Editing Autolycus

{{Short description|Son of the god Hermes and Chione}}
{{Other uses|Autolycus (disambiguation)}}
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Autolycus''' ({{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|t|ɒ|l|ɪ|k|ə|s}}; {{langx|grc|Αὐτόλυκος|Autólykos|the wolf itself}})<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJmFvRNHbo4C&q=Autolycus+thief&pg=PA37|author=K. J. Gutzwiller|title=Theocritus' Pastoral Analogies: The Formation of a Genre (p. 37)|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|date=1991|isbn=0299129446|access-date=2015-04-12|archive-date=2024-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525100822/https://books.google.com/books?id=rJmFvRNHbo4C&q=Autolycus+thief&pg=PA37#v=snippet&q=Autolycus%20thief&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> was a robber who had the power to metamorphose or make invisible the things he stole.<ref>Graf, para. 1.</ref> He had his residence on [[Mount Parnassus]] and was renowned among men for his cunning and oaths.

==Family==
There are a number of different accounts of the birth of Autolycus. According to most, he was the son of [[Hermes]]<ref name=":3" /> and [[Chione (daughter of Daedalion)|Chione]]<ref name=":1">[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#201 201]</ref> or [[Philonis]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women|Ehoiai]]'' fr. 64</ref> In [[Ovid]]'s version, Autolycus was conceived after Hermes had intercourse with the virgin Chione.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://classics.mit.edu/Ovid/metam.11.eleventh.html 11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504040621/http://classics.mit.edu/Ovid/metam.11.eleventh.html |date=2015-05-04 }}, translated by [[Samuel Garth]], [[John Dryden]], ''et al'' (MIT): "unresisted revels in her arms ...".</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]  instead states that Autolycus' real father was [[Daedalion]].<ref name=":2">[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.4.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Autolycus 8.4.6]</ref><ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz72pKpgpx8C&dq=Pausanias+-+Autolycus%27+real+father+was+Daedalion&pg=PR59 Pausanias's Description of Greece (p. lix)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525100822/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz72pKpgpx8C&dq=Pausanias+-+Autolycus%27+real+father+was+Daedalion&pg=PR59#v=onepage&q=Pausanias%20-%20Autolycus'%20real%20father%20was%20Daedalion&f=false |date=2024-05-25 }}, translated by [[James George Frazer|J G Frazer]], Cambridge University Press, 2012, {{ISBN|1108047238}}.</ref> In some accounts, his mother was also called Telauge.<ref>[[Eustathius of Thessalonica|Eustathius]] ad Homer, p. 804</ref>

Depending on the source, Autolycus was the husband of [[Mestra]] (who could change her shape at will and was a daughter of [[Erysichthon of Thessaly|Erysichthon]]<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 8.738</ref><ref>I. Ziogas, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fMtJRSPGb6MC&dq=Autolycus+was+husband+to+Mestra&pg=PA136 Ovid and Hesiod: The Metamorphosis of the Catalogue of Women (p. 136)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525100839/https://books.google.com/books?id=fMtJRSPGb6MC&dq=Autolycus+was+husband+to+Mestra&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q=Autolycus%20was%20husband%20to%20Mestra&f=false |date=2024-05-25 }}, Cambridge University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|1107007410}}. Ziogas states a detail of Ovid 8.738, "Mestra is not actually mentioned ''by name'' in Ovid 8. 738".</ref>), or of [[Neaera (Greek mythology)|Neaera]],<ref name=":2" /> or of [[Amphithea]].<ref>Homer, ''[[Odyssey]]'' 19.394 & 416</ref> He became the father of [[Anticlea]] (who married [[Laertes (father of Odysseus)|Laertes]] [[Homer's Ithaca|of Ithaca]] and was the mother of [[Odysseus]]<ref name="Od1">Homer, ''Odyssey'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Od.+24.331&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136 24.334]</ref>) and several sons, of whom only [[Aesimus]], father of [[Sinon]] was named.<ref>[[Tryphiodorus]], [https://topostext.org/work/850#209 220], [https://topostext.org/work/850#291 294]  & [http://www.theoi.com/Text/Tryphiodorus.html f.n. 21] </ref> Autolycus' other daughter was [[Polymede]], mother of [[Jason]], the famous [[Argonauts|Argonaut]] who led a group of men to find the coveted [[Golden Fleece]].<ref name=":3">[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.16&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Autolycus 1.9.16]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparative table of Autolycus' family
! rowspan="2" |Relation
! rowspan="2" |Names
! colspan="8" |Sources
|-
|''Homer''
|''Hesiod''
|''Apollodorus''
|''Ovid''
|''Hyginus''
|''Pausanias''
|''Tryphiodorus''
|''Eustathius''
|-
| rowspan="6" |''Parentage''
|Hermes
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|✓
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|✓
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|Hermes and Philonis
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|✓
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|✓
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|Hermes and Chione
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|✓
|✓
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|Daedalion
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|✓
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|✓
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|Hermes and Telauge or
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|✓
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|Daedalion and Telauge
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| rowspan="3" |''Spouse''
|Amphithea
|✓
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|Mestra
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|✓
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|Neaera
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|✓
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| rowspan="4" |''Offspring''
|Anticlea
|✓
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|✓
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|Polymede
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|✓
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|Neaera
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|✓
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|Aesimus
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|✓
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|}

== Mythology ==

=== Adventures ===
According to ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'', Autolycus was counted as one of the Argonauts.<ref name=":3" />

Autolycus obtained most of the same skills that his supposed father Hermes possesses, such as the arts of theft and trickery. It was said that he "loved to make white of black, and black of white, from a hornless animal to a horned one, or from horned one to a hornless". He was given the gift that his thievery could not be caught by anyone.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 11.301; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#201 201]</ref>

Autolycus, master of thievery, was also well known for stealing [[Sisyphus]]' herd right from underneath him – Sisyphus, who was commonly known for being a crafty king that killed guests, seduced his niece and stole his brothers' throne<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#50 50] & [https://topostext.org/work/206#99 99]</ref> and was banished to the throes of [[Tartarus]] by the gods. However, according to other versions of the myth, Autolycus failed to steal Sisyphus' herd and the king banished him from his city. 

[[Heracles]], the great Greek hero, was taught the art of [[wrestling]] by Autolycus.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], 2.4.9</ref> However, Autolycus was a source of trouble in Heracles' life, because when Autolycus stole some cattle from Euboea and Eurytus, they accused Heracles of the deed; upon going mad from these accusations, Heracles killed them and another one of Eurytus' sons, [[Iphitus of Oechalia|Iphitus]]. This led to Heracles serving three years of punishment to repent the deed.<ref>Apollodorus, 2.6.3</ref>

=== Odysseus' name ===
Through Anticleia, Autolycus was also the grandfather of the famous warrior [[Odysseus]],<ref name="Od1" /> and he was responsible for the naming of the child as well. This happened when the nurse of the child [[Eurycleia]] "laid the child upon his knees and spoke, and addressed him: Autolycus, find now thyself a name to give to thy child's own child; be sure he has long been prayed for". Then Autolycus answered: "Since I have been angered (ὀδυσσάμενος ''odyssamenos'')<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do)du%2Fssomai ὀδύσσομαι] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106112951/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29du%2Fssomai |date=2021-01-06 }} at [[LSJ]].</ref> with many, both men and women, let the name of the child be Odysseus".<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D361 19.400-405]</ref>

==In popular culture==
Although not as well known as many other Greek mythological figures, Autolycus has appeared in works of fiction.

* Autolycus appears as a paragon of thievery in [[Thomas De Quincey]]'s "[[On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts]]".
* A comic thief in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[The Winter's Tale]]'' boasts that he is named after Autolycus and, like the latter's father, Mercury/Hermes, is "a snapper-up of unconsidered trifles".

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* Graf, Fritz, "Autolycus (1)", in ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 2'', Ark &ndash; Cas, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, Brill, 2003. {{ISBN|9004122656}}.
*[[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*[[Homer]], [[Iliad|''The Iliad'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*Homer, ''Homeri Opera'' in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0133 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Homer]], [[Odyssey|''The Odyssey'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135 Greek text available from the same website].
*[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
*Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio.'' ''3 vols''. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Pseudo-Apollodorus]], ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 Greek text available from the same website].
*[[Ovid|Publius Ovidius Naso]], ''Metamorphoses'' translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses.'' Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0029 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library].

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Autolycus}}

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[[Category:Children of Hermes]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Mythological Phocians]]