers is unknown. However, the recent discovery of a 1752 silver ''[[Thaler]]'', from the [[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], may lead archaeologists to these graves. A geophysical survey, directly beneath the spot at which the coin was found, seems to indicate the existence of a large rectangular burial pit. It is thought possible that the coin was dropped by a soldier who once served on the Continent while he visited the graves of his fallen comrades.<ref name="gla.ac.uk-culloden"/> The National Trust of Scotland is currently trying to restore Culloden Moor, as closely as possible, to the state it was in during the Battle of Culloden Moor. It is also trying to expand the land under its care to ensure the full battlefield is protected under the NTS. Another goal is to restore Leannach Cottage and allow visitors once again to tour its interior.

==In art==
[[File:Battle of Culloden woodcut painting 1746.jpg|thumb|Woodcut painting by [[David Morier]] of the Battle of Culloden first published just six months after the battle, in October 1746]]
* ''[[An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745]]'' (as shown in the infobox at the top of this page), by [[David Morier]], often known as "The Battle of Culloden", is the best-known portrayal of the battle and the best-known of Morier's works. It depicts the attack of the Highlanders against Barrell's Regiment and is based on sketches made by Morier in the immediate aftermath of the battle.
* David Morier in fact made two paintings depicting the battle; the second (pictured right) is a coloured woodcut painting that shows a plan of the battlefield.<ref>[http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/scottish-history-and-archaeology/the-jacobite-challenge/the-jacobite-challenge/portrait-of-the-duke-of-cumberland/ Culloden] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813192025/http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/scottish-history-and-archaeology/the-jacobite-challenge/the-jacobite-challenge/portrait-of-the-duke-of-cumberland/ |date=13 August 2017}} nms.ac.uk. Retrieved August 13, 2017.</ref>
* [[Augustin Heckel]]'s ''The Battle of Culloden'' (1746; reprinted 1797) is held by the [[National Galleries of Scotland]].<ref name="Culloden">{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/artists-a-z/H/117/artist_name/Augustin%20Heckel/record_id/22357 | title=Augustin Heckel: The Battle of Culloden | publisher=[[National Galleries of Scotland]] | access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>
* [[Frank W. Wood|Frank Watson Wood]], (1862–1953) was better known as a naval artist who mainly painted in watercolours, but he painted ''The Highland Charge at the Battle of Culloden'' in oil. He exhibited at the [[Royal Scottish Academy]], the [[Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours]], and the [[Royal Academy]].
* [[Handel]]'s oratorio ''[[Judas Maccabaeus (Handel)|Judas Maccabaeus]]'' was written as a tribute to the Duke of Cumberland following the Battle of Culloden.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.choirs.org.uk/prognotes/Handel%20Judas%20Maccabaeus.htm | title=Handel – Judas Maccabaeus – Programme Notes}}</ref>
* The Battle of Culloden and the consequent imprisonment and execution of the Jacobite prisoners of war is depicted in the song "Tam kde teče řeka Fleet" ("Where the Fleet river flows") by the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[Celtic Rock]] band [[:cs:Hakka Muggies|Hakka Muggies]].<ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Hakka-Muggies-Feed-The-Fairies/release/6749070 Hakka Muggies – Feed The Fairies (2010, CD) | Discogs]</ref>
* The [[Argentine]] band [[Sumo (band)|Sumo]] made a song, "{{ill|Crua Chan|es|Crua Chan}}", chronicling the development of the battle. The work was composed by the Italian-Scottish bandleader [[Luca Prodan]]. He learned of the battle as a student at [[Gordonstoun]], Scotland.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}
* The [[Alexander McQueen]] fashion collection ''[[The Widows of Culloden]]'' (Autumn/Winter 2006) is inspired by the widows left after the battle.<ref name="EOC-WOC">{{Cite web |last=Bethune |first=Kate |date=2015 |title=Encyclopedia of Collections: The Widows of Culloden |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/museumofsavagebeauty/rel/encyclopedia-of-collections-the-widows-of-culloden/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170319/https://www.vam.ac.uk/museumofsavagebeauty/rel/encyclopedia-of-collections-the-widows-of-culloden/ |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=The Museum of Savage Beauty |publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]}}</ref>

==In fiction==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Culloden Cairn at Knoydart, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumb|Culloden Memorial Cairn, [[Knoydart, Nova Scotia]]]]
* [[The Skye Boat Song]] was composed in the late 19th century and recalled the journey of Bonnie Prince Charlie from [[Benbecula]] to the [[Isle of Skye]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=David|date=December 2012|title=The skye boat song|journal=Strings|volume=20|issue=5|page=43}}</ref>
* The Battle of Culloden is an important episode in [[D. K. Broster]]'s ''The Flight of the Heron'' (1925), the first volume of her ''Jacobite Trilogy'', which has been made into a TV serial twice: by [[Scottish Television]] in 1968, as eight episodes and by the [[BBC]] in 1976.
* [[Naomi Mitchison]]'s novel ''The Bull Calves'' (1947) deals with Culloden and its aftermath.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cairns |first=Craig |chapter=The Literary Tradition |editor1-first=T M |editor1-last=Devine |editor2-first=Jenny |editor2-last=Wormald |title=The Oxford handbook of modern Scottish history |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-956369-2 |page=114 }}</ref>
* ''[[Culloden (film)|Culloden]]'' (1964), a [[BBC TV]] [[docudrama]] written and directed by [[Peter Watkins]], depicts the battle in the style of 20th-century television reporting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wigley |first=Samuel |date=28 July 2016 |title=10 great films set in the 18th century |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-films-set-18th-century |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Dragonfly in Amber]]'' by [[Diana Gabaldon]] (1992, London) is a detailed fictional tale, based on historical sources, of the Scots, Highlanders, and Lowlanders, mostly the Highlanders within Clan Fraser. It has the element of [[time travel]], with the 20th-century [[protagonist]] knowing how the battle would turn out and was still, once transported to the 18th century, caught up in the foredoomed struggle. The battle figures in the 29th episode (Season 2, episode 13) of the [[Starz|STARZ]] series ''[[Outlander (TV series)|Outlander]]'', based upon Gabaldon's series of books. The battle and its importance to Scottish history is alluded to many times in the books and throughout the TV series.
* ''[[The Highlanders (Doctor Who)|The Highlanders]]'' (1966–1967) is a serial in the BBC science fiction television series ''[[Doctor Who]]''. The time-traveller known as [[Second Doctor|the Doctor]] and his [[Companion (Doctor Who)|companions]] [[Polly (Doctor Who)|Polly]] and [[Ben Jackson (Doctor Who)|Ben]] arrive in the [[TARDIS]] in 1746, hours after the Battle of Culloden. The story introduces the character of [[Jamie McCrimmon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=The Highlanders |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/photonovels/highlanders/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Chasing the Deer]]'' (1994) is a cinematic dramatisation of the events leading up to the battle, starring [[Brian Blessed]] and [[Fish (singer)|Fish]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chasing the Deer (1994) |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/chasing-the-deer-v134003 |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref>
* ''Drummossie Moor – Jack Cameron, The Irish Brigade and the battle of Culloden'' is a historical novel by Ian Colquhoun (Arima/Swirl 2008) that tells the story of the battle and the preceding days from the point of view of the Franco-Irish regulars, or 'Piquets', who covered the Jacobite retreat.<ref>{{cite book |title=Drummossie Moor – Jack Cameron, The Irish Brigade and the Battle of Culloden |first=Ian |last=Colquhoun |isbn=978-1-84549-281-6 |year=2008 |publisher=Swirl }}</ref>
* In [[Harold Coyle]]'s novel ''Savage Wilderness'', the opening chapter deals with the protagonist's service battle of Culloden.
* In the ''[[Star Trek]]'' novel ''[[Home Is the Hunter]]'', [[Montgomery Scott]] is sent back in time to 18th-century Scotland by an alien angered over the death of a child, and he participates in the Battle of Culloden before he is returned to the 23rd century.
* The Portuguese author [[Hélia Correia]] opens her novel ''Lillias Fraser'' (2001) in the aftermath of the Battle of Culloden. The work was praised by national critics when it came out and eventually won the PEN Club Fiction Award. 
* The Canadian novel ''[[No Great Mischief]]'', by [[Alistair MacLeod]], dealing with a Scottish family that emigrated to Canada after the Battle of Culloden and examining how their past influences their present, contains numerous references to the battle.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barthorp|title=The Jacobite Rebellions 1689–1745|year=1982|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-0-85045-432-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Black|first=Jeremy|title=Britain As A Military Power, 1688–1815|year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1857287721}}
* {{cite book |last=Blaikie |first=Walter |title=Origins of the Forty-Five |url=https://archive.org/details/originsoffortyfi00blai |publisher=Scottish History Society |date=1916}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Stewart J.|title=William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire|year=1997|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-57083-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Cowan|first=Ian|title=The Scottish Covenanters, 1660–1688|url=https://archive.org/details/scottishcovenant0000cowa|url-access=registration|year=1976|location=London|isbn=978-0-575-02105-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Duffy|first=Christopher|title=The '45: Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising|year=2003|publisher=Cassel|isbn=978-0-304-35525-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Duffy|first=Christopher|title=Fight for a Throne: The Jacobite '45 Reconsidered|date=2015|publisher=Helion|isbn=978-1910777053}}
* {{cite book|author=Gibson, John G.|title=Old and New World Highland Bagpiping|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7735-2291-6}}
* {{cite book|author-last=Harrington|author-first=Peter|editor-last=Chandler|editor-first=David G.|title=Culloden 1746, The Highland Clans' Last Charge|year=1991|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-85532-158-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Harris|first=Tim|title=Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms, 1660–1685|year=2005|edition=2006|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0140264654}}
* {{cite book|last=Harris|first=Tim|title=Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720|year=2006|edition=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0141016528}}
* {{cite book |last=Home |first=Robert |title=The History of the Rebellion |publisher=Nabu Publishing|date=1802 |edition=2014|isbn=978-1295587384}}
* {{cite book|author-last=Lockhart|author-first=George|title=The Lockhart papers: containing memoirs and commentaries upon the affairs of Scotland from 1702 to 1715|url=https://archive.org/details/lockhartpapersco02lock|volume=2|year=1817|author-link=George Lockhart (politician)|publisher=W. Anderson}}
* {{cite book|title=Scotland, A Concise History|last=Maclean|first=Fitzroy|author-link=Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet|year=1991|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-27706-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Magnusson|first=Magnus|title=Scotland: The Story of a Nation|author-link=Magnus Magnusson|year=2003|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3932-0}}
* {{cite book|last=McGarry|first=Stephen|title=Irish Brigades Abroad|year=2013|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-1-84588-799-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788|last=Monod|first=Paul Kleber|year=1993|author-link=Paul Monod|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44793-5}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Paoletti |first=Ciro |title=The Battle of Culloden: A Pivotal Moment in World History |journal=Journal of Military History |date=January 2017 |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=31h&AN=120270963&site=ehost-live |volume=81 |issue=1 |via=[[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO]] |issn=0899-3718}}
* {{cite book|last=Patterson|first=Raymond Campbell|title=A Land Afflicted: Scotland & the Covenanter Wars, 1638–90|year=1998 |isbn=978-0-85976-486-5}}
* {{cite book|editor=Pickering, W.|title=An Old Story Re-told From The "Newcastle Courant". The Rebellion of 1745.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD8IAAAAQAAJ|year=1881}}
* {{cite book |last=Pittock |first=Murray|title=Culloden: Great Battles |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199664078}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Pollard|editor-first=Tony|title=Culloden: The History and Archaeology of the Last Clan Battle|publisher=Pen & Sword Military|year=2009|isbn=978-1848840201}}
* {{cite book|last=Prebble|first=John|title=Culloden|author-link=John Prebble|year=1962|publisher=Atheneum |oclc=920594}}
* {{cite book|title=The Lion in the North|last=Prebble|first=John|author-link=John Prebble|year=1973|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-003652-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Stuart|title=1745, A Military History of the Last Jacobite Rising|year=1996a|publisher=Sarpedon|isbn=978-1-885119-28-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Stuart|title=British Redcoat 1740–1793|year=1996b|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-85532-554-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Stuart|title=Highland Clansman 1689–1746|year=1997|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-85532-660-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Stuart|title=Culloden Moor 1746: The Death of the Jacobite Cause|year=2002|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84176-412-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Stuart|title=The Scottish Jacobite Army 1745–46|year=2006|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-073-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Riding |first=Jacqueline |title=Jacobites; A New History of the '45 Rebellion |publisher=Bloomsbury |date=2016|isbn=978-1408819128}}
* {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=John Leonard|title=The Jacobite Wars: Scotland and the Military Campaigns of 1715 and 1745|year=2002|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-1-902930-29-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Royle|first=Trevor|title=Culloden: Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire|publisher=Abacus|year=2017|isbn=978-1408704011}}
* {{cite book|title=Culloden: The Last Charge of the Highland Clans|last=Sadler|first=John|author-link=John Sadler (historian)|year=2006|publisher=NPI Media Group|isbn=978-0-7524-3955-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture|last=Smith|first=Hannah|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book|title=Ordnance Survey Complete Guide to the Battlefields of Britain|last=Smurthwaite|first=David|year=1984|publisher=Webb & Bower}}
* {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Andrew C|year=2011|title= George II: King and Elector|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11892-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Trench|first=Charles Pocklington Chevenix|year=1973|edition=1975|title=George II|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0713904819}}
{{refend}}

===Film and documentaries===
* {{cite video |people=[[Peter Watkins|Watkins, Peter]] (director/writer) |date=15 December 1964 |title=[[Culloden (movie)|Culloden]] |publisher=BBC }} {{IMDb title|qid=Q388093|title=Culloden}}
* {{cite episode |title=Culloden: The Jacobites' Last Stand |series=Battlefield Britain |series-link=Battlefield Britain |network=BBC |airdate=2004}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Culloden and the '45 |last=Black |first=Jeremy |year=2002 |publisher=[[The History Press]] |location=Stroud |isbn=978-0-7524-5636-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Battle of Culloden}}
* [http://www.nts.org.uk/Culloden/Home/ Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232943/http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/issues/8531/pages/5 Cumberland's dispatch from the battle, published in the London Gazette]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005348/http://www.yourphotocard.com/Ascanius/Home.htm Ascanius; or, the Young Adventurer]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050406085926/http://www.queenofscots.co.uk/culloden/cull.html Culloden Moor and the Story of the Battle (1867 account)]
* [http://gaelicatculloden.wordpress.com Controversy over the redevelopment of the NTS visitor centre at Culloden]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225419/http://www.ourpasthistory.com/Scotland/battle-of-culloden-moor Battle of Culloden Moor]
* [http://www.aboutaberdeen.com/culloden-ghosts.php Ghosts of Culloden including the Great Scree and Highlander Ghost]
* [http://mongie.info/World/Europe/UK/pics/Haggis5/20050610lIMG_0065.JPG The "French Stone" at Culloden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173015/http://mongie.info/World/Europe/UK/pics/Haggis5/20050610lIMG_0065.JPG |date=3 March 2016 }}
* {{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL6|desc=Battle of Culloden}}

=== Maps ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611095954/http://www.nls.uk/maps/military/282.html "A plan of the battle of Coullodin moore fought on the 16th of Aprile 1746"], by Daniel Paterson, 1746
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611100402/http://www.nls.uk/maps/military/record.cfm?id=402 "Plan of the Battle of Culloden"], by Anon, {{circa|1748}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611110942/http://www.nls.uk/maps/military/record.cfm?id=283 "Plan of the battle of Collodin&nbsp;..."], by Jasper Leigh Jones, 1746
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611100729/http://www.nls.uk/maps/military/record.cfm?id=401 "A plan of the Battle of Culloden and the adjacent country, shewing the incampment of the English army at Nairn and the march of the Highlanders in order to attack them by night"], by John(?) Finlayson, 1746(?)

{{Jacobitism}}
{{Scottish clans}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Culloden}}
[[Category:1746 in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1746 in Scotland]]
[[Category:Battles involving Great Britain|Culloden]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1746|Culloden]]
[[Category:History of the Scottish Highlands]]
[[Category:Battles of the Jacobite rising of 1745|Culloden]]
[[Category:Museums in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Military and war museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:History museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:National Trust for Scotland properties]]
[[Category:Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland|Culloden]]
[[Category:Charles Edward Stuart]]
[[Category:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]]