Editing Baldwin V of Jerusalem

{{short description|King of Jerusalem from 1183 to 1186}}
{{redirect-synonym|Baldwin V|[[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders]] or [[Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut]]}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Baldwin V
| succession   = [[King of Jerusalem]]
| image        = Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem.jpg
| caption      = [[Homage (feudal)|Homage]] to Baldwin V (crowned, centre)
| reign        = 1183{{sndash}}1186 
| regent       = Baldwin IV (1183&ndash;1185)
| reg-type     = Co-king 
| regent1      = [[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli]] (1185&ndash;1186)
| coronation   = 20 November 1183
| predecessor  = [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]]
| successor    = [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla]] and [[Guy of Lusignan|Guy]]
| suc-type     = Successors
| house        = [[Aleramici]]
| father       = [[William Longsword of Montferrat|William of Montferrat]]
| mother       = [[Sibylla of Jerusalem]]
| birth_date   = December 1177 or January 1178
| death_date   = Between May and September 1186
| death_place  = [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
| place of burial = [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]
}}

'''Baldwin V''' (1177 or 1178{{spaced ndash}}1186) was the [[king of Jerusalem]] who reigned together with his uncle [[Baldwin IV]] from 1183 to 1185 and, after his uncle's death, as the sole king from 1185 to his own death in 1186. Baldwin IV's [[leprosy]] meant that he could not have children, and so he spent his reign grooming various relatives to succeed him. Finally his nephew was chosen, and Baldwin IV had him crowned as [[co-king]] in order to sideline the child's unpopular stepfather, [[Guy of Lusignan]]. When Baldwin IV died, Count [[Raymond III of Tripoli]] assumed government on behalf of the child king. Baldwin V died of unknown causes and was succeeded by his mother, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], who then made Guy king.

==Background==
Baldwin of Montferrat was born in December 1177 or January 1178 to [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], sister of King [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]], after whom he was named.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} His father, [[William Longsword of Montferrat|William of Montferrat]], had died in June 1177.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} Though only 16, the king was not expected to live long, nor could he marry and have children, because he had contracted [[leprosy]] and was growing weaker.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=411}} Baldwin had thus been expected to succeed his uncle. By July 1178, the king recognized his sister as his new [[heir presumptive]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} Her son, Baldwin of Montferrat, followed her in the line of succession.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=148}}

The [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], a [[Crusader state]] in [[the Levant]] ruled by [[Catholic]] [[Franks]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-58}} was often threatened by the neighbouring [[Muslim]] powers.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=54}}
Because of the king's illness, it was imperative that the young Baldwin's mother, Sibylla, remarry soon;{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} she married [[Guy of Lusignan]] in early 1180{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-158}} and had four daughters with him.{{sfn|Hamilton|1978|p=172}} Baldwin IV initially intended Guy to become the next king,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} but soon realized that Guy was a poor candidate because of his unpopularity with the [[barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and rulers of the neighbouring [[Crusader states]], Prince [[Bohemond III of Antioch]] and Count [[Raymond III of Tripoli]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=158, 194}}

==Kingship==
[[Image:BaldwinIVdeath-BaldwinVcrowned.jpg|thumb|Baldwin IV on his sickbed and Baldwin V crowned, as depicted in [[William of Tyre]]'s manuscripts]]
In 1183, King Baldwin IV summoned a council to discuss who could succeed him as king instead of his brother-in-law, Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=194}} The supporters of the king's sister, Sibylla, were not present, while his younger half-sister, [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella]], and Isabella's husband, [[Humphrey IV of Toron]], were not viable candidates as they were [[siege of Kerak|besieged in Kerak]] by the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]]. [[Agnes of Courtenay]], mother of Sibylla and Baldwin IV, suggested that the young Baldwin, son of Sibylla, should be made [[co-king]] with Baldwin IV. Agnes may have acted to foil the ambitions of Raymond of Tripoli, who also had a claim to the throne. As the boy had the next best claim after his mother, his grandmother's proposal was widely accepted. Baldwin V was [[acclaimed]], [[coronation|crowned]] and [[anointed]] in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] on 20 November 1183, and he received [[homage (feudal)|homage]] from all the barons except his stepfather, Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=194}}

[[Roger de Moulins]] and [[Arnold of Torroja]], [[grand master (order)|grand masters]] of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] and [[Knights Templar]] respectively, and the [[Latin patriarch of Jerusalem]], [[Heraclius of Jerusalem|Heraclius]], travelled to Western Europe in mid-1184 to seek military aid in defense of the kingdom against potential Muslim attacks.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} It became apparent in late 1184 or early 1185 that Baldwin IV was dying. He summoned the [[High Court of Jerusalem|High Court]] to select a [[regent]] for his nephew.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=205}} Both the king and the barons wanted to prevent Guy from ruling in the boy's name.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=195, 205}} They appointed Raymond, but made [[Joscelin III of Courtenay|Joscelin of Courtenay]] the child's guardian.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=443}} Baldwin V suffered from ill health,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} and the contemporary chronicler [[Ernoul]] states that Raymond insisted on not having custody of the king so that he would not be blamed if the child died; the historian Bernard Hamilton doubts that the custody arrangement was Raymond's idea.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=206}} Joscelin was Baldwin V's granduncle with no claim to the throne and had a vested interest in keeping the boy alive. On the other hand, the High Court suspected that Raymond might seek to make himself king and imposed limits on his power to ensure that he could not usurp the royal dignity.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=206}}
[[File:Balduin5.jpg|thumb|Balian carrying Baldwin V to banquet after the boy's coronation]]
After the question of regency was settled, Baldwin V and Raymond received homage as king and regent, respectively. The young king then took part in a solemn crown-wearing ceremony in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at his uncle's command.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207, 208}} From there the boy was carried to banquet on the shoulders of [[Balian of Ibelin]] "because he was the tallest of the great lords present";{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=208-209}} in reality, Balian was chosen to carry the young king because he was a staunch opponent of Guy and the stepfather of Baldwin IV and Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella, the only other possible contender for the throne. Balian's gesture thus signified Isabella's family's support of the boy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=208-209}} Baldwin IV had died by 16 May 1185, leaving Baldwin V as the sole monarch.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}}

The kingdom faced no external threats during Baldwin V's reign, as Raymond succeeded in procuring a truce from Saladin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=211}} Western princes refused to come to aid, likely because they could not be offered the crown but, at most, the prospect of a temporary rule on behalf of a minor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=214}} Only the king's paternal grandfather, experienced [[crusade]]r Marquess [[William V of Montferrat]], moved to the East, ensuring that the child's rights would be upheld.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=214}}{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=444}} Though the failure of the mission to Europe secured his regency, Raymond could not exercise much power; key government posts were occupied by the supporters of Guy, who continued to resent not being regent for his stepson.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=215}}
{{chart top|Baldwin V's family, with hereditary monarchs of Jerusalem in bold{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xxi}}}}
{{chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin='''[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]'''|Morphia=[[Morphia of Melitene]]}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | |Joscelin|y|Beatrice| |Fulk|y|Melisende| | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=[[Joscelin II of Edessa]]|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende='''[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]'''|Beatrice=[[Beatrice of Saone]]|Alice=[[Alice of Antioch|Alice of Jerusalem]]|Hodierna=[[Hodierna of Jerusalem]]}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|'| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} 
{{tree chart |border=0|William| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Constance| |Raymond|William=[[William V of Montferrat]]|Amalric='''[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]'''|Maria=[[Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Maria Komnene]]|Balian=[[Balian of Ibelin]]|Agnes=[[Agnes of Courtenay]]|Joscelin=[[Joscelin III of Courtenay|Joscelin of Courtenay]]|Constance=[[Constance of Antioch]]|Raymond=[[Raymond III of Tripoli]]}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!|}} 
{{tree chart |border=0|William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond|William=[[William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon|William of Montferrat]]|Sibylla='''[[Sibylla of Jerusalem]]'''|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella='''[[Isabella I of Jerusalem]]'''|Humphrey=[[Humphrey IV of Toron]]|Baldwin='''[[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]]'''|Bohemond=[[Bohemond III of Antioch]]}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| | | |!|}} 
{{tree chart |border=0| | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin='''Baldwin V of Jerusalem'''}} 
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==Death and aftermath==
[[File:Balduins tomb.jpg|thumb|An illustration of Baldwin V's tomb by [[Elzear Horn]], which helped the art historian [[Zehava Jacoby]] reconstruct the tomb]]
Baldwin V died of unknown causes in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] between May and mid-September 1186.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} The exact date is not known;{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} the historian [[Steven Runciman]] proposes late August.{{sfn|Runciman|1952|p=446}} The contemporary chronicler [[William of Newburgh]] wrote that Baldwin was poisoned by his regent, Raymond of Tripoli, but William was generally hostile to the count. Hamilton considers foul play by Raymond unlikely because the king was in the care of his granduncle Joscelin of Courtenay.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}}

Baldwin V's death led to another crisis. Joscelin handed his body to the Templars, who took it to Jerusalem for funeral. Raymond did not attend the funeral&ndash;historian [[Malcolm Barber]] argues that he was mustering supporters to claim the throne&ndash;but Joscelin, [[Reginald of Châtillon]], Patriarch Heraclius, Baldwin's grandfather William, and the masters of the military orders were present.{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=293}} Baldwin became the seventh and last of the Latin kings to be buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Baldwin's mother, Sibylla, promptly established herself as the successor to her son{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} and then invested her husband, Guy, with kingship.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Jerusalem was [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|conquered]] by Saladin in 1187. Baldwin's mother and half-sisters died in 1190, leaving his half-aunt, Isabella I, as the heir to what remained of the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} [[Tomb of Baldwin V|Baldwin V's elaborate tomb]], likely commissioned by Sibylla, survived until 1808 when it was destroyed in a fire.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
===Sources===
{{Commons category|Baldwin V of Jerusalem}} 
{{EB1911 poster|Baldwin V.}}
* {{cite book |first=Malcolm |last=Barber |author-link=Malcolm Barber |year=2012 |title=The Crusader States |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300189315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsxWoAEACAAJ&q=malcolm+barber+crusader+states}}
*{{cite book |first=Bernard |last=Hamilton |chapter=Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem |title=Medieval Women |editor-first=Derek |editor-last=Baker |publisher=Ecclesiastical History Society |year=1978 |isbn=978-0631192602 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Bernard |year=2000 |title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64187-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973 |title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1147–1277|publisher=Macmillan}}
* {{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Runciman |year=1952 |title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187|volume=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0241298768}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[King of Jerusalem]]
       | years  = 1183-1186|regent1=[[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]]|years1=1183-1185}}
{{s-aft| after  = [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]]|after2=[[Guy of Lusignan|Guy]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Monarchs of the Kingdom of Jerusalem}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin 05 Of Jerusalem}}
[[Category:1170s births]]
[[Category:1186 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century monarchs of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Aleramici]]
[[Category:Burials at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]
[[Category:Kings of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Medieval child monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs who died as children]]
[[Category:Sons of queens regnant]]