Editing BNC connector

{{short description|Radio-frequency connector for coaxial cable}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox connector
|name               = BNC connector
|type               = [[RF connector|RF coaxial connector]]
|image              = [[File:BNC connector 50 ohm male.jpg|250px|frameless]]
|logo               =
|caption            = Male 50 ohm BNC connector
|designer           = [[Paul Neill]]
|design_date        = 1944
|manufacturer       = Various
|diameter           = Outer, typical: <br />
{{plainlist|
* {{convert|0.570|in|mm|abbr=on}}, male
* {{convert|0.436|in|mm|abbr=on}}, female
}}
|width              =
|height             =
|electrical         =
|earth              =
|maximum_voltage    =
|maximum_current    =
|cable              = [[Coaxial cable|Coaxial]]
|passband           = Typically 0–4&nbsp;GHz
|physical_connector =
}}

The '''BNC connector'''  is a miniature quick-connect/disconnect [[RF connector|radio-frequency connector]] for [[coaxial cable]]. It was introduced on military radio equipment in the 1940s, and has since become widely used in radio systems and as a common type of video connector. It has a twist-to-lock design, where two lugs on the [[Gender of connectors and fasteners|female]] connector engage slots in the shell of the [[Gender of connectors and fasteners|male]] one.

BNC is designed to maintain the [[characteristic impedance]] of the cable across the connection, and is made in 50-ohm and 75-ohm versions. It is normally used for radio-frequency signals up to about 2&nbsp;gigahertz and 500 volts.

Similar radio-frequency connectors differ in dimensions and attachment features, and may allow for higher voltages, higher frequencies, or three-wire connections.

== History ==

In 1941, the US Navy used a smaller version of the threaded [[N connector]], the Type BN (Baby N), as the UG-85/U, UG-86/U, UG-114/U and UG-115/U.

In 1943, the British introduced a ¼ inch 50 ohm coaxial cable, and companies immediately developed many connectors for it. In 1944, the US Navy called the designers together to find a single, standard design acceptable to all. [[Paul Neill]], the inventor of the original N connector, developed a prototype connector which had a constant 50 ohm impedance at frequencies beyond 1&nbsp;GHz, used a bayonet fastening (faster to use than a threaded one), and was easier to manufacture and assemble. It was specified by the [[Bell Labs|Bell Laboratory]] drawing ESL 662916, dated March 2, 1944.

In April 1944, the Navy took Neill’s design, added a ''C'' (for ''constant impedance)'' to ''BN''  to get ''Type BNC'' (''Baby Neill Constant''), and assigned part numbers UG 88/U to the male and UG 89/U to the female (Amphenol still makes them). The Navy issued a final drawing RE 49F 246, dated December 2, 1944.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazeltine Research, Inc. v. Dage Elec. Co. |url=https://casetext.com/case/hazeltine-research-inc-v-dage-elec-co |website=Casetext |access-date=7 January 2025 |at=Section 13 and ''Prior knowledge'' section}}</ref>

In May 1945, [[Octavio M. Salati]] of [[Hazeltine Corporation]] applied for a patent for the BNC, which was granted in January 1951.<ref>{{cite patent |country=USA |number= US2540012A|inventor= |invent1= Octavio M. Salati |title= Electrical connector |pubdate= 1945-05-19 |gdate= 1951-01-30|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2540012A/en}}</ref> In 1958, Hazeltine sued Dage Electric Company, a maker of BNC connectors, for infringement on this patent. The court found that Salati’s patent was invalid because he knew of the Navy’s BNC before his application date.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazeltine Research, Inc. v. Dage Elec. Co.  165 F.Supp. 226 (S.D.Ind. 1958) 118 U.S.P.Q. 397  No. IP 56-C-15. United States District Court, S.D. Indiana, Indianapolis Division. July 31, 1958. |url=https://casetext.com/case/hazeltine-research-inc-v-dage-elec-co |website=Casetext |access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>

==Name==

The US Navy used the term ''BNC'' to mean "Baby Neill Constant". 
The term ''BNC'' appeared in 1948 in ads for [[Amphenol]] connectors<ref name="RadiosMaster">{{cite web |title=Radio's Master catalog 13th edition |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Radios-Master/Radio's-Master-13th-1948.pdf |website=Word Radio History |publisher=U.C.P. Inc. |access-date=5 January 2025 |pages=T-14 |format=pdf}}</ref> together with the MIL-spec name ''UG-88/U''.

While Paul Neill and [[Carl Concelman]] did not invent the BNC, it is often suggested that BNC means ''Bayonet Neill–Concelman''.<ref name=Lee04>Thomas H. Lee, ''Planar microwave engineering: a practical guide to theory, measurement, and circuits, Volume 1'' Cambridge University Press, p. 111 (2004). {{ISBN|0-521-83526-7}}.</ref>  At the time of the BNC development, Concelman worked at [[Danbury Knudsen]] and invented the [[C connector]] as an improvement to the BNC. In the late 1950s, at Amphenol, Neill and  Concelman invented the [[TNC connector]], which could mean ''Threaded BNC'' or ''Threaded Neill–Concelman''. This may have led some to incorrectly assume that they must also have developed the BNC and created ''Bayonet Neill–Concelman'' as a [[backronym]].

Other suggestions include ''Bayonet Navy Connector'':<ref>{{cite book |title=1979-80 Coaxial & Waveguide Catalog and Microwave Measurement Handbook |publisher=Hewlett-Packard}}</ref> ''Bayonet N Connector'', ''Bayonet Nut Coupling'', ''Barrel Nut Connector'', ''Bayonet Nipple Connector'', ''Baby N Connector'', ''British Naval/National Connector'', and ''Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation''.

==Description ==

The BNC connector features two bayonet lugs on the female connector; mating is fully achieved with a quarter turn of the coupling nut. It uses an outer conductor with slots and some plastic dielectric on each gender connector. This dielectric causes increasing losses at higher frequencies. Above 4&nbsp;GHz, the slots may radiate signals, so the connector is usable, but not necessarily stable, up to about 11&nbsp;GHz. BNC connectors are made to match the [[characteristic impedance]] of cable at either 50 ohms or 75 ohms (with other impedances such as 93 ohms for [[ARCNET]] available though less common). They are usually applied for frequencies below 4&nbsp;GHz<ref name=Lee04/> and voltages below 500 volts.<ref name="amphenol">[http://www.amphenolrf.com/connectors/bnc.html BNC Connector specifications], Amphenol Connex</ref> The interface specifications for the BNC and many other connectors are referenced in MIL-STD-348.<ref name="MIL-STD-348">{{cite book |title=RADIO FREQUENCY CONNECTOR INTERFACES FOR MIL-DTL-3643, MIL-DTL-3650, MIL-DTL-3655, MIL-DTL-25516, MIL-PRF-31031, MIL-PRF-39012, MIL-PRF-49142, MIL-PRF-55339, MIL-DTL-83517 |date=2017-01-22 |publisher=US DOD |edition=B with change 3 |url=http://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsDocDetails.aspx?ident_number=35726}}</ref>

==Usage==
[[File:Video switcher rear.jpg|thumb|right|Rear of a video switcher with an array of BNC connectors]]

The BNC was originally designed for military use and has gained wide acceptance in video and RF applications up to 2&nbsp;GHz. BNC connectors are used with miniature-to-subminiature coaxial cable in radio, television, and other [[radio frequency|radio-frequency]] [[electronics|electronic]] equipment. They were commonly used for early computer networks, including [[ARCnet]], the [[IBM PC Network]], and the [[10BASE2]] variant of [[Ethernet]].

The BNC connector is used for signal connections such as:
*[[analog video|analog]] and [[serial digital interface]] video signals
*[[radio]] antennas
*aerospace electronics ([[avionics]])
*[[Nuclear Instrumentation Module|nuclear instrumentation]]
*[[electronic test equipment|test equipment]].

[[File:BNC-Technik.jpg|thumb|right|BNC tee connectors with resistive load [[electrical termination|terminators]]]]

The BNC connector is used for analog [[composite video]] and [[Serial digital interface|digital video]] interconnects on commercial video devices. [[Consumer electronics]] devices with [[RCA connector]] jacks can be used with BNC-only commercial video equipment by inserting an adapter. BNC connectors were commonly used on [[10base2]] thin [[Ethernet]] network cables and [[network card]]s. BNC connections can also be found in recording studios. Digital recording equipment uses the connection for synchronization of various components via the transmission of [[word clock]] timing signals.

Typically the male connector is fitted to a cable, and the female to a panel on equipment. Cable connectors are often designed to be fitted by [[Crimp connection|crimping]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20130702222322/http://uk.farnell.com/amphenol-connex/112116/rf-coaxial-bnc-plug-str-50ohm-crimp/dp/1583369 Typical crimp BNC connector]</ref> using a special power or manual tool.<ref>[http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1697038.pdf Typical manual crimp tool for fitting BNC and other coaxial connectors to cables]</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2020}} [[Wire stripper]]s which strip outer jacket, shield braid, and inner dielectric to the correct lengths in one operation are used.<ref>[http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/6292.pdf Typical coax one-operation stripper]</ref>

==Types and compatibility==
[[File:BNC 50 75 Ohm.jpg|thumb|right|BNC connectors. From left to right: 75&nbsp;Ω female, 75&nbsp;Ω male, 50&nbsp;Ω female, 50&nbsp;Ω male.]]

===Types===
BNC connectors are most commonly made in 50 and 75 [[ohm]] versions, matched for use with cables of the same [[characteristic impedance]]. The 75 ohm types can sometimes be recognized by the reduced or absent [[dielectric]] in the mating ends but this is by no means reliable. There was a proposal in the early 1970s for the dielectric material to be coloured red in 75 ohm connectors, and while this is occasionally implemented, it did not become standard. The 75 ohm connector has slightly different dimensions from the 50 ohm variant, but the two can nevertheless be made to mate. Note that if a male 50 ohm connector has its pin larger than that of a 75 ohm one  then it can widen the female, causing a faulty connection when a 75 ohm connector is inserted later. The 50 ohm connectors are typically specified for use at frequencies up to 4&nbsp;GHz and the 75 ohm version up to 2&nbsp;GHz.

Video (particularly HD video signals) and [[Digital Signal 3|DS3]] Telco central office applications primarily use 75 ohm BNC connectors, whereas 50 ohm connectors are used for data and RF. Many VHF receivers used 75 ohm [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] inputs, so they often used 75 ohm BNC connectors.

Reverse-polarity BNC (RP-BNC) is a variation of the BNC specification which reverses the polarity of the interface. In a connector of this type, the female contact normally found in a jack is usually in the plug, while the male contact normally found in a plug is in the jack. This ensures that reverse polarity interface connectors do not mate with standard interface connectors.<ref name="amphenol"/>{{failed verification|date=December 2020}} The [[SHV connector]] is a high-voltage BNC variant that uses this reverse polarity configuration.

Smaller versions of the BNC connector, called Mini BNC and High Density BNC (HD BNC), are manufactured by [[Amphenol]]. While retaining the electrical characteristics of the original specification, they have smaller footprints giving a higher packing density on circuit boards and equipment backplanes. These connectors have true 75 ohm impedance making them suitable for HD video applications.

===Compatibility===
The different versions are designed to mate with each other,<ref name="amphenol"/>{{failed verification|date=December 2020}}
and 75&nbsp;ohm and 50&nbsp;ohm BNC connectors that comply with the 2007 IEC standard, IEC 61169-8,<ref name="IEC 61169-8">[https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/4753] Radio-frequency connectors – Part 8: Sectional specification – RF coaxial connectors with inner diameter of outer conductor 6,5 mm (0,256 in) with bayonet lock – Characteristic impedance 50 Ω (type BNC)</ref> will mate non-destructively. At least one manufacturer<ref name="canford-2">[http://www.canford.co.uk/Technical/Article/BNCConnectors Canford]. "In over 15 years and many million BNC connectors we have no first hand experience of incompatibility between 50&nbsp;ohm and 75&nbsp;ohm types, other than extremely rare (and very obvious) manufacturing faults."</ref> claims very high reliability for the connectors' compatibility.

At frequencies below 10&nbsp;MHz the impedance mismatch between a 50&nbsp;ohm connector or cable and a 75&nbsp;ohm one has negligible effects.<ref name="canford-1">[http://www.canford.co.uk/Technical/Article/BNCConnectors BNC Connectors], The Canford Group</ref> BNC connectors were thus originally made only in 50&nbsp;ohm versions, for use with any impedance of cable. Above this frequency, however, the mismatch becomes progressively more significant and can lead to signal reflections.

==BNC inserter/remover tool==
[[File:Trompeter JSI-52 Patch Panel.jpeg|thumb|Rear view of a patch panel with BNC jacks in close proximity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Trompeter Product Catelog|publisher=Trompeter|page=51|url=http://www.connecticc.com/pdfs/trompeter_catalog-3.pdf|access-date=24 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325105500/http://www.connecticc.com/pdfs/trompeter_catalog-3.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
A '''BNC inserter/remover tool''', also called a '''BNC tool''', '''BNC extraction tool''', '''BNC wrench''', or '''BNC apple corer''', is a tool used to insert or remove BNC connectors in high density or hard-to-reach locations, such as densely wired [[patch panel]]s in broadcast facilities like [[central apparatus room]]s.

BNC tools are usually light weight, made of [[stainless steel]], and have [[screw driver]] type plastic [[Handle (grip)|handle grips]] for applying [[torque]]. Their shafts are usually double the length of a standard connector.

They help to safely, efficiently and quickly connect and disconnect BNC connectors in jack fields. BNC tools facilitate access and minimize the risk of accidentally disconnecting nearby connectors.

==Similar connectors==
{{main|RF connector}}

Similar connectors using the [[bayonet connection]] principle exist, and a [[TNC connector|threaded connector]] is also available. United States military standard MIL-PRF-39012 entitled ''Connectors, Coaxial, Radio Frequency, General Specification for'' (formerly MIL-C-39012) covers the general requirements and tests for radio frequency connectors used with flexible cables and certain other types of coaxial transmission lines in military, aerospace, and spaceflight applications.<ref>[http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-PRF/MIL-PRF-030000-79999/MIL-PRF-39012E_28965/ MIL-PRF-39012]</ref>

===SR connectors===
{{Main|SR connector}}In the USSR, BNC connectors were copied as [[SR connector]]s. As a result of recalculating from imperial to metric measurements their dimensions differ slightly from those of BNC. They are however generally interchangeable with them, sometimes with force applied.

===TNC (Threaded Neill–Concelman)===
{{Main|TNC connector}}
A threaded version of the BNC connector, known as the [[TNC connector]] (for '''Threaded Neill-Concelman''') is also available. It has superior performance to the BNC connector at [[microwave]] frequencies.

===Twin BNC or twinax===
[[File:Twinax connectors.jpg|thumb|Female (left) and male (right) twin BNC connectors]] 
'''Twin BNC''' (also known as '''twinax''') connectors use the same bayonet latching shell as an ordinary BNC connector but contain two independent contact points (one male and one female), allowing the connection of a 78 ohm or 95 ohm shielded [[Differential signaling|differential pair]] such as RG-108A.<ref>{{cite web |author=E-Base Interactive |url=http://www.amphenolrf.com/products/twinbnc.asp |title=Twin BNC connector series |publisher=Amphenol RF |access-date=26 November 2011 |archive-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723220858/http://www.amphenolrf.com/products/twinbnc.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> They can operate up to 100&nbsp;MHz and 100&nbsp;volts. They cannot mate with ordinary BNC connectors. An abbreviation for twinax connectors has been BNO ({{interlanguage link|Huber+Suhner|de}}).

===Triaxial===
[[File:BNC triax.jpg|thumb|right|110px|Triaxial BNC connector]] [[Triaxial cable|Triaxial]] (also known as '''triax''') connectors are a variant on BNC that carry a signal and guard as well as ground conductor. These are used in sensitive electronic measurement systems. Early triaxial connectors were designed with just an extra inner conductor, but later triaxial connectors also include a three-lug arrangement to rule out an accidental forced mating with a BNC connector. Adaptors exist to allow some interconnection possibilities between triaxial and BNC connectors. The triaxial may also be known as a Trompeter connection.

===High-voltage connectors===
{{Main|MHV connector|SHV connector}}
For higher voltages (above 500&nbsp;V), [[MHV connector|MHV]] and [[SHV connector|SHV]] connectors are typically used. MHV connectors are easily mistaken for BNC type, and can be made to mate with them by brute force. The SHV connector was developed as a safer alternative: it will not mate with ordinary BNC connectors, and the inner conductor is much harder to accidentally contact.

===Miniature connectors===
[[File:Cross sections of BNC and HDBNC connectors.png|thumb|Section through BNC and HD-BNC connectors]]
BNC connectors are commonly used in electronics, but in some applications they are being replaced by [[LEMO]] 00 miniature connectors which allow for significantly higher densities. In video broadcast industry, the [[DIN 1.0/2.3]] and the HD-BNC connector are used for higher density products

==See also==
* [[SMA connector]]
* [[SMB connector]]
* [[SMC connector]]
* [[UHF connector]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|BNC connectors}}

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