Editing Barium

{{distinguish|Baryon|Bohrium}}

{{infobox barium}}

'''Barium''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Ba''' and [[atomic number]] 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery [[alkaline earth metal]]. Because of its high chemical [[Reactivity (chemistry)|reactivity]], barium is never found in nature as a free element.

The most common minerals of barium are [[barite]] ([[barium sulfate]], BaSO<sub>4</sub>) and [[witherite]] ([[barium carbonate]], BaCO<sub>3</sub>). The name ''barium'' originates from the alchemical derivative "baryta", from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|βαρὺς}} ({{transliteration|grc|barys}}), meaning 'heavy'. ''Baric'' is the adjectival form of barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of [[electrolysis]].

Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as a [[getter]] for [[vacuum tube]]s and in oxide form as the emissive coating on [[Hot cathode#Oxide-coated cathodes|indirectly heated cathodes]]. It is a component of [[Yttrium barium copper oxide|YBCO]] ([[High-temperature superconductivity|high-temperature superconductors]]) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to reduce the size of carbon grains within the microstructure. Barium compounds are added to fireworks to impart a green color. [[Barium sulfate]] is used as an insoluble additive to [[oil well]] [[drilling fluid]]. In a purer form it is used as X-ray [[radiocontrast agent]]s for imaging the human gastrointestinal tract. Water-soluble barium compounds are poisonous and have been used as [[rodenticide]]s.

==Characteristics==

===Physical properties===
[[File:Barium 1.jpg|thumb|left|Oxidized barium]]
Barium is a soft, silvery-white metal, with a slight golden shade when ultrapure.<ref name="Ullman2005">{{Ullmann |last1=Kresse|first1=Robert|last2=Baudis|first2=Ulrich|last3=Jäger|first3=Paul|last4=Riechers|first4=H. Hermann|last5=Wagner|first5=Heinz|last6=Winkler|first6=Jochen|last7=Wolf|first7=Hans Uwe|title=Barium and Barium Compounds|date=2007 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a03_325.pub2|isbn=9783527306732}}</ref>{{rp|2}} The silvery-white color of barium metal rapidly vanishes upon [[redox|oxidation]] in air yielding a dark gray layer containing the [[Barium oxide|oxide]]. Barium has a medium [[specific weight]] and high electrical conductivity. Because barium is difficult to purify, many of its properties have not been accurately determined.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|2}}

At room temperature and pressure, barium metal adopts a [[body-centered cubic]] structure, with a barium–barium distance of 503 [[picometer]]s, expanding with heating at a rate of approximately 1.8{{e|-5}}/°C.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|2}} It is a soft metal with a [[Mohs hardness]] of 1.25.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|2}} Its melting temperature of {{convert|1000|K|C F}}<ref name="Lide2004">{{cite book|last = Lide |first= D. R. |title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |url = https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide |url-access = registration |edition = 84th |location = Boca Raton (FL) |publisher = CRC Press |date = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8493-0484-2}}</ref>{{rp|4–43}} is intermediate between those of the lighter strontium ({{convert|1050|K|C F|disp=or}})<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–86}} and heavier radium ({{convert|973|K|C F|disp=or}});<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–78}} however, its boiling point of {{convert|2170|K|C F}} exceeds that of strontium ({{convert|1655|K|C F|disp=or}}).<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–86}} The density (3.62&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>)<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–43}} is again intermediate between those of strontium (2.36&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>)<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–86}} and radium (≈5&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>).<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–78}}

===Chemical reactivity===
Barium is chemically similar to magnesium, calcium, and strontium, but more reactive. Its compounds are almost invariably found in the +2 oxidation state.  As expected for a highly electropositive metal, barium's reaction with [[chalcogen]]s is highly [[exothermic reaction|exothermic]] (release energy). Barium reacts with atmospheric oxygen in air at room temperature. For this reason, metallic barium is often stored under oil or in an inert atmosphere.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|2}} Reactions with other [[Nonmetal (chemistry)|nonmetal]]s, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, and hydrogen, proceed upon heating.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|2–3}} Reactions with water and alcohols are also exothermic and release hydrogen gas:<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}}
: Ba + 2 ROH → Ba(OR)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>↑ (R is an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom)

Barium reacts with [[ammonia]] to form the electride [Ba(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>](e<sup>−</sup>)<sub>2</sub>, which near room temperature gives the amide Ba(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=113}}</ref>

The metal is readily attacked by acids. [[Sulfuric acid]] is a notable exception because [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivation]] stops the reaction by forming the insoluble [[barium sulfate]] on the surface.<ref>{{Ullmann |last=Müller |first=Hermann |date= 2000 |title=Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Trioxide |doi=10.1002/14356007.a25_635 |isbn=9783527306732}}</ref> Barium combines with several other metals, including [[aluminium]], [[zinc]], [[lead]], and [[tin]], forming [[intermetallics|intermetallic phases]] and alloys.<ref>{{cite book|author= Ferro, Riccardo|author2= Saccone, Adriana|name-list-style= amp|page=355|title=Intermetallic Chemistry|publisher=Elsevier|date=2008|isbn=978-0-08-044099-6}}</ref>

===Compounds===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-top:0; margin-right:1em; text-align:center; font-size:10pt; line-height:11pt; width:25%;"
|+ style="margin-bottom: 5px;"|Selected alkaline earth and zinc salts densities,&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|-
!
! [[oxide|{{chem|O|2-}}]]
! [[sulfide|{{chem|S|2-}}]]
! [[fluoride|{{chem|F|-}}]]
! [[chloride|{{chem|Cl|-}}]]
! [[sulfate|{{chem|SO|4|2-}}]]
! [[carbonate|{{chem|CO|3|2-}}]]
! [[peroxide|{{chem|O|2|2-}}]]
! [[hydride|{{chem|H|-}}]]
|-
! scope="row"|[[calcium|{{chem|Ca|2+}}]]<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–48–50}}
|3.34
|2.59
|3.18
|2.15
|2.96
|2.83
|2.9
|1.7
|-
! scope="row"|[[strontium|{{chem|Sr|2+}}]]<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–86–88}}
|5.1
|3.7
|4.24
|3.05
|3.96
|3.5
|4.78
|3.26
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ff9;"| '''''{{chem|Ba|2+}}'''''<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–43–45}}
| style="background:#ff9;"| ''5.72''
| style="background:#ff9;"| ''4.3''
| style="background:#ff9;"| ''4.89''
| style="background:#ff9;"| ''3.89''
| style="background:#ff9;"| ''4.49''
| style="background:#ff9;"| ''4.29''
| style="background:#ff9;"| ''4.96''
| style="background:#ff9;"| ''4.16''
|-
! scope="row"|[[zinc|{{chem|Zn|2+}}]]<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–95–96}}
|5.6
|4.09
|4.95
|2.09
|3.54
|4.4
|1.57
|—
|}

Barium salts are typically white when solid and colorless when dissolved.<ref>{{cite book|page=87|title=Qualitative analysis and the properties of ions in aqueous solution|author=Slowinski, Emil J.|author2=Masterton, William L.|publisher=Saunders|date=1990|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-03-031234-2}}</ref> They are denser than the [[strontium]] or [[calcium]] analogs, except for the [[halide]]s (see table; [[zinc]] is given for comparison).

[[Barium hydroxide]] ("baryta") was known to alchemists, who produced it by heating barium carbonate. Unlike calcium hydroxide, it absorbs very little CO<sub>2</sub> in aqueous solutions and is therefore insensitive to atmospheric fluctuations. This property is used in calibrating pH equipment.

Barium compounds burn with a green to pale green [[flame test|flame]], which is an efficient test to detect a barium compound. The color results from [[spectral line]]s at 455.4, 493.4, 553.6, and 611.1&nbsp;nm.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}} <!---BaO forms a peroxide when heated in air.<ref name=O2/>--->

[[Group 2 organometallic chemistry#Organobarium|Organobarium compounds]] are a growing field of knowledge: recently discovered are dialkylbariums and alkylhalobariums.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}}

===Isotopes===
{{Main|Isotopes of barium}}

Barium found in the Earth's crust is a mixture of seven [[primordial nuclides]], barium-130, 132, and 134 through 138.<ref name="iso" /> Barium-130 undergoes very slow [[radioactive decay]] to [[xenon]]-130 by double [[Beta decay|beta plus decay]], with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10<sup>21</sup> years (about 10<sup>11</sup> times the age of the universe). Its abundance is ≈0.1% that of natural barium.<ref name="iso">{{CIAAW2003}}</ref>  Theoretically, barium-132 can similarly undergo double beta decay to xenon-132; this decay has not been detected.{{NUBASE2016|ref}} The radioactivity of these isotopes is so weak that they pose no danger to life.

Of the stable isotopes, barium-138 composes 71.7% of all barium; other isotopes have decreasing abundance with decreasing [[mass number]].<ref name="iso" />

In total, barium has 40 known isotopes, ranging in mass between 114 and 153. The most stable [[synthetic radioisotope|artificial radioisotope]] is barium-133 with a half-life of approximately 10.51&nbsp;years. Five other isotopes have half-lives longer than a day.{{NUBASE2016|ref}} Barium also has 10 [[meta state]]s, of which barium-133m1 is the most stable with a half-life of about 39 hours.{{NUBASE2016|ref}}<!---<sup>133</sup>Ba is a standard calibrant for [[gamma-ray]] detectors in nuclear physics studies.--->

==History==
[[File:Sir Humphry Davy, Bt by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[Portrait of Sir Humphry Davy]]'' by [[Thomas Lawrence]], 1821. [[Humphry Davy|Sir Humphry Davy]] was the first to isolate barium metal.]]
Alchemists in the early Middle Ages knew about some barium minerals. Smooth pebble-like stones of mineral baryte were found in volcanic rock near [[Bologna]], Italy, and so were called "Bologna stones". Alchemists were attracted to them because after exposure to light they would glow for years.<ref name="history" /> The phosphorescent properties of baryte heated with organics were described by V. Casciorolus in 1602.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|5}}

[[Carl Scheele]] determined that baryte contained a new element in 1772, but could not isolate barium, only [[barium oxide]]. [[Johan Gottlieb Gahn]] also isolated [[barium oxide]] two years later in similar studies. Oxidized barium was at first called "barote" by [[Guyton de Morveau]], a name that was changed by [[Antoine Lavoisier]] to ''baryte'' (in French) or ''baryta'' (in Latin). Also in the 18th century, English mineralogist [[William Withering]] noted a heavy mineral in the lead mines of [[Cumberland]], now known to be [[witherite]]. Barium was first isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts in 1808 by Sir [[Humphry Davy]] in [[England]].<ref name="Davy-1808">{{cite journal | last1 = Davy | first1 = H | year = 1808 | title = Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=102 | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London | volume = 98 | issue = | pages = 333–370 | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1808.0023 | bibcode = 1808RSPT...98..333D | s2cid = 96364168 }}</ref> Davy, by analogy with [[calcium]], named "barium" after baryta, with the "-ium" ending signifying a metallic element.<ref name="history">{{cite book| page = 80| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC| title = The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide| author = Krebs, Robert E. | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| date = 2006| isbn = 978-0-313-33438-2}}</ref> [[Robert Bunsen]] and [[Augustus Matthiessen]] obtained pure barium by electrolysis of a molten mixture of [[barium chloride]] and [[ammonium chloride]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/jlac.18550930301|title = Masthead|date = 1855|journal = Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie|volume = 93|issue = 3|pages = fmi|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1002/prac.18560670194|title =Notizen|date =1856|last1 =Wagner|first1 =Rud|last2 =Neubauer|first2 =C.|last3 =Deville|first3 =H. Sainte-Claire|last4 =Sorel|last5 =Wagenmann|first5 =L.|last6 =Techniker|last7 =Girard|first7 =Aimé|journal =Journal für Praktische Chemie|volume =67|pages =490–508|url =https://zenodo.org/record/1427814}}</ref>

The production of pure oxygen in the [[Brin process]] was a large-scale application of barium peroxide in the 1880s, before it was replaced by electrolysis and [[fractional distillation]] of liquefied air in the early 1900s. In this process barium oxide reacts at {{convert|500|-|600|C|F}} with air to form barium peroxide, which decomposes above {{convert|700|C}} by releasing oxygen:<ref name="O2">{{cite journal|author1-link=William B. Jensen|last1 = Jensen|first1 = William B.|title = The Origin of the Brin Process for the Manufacture of Oxygen|journal = Journal of Chemical Education|volume = 86|pages = 1266|date = 2009|doi = 10.1021/ed086p1266|issue = 11 |bibcode = 2009JChEd..86.1266J}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=34KwmkU4LG0C&pg=PA681|page = 681|title = The development of modern chemistry|isbn = 978-0-486-64235-2|author1 = Ihde, Aaron John|date = 1984-04-01| publisher=Dover Publications }}</ref>
:2 BaO + O<sub>2</sub> ⇌ 2 BaO<sub>2</sub>

Barium sulfate was first applied as a [[radiocontrast]] agent in [[medical imaging|X-ray imaging]] of the digestive system in 1908.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc = 1081520|title = Some Observations on the History of the Use of Barium Salts in Medicine|date = 1974|volume = 18|issue = 1|author=Schott, G. D.|journal=Med. Hist.|pages=9–21|doi = 10.1017/S0025727300019190|pmid = 4618587}}</ref>

==Occurrence and production==
The abundance of barium is 0.0425% in the Earth's crust and 13&nbsp;μg/L in sea water. The primary commercial source of barium is [[baryte]] (also called barytes or heavy spar), a barium sulfate mineral.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|5}} with deposits in many parts of the world. Another commercial source, far less important than baryte, is [[witherite]], barium carbonate. The main deposits are located in Britain, Romania, and the former USSR.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|5}}

{{multiple image
| footer = Barite, left to right: appearance, graph showing trends in production over time, and the map showing shares of the most important producer countries in 2010.
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| width1 = 180
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| width3 = 376
| image1 = Barite.jpg
| alt1 = alt1
| image2 = BariteWorldProductionUSGS.PNG
| alt2 = alt2
| image3 = World Baryte Production 2010.svg
| alt3 = alt3
}}
The baryte reserves are estimated between 0.7 and 2 billion [[tonne]]s. The highest production, 8.3 million tonnes, was achieved in 1981, but only 7–8% was used for barium metal or compounds.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|5}} Baryte production has risen since the second half of the 1990s from 5.6 million tonnes in 1996 to 7.6 in 2005 and 7.8 in 2011. China accounts for more than 50% of this output, followed by India (14% in 2011), Morocco (8.3%), US (8.2%), Iran and Kazakhstan (2.6% each) and Turkey (2.5%).<ref>Miller, M. M. [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/barite/mcs-2012-barit.pdf Barite]. USGS.gov</ref>

The mined ore is washed, crushed, classified, and separated from quartz. If the quartz penetrates too deeply into the ore, or the iron, zinc, or lead content is abnormally high, then [[froth flotation]]<!--https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA223--> is used. The product is a 98% pure baryte (by mass); the purity should be no less than 95%, with a minimal content of iron and [[silicon dioxide]].<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|7}} It is then reduced by carbon to [[barium sulfide]]:<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|6}}
:BaSO<sub>4</sub> + 2 C → BaS + 2 CO<sub>2</sub>

The water-soluble barium sulfide is the starting point for other compounds: treating BaS with oxygen produces the sulfate, with nitric acid the nitrate, with aqueous carbon dioxide the carbonate, and so on.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|6}} The nitrate can be thermally decomposed to yield the oxide.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|6}} Barium metal is produced by reduction with [[aluminium]] at {{convert|1100|C}}. The [[intermetallic compound]] BaAl<sub>4</sub> is produced first:<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}}
:3 BaO + 14 Al → 3 BaAl<sub>4</sub> + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>

BaAl<sub>4</sub> is an intermediate reacted with barium oxide to produce the metal. Note that not all barium is reduced.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}}
:8 BaO + BaAl<sub>4</sub> → Ba↓ + 7 BaAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>

The remaining barium oxide reacts with the formed aluminium oxide:<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}}
:BaO + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> → BaAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>

and the overall reaction is<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}}
:4 BaO + 2 Al → 3 Ba↓ + BaAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>

Barium vapor is condensed and packed into molds in an atmosphere of argon.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}} This method is used commercially, yielding ultrapure barium.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}} Commonly sold barium is about 99% pure, with main impurities being strontium and calcium (up to 0.8% and 0.25%) and other contaminants contributing less than 0.1%.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|4}}

A similar reaction with silicon at {{convert|1200|C}} yields barium and [[barium metasilicate]].<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}} Electrolysis is not used because barium readily dissolves in molten halides and the product is rather impure.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|3}}
[[File:Benitoite HD.jpg|thumb|Benitoite crystals on natrolite. The mineral is named for the [[San Benito River]] in [[San Benito County]] where it was first found.]]

===Gemstone===
The barium mineral, [[benitoite]] (barium titanium silicate), occurs as a very rare blue fluorescent gemstone, and is the official state gem of [[California]].

===Barium in seawater===

Barium exists in seawater as the Ba<sup>2+</sup> ion with an average oceanic concentration of 109 nmol/kg.<ref name="www.mbari.org">{{Cite web|title=Barium|url=https://www.mbari.org/wp-content/static/chemsensor/ba/barium.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.mbari.org}}</ref> Barium also exists in the ocean as BaSO<sub>4</sub>, or barite.<ref name="Griffith-2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Griffith|first1=Elizabeth M.|last2=Paytan|first2=Adina|date=2012|title=Barite in the ocean – occurrence, geochemistry and palaeoceanographic applications|url=|journal=Sedimentology|language=en|volume=59|issue=6|pages=1817–1835|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01327.x|bibcode=2012Sedim..59.1817G| s2cid=28056031 |issn=1365-3091}}</ref>  Barium has a nutrient-like profile<ref>{{Cite web|title=Graph|url=https://www.mbari.org/wp-content/static/chemsensor/ba/bagraph.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.mbari.org}}</ref> with a residence time of 10,000 years.<ref name="www.mbari.org" />

Barium shows a relatively consistent concentration in upper ocean seawater, excepting regions of high river inputs and regions with strong upwelling.<ref name="Hsieh-2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Hsieh|first1=Yu-Te|last2=Henderson|first2=Gideon M.|date=2017|title=Barium stable isotopes in the global ocean: Tracer of Ba inputs and utilization|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.024|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=473|pages=269–278|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.024|bibcode=2017E&PSL.473..269H}}</ref> There is little depletion of barium concentrations in the upper ocean for an ion with a nutrient-like profile, thus lateral mixing is important.<ref name="Hsieh-2017" /> Barium isotopic values show basin-scale balances instead of local or short-term processes.<ref name="Hsieh-2017" />

==Applications==

===Metal and alloys===
Barium, as a metal or when alloyed with aluminium, is used to remove unwanted gases ([[getter]]ing) from vacuum tubes, such as TV picture tubes.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|4}} Barium is suitable for this purpose because of its low [[vapor pressure]] and reactivity towards oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water; it can even partly remove noble gases by dissolving them in the crystal lattice. This application is gradually disappearing due to the rising popularity of the tubeless LCD, LED, and plasma sets.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|4}}

Other uses of elemental barium are minor and include an additive to [[silumin]] (aluminium–silicon alloys) that refines their structure, as well as<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|4}}
* [[bearing alloy]]s;
* lead–tin [[solder]]ing alloys – to increase the creep resistance;
* alloy with nickel for [[spark plug]]s;
* additive to steel and cast iron as an inoculant;
* alloys with calcium, manganese, silicon, and aluminium as high-grade [[Deoxidized steel|steel deoxidizers]].
<!--
Frary metal lead barium bearing alloy. https://books.google.com/books?id=g-aUf3nM6AEC&pg=PT645-->

===Barium sulfate and baryte===
[[File:BariumXray.jpg|thumb|left|[[Amoebiasis]] as seen in a radiograph of a barium-filled colon]]
[[Barium sulfate]] (the mineral baryte, BaSO<sub>4</sub>) is important to the petroleum industry as a [[drilling fluid]] in [[oil well|oil and gas wells]].<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–5}} The precipitate of the compound (called "blanc fixe", from the French for "permanent white") is used in paints and varnishes; as a filler in [[ringing ink]], plastics, and rubbers; as a paper coating pigment; and in [[nanoparticle]]s, to improve physical properties of some polymers, such as epoxies.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|9}}

Barium sulfate has a low toxicity and relatively high density of ca. 4.5&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (and thus opacity to X-rays). For this reason it is used as a [[radiocontrast]] agent in [[medical imaging|X-ray imaging]] of the digestive system ("[[barium meal]]s" and "[[Lower gastrointestinal series|barium enemas]]").<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–5}} [[Lithopone]], a [[pigment]] that contains barium sulfate and [[zinc sulfide]], is a permanent white with good covering power that does not darken when exposed to sulfides.<ref>{{cite book| page = [https://archive.org/details/medicinalapplica0000jone/page/102 102]| url = https://archive.org/details/medicinalapplica0000jone| url-access = registration| title= Medicinal applications of coordination chemistry| author = Jones, Chris J.| author2 = Thornback, John| name-list-style = amp | publisher =Royal Society of Chemistry| date = 2007| isbn =978-0-85404-596-9}}</ref>

===Other barium compounds===
[[File:2006 Fireworks 1.JPG|thumb|Green barium fireworks]]
Other compounds of barium find only niche applications, limited by the toxicity of Ba<sup>2+</sup> ions (see {{Section_link||Toxicity}}), which is not a problem for the insoluble BaSO<sub>4</sub>.
* [[Barium oxide]] coating on the [[electrode]]s of [[fluorescent lamp]]s facilitates the release of [[electron]]s.
* By its great atomic density, [[barium carbonate]] increases the [[refractive index]] and luster of glass<ref name="Lide2004" />{{rp|4–5}} and reduces leaks of X-rays from [[cathode-ray tube|CRT]] screens.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|12–13}}
* Barium, typically as [[barium nitrate]] imparts a yellow or "apple" green color to fireworks when no chlorine donors are present.<ref>{{cite book| page =110| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yxRyOf8jFeQC| title = Chemistry of Fireworks| author = Russell, Michael S.| author2 = Svrcula, Kurt| name-list-style = amp| publisher= Royal Society of Chemistry| date = 2008| isbn = 978-0-85404-127-5}}</ref>; emerald greens are generated using chlorine donors ([[barium chlorate]] acting as the donor and oxidizer in many formulas) to produce barium chloride in-situ.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
* [[Barium peroxide]] is a catalyst in the [[aluminothermic reaction]] ([[thermite]]) for welding rail tracks. It is also a green flare in [[tracer ammunition]] and a bleaching agent.<ref>{{cite journal| doi =10.1002/prep.19950200604| title =Surfactant coatings for the stabilization of barium peroxide and lead dioxide in pyrotechnic compositions| date =1995| author =Brent, G. F.| journal =[[Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics]]| volume =20| pages =300| last2 =Harding| first2 =M. D.| issue =6}}</ref>
* [[Barium titanate]] is a promising [[electroceramic]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to ferroic materials |last=Wadhawan |first=Vinod K. |date=2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-90-5699-286-6 |page=740}}</ref>
* [[Barium fluoride]] is used for optics in infrared applications because of its wide transparency range of 0.15–12&nbsp;micrometers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crystran.co.uk/barium-fluoride-baf2.htm |title=Crystran Ltd. Optical Component Materials |work=crystran.co.uk |access-date=2010-12-29 |archive-date=2010-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611112530/http://www.crystran.co.uk/barium-fluoride-baf2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Yttrium barium copper oxide|YBCO]] was the first [[High-temperature superconductivity|high-temperature superconductor]] cooled by liquid nitrogen, with a transition temperature of {{convert|93|K|C F}} greater than the boiling point of nitrogen ({{convert|77|K|C F|disp=or}}).<ref>{{cite journal|title = Superconductivity at 93 K in a New Mixed-Phase Y-Ba-Cu-O Compound System at Ambient Pressure|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 1987|volume = 58|pages = 908–910|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.908|pmid = 10035069|issue = 9|bibcode=1987PhRvL..58..908W|last1 = Wu|first1 = M.|last2 = Ashburn|first2 = J.|last3 = Torng|first3 = C.|last4 = Hor|first4 = P.|last5 = Meng|first5 = R.|last6 = Gao|first6 = L.|last7 = Huang|first7 = Z.|last8 = Wang|first8 = Y.|last9 = Chu|first9 = C.|doi-access = free}}</ref>
* [[Ferrite (magnet)|Ferrite]], a type of [[sintering|sintered]] ceramic composed of iron oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and barium oxide (BaO), is both [[electrical conductivity|electrically nonconductive]] and [[ferrimagnetic]], and can be temporarily or permanently magnetized.
<!-- *The ratio of barium (biogenic barium) to aluminium within marine cores is used as a proxy for surface ocean export production in the past.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1016/S0025-3227(04)00004-0|title = Biogenic barium and the detrital Ba/Al ratio: a comparison of their direct and indirect determination|year = 2004|last1 = Reitz|first1 = A.|journal = Marine Geology|volume = 204|issue = 3–4|pages = 289–300|last2 = Pfeifer|first2 = K.|last3 = De Lange|first3 = G. J.|last4 = Klump|first4 = J.}}</ref>-->

===Palaeoceanography===

The lateral mixing of barium is caused by water mass mixing and ocean circulation.<ref name="Pyle-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Pyle|first1=Kimberley M.|last2=Hendry|first2=Katharine R.|last3=Sherrell|first3=Robert M.|last4=Legge|first4=Oliver|last5=Hind|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Bakker|first6=Dorothee|last7=Venables|first7=Hugh|last8=Meredith|first8=Michael P.|date=2018-08-20|title=Oceanic fronts control the distribution of dissolved barium in the Southern Ocean|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/67533/1/Accepted_manuscript.pdf|journal=Marine Chemistry|language=en|volume=204|pages=95–106|doi=10.1016/j.marchem.2018.07.002|bibcode=2018MarCh.204...95P |s2cid=104170533|issn=0304-4203|hdl=1983/ff280483-67cd-46a3-9548-1a782098ea27|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Global ocean circulation reveals a strong correlation between dissolved barium and silicic acid.<ref name="Pyle-2018" /> The large-scale ocean circulation combined with remineralization of barium show a similar correlation between dissolved barium and ocean alkalinity.<ref name="Pyle-2018" />

Dissolved barium's correlation with silicic acid can be seen both vertically and spatially.<ref name="Bates-2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Bates|first1=Stephanie L.|last2=Hendry|first2=Katharine R.|last3=Pryer|first3=Helena V.|last4=Kinsley|first4=Christopher W.|last5=Pyle|first5=Kimberley M.|last6=Woodward|first6=E. Malcolm S.|last7=Horner|first7=Tristan J.|date=2017-05-01|title=Barium isotopes reveal role of ocean circulation on barium cycling in the Atlantic|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/100680705/Bates_Ba_isotopes_FINAL.pdf|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|language=en|volume=204|pages=286–299|doi=10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.043|bibcode=2017GeCoA.204..286B|issn=0016-7037|hdl=1912/8676|s2cid=55559902 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Particulate barium shows a strong correlation with [[Particulate organic matter|particulate organic carbon]] or POC.<ref name="Bates-2017" /> Barium is becoming more popular as a base for palaeoceanographic proxies.<ref name="Bates-2017" /> With both dissolved and particulate barium's links with silicic acid and POC, it can be used to determine historical variations in the biological pump, carbon cycle, and global climate.<ref name="Bates-2017" />

The barium particulate barite (BaSO<sub>4</sub>), as one of many proxies, can be used to provide a host of historical information on processes in different oceanic settings (water column, sediments, and hydrothermal sites).<ref name="Griffith-2012" /> In each setting there are differences in isotopic and elemental composition of the barite particulate.<ref name="Griffith-2012" /> Barite in the water column, known as marine or pelagic barite, reveals information on seawater chemistry variation over time.<ref name="Griffith-2012" /> Barite in sediments, known as diagenetic or cold seeps barite, gives information about sedimentary redox processes.<ref name="Griffith-2012" /> Barite formed via hydrothermal activity at hydrothermal vents, known as hydrothermal barite, reveals alterations in the condition of the earth's crust around those vents.<ref name="Griffith-2012" />

==Toxicity==
{{Chembox
|container_only = yes
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}} {{GHS05}} {{GHS06}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|H228|H260|H301|H314}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|P210|P231 + P232|P260|P280|P303 + P361 + P353|P304 + P340 + P310|P305 + P351 + P338}}
| GHS_ref  = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/237094?lang=en&region=US |title=Barium 237094|publisher=Sigma-Aldrich|date=2021-10-28|access-date=2021-12-21}}<!-- date=rev.date s.-a. SDS form --></ref>
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 3
| NFPA-R = 1
| NFPA-S = w
| NFPA_ref = 
 }}
}}
Soluble barium compounds have [[LD50]] near 10&nbsp;mg/kg (oral rats).  Symptoms include "convulsions... paralysis of the peripheral nerve system ... severe inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract".<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|18}} The insoluble sulfate is nontoxic and is not classified as a [[dangerous goods]] in transport regulations.<ref name="Ullman2005" />{{rp|9}}

Little is known about the long term effects of barium exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kravchenko |first1=Julia |last2=Darrah |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Miller |first3=Richard K. |last4=Lyerly |first4=H. Kim |last5=Vengosh |first5=Avner |date=August 2014 |title=A review of the health impacts of barium from natural and anthropogenic exposure |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10653-014-9622-7 |journal=Environmental Geochemistry and Health |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=797–814 |doi=10.1007/s10653-014-9622-7 |pmid=24844320 |bibcode=2014EnvGH..36..797K |issn=0269-4042}}</ref> The US [[EPA]] considers it unlikely that barium is carcinogenic when consumed orally. Inhaled dust containing insoluble barium compounds can accumulate in the lungs, causing a [[benign]] condition called [[baritosis]].<ref name="pmid1257935">{{cite journal |author=Doig, A. T. |title=Baritosis: a benign pneumoconiosis |journal=Thorax |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=30–9 |date=1976 |pmid=1257935 |pmc=470358 |doi= 10.1136/thx.31.1.30}}</ref>

[[Barium carbonate]] has been used as a rodenticide.<ref name=clarkson>
{{Cite book
|first=Thomas W.|last=Clarkson
|chapter=Chapter 61 - Inorganic and Organometal Pesticides
|editor-first1=Robert I.|editor-last1=Krieger
|editor-first2=William C.|editor-last2=Krieger
|title=Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology
|publisher=Academic Press
|year=2001
|page=1357
|edition=Second
|isbn=9780124262607
|doi=10.1016/B978-012426260-7.50064-1
}}</ref>
Though considered obsolete, it may still be in use in some countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/2704.htm | website=Pesticide Properties Database | title=Barium carbonate }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Han purple and Han blue]] – synthetic barium [[copper]] [[silicate]] pigments developed and used in ancient and imperial [[China]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/056.htm Barium] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)
* [http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Ba Elementymology & Elements Multidict]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227061852/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA338490 3-D Holographic Display Using Strontium Barium Niobate]

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[[Category:Barium| ]]
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[[Category:Toxicology]]
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