Editing Aurel Stein

{{short description|Hungarian-British archaeologist}}
{{Not to be confused with|R. L. Stine}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name              = Aurel Stein
| image             = Aurel Stein 1909.jpg
| post-nominals     = {{postnominals|country=GB|size=100%|KCIE|FRAS|FBA}}
| image_size        =
| caption           = Stein in 1909
| birth_date        = {{birth-date|26 November 1862}}
| birth_place       = [[Budapest|Pest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Austrian Empire]]
| birth_name        = Stein Márk Aurél
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1943|10|26|1862|11|26|df=yes}}
| death_place       = [[Kabul]], [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
| citizenship       = [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian (birth)]] / [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British (naturalised) from 1904]]
| field             = [[Archaeology]]
| work_institutions = 
| alma_mater        = [[University of Tübingen]]
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = 
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| prizes            = 
| religion          = 
| footnotes         = 
| signature         =  
}}

'''Sir Marc Aurel Stein''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|commas=on|KCIE|FRAS|FBA|size=100%}}<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal |title=Obituary, Sir Aurel Stein, K.C.I.E., F.B.A |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |  date= 19 February 1944 |pages=216–217 |volume=153 |doi=10.1038/153216a0 |last1=Gray |first1=Basil |issue=3877|doi-access=free }}</ref>
({{langx|hu|Stein Márk Aurél}}; 26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British [[archaeologist]], primarily known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia. He was also a professor at [[British Raj|Indian]] universities.

Stein was also an ethnographer, geographer, linguist and surveyor. His collection of books and manuscripts bought from [[Dunhuang]] caves is important for the study of the history of [[Central Asia]] and the art and literature of [[Buddhism]]. He wrote several volumes on his expeditions and discoveries which include ''Ancient Khotan'', ''Serindia'' and ''Innermost Asia''.

==Early life==

Stein was born to Náthán Stein and Anna Hirschler, a Jewish couple residing in [[Budapest]] in the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Austrian Empire]]. His parents and his sister retained their Jewish faith but Stein and his brother, Ernst Eduard, were baptised as [[Lutheran]]s. At home the family spoke German and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]],<ref>Colquhoun, A. R., & Colquhoun, E. M. C. (1914). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mptnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Whirlpool+of+Europe%3A+Austria-Hungary+and+the+Habsburgs The whirlpool of Europe, Austria-Hungary and the Habsburgs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607150135/https://books.google.com/books?id=mptnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Whirlpool+of+Europe:+Austria-Hungary+and+the+Habsburgs |date=7 June 2023 }}. New York: Dodd, Mead.</ref> Stein graduated from a secondary school in Budapest before going on for advanced study at Universities of [[University of Vienna|Vienna]], [[University of Leipzig|Leipzig]] and [[University of Tübingen|Tübingen]]. He graduated in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] and received his PhD from Tübingen in 1883.{{sfnb|Mirsky|1977| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=q3YKfArws2QC&q=Magyar 5–6]}}

In 1884, he went to England to study oriental languages and archaeology. In 1886, Stein met the Indologist and philologist [[Rudolf Hoernlé]] in Vienna at a conference of [[Oriental studies|Orientalists]], learning about an ancient mathematical manuscript discovered in Bakhshali ([[Peshawar]]).<ref name="sims">{{cite book|last=Sims-Williams|first=Ursula|title=Rudolf Hoernle and Sir Aurel Stein|year=2012|editor=Helen Wang|series=Sir Aurel Stein, Colleagues and Collections, British Museum Research Publication 184|publisher=British Library|location=London|isbn=978-086159-1848|url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/pdf/5_Sims-Williams%20(Hoernle).pdf}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1887 Stein went to India, where he joined the [[University of the Punjab]] as Registrar. Later, between 1888 and 1899, he was the Principal of [[Oriental College, Lahore]].<ref name="bio – British Academy" /> During this time, under his supervision Raghunath Temple Sanskrit Manuscript Library at Jammu was established which treasures 5000 rare manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raghunath Temple Sanskrit Manuscript Library at Jammu|url=http://autarmota.blogspot.com/2021/08/aurel-stein-and-sri-raghunath-temple.html?m=1|publisher=Autarmota|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820055231/http://autarmota.blogspot.com/2021/08/aurel-stein-and-sri-raghunath-temple.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Expeditions==

=== Genesis ===

Stein was influenced by [[Sven Hedin]]'s 1898 work ''Through Asia''. In June 1898, he sought the help of Hoernle and a collaboration to find and study Central Asian antiquities. Hoernle was enthusiastic as he had already deciphered the [[Bower Manuscript]] and [[Weber Manuscript]] by then, found these to be respectively the oldest known birch bark and paper manuscripts of ancient India at the time, had received more artefacts and manuscripts but was concerned about the circumstances of their discovery and their authenticity. He recommended that Stein prepare an expedition proposal and submit it to the Governments of Punjab and India.<ref name="sims"/> Stein sent a draft proposal to Hoernle within a month. Hoernle discussed it with Lt Governor of Punjab (British India), who expressed enthusiasm. Stein then submitted a full proposal to explore, map and study the antiquities of Central Asia as per the recommendations of Hoernle, who personally petitioned both the Government of Punjab and Government of India, lobbying for a quick approval. Within weeks, Stein's proposal was informally approved. In January 1899, Stein received the formal approval and funds for his first expedition.<ref name="sims"/> Stein thereafter received approval and support for additional expeditions to [[Chinese Turkestan]], other parts of Tibet and Central Asia where the Russians and Germans were already taking interest. He made his famous expeditions with the financial support of Punjab government and the British India government.<ref name="sims"/>

=== The four expeditions ===

[[File:AurelSteinWithDog.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of Aurel Stein, with his dog and research team, in the [[Tarim Basin]]]]

Stein made four major expeditions to [[Central Asia]]—in 1900–1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1916 and 1930.<ref>''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. 15th Edition. (1977). Vol. IX, p. 547.</ref> He brought to light the hidden treasure of a great civilization which by then was practically lost to the world. One of his significant finds during his first journey during 1900–1901 was the [[Taklamakan]] Desert oasis of [[Dandan Oilik]] where he was able to uncover a number of relics. During his third expedition in 1913–1916, he excavated at [[Khara-Khoto]].<ref name="Wang">{{cite book | title=Handbook to the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK | editor1-last=Wang | editor1-first=Helen | editor1-link=Helen Wang | editor2-last=Perkins | editor2-first=John | year=2008 | publisher=[[British Museum]] | isbn=978-086159-9776 | issn=1747-3640 | pages=42–44 | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Stein%20Handbook%20final(131108)a.pdf | access-date=4 July 2009 | archive-date=7 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007095210/http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Stein%20Handbook%20final(131108)a.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later he explored in the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamirs]], seeking the site of the now-lost [[Stone Tower (Ptolemy)|Stone Tower]] which the 2nd century polymath [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] had noted as the half-way mark of the [[Silk Road]] in his famous treatise ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Riaz |title=The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle |publisher=Penguin Viking |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670093625 |location=Delhi |pages=130–31, 164–67 |language=English}}</ref>

[[File:Map of Central Asia from Serindia, Vol. 5, p. 98.jpg|thumb|Map of Taklamakan from Stein's ''Serindia'' 1921, vol. V.]]

[[File:Stein Letter BLAR4 MSSEURF302 51 FF13 18 16 17.jpg|thumb|Letter from Aurel Stein to [[Rudolf Hoernlé|Rudolf Hoernle]] from Kashgar. Dated 25 May 1901.]]

The [[British Library]]'s Stein collection of Chinese, Tibetan and Tangut manuscripts, Prakrit wooden tablets, and documents in [[Khotanese language|Khotanese]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] and Eastern Turkic is the result of his travels through central Asia during the 1920s and 1930s. Stein discovered manuscripts in the previously lost [[Tocharian languages]] of the [[Tarim Basin]] at [[Miran (Xinjiang)|Miran]] and other oasis towns, and recorded numerous archaeological sites, especially in [[Iran]] and [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]].

When Stein visited [[Khotan]] he was able to render in Persian a portion of the [[Shahnama]] after he came across a local reading the Shahnama in [[Turki]].<ref name="Mirsky1998">{{cite book|author=Jeannette Mirsky|title=Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3YKfArws2QC&q=turki+merchants+gifts&pg=PA146|date=1 October 1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53177-9|pages=146–}}</ref>

During 1901, Stein was responsible for exposing forgeries of [[Islam Akhun]], as well as establishing the details and the authenticity of manuscripts that had been discovered before 1896 in northwest China.<ref name="sims"/>

Stein's greatest discovery was made at the [[Mogao Caves]], also known as "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", near [[Dunhuang]] in 1907. It was there that he discovered a printed copy of the ''[[Diamond Sutra]]'' which is the world's oldest printed text, dating to AD 868, along with 40,000 other scrolls (all removed by gradually winning the confidence and bribing the [[Taoist]] caretaker).<ref>Deuel, Leo. 1970. ''Testaments of Time'', p. 459. Baltimore, Pelican Books. Orig. publ. Knopf, NY, 1965; [http://www.caxtonclub.org/reading/2011/nov11.pdf "Collecting Aurel Stein"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603070620/http://www.caxtonclub.org/reading/2011/nov11.pdf |date=3 June 2016 }}, ''The Caxtonian'' Vol. XIX, No. 2, November 2011.</ref> He took 24 cases of manuscripts and 4 cases of paintings, decorated textiles (such as the ''[[Miraculous Image of Liangzhou]]'') and relics. He was knighted for his efforts, but Chinese nationalists dubbed him a burglar and staged protests against him, although most others have seen his actions as at least advancing scholarship.<ref>Jacobs, Justin (2010) [https://www.academia.edu/772652/Confronting_Indiana_Jones_Chinese_Nationalism_Historical_Imperialism_and_the_Criminalization_of_Aurel_Stein_and_the_Raiders_of_Dunhuang_1899-1944 "Confronting Indiana Jones: Chinese Nationalism, Historical Imperialism, and the Criminalization of Aurel Stein and the Raiders of Dunhuang, 1899–1944"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925030849/https://www.academia.edu/772652/Confronting_Indiana_Jones_Chinese_Nationalism_Historical_Imperialism_and_the_Criminalization_of_Aurel_Stein_and_the_Raiders_of_Dunhuang_1899-1944 |date=25 September 2023 }}, pp. 65–90 in ''China on the Margins''. Sherman Cochran and Paul G. Pickowicz (eds.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Riaz |title=The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-year-old Riddle |publisher=Penguin Viking |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670093625 |location=Delhi |pages=128–29 |language=English}}</ref> His discovery inspired other French, Russian, Japanese, and Chinese treasure hunters and explorers who also took their toll on the collection.<ref>Larmer, Brook (June 2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100522094318/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/06/dunhuang-caves/larmer-text "Caves of Faith"], pp. 136–138, National Geographic Magazine.</ref> Aurel Stein discovered 5 letters written in Sogdian known as the "Ancient Letters" in an abandoned watchtower near Dunhuang in 1907, dating to the end of the Western Jin dynasty.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ancient Letters |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=December 15, 1985 |last=Sims-Williams |first=N. |pages=7–9 |volume=II |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ancient-letters |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013140041/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ancient-letters |url-status=live }}|{{cite web|url= https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/851|title= Sogdian Ancient Letter II|last= Keramidas|first= Kimon|website= NYU|publisher= Telling the Sogdian Story: A Freer/Sackler Digital Exhibition Project|access-date= 19 April 2023|archive-date= 25 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230925174224/https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/851|url-status= dead}}|{{cite web |url=https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sogdlet.html |title=The Sogdian Ancient Letters 1, 2, 3, and 5 |translator-first1= Nicholas |translator-last1=Sims-Williams |website=Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715220958/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sogdlet.html |url-status=live }}|{{cite web|url= https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=5032|title= Aurel Stein Discovers the Sogdian "Ancient Letters" 313 CE to 314 CE|last= Norman|first= Jeremy|website= History of Information|access-date= 19 April 2023|archive-date= 13 October 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231013135657/https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=5032|url-status= live}}|{{cite book|chapter=Sogdian Ancient Letter No. 3. Reproduced |editor= Susan Whitfield |title= The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith |date=2004|page= 248}}|{{cite web |url=https://sogdians.si.edu/ancient-letters/ |first1=Nicholas |last1=Sims-Williams |title=Ancient Letters |website=THE SOGDIANS Influencers on the Silk Roads |publisher= Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019174743/https://sogdians.si.edu/ancient-letters/ |archive-date= Oct 19, 2023 }}|{{cite web |url=https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/869 |title= Sogdian Ancient Letter III: Letter to Nanaidhat |last= Keramidas|first=  Kimon |website= NYU|publisher= Telling the Sogdian Story: A Freer{{!}}Sackler Digital Exhibition Project |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019174747/https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/869 |archive-date= Oct 19, 2023 }}|{{cite web |url= http://ringmar.net/irhistorynew/index.php/welcome/introduction-4/from-temujin-to-genghis-khan/5-2-a-nomadic-state/5-3-how-to-conquer-the-world/5-4-dividing-it-all-up/sogdian-letters/|title= Sogdian letters |website= ringmar.net|date= 5 March 2021 |publisher=History of International Relations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020064345/http://ringmar.net/irhistorynew/index.php/welcome/introduction-4/from-temujin-to-genghis-khan/5-2-a-nomadic-state/5-3-how-to-conquer-the-world/5-4-dividing-it-all-up/sogdian-letters/ |archive-date= Oct 20, 2023 }}|{{cite book |last= Vaissière|first= Étienne de la |date=2005 |title= Sogdian Traders: A History|url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789047406990/BP000005.xml |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies|volume=10|publisher=Brill |chapter=2: About the ''Ancient Letters'' |pages=43–70 |isbn=978-90-47-40699-0|doi=10.1163/9789047406990_005}}|{{cite book |last=Livšic |first=Vladimir A. |editor1-last=Orlov |editor1-first=Andrei |editor2-last=Lourie|editor2-first=Basil |date=2009 |title =Symbola Caelestis: Le symbolisme liturgique et paraliturgique dans le monde chrétien |chapter-url= https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/scri/5/1/article-p344_21.xml|location= Piscataway|publisher=Gorgias Press |chapter=Sogdian “Ancient Letters” (II, IV, V)|pages=344–352 |isbn=9781463222543 |via=Brill |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122612/https://brill.com/downloadpdf/view/journals/scri/5/1/article-p344_21.pdf |archive-date= Jul 10, 2024 }}}}</ref>

During his expedition of 1906–1908 while surveying south of the [[Ardagh–Johnson Line|Johnson Line]] in the [[Kunlun Mountains]], Stein suffered frostbite and lost several toes on his right foot.

When he was resting from his extended journeys into Central Asia, he spent most of his time living in a tent in the alpine meadow called [[Ganderbal district#Mohand Marg|Mohand Marg]] which lies at the mouth atop the [[Sind Valley]]. Years earlier, working from this idyllic spot he translated ''[[Rajatarangini]] '' from [[Sanskrit]] into English, which had then been published in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykashmirimages.com/news-jkmhc-trekkers-trek-mohanmarg-60614.aspx |title=JKMHC trekkers trek Mohanmarg |publisher=dailykashmirimages.com |access-date=2014-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200257/http://www.dailykashmirimages.com/news-jkmhc-trekkers-trek-mohanmarg-60614.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siraurelstein.org.uk/illustrated.html|title=The illustrated Rajatarangini|publisher=siraurelstein.org|access-date=2014-05-25|archive-date=23 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323033911/http://www.siraurelstein.org.uk/illustrated.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  A memorial stone was erected in Mohand Marg on 14 September 2017 where Stein used to pitch his tent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-25|title=Unexplored alpine meadow|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/unexplored-alpine-meadow/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128144108/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/unexplored-alpine-meadow/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fourth expedition to Central Asia, however, ended in failure. Stein did not publish any account, but others have written of the frustrations and rivalries between British and American interests in China, between Harvard's [[Fogg Museum]] and the British Museum, and finally, between [[Paul J. Sachs]] and [[Langdon Warner]], the two Harvard sponsors of the expedition.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brysac, Shareen Blair|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/9711/abstracts/stein.html|title=Last of the "Foreign Devils"|journal=Archaeology|volume=50|issue=6|date=November–December 1997|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606231705/http://archive.archaeology.org/9711/abstracts/stein.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 1940 and 1943, Aurel Stein undertook 2 expeditions to along the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] to find physical evidence of the [[Saraswati River]] described in the [[Rig Veda]]. While he didn't definitively establish the region's chronological archaeological sequence, his work significantly advanced Indian archaeology. Surveying from [[Hanumangarh]] to [[Bahawalpur]], he identified approximately 100 prehistoric and historical sites, conducting exploratory excavations at some. His observations on the geographical spread of these sites proved valuable to later researchers, including [[Amalananda Ghosh]] (3 March 1910 – 1981) and Katy Dalal. Notably, he documented sites such as [[Munda]], [[Bhadrakali Temple]], and [[Yazman|Derwar]].<ref name=ghv1>[https://theprint.in/opinion/kashmir-to-china-aurel-steins-expeditions-helped-unlock-secrets-ancient-civilisations/2508318/ From Kashmir to China—Aurel Stein’s expeditions helped unlock secrets of ancient civilisations], The Print, 24 Feb 2024.</ref>

== Personal life ==

[[File:AurelSteinGrave.jpg|thumb|right|Photograph of Aurel Stein's grave marker in the [[Sherpur Cantonment]], Kabul]]

Stein was a lifelong bachelor, but was always accompanied by a dog named "Dash" (of which there were seven).<ref>[http://idp.bl.uk/archives/news18/idpnews_18.a4d#3 IDP Newsletter Issue No. 18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406233349/http://idp.bl.uk/archives/news18/idpnews_18.a4d#3 |date=6 April 2010 }}. Idp.bl.uk. Retrieved on 2014-06-06.</ref><ref>[http://idp.bl.uk/education/dash/index.htm Dash The Dog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924214007/http://idp.bl.uk/education/dash/index.htm |date=24 September 2023 }}. Idp.bl.uk. Retrieved on 2014-06-06.</ref> He became a [[British citizen]] in 1904.<ref name ="SteinODNB">{{Cite ODNB|id=36266|title=Stein, Sir (Marc) Aurel}}</ref> He died in [[Kabul]] on 26 October 1943 and is buried there in the [[Sherpur Cantonment]].<ref>North, Andrew. (9 June 2012) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18369101 Afghanistan's 'graveyard of foreigners'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183759/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18369101 |date=7 April 2018 }}. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2014-06-06.</ref>

==Great Game==

Stein, as well as his rivals [[Sven Hedin]], Sir [[Francis Younghusband]] and [[Nikolai Przhevalsky]], were active players in the British-Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the so-called [[Great Game]]. Their explorations were supported by the British and Russian Empires as they filled in the remaining "blank spots" on the maps, providing valuable information and creating "[[spheres of influence]]" for archaeological exploration as they did for political influence.{{sfnb|Meyer|Brysac|1999|pp=367–368}}
[[File:Textile fragment from Loulan Xinjiang China.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Fragment of carpet discovered by Aurel Stein in a refuse pit at [[Loulan Kingdom|Loulan]], [[Xinjiang]], and attributed to 3rd–4th century]]

The art objects he collected are divided between the [[British Museum]], the [[British Library]], the [[Srinagar]] Museum, and the [[National Museum, New Delhi]].

==Honours==

Stein received a number of honours during his career. In 1909, he was awarded the [[Founder's Medal]] by the [[Royal Geographical Society]] 'for his extensive explorations in Central Asia, and in particular his archaeological work'.<ref name="RGS – Gold Medal Recipients">{{cite web|title=Gold Medal Recipients |url=http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf |website=Medals and Awards |publisher=Royal Geographical Society |access-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221002/http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> In 1909, he was awarded the first Campbell Memorial Gold Medal by the [[Asiatic Society of Mumbai|Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay]]. He was awarded a number of other gold medals: the Gold Medal of the [[Société de Géographie]] in 1923; the ''Grande Médaille d'or'' of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] in 1932; and the Gold Medal of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London]] in 1935. In 1934, he was awarded the Huxley Memorial Medal of [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]].<ref name="Sir Aurel Stein's Medals at the Royal Geographical Society">{{cite web|last1=Strong|first1=Sarah|last2=Wang|first2=Helen|author2-link=Helen Wang|title=Sir Aurel Stein's Medals at the Royal Geographical Society|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/10-Strong-Wang%20pp.pdf|publisher=British Museum|access-date=26 November 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052020/http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/10-Strong-Wang%20pp.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[1910 Birthday Honours|1910 King's Birthday Honours]], he was appointed [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) for his service as Inspector-General of Education and Archaeological Surveyor in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]].<ref name="LG 23 June 1910">{{London Gazette |issue=28388 |date=23 June 1910 |page=4478 |supp=y |display-supp=Supplement to the London Gazette Extraordinary}}</ref> Two years later, in the [[1912 Birthday Honours]], he was promoted to [[Knight Commander]] of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) for his service as Superintendent of the Archaeological Department, North-West Frontier Circle.<ref name="LG 11 June 1912">{{London Gazette |issue=28617|date=23 June 1910 |page=4300|supp=y }}</ref>

He was made an [[Honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctor of Letters]] (DLitt) by the [[University of Oxford]] in 1909. He was made an honorary [[Doctor of Science]] (DSc) by the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1910.<ref name="Sir Aurel Stein's Medals at the Royal Geographical Society" /> He was made an honorary [[Legum Doctor|Doctor of Laws]] (LLD) by the [[University of St Andrews]] in 1939.<ref name="Sir Aurel Stein's Medals at the Royal Geographical Society" /><ref name = "SteinWWW">{{Who's Who | title=Stein, Sir Aurel| id = U232156 | type = was | access-date = 16 August 2019 }}</ref>

In 1919, Stein became a foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00003142 |title=M.A. Stein (1862–1943) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130231525/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00003142 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1921, he was elected [[Fellow of the British Academy]] (FBA).<ref name="bio – British Academy">{{cite web|title=STEIN, Sir Aurel (26/11/1862-26/10/1943)|url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/fellowship/directory/dec.cfm?member=3808|website=British Academy Fellows|publisher=British Academy|access-date=26 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701193505/http://www.britac.ac.uk/fellowship/directory/dec.cfm?member=3808|archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> He was elected an International Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1930 and an International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Aurel+Stein&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=search.amphilsoc.org |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509200638/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Aurel+Stein&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Publications==

* 1896. "Notes on the Ancient Topography of the Pīr Pantsāl Route." ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'', Vol. LXIV, Part I, No. 4, 1895. Calcutta 1896. 
* 1896. ''Notes on Ou-k'ong's account of Kaçmir.'' Wien: Gerold, 1896. Published in both English and German in Vienna.
* 1898. ''Detailed Report on an Archaeological Tour with the Buner Field Force'', Lahore, Punjab Government Press.
* 1900. ''{{IAST |Kalhaṇa's [[Rajatarangini|Rājataraṅgiṇī]]}} – A Chronicle of the Kings of {{IAST |Kaśmīr}}'', 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ra3AAAAIAAJ 1904 ''Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan'', London, Hurst and Blackett, Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112912/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ra3AAAAIAAJ |date=4 April 2023 }} Reprint Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2000 [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-5/V-1/ Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100623/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-5/V-1/ |date=4 March 2016 }}
* 1905. ''Report of Archaeological Survey Work in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan'', Peshawar, Government Press, N.W. Frontier Province.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=FaMMAQAAMAAJ 1907. ''Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan'', 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015635/https://books.google.com/books?id=FaMMAQAAMAAJ |date=5 April 2023 }}<ref name="dsr.nii.ac.jp">[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/creator/marc_aurel_stein.html.en M. A. Stein – Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books<!-- bot-generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605141340/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/creator/marc_aurel_stein.html.en |date=5 June 2009 }} at dsr.nii.ac.jp</ref> [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/ Ancient Khotan: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221003210/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/ |date=21 December 2015 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-2/ Ancient Khotan: vol.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113538/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-2/ |date=4 March 2016 }}
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69508 1912. ''Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China'', 2 vols. London, Macmillan & Co.] Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990. [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-8/V-1/ Ruins of Desert Cathay: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180741/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-8/V-1/ |date=3 March 2016 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-8/V-2/ Ruins of Desert Cathay: vol.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113725/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-8/V-2/ |date=4 March 2016 }}
* 1918. "Routes from the Panjab to Turkestan and China Recorded by William Finch (1611)." ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 51, No. 3 (Mar., 1918), pp.&nbsp;172–175.
* 1921a. ''Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China'', 5 vols. London & Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.<ref name="dsr.nii.ac.jp" /> [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-1/ Serindia: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002440/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-1/ |date=4 March 2016 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-2/ Serindia: vol.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044504/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-2/ |date=4 March 2016 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-3/ Serindia: vol.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113323/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-3/ |date=4 March 2016 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-4/ Serindia: vol.4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902211333/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-4/ |date=2 September 2015 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-5/ Serindia: vol.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428215252/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-5/ |date=28 April 2016 }}
* 1921b. ''The Thousand Buddhas: ancient Buddhist paintings from the cave-temples of Tung-huang on the western frontier of China.''<ref name="dsr.nii.ac.jp" /> [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-5/V-1/ The Thousand Buddhas: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084210/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-5/V-1/ |date=4 March 2016 }}
* 1921c. "A Chinese expedition across the Pamirs and Hindukush, A.D. 747". ''Indian Antiquary'' 1923.<ref>http://www.pears2.lib.ohio-state.edu/FULLTEXT/TR-ENG/aurel.htm{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [https://archive.org/details/1923MemoirOnMapsOfChineseTurkistanBySteinS 1923 Memoir On Maps Of Chinese Turkistan]
* 1923 ''[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-11/V-1/ Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053533/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-11/V-1/ |date=4 March 2016 }}''
* 1925 ''Innermost Asia: its geography as a factor in history''. London: Royal Geographical Society. Geographical Journal, Vol. 65, nos. 5–6 (May- June 1925)
* 1927 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533385/mode/2up ''Alexander's Campaign On The Indian North-west Frontier''. The Geographic Journal, (Nov/Dec 1927)]
* 1928. ''Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran'', 5 vols. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.<ref name="dsr.nii.ac.jp" /> [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-1/ Innermost Asia: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924104029/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-1/ |date=24 September 2023 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-2/ Innermost Asia: vol.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114919/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-2/ |date=4 March 2016 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-3/ Innermost Asia: vol.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102401/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-3/ |date=4 March 2016 }} [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-4/ Innermost Asia: vol.4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123132914/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-4/ |date=23 January 2016 }}
* 1929. ''On Alexander's Track to the Indus: Personal Narrative of Explorations on the North-West Frontier of India''. London, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: New York, Benjamin Blom, 1972.
* 1932 ''On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China''. Reprinted with Introduction by [[Jeannette Mirsky]]. Book Faith India, Delhi. 1999.
* 1933 ''[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-19/V-1/ On Ancient Central-Asian Tracks: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114949/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-19/V-1/ |date=4 March 2016 }}''
* 1937 ''[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/XIII-6-A-4/V-1/ Archaeological Reconnaissances in North-Western India and South-Eastern Īrān: vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115016/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/XIII-6-A-4/V-1/ |date=4 March 2016 }}''
* 1940 ''Old Routes of Western Iran: Narrative of an Archaeological Journey Carried out and Recorded'', MacMillan and co., limited. St. Martin's Street, London.
* 1944. "Archaeological Notes from the Hindukush Region". [[Royal Asiatic Society|''J.R.A.S.'']], pp.&nbsp;1–24 + fold-out.

A more detailed list of Stein's publications is available in ''Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK'',<ref name="Wang" /> pp.&nbsp;49–61.

==See also==

* [[Three hares]]
* [[Sándor Kőrösi Csoma]]
* [[Ármin Vámbéry]]
* [[Amluk-Dara stupa]]
* [[Silk Road]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References and further reading==

* Baumer, Christoph. 2000. ''Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin''. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.
* Brysac, Shareen. "Sir Aurel Stein's Fourth 'American' Expedition."  [http://www.archaeology.org/9711/abstracts/stein.html Archeology Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130181311/http://www.archaeology.org/9711/abstracts/stein.html |date=30 November 2010 }} Viewed 21 December 2014.
* Deuel, Leo. 1965. ''Testaments of Time; the Search for Lost Manuscripts and Records''. Knopf, New York, 1965. paperback reprint: Pelican, Baltimore, 1970.
* Falconer, John et al. 2002. ''Catalogue of the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences''. Budapest, LHAS and British Museum. {{ISBN|963-7451-11-0}}.
* Falconer, John et al. 2007. "Supplement to the Catalogue of the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, LHAS. {{ISBN|978-963-508-545-3}}.
* Hansen, Valerie. 2012. ''The Silk Road: A New History'', Oxford University Press  {{ISBN|978-0195159318}}.
* [[Peter Hopkirk|Hopkirk, Peter]]. 1980. ''Foreign Devils on the Silk Road''. John Murray (Publishers). Paperback edition, [[University of Massachusetts Press]] 1984. {{ISBN|0-87023-435-8}}.
* Ikle, Frank W. "Sir Aurel Stein. A Victorian Geographer in the Tracks of Alexander", ''Isis'' 59, no. 2 (1968): 144–55. Accessed March 24, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228275 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427231821/https://www.jstor.org/stable/228275 |date=27 April 2020 }}.
* Kelecsényi, Ágnes, 2004. "Stein Aurél (1862–1943) És a Magyar Tudomány Kapcsolatok a Magyar Tudományos Akadémiával – Stein-gyűjtemények a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Könyvtárában" [PhD thesis: Aurel Stein and Hungarian academia]
* {{cite book |last1 = Meyer |first1 = Karl E. |last2 = Brysac |first2 = Shareen Blair |title = Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia | url = https://archive.org/details/tournamentofshad00meye |url-access = registration | publisher = Counterpoint|year = 1999 |isbn = 9781582430287 }}
* {{citation | last = Mirsky |first = Jeannette |year = 1977 |title = Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q3YKfArws2QC |location = Chicago | publisher =University of Chicago Press| others =  Paperback edition, 1998 |isbn = 9780226531779 }}
* Morgan, Joyce; Walters, Conrad, ''Journeys on the Silk Road: a desert explorer, Buddha's secret library, and the unearthing of the world's oldest printed book'', Picador Australia, 2011, {{ISBN|9781405040419}}.
* Pandita, S.N., ''Aurel Stein in Kashmir: Sanskrit of Mohand Marg''. Om Publications, 2004. {{ISBN|978-8186867839}}.
* [[Annabel Walker|Walker, Annabel]]. 1999. ''Aurel Stein: Pioneer of the Silk Road''. University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|0-295-97730-2}}.
* [[Helen Wang|Wang, Helen]] (ed.). 1999. ''Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK''. British Museum Occasional Paper 129. {{ISBN|0-86159-129-1}}, [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2008/handbook_stein_collection.aspx fully available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816075603/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2008/handbook_stein_collection.aspx |date=16 August 2016 }}.
* Wang, Helen (ed.). 2002. ''Sir Aurel Stein in The Times''. London, Saffron Books. {{ISBN|1-872843-29-8}}.
* Wang, Helen (ed.). 2004. ''Sir Aurel Stein. Proceedings of the British Museum Study Day, 2002''. British Museum Occasional Paper 142. {{ISBN|0-86159-142-9}}.[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_publications/online_research_publications/sir_aurel_stein.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906064615/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_publications/online_research_publications/sir_aurel_stein.aspx |date=6 September 2011 }}
* Wang, Helen (ed.). 2012. ''Sir Aurel Stein, Colleagues and Collections'', British Museum Research Publication 184, {{ISBN|978-086159-1848}}. (This an online publication only) [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/research_publications_online/sir_aurel_stein.aspx fully available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726104339/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/research_publications_online/sir_aurel_stein.aspx |date=26 July 2013 }}
* Wang, Helen and Perkins, John (eds). 2008. ''Handbook to the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK''. British Museum Research Publication 129 (updated and expanded edition of ''Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK'', 1999). {{ISBN|978-086159-9776}}.
* Wang Jiqing, Photographs in the British Library of Documents and Manuscripts from Sir Aurel Stein's Fourth Central Asian Expedition. [http://www.bl.uk/eblj/1998articles/pdf/article3.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132443/http://www.bl.uk/eblj/1998articles/pdf/article3.pdf |date=15 August 2021 }}
* [[Susan Whitfield|Whitfield, Susan]]. 2004. ''Aurel Stein on the Silk Road''. Serindia Publications. {{ISBN|1-932476-11-3}}; also: The British Museum Press, London. {{ISBN|0-7141-2416-8}}.

==External links==

{{Commons category|Aurél Stein|Aurel Stein}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/departments-central-asian-antiquity.asp?lk=dp5 Central Asian Antiquities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415175751/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/departments-central-asian-antiquity.asp?lk=dp5 |date=15 April 2015 }} at the National Museum of India, New Delhi.
* [http://www.siraurelstein.org.uk/ Aurel Stein in Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719093833/http://www.siraurelstein.org.uk/ |date=19 July 2009 }}, Kashmir Bhawan Center, Luton, United Kingdom.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084858/http://idp.bl.uk/ The International Dunhuang Project] Website of the [[International Dunhuang Project|project]] to conserve, catalogue, digitise and research the artefacts found in the Dunhuang Caves.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140412113609/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/language/en.html.en Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books] Digital versions of books by Marc Aurel Stein.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011107203059/http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/avenue/xha71/Stein.htm A page about Marc Aurel Stein] in Hungarian
* [http://dunhuang.mtak.hu/index-en.html Aurel Stein and the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505174148/http://dunhuang.mtak.hu/index-en.html |date=5 May 2009 }} An exhibition of his archive photos in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2007.
* [http://stein.mtak.hu/index-en.html Life of Aurel Stein. Web catalog in four languages.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215155127/http://stein.mtak.hu/index-en.html |date=15 December 2007 }} A Hong Kong exhibition of his archive photos and documents conserved in the Oriental Collection of the LHAS, 2008. Preliminary articles on the web publication: [http://riowang.blogspot.com/2008/04/aurel-stein-in-china.html 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016161910/http://riowang.blogspot.com/2008/04/aurel-stein-in-china.html |date=16 October 2010 }} and [http://riowang.blogspot.com/2008/11/totum-devicerat-orbem.html 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016155020/http://riowang.blogspot.com/2008/11/totum-devicerat-orbem.html |date=16 October 2010 }}
* [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_publications/sir_aurel_stein.aspx British Museum – Sir Aurel Stein<!-- bot-generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909145258/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_publications/sir_aurel_stein.aspx |date=9 September 2010 }} at www.britishmuseum.org ''Sir Aurel Stein, proceedings of the British Museum study day, 23 March 2002'' (online publication)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090213220830/http://monkeytree.org/silkroad/stein.html Expedition map]
* {{cite web
 |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]
 |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/s/stein-collection/
 |title= The Stein Collection
 |work= Asia
 |access-date= 14 September 2010
 |archive-date= 17 May 2011
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110517143259/http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/s/stein-collection/
 |url-status= live
 }}
* [https://www.academia.edu/35795256/The_Collections_of_Sir_Aurel_Stein_at_the_British_Museum The Collections of Sir Aurel Stein at the British Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303233131/http://www.academia.edu/35795256/The_Collections_of_Sir_Aurel_Stein_at_the_British_Museum |date=3 March 2019 }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Aurel Stein}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Stein, Mark Aurel|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Stein, Mark Aurel|year=1920 |short=x}}
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/stein-marc-aurel Aurel Stein] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525002103/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/stein-marc-aurel |date=25 May 2020 }} in ''Encyclopædia Iranica''
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Marc Aurel}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Hungarian people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:British people of Hungarian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:British archaeologists]]
[[Category:British explorers]]
[[Category:Hungarian explorers]]
[[Category:Hungarian book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:Explorers of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Central Asian studies scholars]]
[[Category:Hungarian Lutherans]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:University of Vienna alumni]]
[[Category:Leipzig University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of the Punjab]]
[[Category:Writers from Budapest]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People associated with the British Museum]]
[[Category:People from Lahore]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Oriental College]]
[[Category:Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:British people in colonial India]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of Central Asia]]
[[Category:British Lutherans]]