Editing August Neander

{{Short description|German theologian and church historian (1789–1850)}}

[[File:August Neander.jpg|thumb|August Neander]]

'''Johann August Wilhelm Neander''' (17 January 1789{{snd}} 14 July 1850) was a German [[theology|theologian]] and church historian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bennett|first=Joshua|title=August Neander and the Religion of History in the Nineteenth-Century 'priesthood of Letters'|date=2020|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/august-neander-and-the-religion-of-history-in-the-nineteenthcentury-priesthood-of-letters/323B8F61E9376B3C52D1798D58A18649|journal=The Historical Journal|language=en|volume=63|issue=3|pages=633–659|doi=10.1017/S0018246X19000645|s2cid=213324484|issn=0018-246X}}</ref>

==Biography==
Neander was born in [[Göttingen]] as '''David Mendel'''. His father, Emmanuel Mendel, was said to have been a [[Jew]]ish [[peddler]].<ref name="Jew in the Pew website">[https://www.jewinthepew.org/2015/01/17/17-janaury-1789-birth-of-david-mendel-auguste-neander-onthisday-otdimjh/ Jew in the Pew website]</ref> While very young, his parents separated and he moved with his mother to [[Hamburg]]. After completing [[grammar school]] (''Johanneum''), he enrolled in a [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] where he discovered [[Plato]]. Some of his fellow students included [[Wilhelm Neumann]], writer [[Karl August Varnhagen von Ense]], and poet [[Adelbert von Chamisso]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Neander, Johann August Wilhelm|volume=19|page=321}}</ref>

== Conversion from Judaism to Christianity ==

Neander's conversion from Judaism to Christianity was the largest change in his life and had a heavy impact upon both himself and his writing. Neander, along with his brothers and sisters, followed later by their mother, eventually left the synagogue and embraced Christianity. In his own personal conversion, Neander was influenced by the [[Apostle John]], due to the similarity in the sentiment of John's writings to those of Plato.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hogg|first=James|year=1851|title=Portrait Gallery - Neander - Second Paper|journal=Hogg's Instructor|volume=7|pages=409–410|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Neander's conversion has been likened to the conversion of [[Saint Paul]] of Tarsus,<ref name=":0" /> due to the impact that his new faith had on his person, his work, his relationship with his students, and his attitude toward church history.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=H.B.|year=1869|title=Neander's Last Birthday|journal=Hours at Home: Popular Monthly of Instruction and Recreation|pages=346–352|via=Google Books}}</ref>

He was baptized on 25 February 1806 at the age of 17 and adopted the name of Neander, or "new man" on becoming a [[Protestantism|Protestant Christian]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY, MODERN - JewishEncyclopedia.com|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4636-converts-to-christianity-modern|access-date=2021-04-29|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

==Studies==
Neander studied divinity at the [[University of Halle]] under [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]]. Before the end of his first year, the events of the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]] forced Neander to move to [[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]] where he continued his studies, specialising in Plato and [[Plutarch]], and studying theology under [[Gottlieb Jakob Planck|GJ Planck]]. At this point Neander decided that the original investigation of Christian history would form the great work of his life.<ref name="EB1911"/>

After university, he returned to Hamburg and passed his examination for the Christian ministry. However, after eighteen months, he decided on an academic career at [[Heidelberg]] where two vacancies had occurred in the theological faculty of the university. He became a teacher of theology in 1811 and became a professor the following year.

==Writings==
At this time, Neander published his first monograph, ''Über den Kaiser [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]]us und sein Zeitalter''. The following year he was called to [[University of Berlin]], where he was appointed Professor of Theology.<ref name="EB1911"/> His pupils included [[Edmond de Pressensé]].

He published a second monograph, ''Der Heilige Bernhard und sein Zeitalter'' in 1813, and a third [[Gnosticism]] in 1818 (''Genetische Entwickelung der vornehmsten gnostischen Systeme''). A more extended monograph followed in 1822, ''Der Heilige [[John Chrysostom|Johannes Chrysostomus]] und die Kirche besonders des Orients in dessen Zeitalter'', with one on [[Tertullian]] in 1824 (''Antignostikus''). In 1824 he also cofounded the [[Berlin Missionary Society]] with [[Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach]], [[August von Bethmann-Hollweg]] and others in Berlin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zöllner |first1=Linda |last2=Heese |first2=J.A. |title=The Berlin Missionaries in South Africa and their Descendants |date=1984 |publisher=Human Sciences Research Council, Institute for Historial Research |location=Pretoria |isbn=0796900108 |page=14 |ref=Zollner}}</ref>

Neander began his work on Christian history in 1824 and published the first volume of ''Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche'' in 1825. The other volumes followed at intervals with the fifth in 1842, focusing on the period of [[Boniface VIII]]. A posthumous volume published in 1852, finished with the period of the [[Council of Basel]].<ref name="EB1911" />

While working on these volumes, Neander also published several other books including;

* Geschichte der Pflanzung und Leitung der christlichen Kirche durch die Apostel (1832)
* Das Leben Jesu Christi, in seinem geschichilichen Zusammenhang und seiner geschichtlichen Entwickelung (1837) (after Das Leben Jesu of [[David Strauss]]).
* Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Geschichte des Christentums (1823-1824, 2 vols., 1825, 3 vols., 1846)
* Das Eine und Mannichfaltige des christlichen Lebens (1840)
* Various papers on [[Plotinus]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Theobald Thamer]], [[Blaise Pascal]], [[John Henry Newman]], [[Joseph Blanco White|Blanco White]] and [[Thomas Arnold]], and other occasional pieces (''Kleine Gelegenheitsschriften'', 1829).<ref name="EB1911" />

Several of his books went through multiple editions and were translated into English.

==Death==
[[File:Berlin, Kreuzberg, Zossener Strasse, Friedhof I Jerusalems- und Neue Kirche, Grab August Neander.jpg|right|thumb|Gravesite of August Neander at Friedhof I Jerusalems- und Neue Kirche in Berlin-Kreuzberg]]
Neander died in Berlin on 14 July 1850, worn out and nearly blind. He died whilst dictating a page of his General history.<ref name="Jew in the Pew website"/>

His grave is preserved in the [[Protestant]] ''Friedhof I der Jerusalems - und Neuen Kirchengemeinde'' (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of [[Jerusalem's Church]] and [[Deutscher Dom|New Church]]) in [[Kreuzberg|Berlin-Kreuzberg]], south of [[Hallesches Tor (Berlin U-Bahn)|Hallesches Tor]].

After his death, a succession of volumes representing his various courses of lectures appeared (1856-1864){{Where|date=November 2022}}, in addition to the Lectures on the ''History of Dogma'' (''Theologische Vorlesungen''), which were edited by J. L. Jacobi in 1857.<ref name="EB1911"/>

[[File:Befürwortung Neander Heußinger 1850.jpg|thumb|Neander's own handwritten letter]]

== Personal influences ==

=== People ===
Shortly after Neander's birth, his mother Esther divorced her husband and moved the family to Hamburg where they experienced a great deal of poverty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Saint Augustin, Melancthon, Neander: Three Biographies|last=Schaff|first=Philip|publisher=Funk & Wagnalis Publishers|year=1886|location=New York|pages=133|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Germany: Its Universities, Theology, and Religion; With Sketches of Neander, Tholuck, Olsausen, Hengstenberg, Twesten, Nitzsch, Muller, Ullmann, Rothe, Dorner, Lange, Ebrard, Wichern, and Other Distinguished German Devines of the Age.|last=Schaff|first=Philip|publisher=Lindsay and Blakiston|year=1857|location=Philadelphia|pages=262|via=Google Books}}</ref>  However, Neander cherished this period in his life and described it in endearing terms as “men in all ages who…have been indebted to their pious mothers” for planting the seeds of faith in their hearts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church|last=Neander|first=Augustus|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|year=1854|pages=217|via=Google Books}}</ref>

This period in Neander's life had a profound effect on both his personal faith and his attitude towards life in general. Neander was often described as ‘wide-hearted’, ‘truthful’, ‘sincere’, ‘free from all the stuff of vanity’, ‘affectionate’, ‘innocent and pure of heart’.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1851|title=Recollections of Neander|journal=Littell's Living Age|volume=30|pages=163–69|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hogg|first=James|year=1851|title=Portrait Gallery - Neander - Second Paper|journal=Hogg's Instructor|volume=7|pages=410|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Saint Augustin, Melancthon, Neander: Three Biographies|last=Schaff|first=Philip|publisher=Funk & Wagnalis Publishers|year=1886|pages=138|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Neander felt indebted to his teacher and later his friend and colleague Schleiermacher.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Church History: An Introduction to Research, Reference Works and Methods|last=Bradley & Muller|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2016|location=Grand Rapids, MI|pages=17}}</ref> <blockquote>“To exhibit the history of the church of Christ, as a living witness of the divine power of Christianity; as a school of Christian experience; a voice, a sounding through the ages, of instruction, of doctrine, and of reproof, for all who are disposed to listen.”<ref>{{Cite book|title=General History of the Christian Religion and Church. Translated From the Second and Improved Edition by Joseph Torrey. Volume First|last=Neander|first=Augustus|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|year=1854|pages=16|via=Google Books}}</ref></blockquote>

== Church history ==
Neander's principal work was the ''General History of the Christian Religion and Church'' (''Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche''). Each volume contrasted an era of ecclesiastical history with the church in Neander's own time.

His guiding principle in dealing both with history and with the contemporary condition of the church was "that Christianity has room for the various tendencies of human nature, and aims at permeating and glorifying them all; that according to the divine plan these various tendencies are to occur successively and simultaneously and to counterbalance each other, so that the freedom and variety of the development of the spiritual life ought not to be forced into a single dogmatic form" ([[Otto Pfleiderer]]).<ref name="EB1911"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Neander%2C+August%2C+1789-1850%22 Works Archive.org]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neander, August}}
[[Category:1789 births]]
[[Category:1850 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German Protestant theologians]]
[[Category:German historians of religion]]
[[Category:Historians of Christianity]]
[[Category:Christian Hebraists]]
[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:German Protestants]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin]]
[[Category:University of Halle alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Göttingen]]
[[Category:People from the Electorate of Hanover]]
[[Category:Writers from Hamburg]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:Messianic Jews]]