Editing Axel Munthe

{{Short description|Swedish doctor and psychiatrist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Axel Munthe00.jpg|thumb|200px|Axel Munthe, by<br /> [[Feodora Gleichen]]]]

'''Axel Martin Fredrik Munthe''' (31 October 1857 – 11 February 1949) was a Swedish-born physician and psychiatrist, best known as the author of ''[[The Story of San Michele]]'', an autobiographical account of his life and work. He spoke several languages (Swedish, English, French, Italian fluently, and German at least passably), grew up in Sweden, attended medical school there, then studied medicine in Paris and opened his first practice in France. He was married to a wealthy Englishwoman and spent most of his adult life in Italy. 

His philanthropic nature often led him to treat the poor without charge, and he risked his life on several occasions to offer medical help in times of war, disaster or plague. As an advocate of animal rights, he purchased land to create a bird sanctuary near his home in Italy, argued for bans on painful traps, and himself kept pets as diverse as an owl and a baboon, as well as many types of dog. His writing is light-hearted, being primarily memoirs drawn from his real-life experiences, but it is often tinged with sadness or tragedy, and often uses [[dramatic licence]]. He primarily wrote about people and their idiosyncrasies, portraying the foibles of both the rich and the poor, but also about animals.

==Early life==
[[File:Anacapri view.jpg|thumb|[[Anacapri]], 2004]]
Axel Munthe was born in [[Oskarshamn]], Sweden, his family's home.<ref name="MuntheMunthe1953">{{cite book|author1=Gustaf Lorentz Munthe|author2=Lorentz Munthe|author3=Gudrun von Uexküll|title=Buch von Axel Munthe. English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTU3AAAAIAAJ|year=1953|publisher=John Murray|page=9}}</ref> His family was originally of [[Flemish people|Flemish descent]], and settled in Sweden during the 16th century.

Munthe began college in 1874 at [[Uppsala University]]. While travelling in Italy in 1875, Munthe sailed in a small boat from [[Sorrento]] to the island of [[Capri]]. Climbing the [[Phoenician Steps]] to the village of [[Anacapri]], he came upon a peasant's house and the adjacent ruin of a chapel dedicated to [[Saint Michael|San Michele]], and was immediately captivated by the idea of rebuilding the ruin and turning it into a home.

Munthe studied medicine in [[Uppsala]], [[Montpellier]] and Paris (where he was a student of [[Jean-Martin Charcot|Charcot]]), and graduated as M.D. in 1880 at the age of 23. Though his thesis was on the subjects of [[gynaecology]] and [[obstetrics]], Munthe was deeply impressed by Professor [[Jean-Martin Charcot]]'s pioneering work in [[neurology]], having attended his lectures at the [[Salpêtrière]] hospital. He later had a falling out with Charcot, and left the Salpêtrière denouncing his former teacher's work on hypnotism as fraudulent and scientifically unsound.<ref>The Story of Axel Munthe by his cousin Dr.Gustaf Munthe and the Baroness Gudrun Uexkűll. Publisher John Murray, First Edition 1953</ref>

'''Parents and siblings'''

He was the youngest of three siblings born to sickly, autocratic, violin playing, puritanical, chemist father Martin Arnold Fredrick Munthe (#-1877) and his second wife Louisa Aurora Ugarsky (# - 1878). 
The eldest was Anna (b. 1854) who married twice. At 21 she married the painter [[Reinhold Norstedt]], during which times her flower paintings were exhibited in the National Galleries and other galleries. After Norstedt's death in 1911, she married Frans Siberg, a veterinarian.

The second child was Arnold a future Artist, Author, playwright and Retired Swedish Naval Captain (# - 1927) who served with the French Imperial Fleet produced and wrote several renown plays Magnus Stenbok, Magdalena Rudenskiold <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Magdalena-Rudensch%C3%B6ld/6000000007673978404|title=Magdalena Charlotta Rudenschöld|website=geni_family_tree|accessdate=19 September 2018}}</ref> and The March over the Belt. Arnold also wrote the several Naval books including Charles XII and the Russian Navy and the textbooks Swedish Naval Heroes series.

==Paris and Italy==
After graduation, Munthe opened a medical practice in Paris, largely catering to the members of the [[Scandinavia]]n [[art colony]] there. He for example rented a Paris apartment to Finnish painter [[Albert Edelfelt]] and his wife.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vainio-Kurtakko |first=Maria |url=https://www.sls.fi/publications/ett-gott-parti/ |title=Ett gott parti : Scener ur Ellan de la Chapelles och Albert Edelfelts liv |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2022 |isbn=978-951-583-557-4 |language=sv}}</ref> In 1884 he travelled to [[Naples]] to offer medical assistance in a [[cholera]] epidemic.

In 1887, he moved to [[Capri]], bought the [[Villa San Michele]] and began restoration, doing much of the work himself, but also employing local residents, including three brothers and their father.

In 1890, running low on money for the project, he opened a practice in Rome which catered to foreign dignitaries as well as the local population. From this point onwards he divided his time between Rome and [[Capri]].

==Queen Victoria of Sweden==
[[File:Axel-Munthe-with-pets.jpg|thumb|right|Axel Munthe with his pet monkey and pet dog, photographed by [[Victoria of Baden|Queen Victoria of Sweden]]]]
In 1892, Munthe was appointed physician to the [[Swedish royal family]]. In particular, he served as personal physician of the [[Crown Princess]], [[Victoria of Baden]], continuing to do so when she became [[Queen consort]], and until the time of her death in 1930, although this did not mean that he was in constant attendance.

Victoria suffered from severe [[bronchitis]] and possibly also [[tuberculosis]]. Munthe recommended that she spend her winters on Capri for her health. While initially hesitant, in the autumn of 1910 she travelled to Capri, and from then onwards, except during the First World War and for a few years towards the end of her life, she spent several months each year there.

While in residence the Queen often visited the Villa San Michele to join Munthe for morning walks around the island. Munthe and the Queen also arranged evening concerts at San Michele, at which the Queen played the piano. The Queen shared Munthe's love of animals, owning a pet dog herself, and helped support his efforts to purchase Mount Barbarossa to establish it as a [[bird sanctuary]]. Perhaps inevitably, given the small local population and their close friendship, it was rumoured that Munthe and the Queen were lovers, but this has never been substantiated.

Young [[Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890–1958)|Princess Maria]], who by request of King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]] twice stayed with her mother-in-law the Queen and Munthe at Capri, found his influence damaging and his powers [[Hypnotism|hypnotic]]. Years later she asserted that he wanted her to be his patient at age 23 and made physical advances toward her, and that the horror she then felt toward the Swedish royal family, because of their unlimited support of Munthe, was the main reason she fled them and filed for divorce from [[Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland|Prince Wilhelm]].<ref>[[Lennart Bernadotte]] in ''Käre prins, godnatt!'' {{ISBN|91-0-041935-4}} pp. 155-158</ref>

Munthe has been described as less interested in the health of his patients than in his own convenience and fame, and his having Victoria travel to Capri, and stay there for months in that particular climate, has been considered more detrimental than beneficial to her health.<ref>Sir [[:sv:Gustaf von Platen|Gustaf von Platen]] in ''Bakom den gyllene fasaden'' [[Bonniers]] {{ISBN|91-0-058048-1}} p 114</ref>

Other indication of his passionate nature concerns an affair he is believed to have had with the English socialite Lady [[Ottoline Morrell]], beginning when they first met in July or August 1898. Ottoline was then an unmarried 25-year-old member of the privileged London social scene, while being at the same time slightly contemptuous of it. Her intellectual and spiritual interests drew her to more mature men, such as [[H. H. Asquith]], particularly if they had a reputation for iconoclasm. She and Axel Munthe were drawn to each other, and managed to spend much private time together on Capri.<ref>Sandra Jobson Darroch, ''Ottoline: The life of Lady Ottoline Morrell'' (1975), chapter 2</ref>

==Marriages==
Axel Munthe married Ultima Hornberg, a Swede, on 24 November 1880, whom he met while she was studying art in Paris. They divorced in the late 1880s, and in 1892 she married a Swedish manufacturer named Gustaf Richter, and gave birth to a son in 1893, before dying in 1895.

In 1907, Munthe married Hilda Pennington-Mellor (1876–1967). They had two sons, Peter and [[Malcolm Munthe|Malcolm]]. There is an anecdote that when Munthe was discussing ''The Story of San Michele'' with his publisher, [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]], in the garden at Southside, Murray told him that his ancestor and namesake [[John Murray (1778–1843)]] had sat in the same garden with [[Lord Byron]] to discuss publication of Byron's works.

During 1910–1911, Munthe had a 14-room summer home built in Sweden as a gift to his wife. It was originally called ''Stengården'' (''The Stone Court''), but has been known as ''Hildasholm'' since her death. It is set amongst trees on the shore of [[Lake Siljan]] in [[Dalarna]], and the architect was [[Torben Grut]], who also designed the [[Stockholms Olympiastadion|Stockholm Stadium]] used for the [[1912 Summer Olympics]]. Hilda landscaped the home with an [[English garden]] as part of the dramatic rocky surroundings, and furnished it with 17th, 18th and 19th-century art and furniture from Italy, England and France.

The family usually stayed in the house during the summer, but Munthe was more often at the [[Villa San Michele|San Michele]].

==First World War==
During the [[First World War]], Munthe became a British citizen and served in the ambulance corps. His wartime experiences were the basis for his book, ''Red Cross, Iron Cross''.

==Later life==
[[File:Axel Munthe.jpg|thumb|Munthe, early 1930s]]
In 1919–1920, Munthe was an unwilling landlord to the outrageous socialite and muse [[Luisa Casati]], who took possession of Villa San Michele. This period was described by Scottish author [[Compton Mackenzie]] in his diaries.<ref>''Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati'' by Scot D. Ryersson, Michael Orlando Yaccarino. U of Minnesota Press, 2004 – Biography & Autobiography – 233 pages</ref>

Munthe developed an eye condition which eventually made him virtually blind and unable to tolerate the bright Italian sunlight. At that point he returned to Sweden for a number of years and wrote ''The Story of San Michele'' (published in 1929), which was well received, having been translated into at least 45 languages and said to be one of the best-selling books of the 20th century.

An operation restored his sight, and he spent several more years at San Michele before returning to Sweden in 1942. He spent the final years of his life as an official guest of the King of Sweden.

During the [[Second World War]], Munthe's son Malcolm Pennington Mellor Munthe served with the [[Special Operations Executive]], working behind [[Nazi]] lines in occupied Scandinavia, and later participating in the [[Operation Shingle|Allied invasion at Anzio]]. Malcolm Munthe was seriously wounded during the war, and later developed reclusive tendencies.

Munthe died at Stockholm Palace aged 91. His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered into the North Sea. A memorial plaque about him and his family can be found at the Protestant Cemetery in Rome.

==Medical outlook==
Munthe tried to avoid prescription medication for his psychological cases whenever possible, often recommending hypnosis, music, and other alternative medical approaches. He was peripherally involved in Louis Pasteur's search for a [[rabies]] [[vaccine]]. He advocated [[euthanasia]] for hopeless medical situations such as [[rabies]], where the patient is condemned to a prospect of intense pain and mental anguish.

==Publications==
''The Story of San Michele'' overshadows all Munthe's other publications, and includes material from some earlier works. His earlier work can be very difficult to find and often commands high prices.

Aside from his doctoral thesis, his first publications consisted of accounts of his travels which appeared in the ''[[Stockholms Dagblad]]'' newspaper, and which described his experiences of relief work during the cholera epidemic in Naples. These articles were published in 1887 as a book translated into English by Maude Valerie White.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munthe |first=Axel |year=1887 |title=Letters From A Mourning City (Naples, Autumn, 1884) |location=London |publisher=John Murray |url=https://www.gutenberg.ca/ebooks/muntheawhitemv-mourningcity/muntheawhitemv-mourningcity-00-h-dir/muntheawhitemv-mourningcity-00-h.html }}</ref> The second edition of 1899 was translated by Munthe himself.<ref>[[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] B00087WVNO.</ref>

''[[Memories and Vagaries|Vagaries]]'' was first published in London in 1898. It was retitled ''Memories and Vagaries'' in a second edition printed in 1908. In 1930 there was a third edition, containing an added preface and a slightly different selection of stories in a different order.

Munthe's reminiscences of his time in the ambulance corps, ''Red Cross, Iron Cross'' was published anonymously – "by a doctor in France" – in London in 1916, with all proceeds being donated to the [[French Red Cross]]. A second edition, credited to Munthe, was published around 1930.

===Publications in languages other than English===
*Små Skizzer, Stockholm, 1888
*Bref och Skizzer, Stockholm, 1909
*''Letters From A Mourning City'' was published in Swedish in 1885, and in Italian in 1910.
*''[[Memories and Vagaries]]'' seems to have very different titles in other languages, often roughly translating as ''An Old Book of Man and Beasts''; see that article for more information.

==Legacy==
[[File:Overlooking Capri harbour from the rotunda in Villa San Michele Anacapri 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Capri]] harbour, from rotunda, [[Villa San Michele]]]]
Munthe died in 1949 aged 91, in Stockholm.  Several of his properties are now museums and cultural centres.  He willed [[Villa San Michele]] to the Swedish nation, and it is maintained by a Swedish foundation. The complex functions as a cultural centre, hosting concerts, visiting Swedish scholars, and the local Swedish consulate. The foundation also maintains the Mount Barbarossa bird sanctuary, which covers over 55,000 square metres.

In 1980, a foundation (Stiftelsen Hildasholm) was established to care for ''Hildasholm'', the Munthes' Swedish home. Malcolm Munthe donated the home and the art and antiques it contains to the foundation, which operates it as a museum. It was designated a historic building in 1988, and underwent extensive restoration between 1995 and 1999. In addition to tours, the museum hosts art classes and concerts.

Malcolm Munthe spent much of his life after the second world war remodelling the family's two mansions in England. His children formed the Pennington-Mellor-Munthe Charity Trust which maintains both Southside and [[Hellens|Hellens Manor]] and operates them as museums, also hosting cultural events such as concerts, lectures and literary events. Members of the family still sometimes reside at them.

There have been at least two international symposia on Munthe, the second being held at ''Hildasholm'' in [[Leksand]], Sweden, on 13 September 2003. Speakers included Dr. Ian McDonald, Levente Erdeos (architect, and former curator of San Michele), the Swedish author Bengt Jangfeldt, Dr. Peter Cottino (from Capri), Mårten Lindståhl, Dr. Katriona Munthe-Lindgren, and Professor Alden Smith from the Department of Classics at [[Baylor University]].

He was the subject of a 1962 biopic ''[[Axel Munthe, The Doctor of San Michele]]'', based on his memoirs.

==Awards and decorations==
* [[File:UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_honorary_member_ribbon.svg|50x50px]] {{flagicon|UK}} Honorary Commander of the [[Royal Victorian Order]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27807 |date=16 June 1905 |page=4251}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
===In English===
*''The Story of Axel Munthe'' by G. Munthe and G. Uezkull (1953)
*''The Story of Axel Munthe, Capri and San Michele'' by A. Andrén (with others, 1959)

===Non-English===
*''Boken om Axel Munthes San Michele'', Levente A S Erdeos, 1999. {{ISBN|91-7203-342-8}}
*''En osalig ande: Berättelsen om Axel Munthe'', Bengt Jangfeldt, 2003. In Swedish. English translation by Harry Watson (''Axel Munthe: The Road to San Michele''), 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-720-7}}.

==Films==
*''Axel Munthe, der Arzt von San Michele'', directed by Rudolf Jugert, starring O. W. Fischer (as Axel Munthe), 1962.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.hildasholm.org/ Hildasholm, Munthe's home in Sweden]
*[http://www.villasanmichele.eu/ Villa San Michele, Munthe's home on Capri]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060510085334/http://www.capritourism.com/en/Monum/smichele.htm ''Capri Review Magazine'' article on Queen Victoria and Munthe]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190225030638/http://www.southsidehouse.com/ Southside House]
*[https://archive.today/20130708054903/http://catnyp.nypl.org/record=b1007022 New York Public Library catalog page for ''Letters From A Mourning City'']
*[http://copac.ac.uk/ For editions of "From a Mourning City"]
*{{Gutenberg author | id=39701| name=Axel Munthe}}
*{{FadedPage|id=Munthe, Axel|name=Axel Munthe|author=yes}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Axel Munthe}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/012705}}

{{Capri topics}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Munthe, Axel}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Oskarshamn Municipality]]
[[Category:Uppsala University alumni]]
[[Category:Swedish memoirists]]
[[Category:Swedish psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Swedish military doctors]]
[[Category:Swedish medical writers]]
[[Category:Capri, Campania]]
[[Category:Expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:British psychiatrists]]
[[Category:British medical writers]]
[[Category:Keepers of animal sanctuaries]]
[[Category:People from Wimbledon, London]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Belgian descent]]