Editing Astraea

{{Short description|Ancient Greek goddess of justice}}
{{About|the Greek goddess|other uses}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| image = AstraeaVSH.JPG
| god_of = Goddess of justice, the constellation Virgo
| father = [[Zeus]] or [[Astraeus]]
| mother = [[Themis]] or [[Eos]]
| script_name = Greek
| script = {{lang|grc|Ἀστραία}}
| abode = Earth {{small|(formerly)}}<br>Sky {{small|(currently)}}
| symbols = Corn, scales of justice
| siblings = [[Anemoi]], [[Horae]], [[Planetae]], [[Pudicitia]]
| caption = An 1886 bas-relief figure of ''Astraea'' in the Old Supreme Court Chamber at the [[Vermont State House]].
}}

In [[ancient Greek religion]] and [[Greek mythology|mythology]], '''Astraea''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|s|t|ɹ|iː|ə}}; {{langx|grc|Ἀστραία|Astraía|starry, star-like}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Astraea |url=http://www.zeno.org/Hederich-1770/A/Astraea |access-date=11 April 2018 |website=Zeno.org |language=German}}</ref>), also spelled '''Astrea''' or '''Astria''', is a daughter of [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]]. She is the virgin goddess of justice, innocence, purity, and precision. She is closely associated with the Greek goddess of justice, [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]], the daughter of [[Zeus]] and [[Themis]]. Astraea is not to be confused with [[Asteria]], the goddess of the stars and the daughter of [[Coeus]] and [[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]].

In Greek myth, Astraea lived together with humans on earth during the idealistic Golden Age, when people were virtuous and no evil existed in the world. But as the human race became progressively crueler and more corrupt, Astraea decided to abandon humanity forever and live among the stars as the constellation [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]].

The [[asteroid belt|main belt]] [[asteroid]] [[5 Astraea]] is named after her, and her name was also suggested for the planet [[Uranus]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3osDwAAQBAJ&q=astraea+cybele+neptune+uranus&pg=PA428|title = Ambassadors from Earth: Pioneering Explorations with Unmanned Spacecraft|isbn = 978-0-8032-2220-5|last1 = Gallentine|first1 = Jay|date = November 2009| publisher=U of Nebraska Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gingerich |first=O. |date=1958 |title=The Naming of Uranus and Neptune, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 8, No. 352, p.9 |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1958ASPL....8....9G/0000009.000.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |journal=Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume=8 |issue=352 |page=9 |bibcode=1958ASPL....8....9G }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The goddess's name "Astraea" (spelled in [[Ancient Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|Ἀστραία}}'') is derived from the Greek word {{lang|grc|ἀστήρ}} (''astḗr'') meaning "star".{{sfn|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)sth/r ἀστήρ]}} The word {{lang|grc|ἀστήρ}} in turn is inherited from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] root ''{{PIE|*h₂ster-}}'' (“star”), from ''{{PIE|*h₂eh₁s-}}'', meaning "to burn".{{sfn|Beekes|2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek_202306/page/n101/mode/2up?view=theater 156–57]}} Astraea's name thus shares an etymology with the name of [[Astraeus]], who is her father in some versions, and cousin [[Asteria]].

== Family and attributes ==
When identified with the justice goddess [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]], Astraea is made the daughter of [[Zeus]] and [[Themis]], or otherwise she is the daughter of [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]]-[[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]], goddess of the dawn.{{sfn|Bell|1991|loc=s.v [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Astraea]}}{{sfn|Smith|1873|loc=s.v [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D50%3Aentry%3Dastraea-bio-1 Astraea]}} [[Juvenal]] calls Astraea the sister of [[Pudicitia]] (the Roman goddess of chastity and equivalent to Greek [[Aidos]]{{sfn|Bell|1991|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/386/mode/ 387]}}), and that the two sisters withdrew from the mortal world together.<ref>[[Juvenal]], ''[[Satires (Juvenal)|Satires]]'' [https://archive.org/details/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft/page/84/mode/2up?view=theater 6.10–20]</ref> When relating this tale, ancient authors tend to alternate between referring to her as ''Dike'' or ''Astraea''. As Dike, she is also called [[Lady Justice|Iustitia]], the name of the Roman goddess of justice and counterpart to Dike.{{sfn|Holzman|2022|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MMVgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 133]}} Astraea was represented holding a pair of scales, symbol of justice and impartiality.{{sfn|Bulfinch|1970|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythologyalaurel0000thom/page/24/mode/2up?view=theater 24]}}

== Mythology ==
=== The Golden Age ===
Astraea, the celestial virgin who presided over justice, modesty and good faith,{{sfn|Murray|Klapp|2005|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BOFzYThPlk8C&pg=PA46 46]}} was traditionally said to be the last of the immortals to live together with humans during the [[Golden Age]], the first of the [[Religion in ancient Greece|old Greek religion]]'s five [[Ages of Man]] until the coming of the harsh Iron Age, when the world fell into disarray and people only coveted gold, while family and friends would no longer trust each other.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sung|first=HyunSook|title=아스트라이아|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=58143&docId=3397943&categoryId=58143|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-20|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321053658/https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=3397943&categoryId=58143&cid=58143 |archive-date=2021-03-21 }}</ref>

[[File:Astraea, Goddess of the Truth, from the Goddesses of the Greeks and Romans series (N188) issued by Wm. S. Kimball & Co. MET DPB871028.jpg|thumb|Astraea from the ''Goddesses of the Greeks and Romans'' series (N188) issued by Wm. S. Kimball & Co., Metropolitan Museum of Art.]]

The myth of Astraea has been variously attributed to eighth-century BC Greek poet [[Hesiod]], who in his surviving works prophesied that since mankind had deteriorated so much in morality and virtue during his era (that is the Fifth Age, or Iron Age) the goddesses [[Nemesis]] and [[Aidos]], who embodied divine retribution and humility respectively, would finally abandon the earth once and for all and return to [[Mount Olympus]] by the end of it, forsaking men and leaving them to deal with the hardships and evils on their own.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D174 174-201]</ref>{{sfn|Kerenyi|1951|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7346/page/n121/mode/2up?view=theater 102-103]}}

Later authors, starting first with [[Aratus]] writing over four hundred years after Hesiod, expanded on the tale. According to the later myths, at the beginning of time Justice (Dike) or Astraea the daughter of [[Astraeus]] used to live and mingle with men and women on earth, an immortal among mortals. During this Golden Age there was no strife, war and battle or detestation between people as Justice urged them all to be kind to each other and spread feelings of virtue and honour among them.{{sfn|Grimal|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas00grim/page/63/mode/2up?view=theater 64]}} In this pre-seafaring era, humans only ploughed their rich fields while Justice supplied them with all they could ever want or need.<ref>[[Aratus]], ''Phaenomena'' [https://www-loebclassics-com/view/aratus-phaenomena/1921/pb_LCL129.215.xml?result=1&rskey=UEZ6CV 96-136]</ref>

As the Golden Age ended and the Silver one arrived, the goddess found herself dissatisfied as people were less virtuous than before and started yearning for the older times. She no longed spoke with gentle words to them and took to the hills and then the mountains.<ref>[[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HXs-AAAAcAAJ/page/n97/mode/2up?view=theater 9]</ref> She used threats and shame on them, but failed to motivate them to become better people.<ref name="rose">{{cite web | first = M. Rosemary | last = Wright | title = A Dictionary of Classical Mythology: I The Constellations of the Northern Sky | website = mythandreligion.upatras.gr | date = September 2012 | url = http://mythandreligion.upatras.gr/english/m-r-wright-a-dictionary-of-classical-mythology/ | access-date = January 3, 2023 | publisher = [[University of Patras]]}}</ref> Then the Bronze and Iron Ages rolled in which introduced war and hatred, corruption, people consuming the oxen they previously only used to plough the fields and the vanishment of honour and love.{{sfn|Bell|1991|loc=s.v [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Astraea]}}<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De Astronomica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.25.1 2.25.1]</ref> They began to sail the seas after cutting down trees to build ships,{{sfn|Bulfinch|1970|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythologyalaurel0000thom/page/24/mode/2up?view=theater 24]}} divided the free land between them and dug up the earth in search for wealth such as iron and gold.{{sfn|Ovid|2005|loc=1.149}}{{sfn|Hansen|2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/236/mode/2up?view=theater 236–237]}} Finally the disillusioned Dike-Astraea decided to abandon humanity for good and take her place among the stars as the constellation [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]],{{sfn|March|2014|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nZnwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA494 494]}} also known as the Maiden, with the star [[Spica]] as the ear of corn she holds.{{sfn|Smith|1873|loc=s.v [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D50%3Aentry%3Dastraea-bio-1 Astraea]}}<ref name="rose"/>

To a smaller extend, Astraea was also envisioned as the goddess who watched over mortals and then reported their wrongdoings back to Zeus.{{sfn|Zissos|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwxREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 403]}} [[Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Valerius Flaccus]] wrote that the harsh weather and storms of November were associated with Zeus' vengeance against mankind on behalf of Astraea.<ref>[[Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' [https://www-loebclassics-com/view/valerius_flaccus-argonautica/1934/pb_LCL286.101.xml#note_LCL286_101_1a 2.357-366]</ref> According to [[Nonnus]], Astraea as the starry nurse of the universe once took under her care and nurished [[Beroe (Beirut nymph)|Beroe]], the daughter of [[Aphrodite]]. She nursed the infant on her breast and fashioned a necklace out of Spica for her.<ref>[[Nonnus]] [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/210/mode/2up?view=theater 41.212–230]</ref>

=== Virgil ===
The first-century BC Roman poet [[Virgil]] wrote that Astraea was destined one day to come back to Earth, bringing with her the return of the utopian Golden Age of which she was the ambassador,{{sfn|De Armas|1986|pages=[https://archive.org/details/returnofastraeaa0000fred/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater 1–3]}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Brill's New Pauly]] | publisher = Brill Reference Online | url = https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/NPOE/e204630.xml | doi = 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e204630 | last = Graf | first = Fritz | location = Columbus, OH | title = Astraea | date = October 1, 2006 | editor-first1 = Hubert | issn = 1574-9347 | editor-last1 = Cancik | editor-first2 = Helmuth | editor-last2 = Schneider | access-date = December 2, 2024}}</ref> and the reign of [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturnus]], a Roman fertility god associated with the Greek [[Cronus]], but who nevertheless had an independent origin and worship in the Italic peninsula, lauded as the fallen god-king who introduced agriculture and helped humans develop civilization.{{sfn|Versnel|1992|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWU33X4gPmUC&pg=PA136 136]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=kWU33X4gPmUC&pg=PA143 143]}} The prophecy of Astraea's hoped-for return is found in the fourth book of his ''[[Eclogues]]'': 

{{Verse translation|lang=la|italicsoff=y|Iam redit et virgo, redeunt Saturnia Regna.|[J]ustice returns, returns old Saturn's reign.|attr1=[[Virgil]], ''[[Eclogues]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0057%3Apoem%3D4 4.5–12]|attr2=Translation by J. B. Greenough.}}

Virgil used the pre-existing myth of Astraea within a political frame in order to hail the dawning Augustan rule, signaling the return of harmony and lack of war, conflict and suffering; he adds that Astraea's return will be accompanied by the arrival of a child who will also kick off Augustus' new golden age.{{sfn|Yates|1975|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rEo78qB7RAsC&pg=PA33 33]}}{{sfn|De Armas|1986|pages=[https://archive.org/details/returnofastraeaa0000fred/page/6/mode/2up?view=theater 6-7]}} What is the identity of the child that would escort Astraea is the subject of much debate; it has been speculated that Virgil meant the son of [[Gaius Asinius Pollio]], the consul to whom the poem was dedicated; or the marriage of [[Mark Antony]] and [[Octavia the Younger]], Augustus' sister; or even [[Alexander Helios]], the son of [[Cleopatra]] and Mark Antony.{{sfn|De Armas|1986|pages=[https://archive.org/details/returnofastraeaa0000fred/page/6/mode/2up?view=theater 6-7]}}

== Conflation with Dike ==
Astraea was conflated and often treated as interchangeable with Dike,{{sfn|Seyffert|1901|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/b3135841x/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater Astraea]}} one of the [[Horae]] (daughters of Zeus and Themis) and goddess of justice, who was also given the same story of living with mortals during the early years of humanity before abandoning them to become the Virgo after their wickedness and lawlessness became too unbearable for her.{{sfn|Rose|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DOmIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 145]}} Dike's fiercer form was Nemesis, the goddess who is set to depart from the earth in Hesiod's prophecy.{{sfn|Kerenyi|1951|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7346/page/n121/mode/2up?view=theater 102-103]}}

[[File:Salvatore Rosa 005.jpg|thumb|''Astrea, the virgin goddess of Innocence and purity'', by [[Salvator Rosa]].]]

Judging from the preserved Greek and Roman corpus and art, there is no indication that this goddess was ever properly called ''Astraea'' before [[Ovid]] in the early first century AD, with writers preceding him preferring ''Dike'' ("justice") or simply ''the Maiden'' to refer to her.{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA224 224]}} It seems that the notion of using Astraea as her name proper was prompted from Aratus writing that Astraeus was the star-maiden's father.{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA224 224]}}

== Legacy of Astraea ==


During the [[European Renaissance]], Astraea became associated with the general spirit of renewal of culture occurring at that time, particularly in England, where she became poetically identified in literature with the figure of [[Queen Elizabeth I]] as the virgin Queen reigning over a new Golden Age.{{sfn|Yates|1975|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rEo78qB7RAsC&pg=PA29 29–30]}} In Spain, she was often identified with the rule of [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]]. The French author [[Honoré d'Urfé]] wrote a very popular [[serial novel]] called ''[[L'Astrée]]'', whose titular heroine is named after Astraea, which was published serially between 1607 and 1627 with each installment very much anticipated by the aristocratic public at the time; [[Rousseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] in his ''[[Confessions (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)|Confessions]]'' (p.&nbsp;160 [[Penguin Classics]]) notes it as one of the novels read with his father and says it "was the one that recurred most frequently to my mind". A spectacle play by the [[Count of Villamediana]] and thirteen dramas by [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]] introduce a character named Astraea to highlight the political and astrological concerns.{{sfn|De Armas|1986|page=244}} In the Russian Empire, Astraea was identified first with Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia]], then with Empress [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia.

The English epic poet [[Edmund Spenser]] further embellished this myth at the opening of Book V of ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'' (1596), where he claims that Astraea left behind "{{Lang|en-emodeng|her groome {{!}} An yron man|italic=yes}}" called [[Talos|Talus]]. [[Shakespeare|William Shakespeare]] refers to Astraea in ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'', and also in ''[[Henry VI, Part 1]]''. In his most famous play, ''[[La vida es sueño|Life Is a Dream]]'', [[Calderon de la Barca|Calderón]] has a character named Rosaura (an anagram for "dawns") take on the name of Astraea at Court. This may be a laudatory political allusion to the dawn of a new Golden Age under Philip IV/Segismundo.

[[File:Allegory- Nature stands ready to strike the lyre, as Liberty presents medal to Washington; Fame blows her trumpet, and Astrea finds a part of the earth where she may fix her residence LCCN2003678192.jpg|thumb|1784 engraving by [[John Norman (publisher)|John Norman]].]]

Astraea is also referenced in [[John Milton]]'s epic poem ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', in Book IV between lines 990 and 1000. When Satan is discovered in the Garden of Eden and brought before the Angel Gabriel, the two are on the verge of war.

{|
|
: "[God (The Eternal)] Hung forth in Heav'n his golden Scales, yet seen
: Betwixt ''Astrea'' and the ''Scorpion'' signe,
:Wherein all things created first he weighd, 
:The pendulous round Earth with ballanc't Aire
:In counterpoise, now ponders all events,
: Battels and Realms:"
|}

The British writer [[Aphra Behn]] used "Astrea" as one of her code-names while working as a spy for King Charles II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://classiclit.about.com/cs/profileswriters/p/aa_abehn.htm |title=Aphra Behn |website=About Education |date=October 17, 2015 |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108005705/http://classiclit.about.com/cs/profileswriters/p/aa_abehn.htm }}</ref> She subsequently used the name "Astrea" to identify the speaker in many of her poems, and was herself referred to as "The Incomparable Astrea".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/aphra-behn |first= Arlene |last= Stiebel |title=Biography: Aphra Behn|website=Poetry Foundation|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

Astraea was represented on a allegorical engraving by [[John Norman (publisher)|John Norman]] published in 1784, just a few years after the American declaration of independence, in which she appears to decide on where on earth she will make her residence while Nature is about to play the lyre, Fame blows her trumpet and Liberty presents a medal to [[George Washington]].<ref>{{cite web | title = [Allegory: Nature stands ready to strike the lyre, as Liberty presents medal to Washington; Fame blows her trumpet, and Astrea finds a part of the earth where she may fix her residence] | access-date = January 13, 2025 | url = https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003678192/ | website = www.loc.gov}}</ref>

"[[s:Astræa|Astræa]]" is also the title of a poem by [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Poems |last=Emerson |first=Ralph Waldo |author-link=Ralph Waldo Emerson |year=1847 |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Astr%C3%A6a |access-date=24 September 2010}}</ref>

The planned British replacement A21/Mk7 nuclear warhead will be named [[Astraea (nuclear warhead)|Astraea]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=25 March 2024 |title=How The U.K. Will Test Its New Nuclear Warhead Without Setting One Off |url=https://www.twz.com/nuclear/how-the-u-k-will-test-its-new-nuclear-warhead-without-setting-one-off#:~:text=The%20A21,%20which%20was%20previously,goddess%20of%20purity%20and%20justice. |access-date= |website=The War Zone |language=}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{see also|Family tree of the Greek gods}}

{{chart top|Astraea's family tree<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132 132&ndash;138], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 337&ndash;411], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453 453&ndash;520], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901 901&ndash;906, 915&ndash;920]; Caldwell, pp. 8&ndash;11, tables 11&ndash;14.</ref>|collapsed=no}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|PON|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia]]|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart|,|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{chart|!|OCE |y|TET | | | |HYP |y|THE | | | | |CRI |y|EUR|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]|HYP=[[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]]|THE=[[Theia]]|CRI=[[Crius]]|EUR=[[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!|RIV | |OCE | |HEL | |SEL | |EOS |y |AST | |PAL | |PER |RIV=<small>The&nbsp;[[River gods (Greek mythology)|Rivers]]</small>|OCE=<small>The&nbsp;[[Oceanids]]</small>|HEL=[[Helios]]|SEL=[[Selene]]<ref>Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371 371&ndash;374], in the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99&ndash;100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.</ref>|EOS=[[Eos]]|AST=[[Astraeus]]|PAL=[[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]|PER=[[Perses (Titan)|Perses]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ANE | |ASR | |STA |ANE=The [[Anemoi]]|ASR='''ASTRAEA'''<ref name="0A">Astraea is not mentioned by Hesiod, instead she is given as a daughter of Themis and Zeus or Eos and Astraeus in [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] ''Astronomica'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.25.1 2.25.1].</ref>|STA=The Stars}}
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{{chart|!| | | | |CRO |y|RHE | | | | | | | |COE |y|PHO | | |COE=[[Coeus]]|PHO=[[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]|CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
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{{chart|!|HES |!|HER | |HAD |!|ZEU | | | |LET | |AST | |HES=[[Hestia]]|HER=[[Hera]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|ZEU=[[Zeus]]|LET=[[Leto]]|AST=[[Asteria]]}}
{{chart|!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|!| | |DEM | | | | | |POS | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DEM=[[Demeter]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|`|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | |IAP |y|CLY | | | | | |MNE |~|y|~|ZEU |~|y|~|THE |IAP=[[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]]|CLY=[[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]]&nbsp;(or&nbsp;[[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]])<ref>According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507 507&ndash;511], Clymene, one of the [[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.</ref>|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]|ZEU=(Zeus)|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| | | | | |!}}
{{chart|ATL | |MEN | |PRO | |EPI | | | | |MUS | | | |ASS |ATL=[[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]<ref>According to [[Plato]], ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d 113d&ndash;114a], Atlas was the son of [[Poseidon]] and the mortal [[Cleito]].</ref>|MEN=[[Menoetius (Greek mythology)|Menoetius]]|PRO=[[Prometheus]]<ref>In [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444&ndash;445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446&ndash;447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538&ndash;539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of [[Themis]].</ref>|EPI=[[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]]|MUS=<small>The&nbsp;[[Muses]]</small>|ASS='''ASTRAEA'''<ref name="0A"/><br><small>[[Horae]]</small>}}
{{chart/end}}
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== See also ==
{{portal|Ancient Greece|Mythology}}

* [[Adikia]]
* [[Astrotheology]]
* [[Pandora's box]]
* [[Elpis (mythology)|Elpis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Primary sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Aratus|Aratus of Soli]], ''Phaenomena'' in ''Callimachus, Lycophron, Aratus. Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron: Alexandra. Aratus: Phaenomena'', with an English translation by A. W. Mair, G. R. Mair. Loeb Classical Library 129. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1921. [https://topostext.org/work/551 Online text at Topos Text.]
* [[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]'', with a Latin translation, Vandenhoeck et Ruprecht: 1795. Bavarian State Library. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HXs-AAAAcAAJ/mode/2up?view=theater Text available at the Internet Archive.]
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Works and Days. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D1 Online version available online on the Perseus Digital Library.]
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Astronomica from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Juvenal]], ''[[Satires (Juvenal)|Satires]]'' with an English translation by G. G. Ramsay. London, London Heinemann. 1920. [https://archive.org/details/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft/ Online version available at Internet Archive.]
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], III Books XXXVI-XLVIII. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* {{cite book | author = Ovid | date = 2005 | author-link = Ovid |title = The Metamorphoses | translator = [[Frank Justus Miller]] | publisher = Barnes & Noble Classics | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-59308-276-5}}
* [[Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' translated into English by J. H. Mozley. Loeb Classical Library 286. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
* [[Virgil]], ''[[Eclogues]]'', with an English translation by J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1895. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0057%3Apoem%3D1 Online text available at the Perseus Digital Library.]
{{refend}}

=== Secondary sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last = Beekes | first = Robert S. P. | author-link = Robert S. P. Beekes | date = 2009 | editor = Lucien van Beek | title = Etymological Dictionary of Greek | series = Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series | volume = 1 | location = Leiden, the Netherlands | publisher = Brill Publications | issn = 1574-3586 | isbn = 978-90-04-17420-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek_202306/}}
* {{cite book | last = Bell | first = Robert E. | title = Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary | publisher = [[ABC-Clio]] | date = 1991 | isbn = 9780874365818 | url = https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/mode/2up?view=theater}}
* {{cite book | last = Bulfinch | first = Thomas | author-link = Thomas Bulfinch | title = Bulfinch's Mythology: Age of Fable, a modern abridgment by Edmund Fuller | url = https://archive.org/details/mythologyalaurel0000thom/ | date = 1970 | publisher = Dell Publishing | location = New York, USA | editor = Fuller, Edmund}}
* {{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/ | last = Caldwell | first = Richard S. | title = Hesiod's Theogony | publisher = Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company | date = June 1, 1987 | isbn = 978-0-941051-00-2 | location = Cambridge, MA}}
* {{cite book | title = The Return of Astraea: An Astral-Imperial Myth in Calderón | first = Frederick Alfred | last = De Armas | publisher = Kentucky University Press | date = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-8131-5213-4 | location = US | url = https://archive.org/details/returnofastraeaa0000fred/}}
* {{cite book | author-link = Pierre Grimal | last = Grimal | first = Pierre | title = The Dictionary of Classical Mythology | date = 1987 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 0-631-13209-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00grim}}
* {{cite book | last = Hansen | first = William F. | date = 2004 | title = Handbook of classical mythology | location = Santa Barbara, CA | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 9781576072264 | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/}}
* {{cite book | last = Hard | first = Robin | title = The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology" | publisher = Routledge | date = 2004 | isbn = 9780415186360 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC}}
* {{cite book | title = Anesthesia and the Classics: Essays on avatars of professional values | first = Robert S. | last = Holzman | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 9781032049014 | date = March 7, 2022 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MMVgEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | title = The Gods of the Greeks | last = Kerenyi | first = Karl | author-link = Károly Kerényi | date = 1951 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7346/ | publisher = Thames & Hudson | location = London, New York | translator = Norman Cameron}}
* {{cite book | first1 = Henry George | last1 = Liddell | first2 = Robert | last2 = Scott | title = [[A Greek-English Lexicon]], revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie | location = Oxford | publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] | date = 1940 | author1-link = Henry Liddell | author2-link = Robert Scott (philologist)}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057 Online version at Perseus.tufts project.]
* {{cite book | last = March | first = Jennifer R. | title = Dictionary of Classical Mythology | publisher = Oxbow Books | isbn = 978-1-78297-635-6 | date = May 31, 2014 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nZnwAwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Murray | first1 = Alexander Stuart | last2 = Klapp | first2 = William H. | title = Handbook of World Mythology | publisher = [[Dover Publications]], Inc. | location = [[Mineola, New York]] | date = 2005 | isbn = 0-486-44374-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BOFzYThPlk8C}}
* {{cite book | title = A Handbook of Greek Mythology | first = Herbert J. | last = Rose | author-link = H. J. Rose | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DOmIAgAAQBAJ | location = London, New York | date = 2004 | edition = 6th | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-415-04601-7}}
* {{cite book | last = Seyffert | first = Oskar | title = A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art | editor1 = Nettleship, Henry | editor2 = Sandys, J. E. | url = https://archive.org/details/b3135841x/ | publisher = S. Sonnenschein | date = 1901}}
* {{cite book | author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) | last = Smith | first = William | title = [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] | location = London, UK | date = 1873 | publisher = John Murray, printed by Spottiswoode and Co.}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA Online version at the Perseus.tufts library.]
* {{cite book | title = Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion | volume = 2: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual | first = Henk S. | last = Versnel | series = Studies in Greek and Roman Religion | isbn = 978-90-04-09267-9 | date = December 1, 1992 | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden, the Netherlands | url = https://brill.com/display/title/463}}
* {{cite book | author-link = Frances Yates | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rEo78qB7RAsC | title = Astraea | volume = V | first = Frances Amelia | last = Yates | publisher = Routledge | location = London and New York | date = 1975 | isbn = 0-415-22048-3}}
* {{cite book | title = Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica, Book 1: Edited with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary | first = Andrew | last = Zissos | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-19-921949-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MwxREAAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary|Astrea}}
{{wiktionary|Astraea}}

* [https://www.theoi.com/Titan/Astraia.html ASTRAEA on the Theoi Project.]
* {{Commons category-inline|Astraea}}

{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Justice goddesses]]
[[Category:Children of Zeus]]
[[Category:Greek virgin goddesses]]
[[Category:Stellar goddesses]]
[[Category:Children of Eos]]
[[Category:Virgo in astrology]]
[[Category:Peace goddesses]]
[[Category:Abundance goddesses]]