Editing Balanjar

{{Short description|Medieval city in the North Caucasus}}
{{no footnotes|date=March 2013}}
[[Image:Varangian routes.png|thumb|400px|Map showing the major Varangian trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries, with Balanjar along the [[Volga trade route]] (in red). ]]
'''Balanjar''' (''Baranjar'', ''Belenjer'', ''Belendzher'', ''Bülünjar'') was a medieval city located in the [[North Caucasus]] region, between the cities of [[Derbent]] and [[Samandar (city)|Samandar]], probably on the lower [[Sulak River]]. It flourished between the seventh and tenth centuries. The legendary founder of Balanjar, according to the Persian and Kurdish chroniclers [[Ibn al-Faqih]] and [[Abu al-Fida]], was named Balanjar ibn Yafith.

==History==
In the 630s Balanjar was a capital of the [[Baranjars|Baranjar state]]. Some scholars speculate that the name derives from the Turkic root "Bala" or "Great", and the clan-name "Endzhar". With the rest of the Baranjar domains the city became part of the [[Khazar]] [[Khaganate]] around 650; until the early 720s, Balanjar served as the capital of Khazaria. During the [[First Arab-Khazar War]] in the 650s, a [[Muslim]] army under [[Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah]] was defeated outside the town (see [[Battle of Balanjar (650s)|Battle of Balanjar]]).

Around 722 or 723, [[Umayyad]] soldiers under [[Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah]] crossed the Caucasus Mountains and attacked Balanjar. The inhabitants of Balanjar tried to defend their town by fastening 3,000 [[wagon]]s together and circling them around the key [[fortress]] on high terrain, but were defeated in the attack. The Arabs massacred much of the town's population; survivors fled to other towns, including [[Samandar (city)|Samandar]]. The victorious Arab army stole much [[Looting|booty]] and the soldiers received large sums of money.

The city was rebuilt after the war, but the capital of Khazaria was thereafter moved to Samandar and later to [[Atil]]. Nevertheless, Balanjar continued to be a city of great importance within the Khaganate. After the fall of Khazaria, Balanjar lost much of its importance and declined steadily until it vanished from the record around 1100.

The exact location of Balanjar has not yet been established precisely. [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] archeologist [[Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov|Mikhail Artamonov]] initially placed Balanjar on the site of the modern [[Republic of Dagestan|Daghestan]]i city of [[Buynaksk]], but when later the ruins of a town to the south of [[Makhachkala]] were found, he identified them as being those of Balanjar.

==References==
* {{cite book | first = Kevin Alan | last = Brook | title = The Jews of Khazaria, Third Edition | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc | location = London | year = 2018 | isbn = 9781538103425 }}
* [[Douglas Morton Dunlop|Dunlop, Douglas Morton]] (1997). "Balanjar". ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. [[Cecil Roth]]. Keter Publishing House. {{ISBN|965-07-0665-8}}

{{Khazaria}}

[[Category:Dagestan]]
[[Category:Destroyed populated places]]
[[Category:Khazar towns]]
[[Category:Defunct towns in Russia]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Russia]]