Editing Axel Olrik

[[Image:Axelolrik.jpg|thumb|upright|Axel Olrik, from the posthumous publication of his ''Nogle grundsætninger for sagnforskning'']]
'''Axel Olrik''' (3 July 1864 &ndash; 17 February 1917) was a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[folklore|folklorist]] and scholar of mediaeval [[historiography]], and a pioneer in the methodical study of oral [[narrative]].

Olrik was born in [[Frederiksberg]], the son of the artist [[Henrik Olrik]]. Artist [[Dagmar Olrik]], judge [[Eyvind Olrik]], historian [[Hans Olrik]] and cultural historian [[Jørgen Olrik]] were his siblings.<ref name=DBL>Bengt Holbek, [http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Historie/Folkemindeforsker/Axel_Olrik "Axel Olrik"], ''[[Dansk Biografisk Leksikon]]'', retrieved 1 January 2013 {{in lang|da}}</ref>

==Career==
Olrik began his studies at the [[University of Copenhagen]] in 1881. In 1886, he won the university gold medal for an essay on the age of the [[Eddic poems]];<ref>[[Kaarle Krohn]], "Axel Olrik", ''[[Folklore Fellows' Communications]]'' 29 (1919) pp. 3–18, p. 3 {{in lang|de}} ([http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005762847;seq=1143;view=1up;num=3 online] at Hathi Trust)</ref> he received his Master of Arts in [[Old Norse|Nordic]] [[Philology]] in 1887 and his Ph.D. in 1892. The following year, he became a private [[docent]] at the university. On 1 April 1896 he was awarded a temporary position in Scandinavian folklore, which on 9 April 1913 was converted into an extraordinary professorship. Apart from a period at Kristiania (now [[Oslo]]) in 1892 studying with [[Moltke Moe]],<ref name=Dundes85>[[Alan Dundes]], ''International Folkloristics: Classic Contributions by the Founders of Folklore'', Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999, {{ISBN|9780847695140}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ6bGz4qmWsC&q=Moe%27s+notion+of+epic+laws&pg=PA83 p. 85].</ref> he spent his entire career at the University of Copenhagen.

==Scholarly work==
[[File:Axel, Eyvind, and Hans Olrik by Ludvig Grundtvig.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Axel Olrik (left) with his brothers Eyvind and Hans, photograph by [[Ludvig Grundtvig]]]]

===Folklore===
While a student, Olrik soon came under the influence of [[Svend Grundtvig]], and until the latter's death in 1883, was treated almost like a son. His first major scholarly work was therefore a continuation of Grundtvig's work on the Danish [[ballad]]s; with ''Danske Ridderviser'' (1898&ndash;1919) he continued the publication of ''[[Danmarks gamle Folkeviser]]'', which was in turn continued after his own death by his pupil [[Hakon Grüner-Nielsen]].<ref name=DBL/><ref name=Salmonsen>V. D., [https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/18/0505.html "Olrik, Axel"], ''Salmonsens konversationsleksikon'', 2nd ed. Volume XVIII, p. 473, online at [[Project Runeberg]] {{in lang|da}}</ref> Olrik was able to draw more than Grundtvig on collected oral material; in 1888&ndash;89 he himself did some fieldwork collecting folksongs.<ref name=DBL/>

Grundtvig had amalgamated what he considered useful features from various versions of a folksong or ballad to produce a long, complex whole; Olrik, in contrast, sought to trace the history of the oral texts back to simple originals. He published several sample studies in ''[[Danske Studier]]'', the journal he co-founded with [[Marius Kristensen]] in 1904, and in 1899&ndash;1909, with [[Ida Falbe-Hansen]], he published a collection of reconstructed texts, ''Danske Folkeviser i Udvalg'' (Selection of Danish Folk Songs); in 1899&ndash;1904, an edition with melodic arrangements by Thomas Laub was published. These were very popular and were translated into German and English.<ref name=DBL/>

In addition to ''Danske Studier'', Olrik together with [[Henning Frederik Feilberg]] and [[H. O. Lange]] founded the Danish folklore archive (''Dansk Folkemindesamling''),<ref>Krohn, p. 8.</ref> and served as its first president. He was also the first president of Danmarks Folkeminder, an association founded in 1908, and set up its committees for the study of folklore material and of placenames, both of which are now research institutes at the University of Copenhagen. In addition, with [[Kaarle Krohn]] and [[Carl Wilhelm von Sydow|C. W. von Sydow]], he co-founded the international organisation of [[Folklore Fellows]] in 1907,<ref>Krohn, p. 7.</ref><ref>Dundes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ6bGz4qmWsC&q=FF+organization&pg=PA83 p. 83].</ref><ref>Pekka Hakamies, "The Centenary of Folklore Fellows' Communications", [http://www.folklorefellows.fi/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/FFN_39_low.pdf ''Folklore Fellows' Network'' 39, December 2010] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419025508/http://www.folklorefellows.fi/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/FFN_39_low.pdf |date=April 19, 2012 }}, p. 3 (pdf)</ref> and the first issue of ''[[Folklore Fellows' Communications]]'', of which he was co-editor from its inception in 1910,<ref name=Salmonsen/> consists of an account by him of the Danish folklore archive.<ref name=DBL/><ref>Krohn, p. 11.</ref><ref>Dundes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ6bGz4qmWsC&q=Olrik+authored+FF+Communications+No.+1&pg=PA83 p. 84].</ref> Upon his death, his professorship and with it folklore studies at the University of Copenhagen came to an end; the field was only revived in 1961.

===Mediaeval historiography and culture===
Olrik's Ph.D. dissertation, ''Forsøg på en tvedeling af kilderne til Sakses oldhistorie'' (''"Attempts at a two-part division of the sources for Saxo's history of the Danes"''), was on the sources of [[Saxo Grammaticus]]' Latin history of the Danes, ''[[Gesta Danorum]]''. Based on the presence or absence of [[West Norse]] names and familiarity with West Norse geography and with material in pre-existing Icelandic historical works, he believed it was possible to distinguish passages in which Saxo had drawn on Norwegian and Icelandic sources and those where he had used native Danish traditions.<ref name=DBL/><ref name=Salmonsen/> This work led him to the view that the religious, heroic and historical traditions of the different Scandinavian peoples had already diverged by the [[Viking Age]], and he sought to trace the origins, development and regional variation of individual works and concepts.<ref name=DBL/> He published many articles on [[Scandinavian religion]], onomastics, and related subjects, including an interpretation of the images on the [[Golden Horns of Gallehus]] which was published in 1918, after his death,<ref name=Salmonsen/> studies of [[Ragnarök]], and a book on Scandinavian paganism in the Viking Age, ''Nordisk Åndsliv i Vikingetid og tidlig Middelalder'', all of which were revised and completed by his student [[Hans Ellekilde]] and published in 1926 and 1951 as ''Nordens Gudeverden''.<ref name=DBL/>

===Oral narrative===
Olrik eventually developed a system for the study of oral narrative (which he called ''sagn'' - 'saga'), including principles for the study of sources (developed with [[Kristian Erslev]]), a theory of transmission and most influentially, a theory of form which he called "[[Epic Laws of Folk Narrative|epic laws]]".<ref name=DBL/> This was based on an idea of Moltke Moe's, but Olrik's approach is structural whereas Moe sought to derive rules for the historical development of narratives.<ref name=Dundes85/> His unfinished work on the study of oral narrative was published posthumously in 1921 by Ellekilde as ''Nogle grundsætninger for sagnforskning''.

==Private life==
In 1893 he married Margrete Sofie Eleonore Hasselquist, who died in November 1911.<ref name=Krohn14>Krohn, p. 14.</ref> He died in [[Øverød]] on 17 February 1917 from [[pneumonia]] following a successful operation on his ear.<ref name=DBL/><ref>Krohn, p. 17.</ref>

==Honours==
In 1911 Olrik was named the first external member of the [[Finnish Academy of Science and Letters|Finnish Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=Krohn14/> In 1914 he was elected foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613192149/https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002137 |title=Axel Olrik (1864 - 1917) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |date= |archive-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* ''Kilderne til Sakses oldhistorie: en literaturhistorisk undersøgelse'' Volume 1 ''Forsøg pa en tvedeling af kilderne til Sakses oldhistorie''. Copenhagen: Wroblewski, 1892 {{OCLC|163079555}}. Volume 2 ''Sakses oldhistorie, norrøne sagaer og Danske sagn''. Copenhagen: Wroblewski, 1894 {{OCLC|791764264}} (based on his dissertation)
* (with Ida Falbe-Hansen). ''Danske Folkeviser i Udvalg''. 2 vols. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1899, 1909 {{OCLC|788836874}}
* ''A Book of Danish Ballads''. Tr. E. M. Smith-Dampier. 1939. Repr. Granger index reprint series. Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries, 1968. {{OCLC|296014}} (translation of above)
* ''Om Ragnarok''. Volume 1 Copenhagen: Gad, 1902, first printed in ''Årbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie'' 1902, pp.&nbsp;157&ndash;291. {{OCLC|787545101}}. Volume 2 ''Ragnarokforestillingernes udspring'', first printed in ''Danske Studier'' 1913. {{OCLC|66588720}} 2 vols. Copenhagen: Gad, 1914. {{OCLC|3753257}}
* ''Danmarks heltedigtning: en oldtidsstudie'' Volume 1 ''Rolf Krake og den ældre Skjoldungrackke'' Copenhagen: Gad, 1903 {{OCLC|312510407}}. Volume 2 ''Starkad den Gamle og den yngre Skjoldungrække''. Copenhagen: Gad, 1910 {{OCLC|312510893}} (Remaining 5 volumes not completed; notes held at the Danish folklore archive)<ref name=DBL/>
* "Episke love i folkedigtningen". ''Danske Studier'', 5 (1908): 69-89 (https://web.archive.org/web/20160309204457/http://danskestudier.dk/materiale/1908.pdf). Olrik expressed the same ideas in German in 'Epische Gesetze der Volksdichtung', Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und Deutsche Literatur, 51 (1909), 1–12, which was translated into English as '[[Epic Laws of Folk Narrative]]', in The Study of Folklore, ed. by [[Alan Dundes]] (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), pp. 129–41 {{OCLC|523555}}
* ''Nordisk Åndsliv i Vikingetid og tidlig Middelalder''. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1907. {{OCLC|492626927}}
* (completed by [[Hans Ellekilde|Hans Lavrids Ellekilde]]). ''Nogle grundsætninger for sagnforskning''. Danmarks folkeminder 23. Copenhagen: Schønberg, 1921. {{OCLC|2210807}}
* ''Principles for Oral Narrative Research''. Tr. Kirsten Wolf and Jody Jensen. Folklore studies in translation. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1992. {{ISBN|9780253341754}} (translation of above)
* (revised and completed by Hans Ellekilde). ''Nordens Gudeverden''. Volume 1 ''Vætter og helligdomme'' Copenhagen: Gad, 1926. {{OCLC|492626711}} Volume 2 ''Årets ring'' Copenhagen: Gad, 1951. {{OCLC|257695200}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bengt Holbek. "Axel Olrik (1864-1917)" in: ''Biographica: Nordic folklorists of the past: studies in honor of Jouko Hautala''. Copenhagen: Nordisk institut for folkedigtning, 1971. {{OCLC|57862094}} Repr. as ''Leading folklorists of the North: Biographical studies''. Ed. Dag Strömbäck with Brynjulf Alver, Bengt Holbek and Leea Virtanen. Scandinavian university books. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1971. {{OCLC|488765}} pp.&nbsp;259&ndash;96.

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Axel Olrik}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Olrik, Axel}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Frederiksberg]]
[[Category:Danish male writers]]
[[Category:Danish folklorists]]
[[Category:Members of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Writers on Germanic paganism]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Denmark]]