Editing Austrian German

{{short description|Variety of Standard German}}
{{Distinguish|Austro-Bavarian dialects}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Austrian German (Austrian)
| altname          = Austrian Standard German<br>Austrian High German
| nativename       = {{lang|de|Österreichisches Standarddeutsch}}<br>{{lang|de|Österreichisches Hochdeutsch}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|de-AT|ˈøːstɐraɪçɪʃəs ˈʃtandardˌdɔʏtʃ, - ˈstan-|}}<br>{{IPA|de|ˈøːstɐraɪçɪʃəs ˈhoːxdɔʏtʃ|}}
| nation           = 
| region           = [[Austria]]
| ethnicity        = [[Austrians]]
| speakers         = ?
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3             = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4             = [[High German languages|High German]]
| fam5             = [[Standard German]]
| isoexception     = dialect
| ietf             = de-AT<ref>''de-AT'' is an [[IETF language tag]] that conforms with the current specification [https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt BCP 47 Language Tags] (where ''de-AT'' happens to be mentioned explicitly). It is often used, for instance in major [[operating system]]s (e.g. [https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPInternational/LanguageandLocaleIDs/LanguageandLocaleIDs.html], [https://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/default.mspx])</ref>
| map              = Languages and ethnic groups in austria3.png
| glotto           = none
}}
'''Austrian German'''<ref name="eurotopics">{{cite web |title=The problems of Austrian German in Europe |publisher=euro{{!}}topics |url=http://www.eurotopics.net/pl/home/presseschau/archiv/article/ARTICLE15377-The-problems-of-Austrian-German-in-Europe|website=eurotopics.net|date=16 March 2006 |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084732/http://www.eurotopics.net/pl/home/presseschau/archiv/article/ARTICLE15377-The-problems-of-Austrian-German-in-Europe |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ({{langx|de|Österreichisches Deutsch}}), '''Austrian Standard German''' ('''ASG'''),<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Russ|1994|pp=7, 61–65, 69, 70}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sanders |first=Ruth H. |title=German: Biography of a Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8YTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |pages=197–198 |year=2010 |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538845-9}}</ref> '''Standard Austrian German'''<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Moosmüller|first=Sylvia|year=2007|title=Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis|url=http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> ({{lang|de|Österreichisches Standarddeutsch}}), '''Austrian High German'''<ref name="eurotopics"/><ref>{{Citation|editor-last=Perfetti|editor-first=Charles A.|editor2-last=Rieben|editor2-first=Laurence|editor3-last=Fayol|editor3-first=Michel|year=1997|title=Learning to Spell: Research, Theory, and Practice Across Languages|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates|page=88|isbn=978-1-4106-0458-3}}</ref> ({{lang|de|Österreichisches Hochdeutsch}}), or simply just '''Austrian''' ({{lang|de|Österreichisch}}), is the variety of [[Standard German]] written and spoken in [[Austria]] and [[South Tyrol]].<ref>Dollinger, Stefan. 2021. ''Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhundert''. 3rd ed. Vienna: nap, p. 14, <nowiki>https://www.nid-library.com/Home/ViewBook/512/16/view</nowiki></ref> It has the highest [[prestige (sociolinguistics)|sociolinguistic prestige]] locally, as it is the variation used in the media and for other formal situations. In less formal situations, Austrians use [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] and [[Alemannic German|Alemannic dialects]], which are traditionally spoken but rarely written in Austria. It has been standardized with the publishing of the ''[[Österreichisches Wörterbuch]]'' in 1951.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebner |first=Jakob |date=2008 |title=Duden: Österreichisches Deutsch |publisher=Dudenverl. |url=https://www.oesterreichinstitut.at/fileadmin/content/vienna/Themenschwerpunkte/ebner_duden_oesterreichisches_deutsch.pdf |access-date=December 25, 2023 |at=11-13 |isbn=978-3-411-73131-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Moosmüller |first1=Sylvia |last2=Soukup |first2=Barbara |title=Standard language in Austria |url=https://lanchart.hum.ku.dk/research/slice/publications-and-news-letters/publications/standard_languages/Soukup_and_Moosm_ller_-_Standard_language_in_Austria_-_p_39-46.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225032410/https://lanchart.hum.ku.dk/research/slice/publications-and-news-letters/publications/standard_languages/Soukup_and_Moosm_ller_-_Standard_language_in_Austria_-_p_39-46.pdf |archive-date=December 25, 2023 |access-date=December 25, 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Austrian German has its beginning in the mid-18th century, when Empress [[Maria Theresa]] and her son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] introduced [[compulsory education|compulsory schooling]] in 1774, and several reforms of administration in their multilingual [[Habsburg Empire]]. At the time, the written standard was ''Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache'' ([[Upper German]] written language), which was highly influenced by the [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] and [[Alemannic dialects]] of Austria. Another option was to create a new standard based on the Southern German dialects, as proposed by the linguist [[Johann Siegmund Popowitsch]]. Instead they decided for pragmatic reasons to adopt the already-standardized [[Saxon Electoral Chancellery|chancellery]] language of [[Saxony]] (''Sächsische Kanzleisprache'' or ''Meißner Kanzleideutsch''), which was based on the administrative language of the non-Austrian area of [[Meißen]] and [[Dresden]].
Austria High German (''Hochdeutsch in Österreich'', not to be confused with the Bavarian Austria German dialects) has the same geographic origin as the [[Swiss High German]] (''Schweizer Hochdeutsch'', not to be confused with the Alemannic [[Swiss German]] dialects).

The process of introducing the new written standard was led by [[Joseph von Sonnenfels]].

Since 1951, the standardized form of Austrian German for official governmental use and in schools has been defined by the {{Lang|de|[[Österreichisches Wörterbuch]]}} ("Austrian Dictionary"), published originally at the behest of the Austrian [[Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture]] (in the 1950s the "Unterrichtsministerium", under minister Felix Hurdes) with Verlag Jugend & Volk, then by the Österreichischer Bundesverlag.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dollinger |first=Stefan |url=https://www.nid-library.com/Home/ViewBook/512/127/view |title=Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? |publisher=New Academic Press |year=2021 |edition=3rd |location=Vienna |pages=125–128 |language=DE}}</ref>

==Standard Austrian German==
The German language is a [[Pluricentric language|pluricentric language]] and Austrian German is one of its [[standard language|standardized forms]]. The official Austrian dictionary, {{Lang|de|[[Österreichisches Wörterbuch]]}}, [[linguistic prescription|prescribes]] spelling rules that define the official language.<ref name=":0" />

Austrian delegates participated in the international working group that drafted the [[German orthography reform of 1996#In Austria|German spelling reform]] of 1996 and several conferences leading up to the reform were hosted in Vienna at the invitation of the Austrian federal government. Austria adopted it as a signatory, along with Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, of an international memorandum of understanding ({{lang|de|Wiener Absichtserklärung|italic=no}}) signed in Vienna in 1996.

The [[eszett]] (ß) is used in Austria and Germany but not in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joyce |first=Paul |title=German Alphabet: Umlauts and 'ß' - Paul Joyce |url=http://joycep.myweb.port.ac.uk/abinitio/alphabet/umlautsz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225033105/http://joycep.myweb.port.ac.uk/abinitio/alphabet/umlautsz.html |archive-date=2023-12-25 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=joycep.myweb.port.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zui |date=2022-11-05 |title=The story of Eszett (ß) |url=https://thelanguagecloset.com/2022/11/05/the-story-of-eszett-s/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=The Language Closet |language=en}}</ref> In Austria, it is usually only called "scharfes s" ("sharp s").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dein Österreichisches Wörterbuch: ß sprich scharfes s - ß sprich sz |url=https://www.oesterreichisch.net/wort/2897/ss-sprich-scharfes-s |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Dein Österreichisches Wörterbuch: ß sprich scharfes s - ß sprich sz |language=de}}</ref>

[[File:Oesterreichische Schulschrift 1995, 2 - Schraegschrift.jpg|right|thumb|{{lang|de|Schulschrift}} (1995), an Austrian primary-school handwriting style]]
[[File:Fußgeher-Schild.JPG|thumb|A sign in Vienna: {{lang|de|Fußgeher}} ("pedestrian") is {{lang|de|Fußgänger}} in Germany. In all-caps words, [[capital ẞ]] (instead of ''SS'') became standard in both nations in 2017, but ''SS'' remains valid.]]

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in [[culinary]] terms, for which communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and [[administration (government)|administrative]] and [[law|legal]] language  because of Austria's exclusion from the development of a German [[nation-state]] in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions. A comprehensive collection of Austrian-German legal, administrative and economic terms is offered in ''Markhardt, Heidemarie: Wörterbuch der österreichischen Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsterminologie'' (Peter Lang, 2006).

Because of German's [[Pluricentric language|pluricentric]] nature, German dialects in Austria should not be confused with the variety of Standard Austrian German spoken by most Austrians, which is distinct from that of [[Germany]] or [[Switzerland]]. In the field of German dialectology, the notion of Standard Austrian German has been both debated and defended by German linguists since the 1970s. A [[One Standard German Axiom]], effectively preventing the development of newer standards of German, has recently been offered as a characteristic of the field but remains to be discussed discipline-internally.<ref>Dollinger, S. (2024). Eberhard Kranzmayer’s dovetailing with Nazism: His fascist years and the ‘One Standard German Axiom (OSGA)’. ''Discourse & Society'', ''36''(2), 147-179. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265241259094</nowiki> (Original work published 2025)</ref>

===Former spoken standard===
Until 1918, the spoken standard in Austria was the {{lang|de|Schönbrunner Deutsch}}, a sociolect spoken by the imperial [[Habsburg family]] and the nobility of [[Austria-Hungary]]. The sociolect, a variety of Standard German, is influenced by [[Viennese German]] and other Austro-Bavarian dialects spoken in eastern Austria but is slightly [[nasalization|nasalized]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Johnston | first = William M.| title = The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938 | publisher = University of California Press | date = 1972 | pages = 127 | isbn = 9780520049550 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-dmH7FjxassC}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Rennison | first = J.R. | contribution = Austria: Language Situation | year = 2005 | title = Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics | editor-last = Brown | editor-first = Keith | publisher = Elsevier Science| isbn = 9780080547848}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|1= Some examples of {{lang|de|Schönbrunner Deutsch}}:
* [[Otto von Habsburg]] (2004), former crown prince: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEIHAl01GP4 ''Quo vadis Integration'' lecture]
* Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] (1916–1918): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMU9FFzez1A Recording] (1.5 min)
* Emperor [[Franz Joseph]] (1848–1916): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jecUwMPk8pE Speech for a military fund] (30 sec)}}

===Special written forms===
For many years, Austria had a special form of the language for official government documents that is known as {{lang|de|Österreichische Kanzleisprache}}, or "[[Austrian chancellery]] language". It is a very traditional form of the language, probably derived from medieval [[deed]]s and documents, and has a very complex structure and vocabulary generally reserved for such documents. For most speakers (even native speakers), this form of the language is generally difficult to understand, as it contains many highly specialised terms for diplomatic, internal, official, and military matters. There are no regional variations because the special written form has been used mainly by a government that has now for centuries been based in Vienna.

{{lang|de|Österreichische Kanzleisprache}} is now used less and less because of various administrative reforms that reduced the number of traditional civil servants ({{lang|de|[[Beamter|Beamte]]}}). As a result, [[Standard Austrian German]] is replacing it in government and administrative texts.

===European Union===
When Austria became a member of the [[European Union]] on 1 January 1995, 23 food-related terms were listed in its [[Treaty of Accession 1994|accession]] agreement as having the same legal status as the equivalent terms used in Germany,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:C:1994:241:TOC |title= Documents concerning the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Norway to the European Union |access-date= 24 October 2015 |date= 29 August 1994 |work= European Commission |page= 370 |quote= The specific Austrian terms of the German language contained in the Austrian legal order and listed in the Annex [Protocol No. 10] to this Protocol shall have the same status and may be used with the same legal effect as the corresponding terms used in Germany listed in that Annex.}}</ref> 
for example, the words for "potato", "tomato", and "Brussels sprouts".{{refn|group=note|The 23 food terms of {{lang|de|Protokoll Nr. 10}} is quoted in this article:<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gröller |first=Harald |title=Deutsch oder Österreichisch - Ein kurzer Überblick über die österreichische Sprachpolitik |journal=Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften |date=2006 |volume=16 |url=http://www.inst.at/trans/16Nr/07_3/groeller16.htm |language=de}}</ref>}} (Examples in "[[#Vocab difference|Vocabulary]]")
Austrian German is the only variety of a [[pluricentric language]] recognized under international law or EU primary law.<ref>Markhardt's ''Das österreichische Deutsch im Rahmen der EU'', Peter Lang, 2005.</ref> The focus on food-related vocabulary in "Protocol 23" is owed to trade requirements and therefore utterly accidental.<ref>De Cillia, Rudolf. 1998. "Burenwurst bleibt Burenwurst": Sprachpolitik und Gesellschaftliche Mehrsprachigkeit in Österreich. Klagenfurt: Drava.</ref>

===Grammar===

====Verbs====
In [[Austria]], as in the [[languages of Switzerland#German|German-speaking parts of Switzerland]] and in [[southern Germany]], verbs that express a state tend to use {{lang|de|sein}} as the [[auxiliary verb]] in the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]], as well as verbs of movement. [[German verb|Verb]]s which fall into this category include {{Lang|de|sitzen|italic=yes}} (to sit), {{Lang|de|liegen|italic=yes}} (to lie) and, in parts of [[Styria]] and [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]], {{Lang|de|schlafen|italic=yes}} (to sleep). Therefore, the perfect of these verbs would be {{Lang|de|ich bin gesessen|italic=yes}}, {{Lang|de|ich bin gelegen|italic=yes}} and {{Lang|de|ich bin geschlafen|italic=yes}}, respectively.

In Germany, the words {{Lang|de|stehen}} (to stand) and {{Lang|de|gestehen}} (to confess) are identical in the present perfect: {{Lang|de|habe gestanden}}. The Austrian variant avoids that potential ambiguity ({{Lang|de|bin gestanden}} from {{Lang|de|stehen}}, "to stand"; and {{Lang|de|habe gestanden}} from {{Lang|de|gestehen}}, "to confess": {{Lang|de|"der Verbrecher ist vor dem Richter gestanden und hat gestanden"}}).

In addition, the [[preterite]] ([[simple past]]) is very rarely used in Austria, especially in the [[spoken language]], with the exception of some [[modal verb]]s ({{Lang|de|ich sollte}}, {{Lang|de|ich wollte}}).

===Vocabulary===
There are many official terms that differ in Austrian German from their usage in most parts of [[Germany]]. Words used in Austria are {{Lang|de|Jänner}} (January) rather than {{Lang|de|Januar}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dollinger |first=Stefan |date=2021 |title=Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? {{!}} NID - NetInteractive Documents |url=https://www.nid-library.com/Home/ViewBook/512/15/view |access-date=2025-03-26 |website= |pages=13 |quote=Und 'Jänner' ist hierzulande viel gebräuchlicher als das steife 'Januar'.}}</ref> {{Lang|de|Feber}} (more rare than ''Jänner'') in variation with {{Lang|de|Februar}}, {{Lang|de|heuer}} (this year) along with {{Lang|de|dieses Jahr}}, {{Lang|de|Stiege}} (stairs) along with {{Lang|de|Treppen}}, {{Lang|de|Rauchfang}} (chimney) instead of {{Lang|de|Schornstein}}, many administrative, legal and political terms, and many food terms, including the following:<ref>Otto Back, Erich Benedikt, Karl Blüml, et al.: Österreichisches Wörterbuch (neue Rechtschreibung). Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur. Auf der Grundlage des amtlichen Regelwerks. 41. circulation, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Wien 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-209-06875-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/35613261|title = Austriazismen in der mitteleuropäischen Küche|journal = Intra- und Interlinguale Zugänge zum Kulinarischen Diskurs I|last1 = Tölgyesi|first1 = Tamás| date=January 2017 }}</ref>

{{anchor|Vocab difference}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Austrian Standard German
!Standard German
!English
|-
|''Brandteigkrapferl''
|''Windbeutel''
|Cream puff
|-
||''Eierspeise'' || ''Rühreier''|| Scrambled eggs
|-
||''Erdapfel (''also Bavarian and Southern German)
| ''Kartoffel'' || Potato
|-
||''Faschiertes'' || ''Hackfleisch'' || Minced meat/Ground beef
|-
||''Fisolen'' || ''Gartenbohnen'' <br>or ''Grüne Bohnen'' || [[Common bean]]s /green beans
|-
||''Karfiol'' (also Bavarian and Southern German)
| ''Blumenkohl'' || Cauliflower
|-
||''Kohlsprossen'' || ''Rosenkohl'' || Brussel sprouts
|-
||''Kren'' (also Bavarian and Southern German)
| ''Meerrettich'' || Horseradish
|-
|''Kukuruz'' (southeastern and western Austria)
|''Mais''
| Maize/corn
|-
||''Marille'' || ''Aprikose'' || Apricot
|-
|''Melange''
|''Milchkaffee''
|Milk heavy coffee drink
|-
|''Melanzani''
|''Aubergine''
|Aubergine/eggplant
|-
||''Palatschinke'' || ''Pfannkuchen'' || Pancake
|-
||''Paradeiser'' <br>(Vienna, Eastern Austria)||''Tomate''|| Tomato
|-
|''Pfefferoni''
|''Peperoni'' or ''Chili''
|Chili pepper
|-
||''Rote Rübe'' || ''Rote Bete'' || Beetroot
|-
||''Sauce Tartare'' || ''Remoulade'' || Tartar Sauce
|-
||''Schlagobers'' || ''Schlagsahne'' || Whipped cream
|-
|''Stanitzel''
|''Eiswaffel''
|Ice cream cone
|-
|''Staubzucker''
|''Puderzucker''
|Icing sugar/powdered sugar
|-
||''Topfen'' (also Bavarian) || ''Quark'' || [[Quark (dairy product)|Quark]], a semi-sweet cottage cheese
|-
|''Weckerl'' (also Bavarian)
|''Brötchen''
|Roll (bread)
|}

There are, however, some [[false friends]] between the two regional varieties:
*{{Lang|de|Kasten}} (wardrobe) along with or instead of {{Lang|de|Schrank}} (and, similarly, {{Lang|de|Eiskasten}} along with {{Lang|de|Kühlschrank}}, fridge), as opposed to {{Lang|de|Kiste}}  (box) instead of {{Lang|de|Kasten}}. {{Lang|de|Kiste}} in Germany means both "box" and "chest".
*{{Lang|de|Sessel}} (chair) instead of {{Lang|de|Stuhl}}. {{Lang|de|Sessel}} means "{{linktext|easy chair}}" in Germany and {{Lang|de|Stuhl}} means "stool (faeces)" in both varieties.

==Dialects==

===Classification===
*Dialects of the [[Austro-Bavarian language|Austro-Bavarian group]], which also comprises dialects from [[Bavaria]]
**[[Central Austro-Bavarian]] (along the main rivers [[Isar]] and [[Danube]], spoken in the northern parts of the [[Salzburg (state)|State of Salzburg]], [[Upper Austria]], [[Lower Austria]], and northern [[Burgenland]])
***[[Viennese German]]
**[[Southern Austro-Bavarian]] (in [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], [[South Tyrol]], [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]], [[Styria]], and the southern parts of Salzburg and Burgenland)
*[[Vorarlbergerisch]], spoken in [[Vorarlberg]], is a [[High Alemannic]] dialect.

===Regional accents===
In addition to the standard variety, in everyday life most Austrians speak one of a number of [[Upper German dialects]].

While strong forms of the various dialects are not fully [[mutually intelligible]] to [[northern Germany|northern Germans]], communication is much easier in [[Bavaria]], especially rural areas, where the Bavarian dialect still predominates as the mother tongue. The [[Central Austro-Bavarian]] dialects are more intelligible to speakers of [[Standard German]] than the [[Southern Austro-Bavarian]] dialects of [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]].

[[Viennese language|Viennese]], the Austro-Bavarian dialect of [[Vienna]], is seen for many in Germany as quintessentially Austrian. The people of [[Graz]], the capital of [[Styria]], speak yet another dialect which is not very Styrian and more easily understood by people from other parts of Austria than other Styrian dialects, for example from western Styria.

Simple words in the various dialects are very similar, but pronunciation is distinct for each and, after listening to a few spoken words, it may be possible for an Austrian to realise which [[dialect]] is being spoken. However, in regard to the dialects of the deeper valleys of the Tyrol, other Tyroleans are often unable to understand them. Speakers from the different [[provinces of Austria]] can easily be distinguished from each other by their particular accents (probably more so than Bavarians), those of [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]], Styria, Vienna, [[Upper Austria]], and the Tyrol being very characteristic. Speakers from those regions, even those speaking Standard German, can usually be easily identified by their accent, even by an untrained listener.

Several of the dialects have been influenced by contact with non-Germanic linguistic groups, such as the dialect of Carinthia, where, in the past, many speakers were bilingual (and, in the southeastern portions of the state, many still are even today) with [[Slovene language|Slovene]], and the dialect of Vienna, which has been influenced by immigration during the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] period, particularly from what is today the [[Czech Republic]]. The German dialects of [[South Tyrol]] have been influenced by local [[Romance languages]], particularly noticeable with the many [[loanword]]s from [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Ladin language|Ladin]].

The geographic borderlines between the different accents ([[isogloss]]es) coincide strongly with the borders of the states and also with the border with Bavaria, with Bavarians having a markedly different rhythm of speech in spite of the linguistic similarities.

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
*{{Citation|last=Russ|first=Charles|year=1994|title=The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction|publisher=Routledge|place=London|isbn=978-0-203-42577-0}}

==Further reading==
* [[:de:Ulrich Ammon|Ammon, Ulrich]]: ''Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: Das Problem der nationalen Varietäten.'' [[de Gruyter]], Berlin/New York 1995.
* Ammon, Ulrich / Hans Bickel, Jakob Ebner u.&nbsp;a.: ''Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol''. Berlin/New York 2004, {{ISBN|3-11-016574-0}}.
* Dollinger, Stefan: ''Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhundert.'' New Academic Press, 2021. Available online, 3rd ed.:https://www.nid-library.com/Home/BookDetail/512 {{ISBN|978-3-99036-023-1}}
* [[Joachim Grzega|Grzega, Joachim]]: „Deutschländisch und Österreichisches Deutsch: Mehr Unterschiede als nur in Wortschatz und Aussprache.“ In: Joachim Grzega: ''Sprachwissenschaft ohne Fachchinesisch.'' [[Shaker Verlag|Shaker]], Aachen 2001, S. 7–26. {{ISBN|3-8265-8826-6}}.
* Grzega, Joachim: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928223322/http://www.linguistik-online.com/3_00/grzega.html "On the Description of National Varieties: Examples from (German and Austrian) German and (English and American) English".] In: Linguistik Online 7 (2000).
* Grzega, Joachim: "Nonchalance als Merkmal des Österreichischen Deutsch". In: ''Muttersprache'' 113 (2003): 242–254.
* Muhr, Rudolf / Schrodt, Richard: ''Österreichisches Deutsch und andere nationale Varietäten plurizentrischer Sprachen in Europa.'' Wien, 1997
* {{cite book|last1=Krech|first1=Eva Maria|last2=Stock|first2=Eberhard|last3=Hirschfeld|first3=Ursula|last4=Anders|first4=Lutz-Christian|year=2009|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|chapter=Die Standardaussprache in Österreich|location=Berlin, New York|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|ref=none}}
* Muhr, Rudolf/Schrodt, Richard/Wiesinger, Peter (eds.): ''Österreichisches Deutsch: Linguistische, sozialpsychologische und sprachpolitische Aspekte einer nationalen Variante des Deutschen.'' Wien, 1995.
* [[Heinz Dieter Pohl|Pohl, Heinz Dieter]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070608103554/http://members.chello.at/heinz.pohl/Identitaet_Sprache.htm „Österreichische Identität und österreichisches Deutsch“] aus dem ''„Kärntner Jahrbuch für Politik 1999“''
* Wiesinger, Peter: ''Die deutsche Sprache in Österreich. Eine Einführung'', In: Wiesinger (Hg.): ''Das österreichische Deutsch. Schriften zur deutschen Sprache. Band 12.'' (Wien, Köln, Graz, 1988, Verlag, Böhlau)

==External links==
*[http://www.ostarrichi.org/ Austrian German – German Dictionary]
*[https://www.volkswoerterbuch.at/ Das Österreichische Volkswörterbuch]

{{Languages of Austria}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bavarian language]]
[[Category:German dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of Austria|German]]
[[Category:National varieties of German]]