Editing Atlantic Wall

{{Short description|Extensive system of coastal fortifications built by Nazi Germany}}
{{For|the film|Atlantic Wall (film)}}
{{Good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Atlantic Wall
| partof = [[Nazi Germany]]
| location = Western coast of [[Continental Europe]] and [[Scandinavia]]
| coordinates =
| image = File:Atlantikwall.gif
| image_size= 
| caption = 
| type = Coastal defence and fortifications
| code =
| built = 1942–1944
| builder = Forced labourers
| materials =
* Concrete
* Wood
* Steel
| length = 1670 miles (2687 km)
| used = 1942–1945
| demolished =
| condition = Partially demolished; mostly intact
| controlledby = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| past_commanders = [[Erwin Rommel]] {{small|(1943–1944)}}
| occupants = [[Wehrmacht]]
| battles = [[World War II]]
| events = [[St Nazaire Raid]]<br />[[Dieppe Raid]]<br />[[Operation Overlord]]<br />[[Operation Undergo]]<br/>[[Battle of the Scheldt]]
}}
The '''Atlantic Wall''' ({{langx|de|link=no|Atlantikwall}}) was an extensive system of [[coastal defence and fortification|coastal defences and fortifications]] built by [[Nazi Germany]] between 1942 and 1944 along the coast of continental Europe and [[Scandinavia]] as a [[defense (military)|defence]] against an anticipated [[Operation Overlord|Allied invasion]] of [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] from the [[United Kingdom]], during [[World War II]].  The manning and operation of the Atlantic Wall was administratively overseen by the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]], with some support from ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' ground forces.  The ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' (German Navy) maintained a separate coastal defence network, organised into a number of [[sea defence zone]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lohmann |first1=Walter |title=Imagem da capa de Die deutsche Kriegsmarine, 1939-1945 : Gliederung, Einsatz, Stellenbesetzung Die deutsche Kriegsmarine, 1939-1945 : Gliederung, Einsatz, Stellenbesetzung |last2=H. Hildebrand |first2=Hans |publisher=H.H Podzun, Bad Nauheim |year=1956 |oclc=61588484}}</ref>

[[Hitler]] ordered the construction of the fortifications in 1942 through his [[Führer Directive]] No. 40. More than half a million [[French people|French]] workers were drafted to build it. The wall was frequently mentioned in [[Nazi propaganda]], where its size and strength were usually exaggerated. The fortifications included colossal coastal guns, [[Artillery battery|batteries]], [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], and [[artillery]], and thousands of artillery pieces were stationed in its defences.{{efn|The coast defence along the North Cape down to the Spanish border, included artillery pieces and naval guns from 105&nbsp;mm to 406&nbsp;mm and were organised into over 800 batteries. In addition, there were over 250 batteries of guns ranging from 75&nbsp;mm to 90&nbsp;mm, including anti-aircraft artillery.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaufmann |first1=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nHuSIG45WsC&pg=RA1-PT170 |title=The Atlantic Wall: History and Guide |last2=Kaufmann |first2=H. W. |last3=Jankovic-Potocnik |first3=A. |last4=Tonic |first4=Vladimir |date=2012 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78337-838-8 |language=en}}</ref>}} Today, ruins of the wall exist in all of the nations where it was built, although many structures have fallen into the ocean or have been demolished over the years.

==Background==
{{See also|Causes of World War II}}
World War II in Europe began on 1 September 1939, with [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[invasion of Poland]]. Two days later, the [[UK]] and [[French Third Republic|France]] declared war on Germany.{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}} Poland's geographical location, however, prevented the Allies from intervening directly.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} Four weeks into the attack, the Germans had successfully occupied Poland.{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}}
Less than a month after this victory, [[Adolf Hitler]] issued a directive stating that Germany must be ready for an offensive through France and the [[Low Countries]].{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}} However, the ''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]'' (German high command; OKW) was convinced that preparations would take at least until the following year. After furious arguments, Hitler reluctantly agreed to wait.{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}} In May 1940, three massive German army groups [[Battle of France|overran]] France and the Low Countries in little more than six weeks.{{sfn|Lightning War|2009}}

==History==

===Creation===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101II-M2KBK-211-08A, Atlantikwall, Bauarbeiten an Befestigungsanlagen.jpg|thumb|left|Construction of the Atlantic Wall [[fortification]]s in the 1940s]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-295-1596-12, Raversijde, Rommel bei Besichtigung.jpg|thumb|Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]] visiting the Atlantic Wall defences near the Belgian port of [[Ostend]], part of the fortifications which today comprise the [[Atlantic Wall Open Air Museum]] at [[Raversijde]]]]

Prior to the Atlantic Wall decision, following a number of [[commando]] raids, on 2 June 1941 [[Adolf Hitler]] asked for maps of the [[Channel Islands]]. These were provided the next day and by 13 June 1941 Hitler had made a decision. Ordering additional men to the Islands and having decided the defences were inadequate, lacking tanks and [[coastal artillery]], the [[Organisation Todt]] (OT) was instructed to undertake the building of 200–250 strong points in each of the larger islands. The plan was finalised by the OT and submitted to Hitler.<ref name="H-FG">{{cite web |url=http://www.festungguernsey.supanet.com/about_us.htm |title=History:Fortifying Guernsey |publisher=Festung Guernsey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409161003/http://www.festungguernsey.supanet.com/about_us.htm |archive-date=9 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The original defence order was reinforced with a second dated 20 October 1941, following a Fuhrer conference on 18 October to discuss the engineers' assessment of requirements.<ref name="CC">{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Cruickshank |title=The German Occupation of the Channel Islands |year=2004 |publisher=The History Press; New edition (30 June 2004) |isbn=978-0750937498}}</ref>{{rp|197}} The [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|permanent fortification]] of the Channel Islands was to make them into an impregnable fortress to be completed within 14 months.<ref name="WBGOC">{{cite book |first=William |last=Bell |title=Guernsey Occupied but Never Conquered |publisher=The Studio Publishing Services (2002) |isbn= 978-0952047933 }}</ref>{{rp|448}} ''Festungspionierkommandeur XIV'' was created to command the project of fortifying the Channel Islands.

It was six months later on 23 March 1942 that Hitler issued [[Führer Directive]] No. 40, which called for the creation of an "Atlantic Wall". He ordered naval and submarine bases to be heavily defended. [[Fortification]]s remained concentrated around ports until late in 1943, when defences were increased in other areas.{{sfn|Kaufmann|Robert|2003|pp=196–197}} This decision required the army engineers and the OT to organise quickly. Massive supplies of cement, steel reinforcing and armour plate would be required and everything would need to be transported.

[[Nazi propaganda]] claimed that the wall stretched from the cape of [[Norway]] down to the [[France–Spain border|Spanish border]].{{sfn|Hakim|1995|p=161}}{{sfn|Darman|2012|pp=8–9}}

===Regelbau===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-116-0336-05, Nordeuropa, Küstenbatterie, Geschütz.jpg|thumb|Camouflaged German torpedo battery in northern Norway]]
The ''[[Regelbau]]'' (standard build) system used books of plans for each of over 600 approved types of bunker and [[casemate]], each having a specific purpose, having been updated as enemy constructions were overrun and examined, even testing some to destruction for effectiveness. They incorporated standard features, such as an entrance door at right angles, armoured air intake, {{convert|30|mm|adj=on}} steel doors, ventilation and telephones,<ref name="EG">{{cite book |first=Ernie |last=Gavey |title=German Fortifications of Guernsey |year=2001 |publisher=Guernsey Armouries |isbn=978-0953163106}}</ref>{{rp|7}} internal walls lined with wood, and an emergency exit system.<ref name="Regelbau">{{cite web  |url= http://www.regelbau.com/on_regelbau_gb.htm  |title= The Regelbau concept  |access-date= 10 August 2016  |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161118062830/http://www.regelbau.com/on_regelbau_gb.htm  |archive-date= 18 November 2016  |url-status= dead  }}</ref> There were over 200 standardised armour parts.<ref name="JEK">{{cite book |first=J.E. |last=Kaufmann |display-authors=etal |title=Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II |publisher=Da Capo Press, 2007 |isbn=9780306816352}}</ref>{{rp|350}}

The standardisation greatly simplified the manufacture of equipment, the supply of materials and the budgetary and financial control of the construction as well as the speed of planning for construction projects.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|50}}

To offset shortages, captured equipment from the French and other occupied countries armies were incorporated in the defences, casemates designed for non-German artillery, anti tank and machine guns and the use of turrets from obsolete tanks in ''tobrukstand'' pill boxes ([[Defensive fighting position#Tobruk|tobruk pits]]).<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|51}}

===Organisation Todt===
[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 B10467.jpg|thumb|left|A British soldier poses next to the recently captured German 380&nbsp;mm gun Todt Battery at Cap Gris Nez.|alt=|226x226px]]

[[Organisation Todt]] (OT), formed in 1933, had designed the [[Siegfried Line]] during the prewar years along the [[Franco-German border]]. OT was the chief engineering group responsible for the design and construction of the wall's major gun emplacements and fortifications.{{sfn|Hakim|1995|p=161}}{{sfn|The Great Landings|2009}}

The OT supplied supervisors and labour as well as organising supplies, machinery and transport to supplement the staff and equipment of construction companies. Many of them were German, however construction companies in occupied countries bid for contracts. Companies could apply for OT work or could be conscripted.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|53}} Companies failing to complete their work on time, which was always possible as the OT controlled the material and manpower of each firm, could find themselves closed down, or more likely fined, or taken over or merged with another firm to make a more efficient larger unit. Successful firms however could make attractive profits.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|53–4}}

The OT obtained quotes for necessary works and signed contracts with each construction company setting out the price and terms of the contract, such as bonus payments for efficiency, including the wage rates and bonus payments for OT workers (which depended on their nationality and skill). There could be several construction companies working on each site.<ref name="HOT1">{{cite book |title=Handbook of the Organisation Todt - part 1 |publisher=Military Intelligence Records Section, London Branch |date=May 1945}}</ref>

Labour comprised skilled volunteers, engineers, designers and supervisors, who were paid and treated well.  Second came volunteer workers, often skilled technicians, such as carpenters, plumbers, electricians and metal workers.  Again, these workers were paid, took holidays and were well treated. Next came unskilled forced labour, paid very little and treated quite harshly.  Lastly came effective slave labour, paid little, badly fed and treated very harshly.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|75}} The OT ran training courses to improve labour skills.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|18}}

Massive numbers of workers were needed.  The [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] imposed a compulsory labour system, drafting some 600,000 French workers to construct these permanent fortifications along the Dutch, Belgian, and French coasts facing the [[English Channel]].{{sfn|The Great Landings|2009}} Efficiency of the OT decreased in late 1943 and 1944 as a result of manpower pressures, fuel shortages and the bombing of worksites, such as [[V-weapons]] sites, where some volunteer workers refused to work in such dangerous areas.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|50}}

OT Cherbourg in January 1944 dealt with 34 companies with 15,000 workers and 79 sub contractors. Daily, weekly and monthly reports showing progress, work variations, material used, stocks of material, labour hours used per skill type, the weather, equipment inventory and quality, level of supervision, employee absences, staffing levels, deaths and problems experienced all had to be filed with the OT.<ref name=HOT1/>{{rp|57}}

===British attacks===
Throughout most of 1942–43, the Atlantic Wall remained a relaxed front for the [[Axis powers|Axis]] troops manning it, with only two large-scale British attacks. [[Operation Chariot]], launched near [[St Nazaire]] in March 1942, successfully destroyed German pumping machinery for, and severely damaged, the Normandy dry dock and installations.{{sfn|Mountbatten|2007|p=72}} The second attack was the [[Dieppe Raid]], launched near the French port of [[Dieppe]] in August 1942 to test the German defences and provide combat experience for [[Canada|Canadian]] troops. The Germans were defeated at St. Nazaire, but had little difficulty in repulsing the attack at Dieppe, where they inflicted heavy casualties.  Although the Dieppe raid was a disaster for the Allies, it alarmed Hitler, who was sure an Allied invasion in the West would shortly follow.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Following Dieppe, Hitler gave Field Marshal [[Gerd von Rundstedt]], the overall German [[Commander-in-Chief]] in the West, 15 further divisions to shore up the German positions.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}}

===Reorganisation===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-297-1716-28, Im Westen, Belgien-Frankreich, Atlantikwall.jpg|thumb|left|German soldiers placing landing craft obstructions, 1943]]
Early in 1944, with an Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe becoming ever more likely, [[Field Marshal]] [[Erwin Rommel]] was assigned to improve the wall's defences.{{sfn|Darman|2012|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Believing the existing coastal fortifications to be entirely inadequate, he immediately began strengthening them.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Rommel's main concern was Allied air power. He had seen it first-hand when fighting the British and Americans in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], and it had left a profound impression on him.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} He feared that any German counterattack would be broken up by Allied aircraft long before it could make a difference.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Under his direction, hundreds of [[reinforced concrete]] [[Pillbox (military)|pillboxes]] were built on the beaches, or sometimes slightly inland, to house machine guns, [[antitank guns]], and light and heavy artillery. [[Land mine]]s and antitank obstacles were planted on the beaches, and underwater obstacles and [[naval mine]]s were placed in waters just offshore.{{sfn|Assault Plan}} Little known was that touch sensitive mines were placed atop the beach obstacles.  The intent was to destroy the Allied [[landing craft]] before they could unload on the beaches.{{sfn|Assault Plan}}

===D-Day===
[[File:Batterie Longues-sur-Mer bunker gun 2.jpg|thumb|One of the [[casemate|casemates]] of the [[Longues-sur-Mer battery]] in Normandy, destroyed by naval gunfire during the [[Normandy landings|Allied landings]] ]]
By the time of the [[Normandy landings|Allied invasion]], the Germans had laid almost six million mines in Northern France.{{sfn|Darman|2012|pp=8–9}} More gun emplacements and minefields extended inland along roads leading away from the beaches.{{sfn|Darman|2012|pp=8–9}} In likely landing spots for [[military glider|gliders]] and [[paratroop|parachutists]], the Germans emplanted slanted poles with sharpened tops, which the troops called ''[[Rommelspargel]]'' ("Rommel's Asparagus").{{sfn|Ambrose|1994|pp=221–222}} Low-lying river and [[estuary|estuarine]] areas were intentionally flooded.{{sfn|Overlord|2009}} Rommel believed that Germany would inevitably be defeated unless the invasion could be stopped on the beach, declaring, "It is absolutely necessary that we push the British and Americans back from the beaches. Afterwards it will be too late; the first 24 hours of the invasion will be decisive."{{sfn|Assault Plan}}

==Channel Islands==

The [[Channel Islands]] [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|were heavily fortified]], particularly the island of [[Alderney]], which is closest to Britain. Hitler had decreed that one-twelfth of the steel and concrete used in the Atlantic Wall should go to the Channel Islands, because of the propaganda value of controlling British territory.{{sfn|Stephenson|Taylor|2013|pp=11–12}} The islands were some of the most densely fortified areas in Europe, with a host of [[Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey|Hohlgangsanlage tunnels]], [[casemates]], and [[Battery Lothringen|coastal artillery positions]].{{sfn|McNab|2014|p=197}}

However, the Channel Islands lacked strategic significance and the Allies bypassed them when they invaded Normandy. As a result, the German garrisons stationed on the islands did not surrender until 9 May 1945—one day after [[Victory in Europe Day]]. The garrison on Alderney did not surrender until 16 May. As most of the German garrisons surrendered peacefully, the Channel Islands are host to some of the best-preserved Atlantic Wall sites.{{sfn|Stephenson|Taylor|2013|pp=64–65}}

The commander in Guernsey produced books giving detailed pictures, plans and descriptions of the fortifications in the island, ''Festung Guernsey''.

==Fortresses==
{{See also|Festung Norwegen}}
Many major ports and positions were incorporated into the Atlantic Wall, receiving heavy fortifications. Hitler ordered all positions to fight to the end, and some of them remained in German hands until [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany's unconditional surrender]]. Several of the port fortresses were resupplied by submarines after being surrounded by Allied Forces. The defenders of these positions included [[Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts|foreign volunteers]] and [[Waffen-SS]] troops.{{sfn|Kaufmann|Robert|2003|p=252}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Location
! Commander
! Garrison strength
! Notes
! Surrender
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[Alderney]]
| [[Maximilian List]]
| style="text-align:right";| 3,200
| [[Fortifications of Alderney]]
| 16 May 1945
! {{sfn|Kaufmann|Robert|2003|p=14}}
|-
| [[Antwerp]]
| [[Gustav-Adolf von Zangen]]
| style="text-align:right";| 90,000
| [[Battle of the Scheldt]]
| 8 November 1944
! {{sfn|Zuehlke|2009|p=527}}
|-
| [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]]
| [[Ferdinand Heim]]
| style="text-align:right";| 10,000
| [[Operation Wellhit]]
| 22 September 1944
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Brest, France|Brest]]
| [[Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke]]
| style="text-align:right";| 38,000
| [[Battle for Brest]]
| 19 September 1944
! {{sfn|Saunders|2001|p=210}}
|-
| [[Calais]]/[[Cap Gris-Nez]]
| Ludwig Schroeder
| style="text-align:right";| 7,500
| [[Operation Undergo]]
| 30 September 1944
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Cherbourg]]
| [[Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben]]
| style="text-align:right";| 47,000
| [[Battle of Cherbourg]]
| 27 June 1944
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Dunkirk]]
| [[Friedrich Frisius]]
| style="text-align:right";| 12,000
| [[Siege of Dunkirk (1944)|Allied siege of Dunkirk]]
| 8 May 1945
! {{sfn|Williams|2013|p=148}}
|-
| [[Guernsey]]
| [[Rudolf Graf von Schmettow]] <br> then Friedrich Hüffmeier
| style="text-align:right";| 11,700
| [[German fortification of Guernsey]]
| 9 May 1945
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Jersey]]
| [[Rudolf Graf von Schmettow]]<br> then Friedrich Hüffmeier
| style="text-align:right";| 11,600
| [[German occupation of the Channel Islands]] <br> [[Liberation of the German-occupied Channel Islands]]
| 9 May 1945
! {{sfn|Jersey 2015}}
|-
| [[La Rochelle]]/[[La Pallice]]
| [[Ernst Schirlitz]]
| style="text-align:right";| 11,500
| [[Allied siege of La Rochelle]]
| 9 May 1945
! {{sfn|Saunders|2001|p=180}}
|-
| [[Le Havre]]
| [[Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth]]
| style="text-align:right";| 14,000
| [[Operation Astonia]]
| 12 September 1944
! {{sfn|Overlord|2009}}
|-
| [[Le Verdon-sur-Mer]]
| Otto Prahl
| style="text-align:right";| 3,500
| {{center|—}}
| 20 April 1945
! {{sfn|Pauls|Facaros|2007|p=270}}
|-
| [[Lorient]]
| [[Wilhelm Fahrmbacher]]
| style="text-align:right";| 25,000
| {{center|—}}
| 10 May 1945
! {{sfn|McNab|2014|p=179}}
|-
| [[Ostend]]
| Erich Julius Mülbe, Oberst
| style="text-align:right";| 60,000
| {{center|—}}
| 7 September 1944
! {{sfn|Delaforce|2005|p=134}}
|-
| [[Royan]]
| [[Hans Michahelles]]
| style="text-align:right";| 5,000
| {{center|—}}
| 17 April 1945
! {{sfn|McNab|2014|p=179}}
|-
| [[Saint-Malo]]/[[Dinard]]
| [[Andreas von Aulock]]
| style="text-align:right";| 12,000
| {{center|—}}
| 17 August 1944
! {{sfn|Saunders|2001|p=165}}
|-
| [[St. Nazaire]]
| Hans Junck
| style="text-align:right";| 35,000
| {{center|—}}
| 11 May 1945
! {{sfn|McNab|2014|p=179}}
|-
| [[Zeebrugge]]
| Knut Eberding
| style="text-align:right";| 14,000
| {{center|—}}
| 1 November 1944
! {{sfn|Hastings|2004|p=158}}
|-
|}

==Preservation==

===France===
Many French construction companies benefited financially from helping construct the Atlantic Wall; these companies were not penalised during the post war period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prieur |first=Jerome |title=Le Mur Atlantique |date=2010 |publisher=Denoël |isbn=978-2207108802}}</ref>

Immediately after the war, there was little interest in preserving the wall due to the negative memories associated with the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi occupation]]. Some of the beach fortifications have toppled or are underwater, while those further inland still exist mainly due to their location.{{sfn|Hitler's Atlantic Wall}}

One of the best preserved parts is the [[Todt Battery]]. In 2011, renewed efforts to preserve the wall were spearheaded by organisations in Germany, the [[Netherlands]], and the United Kingdom. The question has been raised over whether France should declare the wall a National Monument to ensure it is preserved; however no government so far has envisaged this.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-10632543 |title=Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Should France preserve it? |publisher=BBC |date=13 September 2011}}</ref>

===Elsewhere===

Although the [[defensive wall]] was never fully completed, many bunkers still exist near [[Ostend]], [[Channel Islands]], on [[Walcheren]], near [[Scheveningen]], [[The Hague]], [[Katwijk]], [[Noordwijk]], [[Den Helder]], and in [[Scandinavia]] ([[Denmark]] and [[Norway]] specifically).{{sfn|Williamson|2012|pp=7–8}}

==See also==
* [[British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War]]
* [[Czechoslovak border fortifications]]
* [[Continental System]], [[Napoleon]]'s blockade of the British Empire
* [[Siegfried Line|Siegfried line]]
* [[Maginot Line|Maginot line]]
* [[Mareth Line|Mareth line]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

===Printed===
* {{cite book | last = Ambrose | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen E. Ambrose | title = D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle Of World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/ddayjune61944cli00ambr | url-access = registration | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-671-67334-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Darman | first = Peter | title = The Allied Invasion of Europe | publisher = [[Rosen Publishing Group]] | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-4488-9234-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/alliedinvasionof0000unse }}
* {{cite book | last = Delaforce | first = Patrick | title = Smashing The Atlantic Wall: The Destruction of Hitler's Coastal Fortresses | publisher = Casemate Publishers | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1-84415-256-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hakim | first = Joy | author-link = Joy Hakim | title = A History of Us: War, Peace And All That Jazz | publisher = [[Oxford University]] | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-19-509514-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hastings | first = Max | author-link = Max Hastings| title = Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45 | publisher = Macmillan | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-333-90836-8 }}
* {{cite book | author1-last = Kaufmann | author1-first = J. E. | author2-last = Robert | author2-first = Jurga | title = Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications And Defense Systems in World War II | publisher = [[Da Capo Press]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-306-81239-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications And Defences 1939–45 | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-78200-828-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Mountbatten | first = Chris | title = Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos | publisher = Read Books | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-4067-5957-0}}
* {{cite book | author1-last = Pauls | author1-first = Michael | author2-last = Facaros | author2-first = Dana | title = Cadogan Guide Dordogne, the Lot & Bordeaux | publisher = New Holland Publishers | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-86011-354-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Saunders | first = Anthony | title = Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Fortress Europe | publisher = University of Michigan | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-7509-4554-7 }}
* {{cite book | author1-last = Stephenson | author1-first = Charles | author2-last = Taylor | author2-first = Chris | title = The Channel Islands 1941–45: Hitler's Impregnable Fortress | publisher = Osprey Publishing | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-4728-0375-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Williamson | first = Louis | title = U-Boat Bases And Bunkers 1941–45 | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-78200-002-0 }}
* {{cite book | last = Williams | first = Paul | title = Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Pas De Calais | publisher = Casemate Publishers | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-84884-817-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Zuehlke | first = Mark | title = Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army And The Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 – November 6, 1944 | publisher = D & M Publishers | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-926685-80-9 }}

===Online===
* {{cite web
 | title = Assault Plan
 | publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 | url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/100-11/ch2.htm
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080105005723/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/100-11/ch2.htm
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 5 January 2008
 | access-date = 22 March 2015
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Assault Plan}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Schofield
 | first = Hugh
 | title = Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Should France Preserve It?
 | date = 13 September 2011
 | publisher = [[British Broadcasting Corporation]]
 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10632543
 | access-date = 25 March 2015
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Hitler's Atlantic Wall}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Jersey – My Island – History – German Occupation
 | publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation
 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/jersey/myisland/history/occupation.shtml
 | access-date = 25 March 2015
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jersey 2015}}
 }}

===Media===
* {{cite AV media|year=2009 |title=Lightning War |medium=television documentary |url=http://www.worldmediarights.com/index.php?hidAction=episode&eid=547&name=Lightning_War |access-date=22 March 2015 |location=United States |publisher=[[World War II in HD Colour|World Media Rights]] |ref={{sfnRef|Lightning War|2009}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144053/http://www.worldmediarights.com/index.php?hidAction=episode&eid=547&name=Lightning_War |archive-date=2 April 2015 |df=dmy }}
* {{cite AV media | year = 2009 | title = The Great Landings | medium = television documentary | url = https://www.amazon.com/Apocalypse-World-War-II-2/dp/B004H0M2SC | access-date = 22 March 2015 | location = France | publisher = [[France 2]] | ref = {{sfnRef|The Great Landings|2009}} }}
* {{cite AV media|year=2009 |title=Overlord |medium=television documentary |url=http://www.worldmediarights.com/index.php?hidAction=episode&eid=561&name=Overlord |access-date=22 March 2015 |location=United States |publisher=World Media Rights |ref={{sfnRef|Overlord|2009}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111330/http://www.worldmediarights.com/index.php?hidAction=episode&eid=561&name=Overlord |archive-date=2 April 2015 |df=dmy }}
* The Atlantic Wall and its significance in Allied planning for the D-Day landings are featured in the novel ''Villa Normandie'' (Endeavour Press, 2015) by Kevin Doherty.
* The many constructions of the Wall still standing have been photographed by Jonathan Andrew and [[Stephan Vanfleteren]].

==External links==
{{Commons category|Atlantic Wall}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120614051007/http://www.omaha-beach.org/The%20Beach/TheBeach.html The ''Atlantikwall'' at Omaha Beach]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Atlantic Wall| ]]
[[Category:German World War II defensive lines]]
[[Category:World War II sites of Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:World War II sites in Belgium]]
[[Category:World War II sites in France]]
[[Category:World War II sites in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:World War II sites in the Channel Islands]]
[[Category:Walls]]
[[Category:Coastal fortifications]]
[[Category:Nazi architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Alderney]]
[[Category:Operation Overlord]]
[[Category:German occupation of Jersey during World War II]]
[[Category:Atlantic Ocean|Wall]]
[[Category:Border barriers]]