Editing Badenoch

{{Short description|Traditional district in Scotland}}
{{about|the area of Scotland|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2009}}
[[Image:Badenoch (district).png|thumb|right|Map of Scotland showing the historic district of Badenoch]]
[[File:The Woods of Breakachy - geograph.org.uk - 6553876.jpg|thumb|View of [[Creag Dhubh (Newtonmore)|Creag Dhubh]] from across the Spey]]
[[File:Sunrise and the Boar of Badenoch - geograph.org.uk - 333722.jpg|thumb|The Boar of Badenoch, a hill overlooking the [[Pass of Drumochter]] (which leads between Badenoch and [[Atholl]])]]
'''Badenoch''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|d|ə|n|ɒ|x}};<ref>{{cite book|title=BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names|date=1990|editor-last=Pointon|editor-first=Graham|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=The University Press|isbn=0-19-282745-6|url=https://archive.org/details/bbcpronouncingdi00gepo}}</ref> {{langx|gd|Bàideanach}}) is a district of the [[Scottish Highlands]] centred on the upper reaches of the [[River Spey]], above [[Strathspey, Scotland|Strathspey]]. The name Badenoch means the drowned land,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Scotland’s Storylands: Explore the living landscapes of Badenoch |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/paid-content-scotlands-storylands-explore-the-living-landscapes-of-badenoch |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Travel |language=en}}</ref> with most of the population living close to the [[River Spey]] or its tributaries.

The area is bounded on the north by the [[Monadhliath Mountains]], on the east by the [[Cairngorm Mountains|Cairngorms]] and [[Braemar]], on the south by [[Atholl]] and the [[Grampian Mountains (Scotland)|Grampians]], and on the west by [[Lochaber]]. The capital of Badenoch is [[Kingussie]], although historically Ruthven was the market town,<ref>Taylor (2016) pp. xxvi, 47</ref> and later site of the British Army's [[Ruthven Barracks]].

==Geography==
The somewhat undefined area of Badenoch covers {{convert|36|mi|km}} from northeast to southwest and {{convert|15|mi|km}} from north to south, comprising {{convert|540|sqmi|km2}}. Excepting the strath of the Spey and the great [[glen]]s, it consists almost entirely of wild mountainous country, many mountains exceeding {{convert|3000|ft|m|1|abbr=off|disp=or}} in height (i.e., [[Munros]]), and contains in the [[Deer forest|deer forests]] of Alder, [[Drumochter]], Gaick and Feshie, some of the best deer country in the Highlands.

The principal [[lochs]] in Badenoch are [[Loch Laggan]], [[Loch Insh]] and [[Loch Ericht]]. The [[River Spey]] and its numerous tributaries water the district abundantly. South of Loch Insh, the Spey extends into the [[Insh Marshes]]. 

The Highland railway traverses Badenoch from Dalnaspidal to [[Boat of Garten]].

In modern times Badenoch comprises the parishes of [[Alvie]], Kingussie and Insh, and [[Laggan, Badenoch|Laggan]]. The former Lordship of Badenoch also included a detached portion in the east, the parish of Kincardine, now part of [[Abernethy and Kincardine]] parish. As regards the parish of [[Duthil]] and Rothiemurchus, the barony of [[Glencarnie]] in Duthil (from Aviemore to Garten) was attached for a time. Rothiemurchus, which lies between Badenoch and its former detached portion, was never a part of Badenoch.<ref name="macbain1">MacBain (1890) p. 150</ref>

Badenoch is within the [[Cairngorms National Park]], and is part of the [[Badenoch and Strathspey (ward)|Badenoch and Strathspey]] ward of [[Highland Council]].

==Population==
The population of Badenoch at the last census (2011) was as follows:<ref name= KS101SC>[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ Census of Scotland 2011, Table KS101SC – Usually Resident Population (See “Standard Outputs”, Table KS101SC, Area type Civil Parish 1930), National Records of Scotland, accessed Nov 2017]</ref>

{{clearleft}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Parish!! Population 
|-
|align="left"| Alvie
|align="right"| 564
|-
|align="left"| Kingussie and Insh 
|align="right"| 3100
|-
|align="left"| Laggan
|align="right"| 266
|-
|align="left"| TOTAL
|align="right"| '''3930''' 
|}

The [[Picts]] inhabited Badenoch, as shown by the placenames, which include Pictish prefixes such as ''pet''- (Pitowrie, Pitchurn, Pitmean) and ''aber''- (Aberarder), not occurring in Gaelic.<ref name=macbain2>MacBain (1890) p. 158</ref>
However their [[Pictish Language|language]] was superseded by Gaelic in the 11th century, and even as late as 1881, 74% of Badenoch was Gaelic-speaking (2,685 out of the population of 3,611).<ref>Census of Scotland 1881, Table of Gaelic Speakers by parish</ref>

==History==
From 1229 to 1313 [[Clan Comyn]] held the lordship of Badenoch. 

Badenoch is also the traditional homeland of the [[Clan Chattan]] Confederation, particularly Clan MacPherson, whose traditions state that in 1309 [[Robert the Bruce]] offered the lands of Badenoch to them if they destroyed the Bruce's enemies, the Clan Comyn.<ref>Way, George of Plean; Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. Glasgow: HarperCollins (for the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 256–257. ISBN 0-00-470547-5.</ref>

In 1371 King [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]] granted Badenoch to his son [[Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan]] (1343–1405), who became known as the "Wolf of Badenoch". Reverting to the crown, the territory came in 1452 to [[Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly]], and still gives the title of "Lord of Badenoch" to the [[Marquess of Huntly]]. However, in 1829, insupportable debts obliged [[George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon]] to advertise his remaining estates in Badenoch for sale, and by 1834 all of the Gordon lands had been sold.<ref name = "Taylor2022">Taylor, David (2022), ''The People Are Not There: The Transformation of Badenoch 1800 - 1863', [[John Donald Publishers|John Donald]], Edinburgh, pp. 38 - 40, 82, 88 - 91, 124 - 125, 145 - 149, 163 - 166, 174 - 186, {{isbn|9781910900987}}</ref> 

Historically, the area was subsistence farmed. In the summer, cattle were grazed on high pastures, with people living in [[shieling]] huts at up to {{convert|2500|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Taylor (2016) p. 45</ref> An estimated 4500–5000 cattle were in Badenoch in the 1770s.<ref>Taylor (2016) p. 58</ref>

In the mid-1750s, the first flood banks on the River Spey in Badenoch were built at Pitmain,<ref>Taylor (2016) p. 115, plates 8a&b</ref> just southwest of the modern day edge of Kingussie.

High timber prices during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] led to substantial tree felling in [[Glenmore Forest Park|Glenmore]], [[Rothiemurchus Forest|Rothiemurchus]], [[Invereshie and Inshriach National Nature Reserve|Inshriach]] and [[River Feshie|Glen Feshie]], with many of the logs being floated down the Spey to the coast.<ref name = "Taylor2022"/> 

Famine struck Badenoch in the early 1770s and 1780s, the later was widespread across Scotland and even Europe. This particularly impacted the peasants of the area and increased the polarisation between rich and poor.<ref>Taylor (2016) pp. 178–179</ref>  Farming tenants suffered hardship again in the years 1836-39 when severe weather resulted in crop failures and substantial losses of livestock. While Badenoch was hit hard by the [[Highland Potato Famine|potato famine]] of 1847, it escaped the utter devastation experienced in other parts of the Highlands.<ref name = "Taylor2022"/>

The 1830s and 1840s saw the creation of [[Deer forest|deer forests]] to meet the demand from southern [[Aristocracy|aristocrats]] and industrialists for Highland sporting estates. The requirement that deer forests be free of sheep and cattle brought the hill farming economy of these areas to an end, resulting in more people leaving the land. George Macpherson Grant of [[Ballindalloch]] converted the forest of Gaik into a deer forest for [[Sir Joseph Radcliffe, 2nd Baronet|Sir Joseph Radcliffe]] after purchasing it in 1830. In 1836, [[Clan Macpherson|Ewen Macpherson of Cluny]] converted his lands of Benalder and Gallovie ([[Ardverikie House|Ardverikie]]) into one large deer forest for [[James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn|James Hamilton, Marquis of Abercorn]]. Macpherson Grant converted his sheep range in the Forest of Feshie into a deer forest in 1839. [[Georgiana Russell, Duchess of Bedford|Georgiana Gordon, Duchess of Bedford]] had [[Clan Mackintosh|Alexander Mackintosh of Mackintosh]] convert the east side of Glen Feshie into a deer forest in the late 1840s. Rothiemurchus became a deer forest in 1859.<ref name = "Taylor2022"/>

A significant proportion of the population was dependent on seasonal employment outwith the Highlands, but depopulation as a result of large-scale emigration occurred later in Badenoch than in other areas.  Poor market prices, harvest failures, farm amalgamations, rent rises and the creation of sheep walks and deer forests led to a steady exedus of people from the 1830s onwards, mainly to Canada and Australia.<ref name = "Taylor2022"/>

==Economy==
The area has very few industries, and the population is mainly located in Kingussie and in other settlements on or near the Spey.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Badenoch}}</ref>

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last1=Barrow |first1=G.W.S. |date=1988 |title=Badenoch and Strathspey, 1130-1312. 1: Secular and political |url= |journal=Northern Scotland |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages= 1–15 |doi=10.3366/nor.1988.0002 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=MacBain |first1=Alexander |date=1890 |title=
Badenoch: Its History, Clans and Place Names |journal= Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness |url= https://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/badenoch.htm |accessdate=30 November 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Ross |first=Alasdair |date=2015 |title=Land Assessment and Lordship in Medieval Northern Scotland  |location=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols |isbn=978-2503541334 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/935988823 |title=The wild black region: Badenoch 1750-1800 |date=2016 |publisher=John Donald, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd |isbn=978-1-906566-98-2 |location=Edinburgh}}
* Taylor, David (2022), ''The People Are Not There: The Transformation of Badenoch 1800 - 1863'', John Donald, Edinburgh, {{isbn|9781910900987}}
* Mackenzie, Mary, & Taylor, David (2024), ''Glen Banchor: A Highland Glen and its People'', Badenoch Heritage, {{isbn|9781913529154}}

{{Scottish provinces|major}}

[[Category:Geography of Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Badenoch and Strathspey| ]]