Editing Barlaam and Josaphat

{{short description|Legendary Christian saints}}
{{other uses|Barlaam (disambiguation){{!}}Barlaam|Josaphat (disambiguation){{!}}Josaphat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name             = Josaphat of India 
|honorific_suffix = 
|birth_name       = 
|birth_date       =
|death_date       =
|feast_day        = {{ubl|26 August ([[Greek Orthodox Church]])}} {{ubl|19 November (Orthodox Church in Slavic tradition)}} {{ubl|27 November ([[Catholic Church]])}}
|venerated_in     = [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] <br>[[Catholic Church]]
|image            = Святые Варлаам и Иоасаф Индийский царевич ~ saints Barlaam and Josaphat prince of India.jpg
|image_size        = 
|caption          = Fragment of an icon: St. [[Athanasius the Athonite|Athanasius of Athonite]], Barlaam of India, Joasaph of India. End of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. From the [[Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] 
|birth_place      = [[Indian subcontinent|India]]
|death_place      =
|titles           = Prince
|beatified_date   =
|beatified_place  = 
|beatified_by     = 
|canonized_date   =
|canonized_place  = 
|canonized_by     =
|attributes       =
|patronage        =
|major_shrine   =
|prayer           =
|prayer_attrib    =
}}

{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]] 
|name             = Barlaam of India
|honorific_suffix = 
|birth_name       = 
|birth_date       =
|death_date       =
|feast_day        = {{ubl|26 August ([[Greek Orthodox Church]])}} {{ubl|19 November (Orthodox Church in Slavic tradition)}} {{ubl|27 November ([[Catholic Church]])}}
|venerated_in     = [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] <br>[[Catholic Church]]
|image            = Varlaam and Joasath, based on Simon Ushakov.jpg
|image_size = 
|caption          = Barlaam and Joasaph, a 1680 Russian engraving
|birth_place      = 
|death_place      =
|titles           = [[Hieromonk]]
|beatified_date   =
|beatified_place  = 
|beatified_by     = 
|canonized_date   =
|canonized_place  = 
|canonized_by     =
|attributes       =
|patronage        =
|major_shrine    =
|prayer           =
|prayer_attrib    =
}}

[[File:Josaphat.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A Christian depiction of Josaphat, 12th century manuscript]]

'''Barlaam and Josaphat''', also known as '''Bilawhar and Budhasaf''', are [[Christian saint]]s. Their story tells of the conversion of Josaphat to [[Christianity]]. According to tradition, an Indian king persecuted the Christian Church in his realm. After astrologers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, the king imprisoned the young prince Josaphat, who nevertheless met the hermit Saint Barlaam and converted to Christianity. After much tribulation the young prince's father accepted the Christian faith, turned over his throne to Josaphat, and retired to the desert to become a hermit. Josaphat himself later abdicated and went into seclusion with his old teacher Barlaam.<ref name="catholic-forum.com">[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden329.htm The Golden Legend: The Story of Barlaam and Josaphat] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216150745/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden329.htm |date=16 December 2006 }}</ref>

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== History ==
[[File:Battistero di parma, portale sud 03 leggenda di barlaam.JPG|thumb|Depiction of a parable from Barlaam and Josaphat at the [[Baptistery of Parma]], Italy]]
The story of '''Barlaam and Josaphat''' or '''Joasaph''' is a [[Christianity|Christianized]] and later version of the story of [[Siddhartha Gautama]], who became the [[buddhahood|Buddha]].<ref name="CatholicEncyclopedia">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Barlaam and Josaphat}}</ref> The tale derives from a second to fourth century [[Sanskrit]] [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist]] text, via a [[Manichaean]] version,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Joseph|last=Wilson|date=2009|title=The Life of the Saint and the Animal: Asian Religious Influence in the Medieval Christian West|journal=The Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture|volume=3|issue=2|pages=169–194|doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v3i2.169|url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/JSRNC/article/view/5782|access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> then the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Kitāb Bilawhar wa-Būd̠āsaf'' (Book of Bilawhar and Budhasaf), current in [[Baghdad]] in the eighth century, from where it entered into Middle Eastern Christian circles before appearing in European versions.

The first Christianized adaptation was the [[Georgian language|Georgian]] epic ''Balavariani'' dating back to the 10th century. A Georgian monk, [[Euthymius of Athos]], translated the story into [[Greek language|Greek]], some time before he died in an accident while visiting [[Constantinople]] in 1028.<ref name=oca>[https://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/05/13/103846-st-euthymius-of-athos-the-translator "St. Euthymius of Athos the translator", Orthodox Church in America]</ref> There the Greek adaptation was translated into [[Latin language|Latin]] in 1048 and soon became well known in Western Europe as ''Barlaam and Josaphat''.<ref>William Cantwell Smith, "Towards a World Theology" (1981)</ref> The Greek legend of "Barlaam and Ioasaph" is sometimes attributed to the 8th century [[John of Damascus]], but [[Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare|F. C. Conybeare]] argued it was transcribed by Euthymius in the 11th century.<ref>F.C. Conybeare, "The Barlaam and Josaphat Legend in the Ancient Georgian and Armenian Literatures" (Gorgias Press)</ref>

The story of Barlaam and Josaphat was popular in the [[Middle Ages]], appearing in such works as the ''[[Golden Legend]]'', and a scene there involving three caskets eventually appeared, via [[William Caxton|Caxton]]'s English translation of a Latin version, in [[Shakespeare]]'s "[[The Merchant of Venice]]".<ref>Sangharakshita, "From Genesis to the Diamond Sutra – A Western Buddhist's Encounters with Christianity" (Windhorse Publications, 2005), p.165</ref> The poet [[Chardri]] produced an [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] version, ''La vie de seint Josaphaz'', in the 13th century. The story of Josaphat and Barlaam also occupies a great part of book xv of the [[Speculum historiale|Speculum Historiale]] (Mirror of History) by the 13th century French encyclopedist [[Vincent of Beauvais]].

One of the [[Marco Polo]] manuscripts notes the remarkable similarity between the tale of "Sakyamuni Burkham" (the name that Polo uses for [[the Buddha]]) and St. Josaphat, apparently unaware of the origins of the Josaphat story.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Penguin| isbn = 978-0-14-044057-7| last1 = Polo| first1 = Marco| translator-last = Latham| translator-first = R. E.| title = The travels of Marco Polo| location = Harmondsworth| series = Penguin classics| date = 1958|page=257}}</ref>

Two [[Middle High German]] versions were produced: one, the "Laubacher ''Barlaam''", by Bishop [[Otto II of Freising]] and another, ''Barlaam und Josaphat'', a [[Chivalric romance|romance]] in verse, by [[Rudolf von Ems]]. The latter was described as "perhaps the flower of religious literary creativity in the German Middle Ages" by [[Heinrich Heine]].<ref>''Die Blüte der heiligen Dichtkunst im deutschen Mittelalter ist vielleicht »Barlaam und Josaphat«...''  See Heinrich Heine, [http://www.heinrich-heine.net/schule/schuled1.htm Die romantische Schule (Erstes Buch)]  at heinrich-heine.net. {{in lang|de}}.</ref>

In the 16th century, the story of Josaphat was re-told as a defence of monastic life during the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] and of [[free will]] against [[Protestant]] doctrines regarding [[predestination]].<ref name="Cañizares">{{cite journal |last1=Cañizares Ferriz |first1=Patricia |title=La ''Historia de los dos soldados de Cristo, Barlaan y Josafat'' (Madrid 1608). |trans-title=Story of the two soldiers of Christ, Barlaan and Josafat |translator-first=Juan |translator-last=De Arce Solorzeno |journal=Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos |date=1 January 2000 |volume=19 |page=260 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38829954.pdf |access-date=21 February 2021 |language=es |issn=1988-2343 |quote=y que ya en el s. XVI se convirtiera en un arma defensora de la validez de la vida monástica y del libre albedrío frente a la doctrina luterana.
|trans-quote=and that, already in the 16th century, it would become a weapon defending the validity of monastic life and free will against Lutheran doctrine.}}</ref>

== Legend ==
[[File:Leprosorium.jpg|thumb|Prince Josaphat greets the leper and the crippled. Illustration from a 14th-century copy of Vincent de Beauvais' Speculum Historiale.]]

According to the legend, King Abenner in India persecuted the [[St. Thomas Christians|Christian Church in his realm]], founded by the [[Apostle Thomas]]. When astrologers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, Abenner had the young prince Josaphat isolated from external contact. Despite the imprisonment, Josaphat met the hermit Saint Barlaam and converted to Christianity. Josaphat kept his faith even in the face of his father's anger and persuasion. Eventually Abenner converted, turned over his throne to Josaphat, and retired to the desert to become a hermit. Josaphat himself later abdicated and went into seclusion with his old teacher Barlaam.<ref name="catholic-forum.com"/>

== Names ==
In this context, the name Josaphat is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[bodhisattva]]''.<ref name="Macdonell1900"/><ref name="CatholicEncyclopedia"/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Trainor |editor1-first=Kevin |title=Buddhism |publisher=Duncan Baird Publishers |year=2001 |page=24}}</ref> The Sanskrit word was changed to ''{{lang|pal|Bodisav}}'' in [[Middle Persian]] texts in the 6th or 7th century, then to ''{{transliteration|ar|Būdhasaf}}'' or ''{{transliteration|ar|Yūdhasaf}}'' in an 8th-century Arabic document (Arabic initial "b" {{script|Arab|ﺑ}} changed to "y" {{script|Arab|ﻳ}} by [[Arabic diacritics|duplication of a dot]] in handwriting).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choisnel |first1=Emmanuel |title=Les Parthes et la Route de la soie |year=2004 |page=202 |language=fr |quote="{{lang|fr|Le nom de Josaphat dérive, tout comme son associé Barlaam dans la légende, du mot Bodhisattva. Le terme Bodhisattva passa d'abord en pehlevi, puis en arabe, où il devint Budasaf. Étant donné qu'en arabe le "b" et le "y" ne different que ...}}"}}</ref> This became ''{{transliteration|ka|Iodasaph}}'' in [[Georgian language|Georgian]] in the 10th century, and that name was adapted as ''Ioasaph'' ({{lang|grc|Ἰωάσαφ}}) in Greece in the 11th century, and then was assimilated to ''[[Jehoshaphat|Iosaphat/Josaphat]]'' in Latin.<ref name="D.M. Lang 1957">D.M. Lang, The Life of the Blessed Iodasaph: A New Oriental Christian Version of the Barlaam and Ioasaph Romance (Jerusalem, Greek Patriarchal Library: Georgian MS 140), BSOAS 20.1/3 (1957):</ref>

The name Barlaam derives from the Arabic name ''Bilawhar'' ({{lang|ar|بِلَوْهَر}}) borrowed through [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ({{lang|ka|ბალაჰვარ}} {{transliteration|ka|Balahvar}}) into [[Byzantine Greek]] ({{lang|grc|Βαρλαάμ}} {{transliteration|grc|Barlaám}}). The Arabic ''Bilawhar'' has historically been thought to derive from the Sanskrit [[Bhagavan#Buddhism|''bhagavan'']], an [[epithet]] of the Buddha, but this derivation is unproven and others have been proposed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forster |first1=Regula |title=Acteurs des transferts culturels en Méditerranée médiévale |chapter=Buddha in Disguise: Problems in the Transmission of »Barlaam and Josaphat« |date=24 October 2013 |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |doi=10.1524/9783486989342.180 |isbn=978-3-486-98934-2 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486989342.180/ |language=fr}}</ref> Almuth Degener suggests derivation from Sanskrit ''[[purohita]]'' through a hypothetical [[Middle Persian]] intermediate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Degener |first1=Almuth |title=Barlaam the Priest |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |date=2014 |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=527–530 |jstor=10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.2.0527 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297970563 |issn=0341-0137}}</ref>

The name of Josaphat's father, King Abenner, derives from the Greek name ''Abenner'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀβεννήρ}}), although another Greek version of the legend gives this name as ''Avenir'' ({{lang|grc|Ἄβενιρ}}). These Greek names were adapted from the Georgian ''Abeneser'' ({{lang|ka|აბენესერ}}; later shortened to {{lang|ka|აბენეს}}, {{transliteration|ka|Abenes}}), which was itself derived from the Arabic version of the legend where he is named King ''Junaysar'' ({{lang|ar|جُنَيسَر}}). According to I.V. Abuladze, during borrowing from Arabic to Georgian, misplaced [[Arabic diacritics#I'jām (phonetic distinctions of consonants)|''i'jām'']] resulted in the misreading of ''Junaysar'' as ''Habeneser'', after which the initial ''H''- was omitted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald S. Jr. |title=In search of the Christian Buddha: how an Asian sage became a medieval saint |date=2014 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-08915-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taniguchi |first1=Isamu |title=Story of Barlaam and Josaphat as Crucible of Intercultural Communication |journal=Journal of Human Sciences |publisher=St. Andrew's University |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=1985 |pages=45–57}}</ref> The origin of the Arabic name is unclear.

== Sainthood ==
=== Feast days ===
Barlaam and Josaphat were included in earlier editions of the [[Roman Martyrology]] with a joint feast day on 27 November,<ref name="Macdonell1900">{{cite book |first=Arthur Anthony |last=Macdonnel |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |year=1900 |page=420 |publisher=D. Appleton and Co. |location=New York |chapter={{ws |[[s:A History of Sanskrit Literature/Chapter 16|Sanskrit Literature and the West]]}}}}</ref><ref>[http://www.liturgialatina.org/martyrologium/21.htm Martyrologium Romanum 27 Novembris] Apud Indos, Persis finitimos, sanctorum Barlaam et Josaphat, quorum actus mirandos sanctus Joannes Damascenus conscripsit.</ref><ref>Emmanuel Choisnel Les Parthes et la Route de la soie 2004 – Page 202 "Dans l'Église grecque orthodoxe, Saint Josaphat a été fêté le 26 août et, dans l'Église romaine, le 27 novembre a été la ... D. M. Lang, auteur du chapitre « Iran, Armenia and Georgia » dans la Cambridge History of Iran, estime pour sa part ..."</ref> however, they were not included in the [[Roman Missal]]. Since 1960 a different Saint, [[Josaphat Kuntsevych|St. Josephat, Bishop and Martyr]], has a celebration on 16 November. 

Barlaam and Josaphat were entered into the [[Greek Orthodox]] liturgical calendar on 26 August [[Julian calendar#Eastern Orthodox|''Julian'']] ([[September 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|8 September]] [[Gregorian calendar|''Gregorian'']]),<ref name="Macdonell1900"/><ref name=SYNAXARISTES>Great [[Synaxarium|Synaxaristes]] {{in lang|el}}: ''[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/466/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἰωάσαφ γιὸς τοῦ βασιλιὰ τῆς Ἰνδίας Ἄβενιρ].'' 26 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Αιώνια Ορθόδοξο ημερολόγιο |url=https://www.crkvenikalendar.com/datumgr-2021-9-8 |website=Αιώνια Ορθόδοξο ημερολόγιο |language=el}}</ref> and into liturgical calendar of the Slavic tradition of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], on 19 November ''Julian'' ([[December 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|2 December]] ''Gregorian'').<ref name=PRAVOSLAVIE>''[http://days.pravoslavie.ru/en/Days/20121119.htm November 19/December 2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301081443/http://days.pravoslavie.ru/en/Days/20121119.htm |date=1 March 2014 }}.'' Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).</ref><ref name=OCA>''[http://oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103329 Venerable Joasaph the Prince of India].'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.</ref>

== Texts ==
[[File:Barlaam and Josaphat. English lives of Buddha.djvu|page=9|thumb|A page from the 1896 edition by Joseph Jacobs at the University of Toronto (Click on image to read the book)]]
There are a large number of different books in various languages, all dealing with the lives of Saints Barlaam and Josaphat in [[India]]. In this hagiographic tradition, the life and teachings of Josaphat have many parallels with those of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]]. "But not till the mid-nineteenth century was it recognised that, in Josaphat, the Buddha had been venerated as a Christian saint for about a thousand years."<ref>[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674990388 Barlaam and Ioasaph, John Damascene, Loeb Classical Library 34, Introduction by David M. Lang ]</ref> This was ascertained through the researches of Edouard de Laboulaye and Felix Liebrecht in 1859-1860. The authorship of the work is disputed. The origins of the story may be a Central Asian manuscript written in the [[Manichaean]] tradition. This book was translated into [[Georgian language|Georgian]] and [[Arabic]].

===Greek manuscripts===
The best-known version in Europe comes from a separate, but not wholly independent, source, written in [[Koine Greek|Greek]], and, although anonymous, attributed to "John the monk". It was first attributed to [[John of Damascus]] in the 12th century. Although this attribution was attacked in the 19th century, [[George Ratcliffe Woodward]] and [[Harold Mattingly]] sum up the arguments in favor of John of Damascus' authorship as follows: The work's doctrine is remarkably similar to St. John's, to the point where "in many passages the resemblance amounts almost to verbal identity"; there are frequent quotations from St. John's favorite authors, such as St. Gregory of Nazianus and St. Basil; "The defence of images, coupled with the denunciation of Idolatry, the enthusiasm for the monastic ideal, and the scant regard shown for the bishops and the secular clergy, almost compel us to place the work in the time of the Iconoclastic Controversy. The position, taken up and defended, is exactly that of the Icon-venerators; and we regard this fact alone as conclusive evidence for an eighth century date."; that St. John was often known as "John the Monk", so the fact that he wasn't specifically named in the earliest manuscripts doesn't rule him out.<ref> Barlaam and Ioasaph, p. xi-xiv Loeb Classical Library, 1962, trans. G.R Woodward and H. Mattingly </ref>

Nonetheless, many modern scholars do not accept this attribution, citing much evidence pointing to [[Euthymius of Athos]], a Georgian who died in 1028.<ref name=loeb>[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674990388 Barlaam and Ioasaph, John Damascene], Loeb Classical Library 34, at LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY</ref>

The modern edition of the Greek text, from the 160 surviving variant manuscripts (2006), with introduction (German, 2009) is published as Volume 6 of the works of John the Damascene by the monks of the [[Abbey of Scheyern]], edited by Robert Volk. It was included in the edition due to the traditional ascription, but marked "spuria" as the translator is the Georgian monk [[Euthymius the Hagiorite]] (ca. 955–1028) at [[Mount Athos]] and not John the Damascene of the [[monastery of Saint Sabas]] in the [[Judaean Desert]]. The 2009 introduction includes an overview.<ref>[http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-06-04.html Pieter W. van der Horst, Utrecht – Review of 2006/2009 Robert Volk edition]</ref>

===English manuscripts===
Among the manuscripts in English, two of the most important are the [[British Library]] MS Egerton 876 (the basis for Ikegami's book) and  ''MS Peterhouse 257'' (the basis for Hirsh's book) at the [[University of Cambridge]].
The book contains a tale similar to The Three Caskets found in the ''[[Gesta Romanorum]]'' and later in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''.<ref name=loeb/>

===Editions===

====Arabic====
*[[E. Rehatsek]] – ''The Book of the King's Son and the Ascetic'' – English translation (1888) based on the Halle Arabic manuscript
* Gimaret – ''Le livre de Bilawhar et Budasaf'' – French translation of Bombay Arabic manuscript

====Georgian====
*[[David Marshall Lang]]: ''The Balavariani: A Tale from the Christian East'' California University Press: Los Angeles, 1966. Translation of the long version Georgian work that probably served as a basis for the Greek text. Jerusalem MS140
*David Marshall Lang: ''Wisdom of Balahvar'' – the short Georgian version Jerusalem MS36, 1960
*[http://jalilnozari.blogspot.com/2009/01/balavarian.html The Balavariani (Georgian and Arabic ბალავარიანი, بلوریانی)]

====Greek====
[[File:Barlaam y Josafat.jpg|thumb|180px|First page of the Barlam and Josephat manuscript at the [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]], 14th or 15th century]]
*Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/1: Historia animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Patristische Texte und Studien Bd. 61. Berlin:  Walter de Gruyter, 2009.  Pp. xlii, 596.  {{ISBN|978-3-11-019462-3}}.
*Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/2: Historia animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Text und zehn Appendices. Patristische Texte und Studien Bd. 60. Berlin:  Walter de Gruyter, 2006.  Pp. xiv, 512.  {{ISBN|978-3-11-018134-0}}.
*Boissonade – older edition of the Greek
*G.R. Woodward and H. Mattingly – older English translation of the Greek [http://mcllibrary.org/Barlaam/ Online Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914]
* S. Ioannis Damasceni {{lang|la|Historia, de vitis et rebvs gestis SS. Barlaam Eremitae, & Iosaphat Indiæ regis.}} Iacobo Billio Prunæo, S. Michaëlis in eremo Cœnobiarcha interprete. Coloniae, In Officina Birckmannica, sumptibus Arnoldi Mylij. Anno M. D. XCIII. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek.
* ''Vitæ et res gestæ SS. Barlaam eremitæ, et Iosaphat Indiæ regis.'' S. Io. Damasceno avctores, Iac. Billio Prunæo interprete. Antverpiæ, Sumptibus Viduæ & hæredum Ioannis Belleri. 1602. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek.
* S. Ioannis Damasceni {{lang|la|Historia, de vitis et rebvs gestis SS. Barlaam Eremitæ, & Iosaphat Indiæ regis.}} Iacobo Billio Prvnæo, S. Michaëlis in eremo Cœnobiarcha, interprete. Nune denuò accuratissimè à P. Societate Iesv revisa & correcta. Coloniæ Agrippinæ, Apud Iodocvm Kalcoven, M. DC. XLIII. – Modern Latin translation of the Greek.

====Latin====
* Codex VIII B10, Naples
* ''Reading Medieval Latin with the Legend of Barlaam and Josaphat'', ed. by Donka D. Marcus (2018) (an edition of [[Jacobus de Voragine]]'s shortened, Latin version)

====Ethiopic====
*''Baralâm and Yĕwâsĕf''. [[Budge, E.A. Wallis]]. ''Baralam and Yewasef : the Ethiopic version of a Christianized recension of the Buddhist legend of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva''. Published: London; New York: Kegan Paul; Biggleswade, UK: Distributed by Extenza-Turpin Distribution; New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press, 2004.

====Old French====
* Jean Sonet,  ''Le roman de Barlaam et Josaphat'' (Namur, 1949–52) after Tours MS949
* Leonard Mills, after Vatican MS660
* Zotenberg and Meyer, after Gui de Cambrai MS1153

====Catalan====
* Gerhard Moldenhauer Vida de Barlan MS174

====Provençal====
* Ferdinand Heuckenkamp, version in langue d'Oc
* Jeanroy, Provençal version, after Heuckenkamp
* Nelli, Troubadours, after Heuckenkamp
* Occitan, BN1049

====Italian====
* G.B. Bottari, edition of various old Italian MS.
* Georg Maas, old Italian MS3383

====Portuguese====
*Hilário da Lourinhã. ''Vida do honorado Infante Josaphate, filho del Rey Avenir, versão de frei Hilário da Lourinhã: e a identificação, por Diogo do Couto (1542–1616), de Josaphate com o Buda''. Introduction and notes by Margarida Corrêa de Lacerda. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1963.

====Serbian====
* "Barlaam and Josaphat" in the [[Eastern Orthodox]] version comes from [[John of Damascus]], copied and translated into [[Old Church Slavonic]] by anonymous monk-[[scribes]] from the 9th-11th centuries, and in modern Serbian by Ava [[Justin Popović]] ("Lives of the Saints" for November, pp.&nbsp;563–590), an abridged version of which is given in the Ohrid Prologue of Bishop [[Nikolaj Velimirović]].

====Croatian====
Three Croatian versions exist, all translations from Italian.<ref name="Karásek96">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3q8ktQEACAAJ|title=Dubrovačke legende|last=Karásek|first=Josip|publisher=Dora Krupićeva|year=1996|isbn=953-96680-1-8|location=Zagreb|pages=180–197}}</ref> The older [[Shtokavian]] untitled version originated in the [[Republic of Ragusa]] and was transcribed to a codex from an earlier source in the 17th century, while the younger [[Chakavian]] translations, one manuscript and one printed, originated in the beginning of the 18th century.<ref name="Karásek96" /> The book was published by Petar Maçukat in [[Venice]] in 1708 and titled '''''Xivot S[veto]ga Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama''''' and is currently held in the [[National and University Library in Zagreb]].<ref name="Karásek96" /> Both manuscripts were published in 1913 by Czech slavist Josef Karásek and Croatian philologist Franjo Fancev and reprinted in 1996.<ref name="Karásek96" /> The [[Chakavian]] translations had a common source while the older [[Shtokavian]] one used an earlier Italian version as well as the ''[[Golden Legend]]''.<ref name="Karásek96" />
*Petar Maçukat (translator). ''Xivot S[veto]ga Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama s yednim verscem nadostavglien radi xena bitti osudyen''. Venice: Published by Domenico Lovisa, 1708.
*Josip Karásek and Franjo Fancev (editors). ''Dubrovačke legende''. Prague: Published for Hohen Unterrichtsministeriums in Wien and the Hlávka family fond by Edvard Leschinger, 1913.
*Branimir Donat (editor). ''Dubrovačke legende''. Zagreb: Published for Zorka Zane by Dora Krupićeva, 1996 (Reprint). {{ISBN|953-96680-1-8}}
*Vesna Badurina Stipčević (editor). ''Hrvatska srednjovjekovna proza''. Zagreb: Published for Igor Zidić by Matica hrvatska, 2013. {{ISBN|978-953-150-319-8}}

'''Hungarian'''

* Translation from the [[Golden Legend]] in the Kazincy-codex between 1526 and 1541. [http://nyelvemlekek.oszk.hu/adatlap/kazinczykodex]

====English====
*Hirsh, John C. (editor). ''Barlam and Iosaphat: a Middle English life of Buddha''. Edited from MS Peterhouse 257. London; New York: Published for the [[Early English Text Society]] by the Oxford University Press, 1986.  {{ISBN|0-19-722292-7}}
*Ikegami, Keiko. ''Barlaam and Josaphat : a transcription of MS Egerton 876 with notes, glossary, and comparative study of the Middle English and Japanese versions'', New York: AMS Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-404-64161-X}}
*John Damascene, ''Barlaam and Ioasaph'' (Loeb Classical Library). David M. Lang (introduction), G. R. Woodward (translator), Harold Mattingly (translator)·  Publisher: Loeb Classical Library, W. Heinemann; 1967, 1914. {{ISBN|0-674-99038-2}}
*MacDonald, K.S. (editor). ''The story of Barlaam and Joasaph : Buddhism & Christianity''. With philological introduction and notes to the Vernon, Harleian and Bodleian versions, by John Morrison. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1895.

====Old Norse====
'''''Barlaams saga ok Jósafats''''' is an [[Old Norse]] (specifically [[Old Norwegian]]) rendering of the story of ''Barlaam and Josaphat''.<ref name="Rindal93">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC&q=medieval%20scandinavia%20encyclopedia&pg=PA36|title=Medieval Scandinavia: An encyclopedia|last=Rindal|first=Magnus|publisher=Garland|year=1993|isbn=0-8240-4787-7|editor-last=Pulsiano|editor-first=Phillip|location=New York|page=36|chapter=Barlaams ok Josaphats saga|editor-last2=Wolf|editor-first2=Kirsten}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWUCAQAAQBAJ&q=mar%C3%ADu&pg=PA47|title=The legends of the saints in Old Norse-Icelandic prose|last=Wolf|first=Kirsten|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4426-4621-6|location=Toronto, Buffalo, London|pages=46–51}}</ref> This Old Norwegian version is based on a Latin translation from the 12th century; the saga of [[Guðmundur Arason]] records that it was translated by [[Haakon III of Norway|King Haakon III Sverresson]] (died 1204).<ref name="Rindal93" /> There are several other Old Norse versions of the same story, translated independently from different sources. There are two [[Old Swedish]] versions, the older of which draws on the ''[[Golden Legend]]'', while the younger uses the ''[[Speculum historiale]]'' as its main source.<ref name="Rindal93" /> The early sixteenth-century Icelandic [[Legendary (hagiography)|legendary]] [[Reykjahólarbók]] includes a version translated from Low German.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelpstead |first=Carl |date=2022 |title=Kringla Heimsins: Old Norse Sagas, World Literature and the Global Turn in Medieval Studies |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/151433/ |journal=Saga-Book |volume=46 |pages=155–78}}</ref>{{rp|170}}
*Magnus Rindal (editor). ''Barlaams ok Josaphats saga''. Oslo: Published for Kjeldeskriftfondet by Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-insitutt, 1981. {{ISBN|82-7061-275-8}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/barlaamsokjosaph00keysuoft|title=Barlaams ok Josaphats saga: En religiös romantisk fortælling om Barlaam og Josaphat|last1=Keyser|first1=R.|last2=Unger|first2=C. R.|year=1851|publisher=Christiania, Trykt paa Feilberg & Landmark|location=Christiania|author-link=Rudolf Keyser|author-link2=Carl Richard Unger}}

====Tibetan====
* Rgya Tch'er Rol Pa – ou: Développement des jeux, [[Philippe Édouard Foucaux]] (1811–1894) 1847. Lalitavistara

====Hebrew====
* Avraham ben Shmuel ha-Levi Ibn Hasdai, ''Ben hammelekh vehannazir'' (13th century)
* Habermann, Avraham Meir (ed.), Avraham ben Hasdai, Ben hammelekh vehannazir, Jerusalem: Mahberot lesifrut – Mossad haRav Kook 1950 (in Hebrew).
* Abraham ben Shemuel Halevi ibn Hasdai, ''Ben hamelekh vehanazir'', Ed. by Ayelet Oettinger, Universitat Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 2011 (in Hebrew).

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Gautama Buddha in world religions]]
* [[Thomas the Apostle]]
* [[Buddhism and Christianity]]
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]
* ''[[Life is a Dream]]'', Spanish play incorporating the theme of the imprisoned prince
}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite encyclopedia | title = BARLAAM AND IOSAPH | last = Asmussen | first = J. P. | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barlaam-and-iosaph-persian-belawhar-o-budasaf-a-greek-christian-or-christianized-novel-of-buddhist-origins-which-througho | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 8 | page = 801 | year = 1988 }}
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/749/749-h/749-h.htm Barlaam and Ioasaph E-book in English] The Project Gutenberg
*{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Barlaam and Josaphat |short=x}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Barlaam and Josaphat |short=x}}
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=296&letter=B Barlaam and Josaphat] in Jewish Encyclopedia
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/Rosenwald.0063.1 Barlaam et Josaphat.] Augsburg, Günther Zainer, ca. 1476. From the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] at the [[Library of Congress]]
*[https://multilingual.sdu.dk/index.php/texts/#Barlaam_and_Josaphat Barlaam and Josaphat narrative in the Arabic, Georgian, Greek, Latin, and French] at Medieval Literature Across Languages from the Centre for Medieval Literature

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